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Qopuy.rra f. A. Anexceeea Ailfl pacqera MaKCHMaJIbFIoTo pacxoAa AolKAe- Bbrx BoA npno6peraer BHA: Q"un. : uhbr, rAe o - cKopocrl Ao6eraHvfl, croKa no pycJry. h - ctoft rraBoAoqHoro croKa; F r - xoaQSHrrHeHT 3aperyJrr,rpoBaHHocru MaKcHMaJrbHoro croKa o3e- paMr4 r npyAaMH. Oror roaSQraqaeHr HaxoAflr no Qopnay,re: BAecb for- o6ulas n'rrorrlaAb o3ep H npyAoB R AoJrflx or nJroqa4u oo4oc6opa. Cr. B nux np.eAycMarph Baerc fl, ABa npueMa pacqera JrHBHeBoro.MaKcHMyMa: ,u,Jrfl MaJrbrx 6accefiuon (F<200 rcnz) - no Qoprr,ryne npeAeJrbHofi Hureucne- Hocru H Aafl 6accefiHos c .F)200 rcuz no oMnr4puqecxofi Qopvryne BvAa: (200) rAe Qp - MaKcurrla"usHufi pacxoA pacrrerHofi o6ecnerreuHocrr.r p; f - xoaQQuqueHr, yuarunarcqzfi cHHx{eHHe MaKcHMaJrbHoro pac- 2\VAa U5trpx4eeofi) nano- AOX i4 MeX{eHb, rrpoAoJr)Karcrqaflcfl or KoHua cfiaAa BeceHHero noJroBoAbs Ao oKoHqa:nkrfl, noJleBbrx pa6or. 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B rcxslrx 3acyruJrr4nux pafiouax, rAe ocaAKoB BblnaAaer Ma.[o, a HcrrapeHHe BeJTHKO, MHHHMa.[bHbre pacxoAbl HHTITO}KI]O MAJIbI. Be"unqaHa MHHHMaJIbHoTo croKa 3aBHcHT or BeJrHrIHHbr H xapaKTepa rpyHToBoro nHTaHHfl peK H or rex )Ke Qarropon, Koropbre o[peAe/rflior BerHrrHHy I{ xapaKTep noA3eMHofo cToKa, B rrepByro oqepeAb norlBeHHo-re- oJroruqecKLtx H rr.rAporeo"[oruqecKrax ycnonuft . Ko"uaqecrBo rpyHToBbIX BoA, HaKarrJrl4Barorrluxcfl B BepxHHX noqBeH- rpyHToBbIX BOA He3HaqHTeJIbHbI H OCHOBHyTO po/rb B rrHTaHr4H peK r4rparoT rny"6oxte noA3elviHbie BoAbi. B' erax paftoHax Ber[rrr4Ha r\.{r{HuMaJrnHoro croKa 3aBHcHT or r.ny6uHbl spo3noHHoro Bpe3a pycJra , qurcila r4 xapaKTepa BoAoHocHbIx ropH3oHToB LI feoJroruqecKoro cocraBa nopoA. llenr 6on'lrue BO_AOHOCHbTX fOpr.r3OHTOB BcKpbrBaer AO[rHHa H pycJro pyKk H qeM oHH BOAO- o6n.nrnee, TeM Bblue z ycroriuuBee Be[rHqHHa MHHr.rMaJrbHoro croKa. BoAo- o6u.rutuocrb BoAoHocHbIX rop[3oHToB gaBHcHT or reoJrorurlecKoro cocraBa nopoA. Pt,tx"nlte H nopt4crble nopo/{ur (nec.rar:HKH, r43BecrHrKr.r, raJrequuxu) co3AarcT 6naronpuflTHbre yclroBLfl AJr'- aKKyMyJrf,r\uH noA3eMHbrx BoA, a nJrorHbre H Kpt4cTaJrJrr4qecxue (r"tzubr, rpaHhru, rueficrr v 1p.) , nao6o- por, yMeHburarcT vHQu.rrlrparlHro BoAbr H aKKyMyJrHpyroqyp eMKocrb 6accefisa. HaseN,IurtMH aKKyMyJIflTopaMH croKa flBJrsrorcfl o3epa H orrlacra 6onora. Osepa - noi_btrlalor Ml,IHuruanruurl croK. B