B uaqa.ne XX n. rpoBeAeHbr HccJreAoBaHHfl ro pa3Jrr.rqHbrM BonpocaM
rHApoJrorHH.: rroflBr4Jrncb pa6oru 3. M. OnnAexona no HcrrapeHl{ro c no.
BepxHocra peqHbrx 6accerfulon (191I r.), H. E. XyxoecKoro o ABHX(eHHH
BoAbr Ha noBopore peKH (1914 r.) H o saurreHun (1915 n.), H. E. Ao.nrosa
no reopaa croKa Jrr.rBHeBbIX no4 (1916 n.) u ,4p.
Bce eru rpyAbr rre noreprJrH cBoero 3HarreHzfl H Ao Hacroflrrlero BpeMeHH.
OAnaxo 6ypnoe pa3Brrrae fHApoJrorHIrecKHX Hcc,'reAoB auufi H rHApoJIorrLr
KaK eAHHofi uayxz HaquHaercff B Halrerl crpaHe roJrbKo rroc/re Be.rrrzxor?
Oxrr6pncxori peBo/rrouara. CoupraJracrHqecKar cucreMa xo3flftcrea craBHT
Bonpoc o KoMnJreKcHoM HCno/rbgoBaHLrH BoAHbrx o6rexros AJrfl qeflefi cy-
AoxoAcrBa, gHeprerrKr, BoAocHalx<enun, NreJlr4opa:q:aLr vr r. L.
Bax<trntv co6urHeu B Hcroput H3yr{ertHfl BoAHbIx pecypcoB crpaHbl6uno
yqpex{AeHHe e l9l9 r. Poccr.l-icr{oro, rrbrrre I'ocylapcrBeHHoro, ruApoJrorl{-
qecKoro HHcrHTyra (fl'l,l), B 3aAaqu r{oroporo BXoAH.rro o6reALIHeHHe Bcex
BOAIII,IX I'ICCJICAOBAUUi,t N CCCP.
B 1920 r. ro LrHutr4aruee B. V. JIeuuHa npuHflro HCropHI{ecKoe perue-
une o6 enexrpuQr4narryrr Poccun (n.rraH fO3/lPO). BunorueHue eroro
[JraHa norpe6onaJro BcecropoHHero H3yqeHHfl ecrecrBeHHoro pex{HMa Bo-
Aoerraob. B neprao4 c 1919 r. nponeAeHbr xpynuer?lrue BoAHbre HccJIeAoBa-
Hr4fl pp. Borxosa, Cnupn, Mocxnrl, Vpa.rra, !,Henpa, Bo,ttz, Aruy4aplz
l.r Ap.
Eo.nnuoe 3HarieHr.{e B pa3BHTHu cra\HoHapHbIx LIccJIeAoBauuft peK I,Iye-
flo yqpelKAer.rure B 1929 n. fn4pouereopo/roruqecKoro KoMHTera npa Co-
nere HapoAHbrx l(ouuccapon CCCP, xoropufi e 1933 n. 6u.n npeo6paaoBaH
B I{enrpa.rrbHoe yrpaBJreHue fn4porr,rereopoJlorll.Iecxorl c.lyx6lt, a B
1936 n.- s fnaeHbe ynpaB,TeHHe rl{ApoMerc.rryx<6u (fyfMc).3ro cro-
co6crsosaro pe3KoMy Bo3pacTaHr.lrc ceTH rHApoJrofurrecKHx ctauqurl,
ycraHoBJreHuo eAunofi Meronr.rKH pa6or, yJryqueHulo KarlecrBa rLIApoJIo-
ruqecKlr x HccJreAoBaula fi .
B 1924 u 1928 rr. 6lr.rr.r co3BaHbr I Bcepoccuitcxuir n il BcecorcsHlrfi
rHAp o/ro nH qec KHe cbe3Abr, H a KoTo p brx p accM aTp vBalrwcb .Bonp ocbl BoAHof o
6a.nasca H perrHoro croKa, noprponrerpHH perrHono pycJra, HsMept4TeJIbHbIx
npu6opon - vt rugpolttoJroruLr.
