ɍȾɄ 626/628:626.22-628.113 ɇɈȼɕȿ ɊȿɄɈɆȿɇȾȺɐɂɂ ɉɈ ɍɋɌɊɈɃɋɌȼɍ ɂ ɗɄɋɉɅɍȺɌȺɐɂɂ ɄɈɋɈɇȺɉɊȺȼɅȿɇɇɕɏ ȾɈɇɇɕɏ ɐɂɊɄɍɅəɐɂɈɇɇɕɏ ɉɈɊɈȽɈȼ ȼ ɋɈɋɌȺȼȿ ȻȿɋɉɅɈɌɂɇɇɕɏ ȼɈȾɈɁȺȻɈɊɇɕɏ ȽɂȾɊɈɍɁɅɈȼ ɇȺ ɆȺɅɕɏ ȽɈɊɇɕɏ ɊȿɄȺɏ Ⱥ.ȼ. Ʉɥɨɜɫɤɢɣ, ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪ, ɚɫɩɢɪɚɧɬ, Ⱦ.ȼ. Ʉɨɡɥɨɜ, ɞɨɤɬɨɪ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɭɤ, ɩɪɨɮɟɫɫɨɪ ɎȽȻɈɍ ȼɈ «Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɝɪɚɪɧɵɣ ɭɧɢɜɟɪɫɢɬɟɬ – ɆɋɏȺ ɢɦɟɧɢ Ʉ.Ⱥ. Ɍɬɦɢɪɹɡɟɜɚ», ɝ. Ɇɨɫɤɜɚ, Ɋɨɫɫɢɹ ȼ ɫɬɚɬɶɟ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɨɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɫɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɭɡɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɚɯ. In the article stated the updated recommendation on the designing and exploitation of oblique bottom circulation thresholds as part ofdamless intake hydroshemesat small mountain rivers. Ɂɚɞɚɱɢ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɨɬɪɚɫɥɟɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɤɢ ɫɬɪɚɧɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɩɪɢɨɪɢɬɟɬɧɵɯ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɣ ȼɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɬɟɝɢɢ Ɋɨɫɫɢɣɫɤɨɣ Ɏɟɞɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɨ 2020 ɝɨɞɚ [1], ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɪɢɬɟɪɢɟɜ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɜɨɞɨɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɜ. ɇɟɫɦɨɬɪɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɲɢɪɧɵɣ ɧɚɭɱɧɵɣ ɛɚɡɢɫ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚ, ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɛɨɪɶɛɵ ɫ ɧɚɧɨɫɚɦɢ ɩɪɢ ɨɬɛɨɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɪɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɭɡɥɚɯ ɩɨɤɚ ɧɟ ɭɞɚɥɨɫɶ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ, ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɫɥɨɠɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɣ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢ ɭɱɟɬɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɮɨɪɦɚɰɢɢ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢ ɟɝɨ ɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ, ɚ, ɫ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, - ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɯ ɩɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɧɚɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɨɜ.ȼ ɷɬɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ 41 --- PAGE BREAK --- ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɭɡɥɨɜ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɢɯ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɢɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɬ ɡɚɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɜ, ɩɪɢɨɛɪɟɬɚɟɬ ɜɚɠɧɨɟ ɧɚɭɱɧɨɟ ɢ ɢɧɠɟɧɟɪɧɨ-ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ[2]. ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɱɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚ ɪɟɤɚɯ ɫ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɦɢ ɝɢɞɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɦɢ, ɤ ɱɢɫɥɭ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɢ ɝɨɪɧɨ-ɩɪɟɞɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɡɨɧɵ, ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɚɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥɢ ɤɨɫɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ( ɞɨɧɧɵɟ Ʉɐɉ) ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ Ƚ.ȼ. ɋɨɛɨɥɢɧɚ – ɂ.Ʉ. Ɋɭɞɚɤɨɜɚ [3 ]. ɉɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɚɹ ɷɬɢɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɹ ɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ, ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɵ ɩɨ ɲɢɪɢɧɟ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ, ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɥɚ ɜɨɡɛɭɠɞɟɧɢɸ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ (ɂɉɐ),ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦɢ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɦɢ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹɦɢ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɟɬ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɜ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɳɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɭɠɧɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɢ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɢ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɫɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɧɨɫɹɬ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɪɟɱɢɜɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ [4]. ɉɪɢɧɰɢɩɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɡɞɟɫɶ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɩɪɨɫ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢɦɢ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ. Ⱦɚɧɧɨɟ ɨɛɫɬɨɹɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɫɹ ɤ ɜɵɛɨɪɭ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢȕ(ɩɨ Ƚ.ȼ. ɋɨɛɨɥɢɧɭȕ = 15º…30º, ɩɨ ȼ.ɋ. Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɟɧɤɨȕ = 40º…50º, ɩɨ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɒɚɭɦɹɧɭȕ = 15º…90º) ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ n (ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ȼ.Ⱥ. ɒɚɭɦɹɧɚ ɢ Ⱥ.ɋ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ). ɋ ɭɱɟɬɨɦ ɜɵɲɟɫɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɦɢ ɜ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɢ ɤɚɮɟɞɪɵ Ƚɢɞɪɨɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɣ ɊȽȺɍ-ɆɋɏȺ ɢɦɟɧɢ Ʉ.Ⱥ.