o3epHbrx -6accerluax Kapens- cxofi ACCP MHHHMaJrbHbre MoAyJrH croKa cocTaB/rrroT He MeHee [_1,E r26 .nlce9, B^ lo qpeNIs Kal( Ha peKax, He HMeloulux osepHoro peryJrHpoBaHHfl, rvreHee 0,5 nlberc c | rc,u'.' B,[zqHLIe 6onor Ha MuHllManlslrfi croK 3aBHcHT oT THtta 6o,qor H Bbrcorbl cTorFILIfl ypoBHfl rpyHToBbIX BoA. Peru, BblTeKaroilI[e r{3 HH3r4HHbrx 6o"lor c ypoBuelvl rpyHToBbIX BoA, 6,rHsxll\a K noBepXHOcTH, HMeIoT 6O.rree BbrCO- xuft vmuurvta.nlsttii MoAyJIb no cpaBHeHrrro c Heea6oJroqeHHbrMH peKarvrg. Ilanpr.Iue s 6acceiiHe Bepxoeux 6oflor c Hrz3Kr,rM croflHr{eM ypoBHfl rpyH- TOBbIX BOI npHBOAHT K yMeHbUeHHro Be.rIHrrHHbI MHHHMaJIbHO|O CTOKa. C yne"rluueuHeu nJIouraAI4 eo4oc6opa, KaK ilpaB:z[ro, yBeJr2qgBaercfl x,lI]HHMa.[nurtI? croK, TaK I(aK ycw[ItBaerca r"rry6aHa aposl.touuoro Bpe3a pyc/Ia 14, c"[.eAoBare./IbHo, yBeJIHtII4Bacrcfl ero aKKyMy/rHpyroulaa cnoco6. Hocrb. B pafrouax c HeoAHopoAHbIM reo"[orr-rqecKaM crpOeuaena a paairoo6- pa3HbIIvIa ycJIoBHrIMlI IIoA3eMHoro rrrTaH:afl ua6,urc4aetca He rrpflMafr,, a o1patuan cBfl3b MHHuMa.rbHoro MoAyrTfl cToKa c nJrorqaAbro no4oc6opa. 3oHaltnocrn B pacnpeAeJIeHHH MHHHMaJrbHoro croKa. Be,uuquna Mrz- HaMaJIbI{ofo cToKa HaxoAHTcs g 6ofllluoft sasucuMocTla oT pa3flr{rlHblx MecT- uux SaxropoB, oAHaKo rto r{epe yBe.rrprqeHafl rJrorrdalz soAoc6opa BJrHfl- HHC UX C|"IIA)KI.IBACTCfl H BC,IftIqUHA NII4HHMAJIbHOTO CTOKA ONPCACJIflCTCfl T.IIaBHbIM o6pasov KJII4MarI4tIecKHr\4H Qarropanra H gailacaMu rpyHToBbIX 8O.4. B ceqeu c grHM B pac[peAeJleHau MHHHMa.[bHoro croKa ua6"uro4aercn 3aKou reorpaQaqecroft 3oFiaJrbr{ocru, rrTo Aaer Bo3Mox{Hocrb nocrpoeHl{fl Kapr usonulHufr cpeAHHX MHoro,rIeTHHX BeJrr.rqHH MHHI{MaJrbHoro croKa. Taxne Kaprbr AJrs 6o"rliuax lt cperHurr 6accefiuon cocraB"rreHu B. A. vpu- BaeBbrM, 6. B. llonqxoBbrM, II. H. flonoeHr,r u Ap. Hau6onee o6ocHosaHbl Kaprbl, cocraBJreHHbre focy4apcrBeHr{.brM ryrA- poJrofr.rqecKHM r{Hcraryrou (ffl4) s 1966 r. (npunoxenrae r CH 346-66). B coorBercTBr4H ceraMH Kapra- MH HopMa MecflqHoro^(30-4Henuoro) MLIHI4MaJTb[roro croKa H3MeHfler cn NrnneJler9_ilepHoAa or l0-'8 nlcerc c I rcnz Ha ceBepe enponeficxofi .racru CCCPer 20-15 ttlcerc c | rcnz Ha ceBepHoira vpa,ue ao o-0,5 ua me 14 roro-BocroKe. Hopnra 3HMHero MHHHMaJIbHoTo croKa r43MeHflercr or 2_-3 nlcerc c | rcnz uaceBepe eeooneficxoli qacrr CCCP lo 0_,0,25 nlcerc c ! tenz Ha rcre rt rcro=nocroxe (cu. puc. 32 u 33). 