2) 3peJlocrH - xapaKrepl'r3yercr o6paeonaHaeM 6eperonoli orM€/rr{;noflB"[eHr{eM AeJrbr B Mecrax BnaAeHH, peK, pa3BHTHeM eoaHorl pac,rHTeJrb-HOCTIT;
3) crapocr, - HepoBHocrLI KoTJIoBHHbI crJrax(eHbl orJroxeH,rMrr Ha-HocoB, 3a cqer rlpoAyKToB pa3pylxetr4n 6eperon v orKocoB AeJrbr pacrxg-
I ff::: "u".jf,. 
B a n orMe.rr r, 14 ueir L'r ::l:: l{ y6n H u H p€ cr'rerr b rr ocrb p ac -!:IJL'LrHq'nur'-fl noqTtt no nceli IIoBepxHocTI,I o3epa. B 4a"lrHefiruev'ononpeBpalqaercfl s raerxlal? BoAoeM c [oBceMecrHbrM pa3BHTLreM pacruTeJrb-HOCTH , KOTOpan H3 noABo.4lrofi .lacra nepexoAnr B HaABOAHyTO H npeBpaulaero3ep0 e 6onoro.
[Io npoHcxox(AeHlzlo o3epa Moryr 6nru: nJroTHHHbre, KorJroBHHHbreLI CMEIIJAHHb[C.
IIlorlHHbIe o3epa o6paeyrorcfl BcJreAcrBHe nepexpbrr ur ro1rkrHbr peKHo6nanou, sasocauvr, o6.novor{HbrM Marepna/ror' d".ti;;;ti6; rreAHHKa.Korfloe'HHbre o3epa B saB,c'Mocrrr or ycJroB ^i ^ np"u* o6paso-BaHHn KorJIoBHHll 6llsalor TeKToHHI{ecKHe, nynxauuvecKne, Aeonsuuon.Hbte, .[eAHHKOBbre, KapcToBble H TepMoKapcroBbre.y TeKToH14 IIecK14 x osep KoTJroBrrHrr o6pasoBa[rlcb Bpe3yJrb-Tare reKroHr.rqecKHx npoqecc\re_(pesKux H3MeueHr.rfi n seraHofi xofe), nr-
:P-T-Y:| XPl" 3€l\Irle-rprceHntx. TexrosuqecKl4e o3epa 6rream orreHb r.rry-6oxurrlu (Earixan, CenaH, I4cclrx-Kyrrb 14 Ap.).B y n K a H I{ q e c K H e o3epa noflBJrflrorcfl no1 4erlcrsa€n4 -ByJrKa-
HHqecKHx cHJr, HarrpaMep KypnnrcKoe o3epo, KpoHraq;;. ;;p
AeQ'' r qHo H H bre o3epa o6pae_ynrcfl B pe3yJrbrare BbrAyBaHr4eropHbrx _nopoA H B noHH>xeHHflx r\,{e}KAy 6apxaHarvtu u alonauu. Hx'"xor/ro-BrdHbr o6trquo uer.ny6oxu.
.rl ea H H K o s;I e o3epa flBJlrrorcr pe3yJrbraroMAertcrsns JTeAHHK6B,noKpbIBaBIrIHX KOfAa-To ofpon{r{bre nroulaA}r KOHTHHeHTOB. flpr,InaepouTaKHx o3ep MolKer cJrylKHTb Cenurep,
K, p croB.bIe o3epa -pesyJrbrar xr.rMuqecxollAeflTeJrbHocrrz noA-seMHbIX H noBepxHocrHblx BoA. 3_ru o3epa Bcrpeqarorcfl B 6accefiuaxp . cenep Hofi- Anr.rHu, Ha Bonxcxo -o_u e>x.*6r no4op as4eJre, B fop n xonc Norio6nacru n Mapuilrcrcori ACCP, B Baruxnpuu,
T..a p M gK a p c r o B bIe o3epaBo3HHKarorBpe3yJrbrare3a[o/rHeH,t
eo4ofi.. yr.rry6neHnli Ha roBepxHocra 3eMJrH, o6pisyrorrlzxcfl ; pafiouaxeeqHoli_Mep3JIorbI, BcJIeAcrBHe raflHvrfr rroAgeMHbIX nJlacroB vrJrr JrHH3nb4a. Taxue o3epa pacnpocrpaHeHbr Ha reppnropr,ru flxyrcNoli ACCPICueruasnue. oeepa o6paayrorcfl or cosMe-ciHoro nosneliirsgs pa3fluq-HbIx npHquH. HanpHMeP, o3epHat KoTJroBr4Ha reKToHr4qecKoro rrpogcxolK-
AeHHfl noABepraJlacl Aeficrnato "IeAHHI{oB, noBJrLtnrtlJ]Hx Ha ee Sopvzpona-uue (.Ila4o,x(cKoe u Ouexcxoe osepa). Kor"nonuHa osepa-":rot"it;oro rHnaMox(er 6rtrl noAroroBJleHa npoqeccaM?r BbrBerpHBaHH1 AerreJrbHocrbroTeKyrrHx noBepxHocTHbrx pr noA3eMFrbrx BoA.