Ɍɢɦɢɪɹɡɟɜɚ ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɤɨɫɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ, ɜ ɪɚɦɤɚɯ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ: ɚ) ɜɵɹɜɥɟɧ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ Ʉɐɉ ɫɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ, ɧɟɞɟɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦ ɨɬɜɨɞɨɦ, ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ 42 --- PAGE BREAK --- ɩɥɚɧɨɜɨ-ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɟɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɫ ɧɟɪɚɡɦɵɜɚɟɦɵɦ ɪɭɫɥɨɦ; ɛ) ɢɡɭɱɟɧɵ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ Ʉɐɉ ɫ ɜɨɞɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɧɚɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɧɚ ɪɚɡɦɵɜɚɟɦɨɣ ɦɨɞɟɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɭɡɥɚ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɝɨɪɧɨɣ ɪɟɤɟ (III ɝɪɭɩɩɵ) ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɛɨɪɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɫ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɚ Į = 0,1...0,2; Ɋɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɚɜɬɨɪɚɦɢ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɜ ɲɢɪɨɤɨɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɨɛɧɨ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧɵ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɯ [5-10]. ɉɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɯɨɞɟ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɤɚɪɬɢɧɵ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɭɡɥɚ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɦɨɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɢɥɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧ ɭɝɥɨɜ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɣ ( ȕ = 15º...45º). ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɵ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɫ ȕ = 45º ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɩɨɪɨɝɚɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɨɜ ȕ = 15º...30º[3]. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɬɨɱɧɟɧɵ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ [11] ɩɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɫɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɭɡɥɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɚɯ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɟ ɨɛɨɫɧɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɵɟ ɢ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɧɵɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɨɜ. ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦɢ [11] ɭɝɨɥ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ij ɜɵɛɢɪɚɟɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɭɡɥɚ. Ɍɚɤɭɝɨɥ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɧɚɡɧɚɱɚɬɶ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ 90º ( ij>90º), ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɟ ɞɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɬɶ ɜ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜɨɞɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ, ɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɢ ɪɟɤɢ ɩɪɢ 43 --- PAGE BREAK --- ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɭɸɬ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɧɵɟ ɡɚɛɨɪɵ;ɩɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɬɟɪɶ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɭɝɨɥ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟ 90º. ȼ ɨɛɳɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɭɝɨɥ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦ 90º (ij =90º), ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɜɡɚɢɦɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɢ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɪɟɠɢɦ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɩɥɚɜɧɨ ɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɟɝɨ ɛɟɡɧɚɧɨɫɧɭɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. ȼɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɬɟɦ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ij =90º ɤ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɭɞɟɲɟɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɨ ɜɜɢɞɭ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɬɪɨɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ-ɦɨɧɬɚɠɧɵɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɉɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦ [9] ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚɹ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ bɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞɛɨɪɨɦ ɢɡ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɞɬɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɨɫɥɢɜ ɫ ɲɢɪɨɤɢɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɜ İij 2Qb h g z=⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ . (1) ɝɞɟ Qɜ – ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɡɚɛɢɪɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɪɟɤɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ; İ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ;ij–ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ;b–ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ (ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ);h–ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ;z–ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɨɬɜɨɞ;g– ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ İ ɢ ij ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦɢ [12]. ɉɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɰɟɧɟɧɵ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ȼ. ɋ. Ȼɨɧɞɚɪɟɧɤɨ [9]: z = (1,21 – 0,21·cosij)· 2 ɤV /2·g, (2) ɝɞɟ Vɤ – ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɟɦ ɪɭɫɥɟ; ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɞɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ Vɤ §Vɨ. ɒɢɪɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɜ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ b ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɦɟɫɬɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬɢɩ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɨɬɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɚɧɚɥɚ ɢ ɩɪ. ȼ ɩɟɪɜɨɦ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ (2) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɬɨɱɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ b, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɯ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ. 