!,.nn pasa HTwfl raApoJrorHr{ecKH x HccJreAoB aswfr, 6o.nruyro poJlb cblfp a-
Jro fpaHAHo3Hoe fHApoTexrrHr{ecKoe cTpoHTeJIbcTBo AoBoeHHblx JIeT: Bon-
xoBcKar, CeHp cxar a n Henp oBcKar f3C, Eenovropcxo-E a,ryr ufic,<uit KaHaJI,
KaHaJr HMeHH Mocxsrl v Ap.
B rrocJreBoesnsni fiepuoA naprufl H npaBare/IbcrBo npuuvManr pflA
perueunfi, cBfl3aHHbrx c BoAoxo3flficrseHtrrrx,r cTpoHTeJIbcrBoM, BbITIoJIHe-
Hr.re Koropux rpe6oBa"[o Aanrnefiruero pa3BHTHr I-uApoilorl4t. Oco6eHHo
cHJrbHo Bo3pocJra po/rb rnApo.rrorr.rqecKux Hcc/IeAoBasufi ttocJle uaftcxoro
(1966 r.) flneuyMa UK KIICC B cBn3H c pacuupeHl4eM Me/IHopauHH 3eMerlb.
B 1957 r. cocrorncq il[ BcecoroeHrrrt rHApoJrora,recxzr? cbe3A, Ha Ko-
TopoM 6u"na paccMorpeHbr AocrHX(eHLIfl e o6,'racra coserixofi rn4poJrorLrvl
sa-30 ner, npbueAunx nocJre II cr'esla, u nrrpa6oraHo HarrpaBJreHHe AaJrb-
nefiurux ruApoJloruqecxH x Hccr'IeAoB asufi,
B nocneAHee AecflTz/rerne oco6oe BHHMaHI4e yAeJlflercfl BonpgcaM BoA-
Hofo H TenJroBoro 6anaHcoB. B npo6,rleMe HcrlapeHufl Bo Bcex ero BHAax
6
,ffi
.{- ucnapcrrue c
HocTb cyrxH; 4-
6- peunofi crox
Pnc. L Cxeua KpyroBopora BoAbt B npupoAe:
nonepxlrocrlr or(ealra; 2- oca4ror na noDcpxuocrb ol(caua; J- oca4xn lra noBeDx,ucnapeHH.e- c noBepxHocm.cy-]uru; 6- nonepxHocrlrbril H noA3eMHbrft'croxu a pefirX:
B oKeaH (6eccrounoe uope); Z- noqseurHnfi crox B oxearr (Oeccioqiloe-rrlobeX'I'jl
sraroo6MeH MexAy cyrueft H oKeaHoM ,repes aruocSepy.
HapflAy c 9Kcnepl,lMeHTaJrbHbrM HsyrreHHeM pa3BHBaeTCfl TeopeTHqecKoe
HarpaBJreHHe, ocHoBaHHoe Ha MeroAe ryp6yaenrHofi 4uQsysuu. B uccJre_
AoBaHuflx peqHoro croKa H ero peryJrupoBaHHfl HaxoAr.rr nce 6onlruee npg-
MeHeH[e reopr.rf BepofTHocTHbrx rpoqeccoB.
Passzrze H coBepneHcrBoBaHl4e MeToAHKH ruApororurrecKnx pacrleroB
,{aer Bo3Mo)KHocrb yTotIHflTb cylqecrByrorqHe HopMbr no pacrrery MaKcHMaJrb-
uapa, elKeroAHo I'Icnaprercfl orpoMHoe KoJrur{ecrBo BoAbr. l4cnapgnuarcfl
Bd'rafa 6o.ultlrer? qacrbro KoHAeHcHpyercfl H Bo3BpailIaercs B BHAe arMo-cQepnlrx oca,qKoB B oKeaH, coBepuruB TaK uagunaeuufi ra.rroifi rpy.o-BOpOr.
t{acrl HcnaplrBrxeilcq c nopefi z oKeaHoB BJrarH rrepeHocr,rrcfl BoaAyIu-
HbIMH TerIeFIHflMlI Ha CyIIIY, fA€ nexoropafl r{acrb ee AocrlrfaeT cTaAHH KOH-
naAaer ryAa He lyreM HerocpeAcrBeHHOfO CTOKa, a nyTeM nepeHoca BJrarHn napoo6pasHoM COCTOflHITT{ BO3AyruHbrMH noToKaMr.r.