B orHoureHHH croKa o3epa AeJrflTcs Ha ABe Kareropuu: crorrHbre u 6ec-cTOqHbre.
c r o q H br e o3epa xapaKTep'3yrorcr reM, gro nocrynalorq'e B Hr.IXnoBepxHocrHble H noA3eMHbIe BOAbr pacxoAyr.orcff Ha nHTaHHe BbrreKarou,uxH3 HHx peK' a raKxe Ha HcnapeHHe a QnntrpallHro. Crortnrrre osepa Moryf
48
uMerb croK B reqeHHe KpyrJlofo ro&a H,nvr JrHrrrb B rrepHoA HaUdOnrruero[pHToKa (epeueHHo crorrHbre osepa). B qacrHoM cryrrae, KorAa oAHaH3 creKaFoIrIHX B o3epo peK no BoAHocrI{ Toro )Ke nopflAKa, I{To H peKa,BblTeKalourar H3 llerq, o3epo Ha3btBaercfl rrporor{HblM. Pexa, BblTeKaroqata3 03epa, r{Meer Mer-rbrxyro aMrrr'rr.rryAy xo"rre6aHHfl ypoBHefi (z pacxo40n);fHApor"paotr raxux pex 6o.nee cfJra)KeHrrbre H pacnJracraHHbre, rreM rHApo-rpa0rr cno6oAtrux peK. Oaepo c/Iy)KHT ecrecrBeHHbrM peryJrflropoM pexgMaBbrreKarorlerl Hs Hero peKH.
E eccroq H bre o3epa pacxoAyr,or nocrynarcrrlne B HHx BoAu B oc-HOBHOM Ha ncnapeHHe H qacrkrtrHo Ha npocaqHB aHve B fpyHT.flo cocrasy BoAbI o3epa pa3Ae/Iflrorcfl Ha npecHbre r{ co.[eHbr e, r4[rkt MHHe-paJrbHble. Cro'IHrte o3epa, KaK npaBIzJro, 6trsalor npecHbrMg. B OeccroqHoMo3epe rlpoHcxoArT r4cilapeHHe qracror? BoAbr, a coilr4 ocrarorcfl B HeM. IIO-
pbrBHo MHHepaJru3yercfl (saconaercn)
ar\Hn conefi npaHocr{Mbrx B Hero BoA.
Coeercxoro Cotosa BeJrHKo: Hs HHx
Kacnuricxoe; caMoe rny6oxoe o3epo
$ 7. Bo4nr,rfi 6anauc oaep
Bo4a B o3epo nocryraer nyreM noBepxHocrHoro H noA3eMHoro npn-TOKA, KOH,{CHCAL\KIH BOTflHbIX NAPOB H BbII]AACHI,I' ATUOCQCPHbIX OCAAKOBHa noBepxHocTb o3epa
PacxOA BoAbI, nocryrtarcrqeri s o3epo, nponcxoAur BcJreAcrtsHe Hcnape-HHfl c efo noBepxHocrl'I' a raKlKe rlyrelvt noBepxHocrHoro H noA3eMHorocroKa r.r3 Hefo. coorsorueHr,re Mexqy [pHxoAoM SO.qSr H ee pacxoAoM Bbr3br_Baer IIoBbIIrleHHe u,rlH noHHXeHHe ypoBrrrr B o3epe. flpH nonuuJeHHy ypoB-Hg B o3epe HaKarr.[HBaercr o6repl BoAbr:
LIV : roL,H, (e0)
fAe o - nJrorrlaAb 3epKa/ra;
LH - nprpaqeH'e ypoBHn sa paccMarpunaevrrrt rpoMelKyror{ Bpe-
MCHII.
flpn noHnx(eHHH ypoBHr o6tev BoAbr B o3epe yMeHbuaercfl Ha re)Ke Be.rlHtIHrlbI. BolHufi 6ananc osepa, To ecrb coorHorueHHe npltx oAa upacxoAa BoAbI, i\,lo)KHO [peAcTaBHrr rax:
unpt, U'nv+ k+ x-(a"r.l U'",* E): * LH,
r4e ane, u;l - noBepxHocru'li H roA3eMHrrr,i npHTOK B O3epo;E _ KOHACHCAIIHfl BOAflHbIX IAPOB HA NOBCPXHOCTH OsCPA;. x _ ocaAKH, BbrrraAarorrlHe Ha [oBepxHocTb o3epa;
U"r,!/"J-.rroBepxHocrHuli Lt noA3eMHblft crox r{3 o3epa;E - HclapeHue c noBepxHocrn o3epa,
Bce 'IneHbl ypaBHeHHfl BoAHoro'6a.rraHca B yiru""ertura (gl) nrrpaxeHrrB BHAe cJIofl BoAbI. Moxno HanHcarb ypaenenrae so.qHono 6ria"au, Bbrpa-3HB Bce efo e/reN{eHTbr B o6tevax;,:g.ff n npanor:i rracru ypaBrrer{Hi ovo*1san[caHo rpHpaueltze o6tewa A'IY/. Ec"tru o6osHaqrirb npHXoArrylo qacrb
(e 1)
t
f