pocrrl rerleHt{fl nyreM ycrpoficrBa 3arraHeft no noeepxHocru BoAbr r,r3 AepeBa
HJIH xBopocra. VuesrrueHne cKopocru TeqeHHfl BJrer{er 3a co6ofi 6ucrpoe
o6pasonaHr.re [oBepxHocrHoro,'rbAa r.r npeKparqeHne npoqecca o6paeoea-
Hlrfl, BHyTpHBOAHOfO ilbIia.
B HeKoropbtx cJryqarrx nptrxoAnrcrr t41Tpt Ha ocrarroBKy f3C, ,{ro6ur
yMeHb[IHTb cKopocrt-{ TerreHiiti u Bbr3Bam 6nrcrpoe o6pa3oBaHue noBepxHo-
crHoro JIbAa. Ha rn4pocraHllarx rrpuMeHflror o6orpeBaHHe perueroK BoAo-
npHeMHHKOB SJIeKTpHqecKHM TOKOM r.rJrH OI{HCTKy HX OT JIbAa MeXaHHqeCKHM
cnoco6oru. BoAosa6opusre coopyx(errHr BoAonpoBoAoB AJrfl npeAorBpaue-
HHfl Hx o6vrepsauHrr noMeil{apr B KoBtuH, orpbrBaer\,rbre B 6eperax.
$ 5. Boannii 6anarrc peqrroro 6acceiiHa
MeroA BoAFIoro 6anauca rBJlrercrr qacrHbrM BbrpalKeHaem SustrqecKo-
ro 3at(oHa coxpaHcr{ul Mal'epnH. Sror MeroA ocfionaH Ha roM, qro AJrr ,rrro-
6oro 3aMKHyrot-o o6reua flpocrpaHcrBa cyMMa Bcex BXoAflrrlHX H BbrxoAfl-
IIIHX BOAHbIX MaCC paBHa COOTBeTCTBeHHO yBeJrHqeHhto HilH yMeHbrrreHH0
KoJrHr{ecrBa BoAbr BHyrptr AaHHoro o6tenaa.
Cocraenu o6u{ee ypaBHeHHe BoAHoro 6ananca Ailr, npon3BoJrbHo 83fl-
rofi qacrlr seN{Hoft noBepxHocrr.r. r{epes KoHTyp, orpaHnquBaurrnfi pac-
cMarpnBaeMyIo qacrb ser{Hoft rroBepxHocrr,r, MbrcJreHHo rrpoBeAeM Beprr.r-
KaJrbHyro UHJTHHApHT{ecKylo noBepxHocTb Ao BoAoHenpoHH[aeMofo cilorr.
Paccrraorpl4M Bce Bo3MolKHbIe nyru flocrynJreHHfl,v pacxoAoBaltfl, BJIaTH B
paccMarpnBaeMoM o6teue sa xaxoft-ro nepuo4 nperraeHn T.
llpnxo4HyFo qacrb 6a.naHca cocraBJrflror:
l) at',rocQepurre ocaAKH, BbInaBrrrue Ha [oBepxHocrb BbrAeJreHHoro
o6reua sa paccMarpHeaeuur? repHoA BpeMer{H, r;
2) noha, KoHAeHcHpytolrarcrr Ha noBepxHocru noqBbr t4nt B noune, ft;
3) no4a, flocrynaB:uJafl HaAaHHyro nJroulaAb qepeg noBepxHocrHbre BoAo-
TOKH, Anp;
4) eo4a, flocrynuBrxar ryreM [oA3eMHoro npr.rroK?, Unp.PacxoAoeaHr.re BJrarH H3 paccMarpnBaeMoro o6teMa HAer Ha: .
l) ncnapeune c noBepxHocrn rrorrBbr, BoAbr, cHera H TpaHcnupauuo, E;
2) creKaHae noBepxHocrHbrMn BoAoroKaMrr, U"ri
Q) orrox rroA3eMHbrM ryreM (nolseNrHur? crox) , Ucr.Pasnocrr MelKAy rpHXoAHofi rE pacxoAnolt qacrbto 6anasca 6yAer co-
orBercrBoBarb yBeJIHqeHHro HJrH yMeHbUJeHHFO 3anaCOB BOAbr B paCCMarpH-
BaeMoM o6reue (*u).
Taxav o6paaorrr, o6qee ypaBHeHHe Bo.qHoro 6anauca Bilaru Ailq npon3-
BOJTbHOTO [pOMeiKyTKa BpeMeHH HMeeT Br.rA:
x+ k* Unp* U'np- E -A"r-U"r: -+- u.
urr:u, TOfAa ypaBHeHHe (82) MOIKI{O HanHcarb raK:
x : U + E -_L u - k - (Lt'n, - U'",).
Beluquua (Unp-A") npe4craBJlfler co6or'r pa3rrocrb MelKAy rroA3eM-
HbrM npHToKoM I,r noA3eMHbrM orroKoM BoAb! Hs 6acceriHa, To ecrb noAgelarrr,rui
eoAoo6NreH AarrHolo 6accefiHa c coceAHr.rM.
