reoMopQoflofHH H noqBoBeAerrrrrr npeAcTaBrfiroT npoHcxo,4flrqHe rra 3er\,il{ofi
noBepxHocru npoqeccbr pa3x{brBa (apoeuu) pr orJro}KeHnfl (axNyrrayn flWrr)
HaHocoB. ft't4po,rrorLrfl, cBflsana c rt1paBJrrxofi: peuHarr rHApaBJrHKa nB-
JrfleTcfl cocraBHofi qacmro Kar( rrzApo[rort+, TaK H nHApaB,rrLrKH. FIo oco-
6eHuo 6nusxa Fr{ApoJrortfl, K ruAporexHr,rKe 14 MeJrHopar\HH.
Benuxa poJrb rzApo,'rorvrvt B peueHr4z BoAoxo3flficrneuHrtx npo6"uena.
Haia6onee Bax(Hbre Bonpocbi, Koropbre peiuaer coBpeMeHHafl faApoJiorHr,
ero: l) oqeHKa BoAHbrx salracoB BcBn3r4 c rpe6onaHunMH npoeKToB HcIIoJIb-
3oBaHHfl BoAHbrx pecypcoB; 2) ycrauoB.reHue pacr{erHbrx BeJrHrrkI H pacxoAoB
BoAbI (uaxcuvraJrbHbrx, MuHuMa[rbHbrx r.{ Ap.) npu npoeKTHpoBaHHH coopy-
xeHufi; 3) pacver HcrrapeHnfl c npoeKrupyeMbrx BoAoxp aHLIJrHrr\ I{ c no-
BepxHocrr4 periHbrx 6accefinoB; 4) HccJreAoBarue BorrpocoB QopultpoBaHrfl
pyceJr pex; 5) xapaKrep Hcrr4Ka reMneparypHoro H rleAoBofo pe)KHMoB peK H
o3ep ; 6) nporHo3br ocHoBndx sJreraeHroB rHApo/roraqecr{oro pex(HMa (ypon-
Heli, pacxoAoB, BcKpbrrr4n t4 3aMep3aHHs); 7) yver enkrfl,uufi, oKa3blBae-
Mbrx coopy)KeHueM Ha BoAHbui norox, AJrfl onpeAeJreHufl BeporrTHblx ycJlo-
eufr, B Koropblx 6y4er pa6orarn coopylKeHlle.
B sauefi crpaHe BeAercr rpaHAno3Hoe rnAporexHuqecKoe crponTeJlb-
crBo. PerueHze Bcex npo6"tervl, cBsgaHHbrx c HcnoJrb3oBaHIIeM BoAHbIX pe-
cypcoB, HaqllHaercfl c rnApo/IorHr{ecKoro H3yIIeIIHg BoAHbIx o6texros.
flpoexrupoBaHulo rHAp ooJleKTpocraH qH I?, eoAo xp aHHJIHITI HJITI Ap yru x
rrrAporexHr4rrecKux coopylKeHzfi scerAa [peAuecrByror nr4ApoJlorurlecKkIe
pacqeTbr, B pe3yJrbTaTe KoTopbrx o[peAeJrfroT foAoBbre, MecflqHble HJIH ce-
soHHbIe, MaKcHMaJrbFrbre r.r MHHHMaJTbHbIe pacxoAbl BoAbI v r, \. fu4po.rroru-
.recxufi pacr{er - oAHa Hs ocHoBHbrx qacrefi Ka)KAoro BoAoxo3flftcrnen-
HOrO [pOeKTa.
3. Kparxne HcropnqecKue cBeAeHlrfl. fu4po.norvn KaK caMocroflTeJlb-
Haff HayKa cQopuupoBaJracb Jrurxb B KoHqe rrporxJroro croJlerllfl. OAHaxo
[rccJreAoBaHue BoA HaqaJrocb orreHb AaBHo. BoAuue o6texrn c ApeBH[x
BpeMeH Hrpailv 6o,rrnruyro poJrb B x{H3HH HapoAoB. Ha 6eperax KpynHbIX
per{ cTpoaJr[cb fopoAa, no peKaM npoxoAHJIH TopfoBble rIyTI{.