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MeroA ry p 6y ne Hr so fi AHQSy s u n. PacqerHHreHcHB- HocrH r.rcnapeHr.rfi rro Meroay ryp6yneurHofi guoQysuH ocrroBaH Ha ycraHoB- JIeHI4H 3aKOHOMepHOCTI,I nepeMeueHr4f BOATHO|O rrapa B [pH3eMHoM CJrOe aT- uocQepu. Pacqeruaff 3aBr4cl4Mocrb 3Toro MeroAa HMeer Br.rA: E:okY-.' oz' rAe E - HHTeHCr4Brrocrb HcnapeHr.iq, nJrH noroK BoAnHoro napa; . p - uroTFlocTb Bo3Ayxa; k, - xoaQ$ra[HeHr ryp6yneHrHoro o6l,rena; 0e I-N2II'IEHT 'IRMEHEHI,Iq CNTEN}K^HVq R,NIIqHANN TTqN,| rr^ rrLTrrr\TA dz Ann KoHer{Horo HHTepBaJIa Bbrcorbr /\z:zt-zz rpaAHeHT B,,rax(Hocrl1 np eAcraBJlser co6ofi p a3Hocrb Me)KAy 3 HarreHH rrr,Iu a6conprnofi BJI algHocrH Ha.AByx ypoBHsx - 4 14 22. L,rl onpeAer'reHHfl xoaQQzqueHra ryp6y- JTeHTHO|O O6Uesa ft Uy>rrI(AeMepbr - rrJrroeuorpa0tr (puc. 47). OcaAxu no[aAalor B Ao)r{AeMeplroe BeApo [,'ro- rriaAbrc 500 clvtz. I4z Aoir{AeMepHoro BeApa BoAa creKaer no rpy6xe B rlraJrr4HApurrecKur? cocyA c rro- .nJIaBKoM. 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Mepbl, co6uparculue ocaAKLI B TeqeHHe AJrHTeJrbHoro nepnoAa nperueun (rue- crrl r,I 6o,rrrure) 3nnrHne ocaAKH, BbInaAaIoqI{e B BLrAe cuera vr HaKa[JIHBaroIIrHecfl 3a SHMy B 3HaqHTeJIbHbIX KOJIHT{eCTBaX, Hfparor BecbMa Ba}KHyro poJlb B fHApoAofr.rqecKr4x npoqeccax. Oc Hoe urtMu x ap aKTep I4crI4 KaMH c HelKHoro [oKpoBa fl BJr fl rorcfl : rrpoAoJr- x{HTeJIbHOCTb 3aJleraHHfl, BbICOTa, IJIOTHOCTb CHera, 3anacbl BoAbI g cHere. flpo4o.n>rKHOTO nOKpOBa yBefiHrrr4BaeTcfl rro Mepe npoABH)I{eHHfl C 3a- na/,a Ha BocroK. TqT, Ha rxHpore 60o ua no6epex(be Ea.nrHficxoro Mopfl cHer Jre)Kr.rr oKoJro B0 lnefi, a sa rofi x{e rrrHpore B 3anaAHofi Cra6upra _ 200 auerl, cToKa. B 6accel:rHe peK cuexxAoli r.r3 HHx. flo eruu AaHHbrM flpoBo- AfT H3OfHe'rbI. fl.naunueTpoM orrpeAeJrflroT nJrorqaAH Mex{Ay H3orHeTaMH (ri) Ia ycraHaBJIHBaIor rryreM HHTepnoJr nt\HLr MelKAy coceAHlrMn H3orHeraMW KoJruqecrBo ocaAr{oB AJrfl qeHrpoB Ts}Kecrn n.rroulaAox (x;). I-lpn paBHoMep- HOM paCrpeAeJreHHH H3OfHeT X; MOlr{HO OrpeAeJrHTb KaK nOJrycyMM} AnyX I43oruer. Cpe4uee KoJIHqecrBo ocaAKoB AJrfl Bcero 6accefina HaxoAgr KaK cp eAHeB3BerxeH HyFo BeJrH qH Hy : I\nn onpeAeJleHvfl. sanacoB BoAbI B cHere na soAoc6ope nBonoAflrcHero- MepHbre cbeMKI{: 3aMepf}oT Bblcory cFrex(lrofo [QKpoBa H efo IlJIoTHocTb B pa3Jrr4qHffi roqxax 6accertna, llo AaHHbrM 9Tr4X CbeMOK noryqarcT pac- rrpeAeJreHlle BblcoT cHeIKFIOfO noKpo- B?, efo IJIOTHOCTII U 3anaCOB BOAbI B cHere B BHAe ugonuruit. 