Ecnu noBepxuocrnrrui KoHTyp no4oc6opa coBnaAaer c [oA3eMHbrM, To
Unp-!/", :0. [Ipz HecoBnaAeHHI'I noA3eMlloro h noBepxHocrHoro KoHTy-
poB BoAoc6opa gra BeJrHqHHa HMeer He3HaquTeJrbHbre pa3rvrepbl, oco6euuo
I.nn 6onsuLrx H cpeAHHX 6accefinoB; BBHAy c,rro)KHocru yqera ee ttpHHHMaror
U'np-A'cr:o. TaxrNe rpyAHo orpeAeJlHrb BerHrrr4Hy KoHAeHcaqHH; ee
Mo)KHo rroAct{I4Tarb coBMecrHo c Hc[apeHl4ervr, Ho r{aqe npuHvrMaror paeuotl
Hy/rrc. OrHocnre.flbHafl BeJII4qHHa aroli norperuHocrn HeBeJrr.rKa no cpaBHe-
ttplto c o6u{ttl,t o6r'euovt B,TafH, yttHTblBaerr,loil ypaBIIeHfiet\,t BoAHol'o 6alauca.
B raxovr cilyqae ypaBHeHHe BoAHoro 1anauca Arfl peqHoro 6accefiHa npnHu-
rvraer npoclofi Br4I,'.
(83)
x:A*Etu,
nilH, ec./rH Haflr.rcaTb 9To ypaBHeHr4e oTHoctrTe,rlbHo BeJIHqHHbI CTOKa:
U: x- E l'u.
rAe .r, g, E - coorBercrBeHHo roAoBoe
peHHf.
B ceqga c reM qro B tlrgoronergnfi
KOJrHqecTBo ocaAKoB, CTOKa H I4CrIa-
(84)
(85)
VpanHeHue (8a) cnpaBeAJIHBo Anr .nro6oro orpaHnr{eHHoro npoMe}KyrKa.
BpeMeHH: foAa, ce3oHa, Mecfqa.
flocneAuufi ruleH ypaBHeHHfl Lt, xapaKTepasyrorqnli rz3MeHeHHe 3ana-
coB BJIaru s 6accefiHe sa paccMarpusael,rrrri npoMelKyroK BpeMeHH, Hasbr-
Balor aKKyMyJIaunotlHbIM qJIeHoM. B aacyuurHBbre roAbr o6urnfr o6teM ga-
nacoB BoAbI n 6accefiHe yMeHb[Iaercfl 14 aKKyMyJrrqnouHufi rrJreH HMeer
SHaK MHHyC; B MHO|OBOAHbIe fOAbI rrpoacxoAHT HaKOrIJreHHe Bnalu, H oH
HMeer 3HaK n,[rcc.
Axxyuy"nn\un Mox{er 6urr [oApasAeJreHa Ha noBepxHocrHyro H noA-
SerllHyto. floeepxHocrHafl aKKyMyJIrr\wfl BK"rrroqaer HaKonJreHr4e H cra.HBa-
HHe cHera LI ilb/.2, HaKon.rIeHne u y6tt/Ib BoAbI B MecTHbIX rroHlrx(eHuf x Ha
no4oc6ope a B pyc.rronofi cllcreMe. B noAseranorl aKKyMyJrrrlHH Mo]KHo
BbIAe/tLIrb t43MeHeHHe 3arlaca noqBeHHbrx BoA (soHa aapauraH) H rpyHToBbrx
, BOA.
Ecna cocraBurb ypaBHeHHe BoAHoro lananca perrHoro |accefiua 41n
PnAa net (n), 3areM npocyMMupoBarb Hx H [oq/reHHo pas1enurb Ha rr4cJro
JIeT, TO [OilyI{HTCfl:
2x 29,2E 2u_+.-
nntn-'r-n,
(82)
(86)
ilepHoA BKJIrOqarcTcfl MHOnOBOAHbTe
To ecrb arc{yMy/tfluaounlni q,'teH
PaccuorpHM Tenepb He npoa3Bonnrrnrfi KoHTyp, a peuuofi 6accer?H, orpa-
Huqeurtuttl BoAopa3Aensuofi nuHuefi. flpuxo.u BoAbr e 6accerlH noBepxHocr-
HbtMH BoAoToKaMH OTCyTCTBYET, llnp:Q. OrrOx He 6accefiua noBepXHoCT-
HbrM ryreM npeACraeJrrrer croK paccMarpnsaevror? per(H grr. O6ozHaqHM
44
h x,{a/roBoAHble roAbl, B.JILIT{H nu 2L o 0,
ypaBtleHafl B MHoro"qerHeM pa3pe3e- 6nHcox Hy/rro. Taxlrnao6pasorra, ypaB-
lIeHHe BoAHoro 6anauca per{Horo 6accerlrua Ailfl MHofo,rrerHefo [epHOAa
45