Han6o.rree ApeBHHe rliApoMerpzqec'Kze Ha6.nrcAeuzs (sa ypoBHflMH
p. Hn"na) o6Hapyx<eHbl B Erunre oKoJIo 4000 JIer Ha3aA.
Ha reppzropr{rr CCCP HaqaJro BoAoMepHbrx Ha6.nrc4euuI? orHocllrcfl
K nepBoMy rbrcflqeJreTuro Ao nauefi epbl. B ero BpeMn Ha pp. 3epanruaue,
Aruryaapne H Mypra6e 6vtnu ycraHoBJreHbr pa3JII4tIHbIe npzcnoco1neaus
AJrf pacnpeAeJleHHfl BOAbI Ha OpOCI4TeJIbHbIX CHCTeMAX.
B Poccuz BoAoMepHue sa6.nroAeHan raK)r(e r{Meror 6o.nturyrc AaBHocrb.
B sanacsx pyccKHX JreronHcrres XV lr XVI BB. orMet{aJlucb raKue flBJIe-
HHfl, KaK BCKpbrTHe pel{ H HX 3aMep3aHHe, HaBOAHeHUn n naBoAKH, Onaca-
HHe HeKoropbrx nyreii coo6urenun.
B cepegaue XVII e. e Mocxee Be"rrficb ex(eAHeBHue Ha6nrcgeHufl sa
cocToflFrueM noroAbr H ypoBHeM BoAbI Ha p. Mocxne. l{sy.lgHueM peK B Te
BpeMeHa y Hac sa:arMa[rncb seMJrerpoxoArlbl, Koropble o6cneAoeaJlu MHonHe
pbxu Cvr6upu; s PoccHH craJrH norBJrrrbcr rllApoeHeprernrlecKue ycranoB-
xu, oco6eHHo Ha Vpane B cBfl3u c pa3BHTHeM ropno3aBoAcKoro AeJIa.
tr4H>NeHepHbIe HccJIeAoBaHLIf peK, o3ep H BoAoeMoB HaqaJIHcb co Bpe-
N{eHr.r flerpa I. Pagnurr4e npoMbrrxJreHHocrl,I, pacuHpeHue roproBJlla, tro-
4
rpe6rrocrr n o6opoHe crparrbr Bbr3BaJru Heo6xoAHMocrb yJIyquleHHR BoAHbrx
nvrefi coo6ilreHufl.
B 1703-1709 rr. 6unu npoBeAeHbr HsbrcKaHLIfl H nocrpoeHa BuurHeeo-
Jroqr{ar cacreMa, coeAuHtrlouafl Bo.rrry c Ea,rrr.tticxllu MopeM. 'llepnue
r43brcnatr4n 6y4yqero MapuuucKoro BoAHoro nyrH (renepl Bo,rrro-Ea.rr-
rraricxrari), rocrpoeHHoro s 17l9-I731 rr., lr cTpor{rerrbcrBo ,IlaAoxcxtzx
KanaJroB 6snu npoBeAeHbl llpll rHtIHoM yqacrzl4 flerpa I. flpu HeM Bnep-
Bbre B Poccuz 6u,r ptguepeH pacxoA BoAbI Bo"rrru y Kaulruruua (1700 r.),
a Ha p. Hene y flerponaB.roBcKori xpenocrl.I ycraHoBJreH nepnufi BoAoMep-
uufi nocr (1715 r.). HecxoJrbKo no3AHee BoAoMeprrue ua6.nro4eHHfl Be/rucb
Ha faAclrxcKoM u BatLaficKHX o3epax, IIa ypar'Ibcl{Hx npyAax. Eltno Ha-
qaTo crpoaTeJrbcrBo coeAHHHTeJrbHoro BoAHoro rryra Me)KAy Bo.rrrofi H Ao-
HoM, Ho He raM, rAe oH Teilepb [ocrpoeH, a B BepxoBbflx [oHa.
Eorruryro pa6ory no r43yr{elrr4ro peK npofi3BoAgJra Axatreuua I{ayK,
co3AaHHas n 1724 r. B 1760 r. B feorpa$uvecroM AenapraMeHre aKaAeMHI4
M. B. IlonaoHocoB opraHH3oBaJr HccJreAoBaHl4fl Bcr{pbrTHfl I4 3arvrep3aHr4fl
peK, BeceITFILIX no"lononutl.