44 --- PAGE BREAK --- ɍɱɚɫɬɤɢ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɜɵɲɟ ɢ ɧɢɠɟ ɩɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɤɨɪɧɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɧɚ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20· Ho ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɡɚɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ B ɢ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɛɨɪɬɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɪɚɩɟɰɟɢɞɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɫ ɲɢɪɢɧɨɣ B ɩɨ ɞɧɭ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɢɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɝɢɞɪɚɜɥɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɢ ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɨɪɭɠɟɧɢɹ, ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɚɹ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɣ ɢ ɧɢɡɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɭɟɦɨɝɨ ɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ, ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɛɥɟɝɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ. Ɍɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɚ Į, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɣ ɨɬ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ Qɜ ɢ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɚQɪ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɝɚɪɚɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɚɦɢ. Ⱦɥɹ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɵɯ ɝɢɞɪɨɭɡɥɨɜ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɚ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ 20% Į = Qɜ /Qɪ ” 0,20. (3) ɉɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɭ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɚ Į, ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ b ɢ ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɡɚɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɪɭɫɥɚ Bɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ( ɩɟɪɟɤɪɵɬɢɹ) ɪɭɫɥɚ n ɧɚɧɨɫɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɦ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ. ȼɟɥɢɱɢɧɭnɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ Ⱥ. ɋ. Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɫɤɨɝɨ n = bɞ/B = 1,17·Į + 0,468·b/B. ( 4) Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥ, ɱɬɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ (4) ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɫ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɰɟɥɟɣ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɬɶ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɞɟɠɧɨɣ ɡɚɳɢɬɵ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɨɬ ɡɚɜɥɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɜ. ɇɚɧɨɫɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ ȕ = 45º ɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɭɟɦɨɣ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɢɫɤɭɫɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɱɧɨɣ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɢ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ; ɤɢɧɟɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɦ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚ 45 --- PAGE BREAK --- ɡɚɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɜ. ɇɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɬɦɟɬɢɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɫ ȕ = 45º ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɛɟɡ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɣ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ ɞɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɞɥɢɧɵ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɢ ɫ ɪɚɧɟɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɧɵɦɢ [8] ɭɝɥɚɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ȕ =15º...30º. Ɂɧɚɹ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɭɫɥɚ n,ɲɢɪɢɧɭ ɡɚɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɚ ɪɭɫɥɚ B ɢ ɭɝɨɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ ȕ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ lɩ lɩ = n·B/sinȕ. (5) ȼ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɦɢ ɧɚɲɢɯ ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɤɨɫɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɞɨɧɧɵɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɫ ɭɤɥɨɧɨɦ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɨ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɸ iɩ> 0 ɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ Pɨɬɧ = Pɫɪ/ɇɨ = 0,35...0,5ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ. Ɂɞɟɫɶ Pɫɪ = (Pɧ + Pɤ)/2–ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ, ɪɚɜɧɚɹ ɩɨɥɭɫɭɦɦɟ ɜɵɫɨɬ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ, ɇɨ – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɛɵɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ. ɉɪɢ ɫɨɛɥɸɞɟɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɣ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɟɬ ɤɚɤ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɚ, ɢ ɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɟ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ ɂɉɐ ɢ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɵɯ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɫɬɜɨɪɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ. ɉɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɵɦ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ Hɨ,max ɢ ɇɨ,min, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɭɸ ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Pɫɪ 0,35· Hɨ,max ”Pɫɪ ” 0,5· ɇɨ,min. (6) ɍɫɥɨɜɢɟ (6) ɫɨɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɢ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 1,428 ɜɨ ɜɫɟɦ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɥɟɛɚɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɨɜ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ. ɇɚ ɪɟɤɚɯ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ ɧɢɡɨɜɨɣ ɛɨɪɬ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɬɶ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ, ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɞɨɧɧɨɦɭ ɩɨɪɨɝɭ [9]. ȼɵɫɨɬɚ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Pɤ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦɢ [9] ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ ɛɵɬɶ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɇɨ/6. Ⱥɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚɦɢ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɫɜɢɞɟɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɨ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜɢɧɬɨɜɨɟ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɜɞɨɥɶ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ 46 --- PAGE BREAK --- ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬ ɪɚɡɪɭɲɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɭɱɚɫɬɤɟ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ Px” 0,25. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɨɪɨɝɢ ɫ Pɤ • 0,25· Hɨ,max. Ɂɧɚɹ ɞɥɢɧɭ ɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ lɩ, ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɩɪɟɝɪɚɞɵ ɜ ɟɟ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ( Pɫɪ ɢ Pɤ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ), ɜɵɫɨɬɭ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɟɝɨ ɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ Pɧ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɢɬɶ ɤɚɤ Pɧ = 2· Pɫɪ - Pɤ. (7) ɍɤɥɨɧ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɚɤ iɩ = (Pɧ - Pɤ)/lɩ. (8) Ʉɨɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɤɨɫɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɚɝɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɥɭɱɟ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɨɦ ɩɨɞ ɭɝɥɨɦ Ȗ = 30º ɤ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɦɭ ɪɟɛɪɭ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ. ɇɚɱɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɨɤ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ( ɟɝɨ ɤɨɪɟɧɶ) ɫɨɩɪɹɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɦ, ɨɬ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɛɨɪ ɜɨɞɵ. ȼ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɡɚɳɢɬɧɵɣ ɩɨɪɨɝ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɬɫɹ ɭɫɬɪɚɢɜɚɬɶ ɦɨɧɨɥɢɬɧɵɦ ɠɟɥɟɡɨɛɟɬɨɧɧɵɦ ɫ ɝɟɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɜɵɲɟ ɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦɢ. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɪɨɜɧɹɯ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɬɶ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪ ɩɟɪɟɥɢɜɨɦ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɲɚɧɞɨɪɵ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬ ɡɚɜɥɟɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɨɬɜɨɞ ɪɭɫɥɨɜɵɯ ɧɚɧɨɫɨɜ. Ɉɛɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɢ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɤɨɫɨɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɝɨɜ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɛɟɫɩɥɨɬɢɧɧɵɯ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɨɜ ɧɚ ɦɚɥɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɪɟɤɚɯ ɜ ɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫɭɧɤɟ 1. 47 --- PAGE BREAK --- ɍɫɥɨɜɧɵɟ ɨɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ: Qɪ – ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɪɟɤɢ, Qɜɡ– ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɨɬɛɢɪɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ, ȼ– ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɩɨɞɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɪɭɫɥɚ ɩɨ ɞɧɭ, b – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ,bɞ – ɲɢɪɢɧɚ ɡɚɯɜɚɬɚ ɨɬɜɨɞɨɦ ɞɨɧɧɵɯ ɥɢɧɢɣ ɬɨɤɨɜ,n– ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɫɬɟɫɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ,lɩ – ɞɥɢɧɚ ɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ, Pɧ – ɜɵɫɨɬɚ ɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɭ ɛɟɪɟɝɚ, ɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɡɚɛɨɪ ɜɨɞɵ, Pɫɪ ɢPɤ – ɜɵɫɨɬɵ ɞɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɜ ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɹɯ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, iɩ–ɭɤɥɨɧ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɝɪɚɧɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ, Vɤ–ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ ɜ ɨɬɜɨɞɟ,V0–ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɪɟɤɢ, H0–ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ,H0,maxɢ H0,min – ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ, ȕ – ɭɝɨɥ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɤ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ, Ȗ – ɭɝɨɥ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɥɭɱɚɦɢ, ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɨɬ ɜɟɪɯɨɜɨɝɨ ɪɟɛɪɚ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɤ ɤɨɧɰɟɜɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɩɨɪɨɝɚ ɢ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɦɭ ɛɟɪɟɝɭ, ij – ɭɝɨɥ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ ɩɨɬɨɤɚ, z – ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɧɚɩɨɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɨɬɜɨɞ, h – ɝɥɭɛɢɧɚ ɜɨɞɵ ɜ ɪɟɤɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɨɬɜɨɞɚ. ij = 90º, ȕ = 45º, Ȗ = 30º n = bɞ/B = 1,17·Į + 0,468·b/BPɫɪ = (Pɧ + Pɤ)/2 Į = Qɜɡ/Qɪ ” 0,20lɩ = n·B/sin ȕ Pɤ • 0,25· Hɨ,max ɜ İij 2Qb h g z=⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ĺ b,h0,35· Hɨ,max ” Pɫɪ ” 0,5· ɇɨ,minPɧ = 2· Pɫɪ - Pɤ z = (1,21 – 0,21·cosij)· 2 0V /2·gHɨ,max/ɇɨ,min ” 1,428 iɩ = (Pɧ - Pɤ)/lɩ İ – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɛɨɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ, ij – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɟ ɨɬ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɜɯɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɩɪɢɟɦɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɢɹɦɢ [12]. Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɟɞɥɚɝɚɟɦɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɨɜɨɱɧɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɜɨɞɨɡɚɛɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɝɢɞɪɨɭɡɥɚ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ İ ɢ ij ɫ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɨɣ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɬɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɪɚɜɧɵɦɢ 0,8 ɢ 0,9 , ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ. 48