B 1767 r. Haqa,'ro oQopu"rrnrlcfl fnasHoe yilpaBJreFrHe BoArHbrx KoMMy-
nuxat\ufi., ocHoBHbrMLr gap,a.uaMld Koroporo 6ltnu I{cc"rIeAoB aHHfl peK c qe/Iblo
cyAoxoAcrBa.
B nepnofi rroJroBrrue XIX B. ylyt{uraercrr arnaparypa rHApoMerpt4qe-
cKHX H3\lepeHr4fi, no"nyuaer pa3Bl,rrl{e rexHl.{Ka 3ByKoBoro H3MepeHHs rJIy-
6r.rlr. Broparr noJroBrdHa XIX s. xapal(Tepri3),ercr ruupoKIrMI{ fllApoJloruqe-
CKL MU H CCr'IeAOB aHVflNIn .
fl.uasouepHoe H3yr{eHHe pyccKHX peK H o3ep orHocurcrr K lB74 r.,
r{orAa npu MuuncrepcTBe nyreli coo6rqeuns 6lt,la co3AaHa HaBufauuoH}to-
onrrcHar Kor\,ruccr.rfl (HOI() . ?ta Korvrl{ccr.ir AeficrsoeaJla B TeI{eHHe 20.rrer;
ee pa6ortr HMercT 6o"rr,uroe 3naqeHl4e KaK B I.r3yqeHHH rHApofp aSuu Haruefi
crpaHbr, TaK H B pa3BI'trHLI MeroAoB rHApoMerpHH. B ro BpeMfl oIIHcHbIe
irapruu opraHu3oBa.rwr oKoJlo 500 eoloMepHblx nocroB, a Ha pflAe peK BeJIH
r43MepeHue cKopocretZ re.Ieuur H onpeAeJIeHHe pacxoAoB BoAbI.
O4HonpeMeHHocr.r3yr{eHueM per{A,Tfl ueiTeri cy4oxo4crBa c 1873 r. pas-
BI4BaJIHCb LICCJIeAOBaHVfl peK, O3ep H OO/IOT B Ue,IIflX HCnO,'Ib3OBaHHflHX AIIfl,
ceJrbcKoxosqficreeHHbrx \,reJIHopauurl (oporueHHfl H ocy[reHrzn). Eu"rrla op-
I'aHH3OBaHbI HayqHble 9KcIIeAv\HH nO pa3d'IHrlHblM BOnpOcaM |HApO/IOIHH:
ro ocynenun 6o"nor flo.necla (1873-1898 rr.), eKcneALIuun VL kL fr\u'
rrr{HcKofo no oporueHulo Ha lore Pocct'rlz (1880-1891 m-.), srcneAulrHfl
A. A. Tz"r.rro no HccJreAoBaHr.rrc HcrotrH?IKoB rJlaBHefiurux peK eBponeficxofi
PoccHrl (1894-1903 rr.) ra Ap. Kpynner?rurafi pyccxrafi KrHMarolor H reo-
fpaO A. VI. Boei.ixoe n pa6ore <K.rprruarn 3eMHoro uapa u s oco6eHHocru
Poccau>, BbtlxeAuetr n lBB4 r'., BIlcpIlLlc ccpoprr.ly"'rupoBaJI noJIolKeIIHe, qro
peKH - gro npoAyxr KJrHMara, v 2.ail KJrHMaruqecKylo I<.naccuQnKauHIo peK.
B xouqe XIX s. 6ornuoe pa3BHTHe noJry.ullntv HccreAoBaHHR, cBrr3aH-
rrbre c H3yrreHHeM MexaHH3Ma peqHoro noror(a, ABHIKeHHg I{aHocoB H Qop-
MHpoBaHHfl peqHoro pycrla. B lB97 r. IlofiBuracb pa6ora KpynHoro
ruAporexHuKa-npaKTl{t{a H rIbITJIHBoro }'qeHoro B. M,..Iloxruua <Mexa-
HH3M peqHoro pycra), Koropar Aaer rpaBo cquTarb ,IloxruHa ocHoeono-
JTOIKHHKOM THApOJIOfHH peqHOfO pyCJIa.