14srvrepeHLIe 3HMHLIx ocaAKoB. Bucoty cHex(Horo tlo- KpoBa onpeAeJrflFor cHeroMepFrbrMr4 pefixarr,ru (nocronuublMll H nepeHocHbl- rulr.r). flnorHocrb cHera onpeAeJrffror BecoBbIM cHeroMepoM IIJILI nJIorHoMepoM (pr,rc. 48). Sror npu6op cocrorrr r4s MerarfluqecKoro rpaAyl{poBaHHoro qr.rJrnHApa n,lroqaAblo 50 c,uz H BecoB - 6eslaeHa c AeJIeHHflMH uepea 5 a. 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TperlnxoBa, oAHaKo ror{Hocrb yqera rBepAbIX ocaA- xon (cHera) erurrau npr.r6oparr,rH HH)Ke, rIeM npH I43l\,IepeHHv>lkrarvry oTAarIU' HeO6' XbAUruro peryJrr.rpoBaTb pequofi crox BoAoXpaHI4JIHulaMI'I.- p e iy n " i, o.B a Hr{eM croKaHa3blBaerc'HcKyccTBeHHoenepepac- npeAeJleHue ecr-ecrBeHHoro, KaK npaBPIJIo' HepaBHoMep'HoIo cToKa (npuro- 168 4a) B CoorBercTBI{l{ Q peXI'IMoM BoAo1lotpe6.neuun n BoAonoJIb3oBaHHs' PerynupoBaHge cToKa npqBoAurcs AJIn pa3IHqHblX qenefi, AJIfl pa3HbIX oTp$KoBBpeMeHI4'BHeoAHopoAHbIXKJIHMaTHqecKI,Ix3oHaxI4npHpoAHbIX HbIC IICJIH Peryn npoBa Hr{e cToKa p eK fl BJI fl eTCf oc HoB HbIM TeXHHI{eCKI',IM np I',IeMOM' no3BoJIgIouI4MHeToJIbKoI,Ic[oJIb3oBaTbBoAHbIePecypcblI.IJIHnpH:19:9. 6uta HX K nJraHupyeuorl orAarle, Ho u 6oporlcfl c HaBoAHeHHflMH I4 CeJIe- BbIMH IIOTOKAMI,I rlacro Bo3MolKHocTb noJrHoro flepepacnpeAeJleHl4fl peqHoro croKa orpa- roft ero rtocJle,u,crBl'Ifi . Vqesttlytl.t rlaueft cTpaHbI BHeceH xpynuefiunft gxnaA B CO3AaHHe cOB- peUeuUoft Teop?II4 a ItaeiOAUKH pacrIeTOB peryJlnpoBaHgfl I,I KoMnJIeKCHoTO IICTIOJIb3OBAHI4fl CTOKA. TeopHn peryJrr.rpoBaHHfl H Hcnorlb3oBaHLln croKa u"M19l ycrIoBLIfl efopefynuponauufl,MeToAl'IKypAcqeTaI{MeTOAI4Kypeaal'l3auHl'InJlaHoB'. ( yinotigqM peryJIHpoBaHI'Iq croKa orHocflrcs cJleAyrc1que ocHoBHbIe BOnpocbl. l. 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[Ipu opocHTeJIbHoM no4onoip e6nenui y.runrun"-Baerct cBq3b c ceJlbcKoxosflI?crsensofi MeJIHopaqueft - ocsoniurra yqacr-HHKOM r(OMureKca o6c,rryNrrBaeMbrx norpe6arenerl. 3' onpe4eJIeHI'IeltopMbr norepb BoAbr H3 BoAoxpaHr.rJrr{qa B saB,uc'Mocr'or npHpoAsslx oco6esHocrefi paftorua crpouTeJrbcrBa, pe)Kr,rMa no.4oxosari-crseHF{or? ycraHoBKH H ru4porexHuqecKux vreponpanrrafi, [poBeAeHHbrxB npoqecce crpoHTeJrbcrBa. Tax xar cyMMapHbre norepa csssaubr c [apa_MerpaMH BoAoxpaHr4nrrx\a v o6ycnoenllBarcTcq rexnonorneri rpoqeccapefyJrHpoBaHnfl , Hx qacro paccMarpHBarcT KaK BoAonorpe6"neuue.4' Xapaxrepl{crl4Ka HaqaJIbHbIi ycnoeuft (uaxonneHr.re BoAbr B BoAo-xpa_HHlrurqe K Harrary aKcn.rryar a\Hrr). Vcnosas peryJlapoBalr4fl, ""nq*oics o6qul,rrz HcxoAHbrMt4 npeArro-cbrJrKaMr{ IIpH pacqeTax. Mero,qnir. PudHoe xos.qficruo. fi,nt olecneqeHzfl npoxoAa -pu6u K MecraM He- pecra [peAtrrBrrrorcfl ocHoBHbre rpe6onaHvrfr. K peMHMy rny6rzn H cKopo- creif reqeHufl 3rIMofi unu secuori B 3aBucnMocrr4 or BpeMeHr.r Hepecra. IIpn npyAoBoM xosqficree BoAa Hyx{Ha AJrrr rrogepx{aHurr npororrHocru pu6o- BoAHbIX r{ HaryJrbHblx npyAoe. Psr6oxossficreer{Hoe ocBoeHr.re BoAoxpaHH- JII4ITI npeAycMarpl4Baer npoBeAeHue c[er[HaJrbHbrx pa6or no oqficrKe r4x Jrox{a I{ T.A. Kortrn;rercHoe penyJrr,rpoBanile croKa. Ecnu BoAoxpaHzJrtTrrle o6c,nyxn- Baer .ps4 orpacnefi xogsficrsa 14 oAHoBpeMeHHo peryJrapyer croK noJro- no4ufi (nanogxon), otto HMeer KoM[JreKcHoe HagHaqeHr.te. D^^*,-,,;^ -, ,<^^. R,, ^ .,^^^r-trr yJrYrPr.rDafrnE Lr\J.n4 rry\rDUArllLll (r E' r{E,iI}ll\ rJrJPDvDr u naELrAnEnI4xryIrI I,r c HH>KeHH rr crou Mocrr.r c6p oc nsr x coop y)KeHu ft . PeryJr r.rp oBa Hr,re nonoso,qra fi H naBoAKOB OCyUIeCTBJTfleTCfl rrpOTHBOrraBOAOr{HbrMr.r nilU 3aAep)KHBarO- Irlr,rMH BoAoxp aHHJrHrqaMH. flo npo4oJrlKr.rreJrbHocrr.r nepHoAa pasflHrrator cfleAyrcrr\He Br.rAbr pery- JIHpOBaHHTT CTOKa: CyTOr{HOe, HeAeJIbHOe, KpaTKOCpOqHOe, CeSOHHO-rOAHq- Hoe, MuoroJrerHee. flpn cyrgqHoM H HeAeJrbHoM peryJrnpoBaHuflx 6onee HJrLr MeHee panHonaepHsrft croK nepepacnpeAeJrsercs B HepaBHoMepHyro orAaqy, To ecrb npor,r3BoArzrcn o6paiuoe peryailpoBaHr,re. CyrouHoe peryrrnpoBaHue croKa (puc. 55) nosnoJrfler yBeflHrruTb KoJrr{- qecrBo norpe6urener? sa cqer r4crroJlb3oBaHrg, HaKonJleHnofi eoAsr B rracbl noHHX(eHHoro BoAonorpe6,rreHllfl H gHaqHTeJIbHo cHH3HTb crouMocrb BoAo- [poBoAflulr4x 14 soAosa6opHbrx coopyxenrafi . Bo1oxpaHHJrHIrIe cyroqHoro pefyJrHpoBaHufl 3aBepuaer qHKJr pa6oru (uanonHeHue H cpa6orxa) o reveuue cy:roK. flpu soAocHa6)KeHHH npr4Me- 172 4, N3/cex I' lllI lliulllil]JrtllIrqvcp. 0 1234567 Lnu Puc. 56. He4enuuoe PeTYJI poBaHlle cToKa. 4e 14-Puc. 65. CytouHoe peryJIHpoBaHHe croKa: a - npa$nr< no4onorpe6.nesusi 6 - cxeMa pasMe' flrenuf pe3epByapa cyroqHol'o peI'yJIHpoBaHIIfll /-ao4Ooa6opuoe coopyxeHlle; 2 -HacocHatt craHqusi 3-varucrpatlbHblll I{aHa.Ill 4 - pcacp' Byap cyrotlHoro peryJllrpoBaHHql 6 - cerr' HflroT 6accefistr cyToqHoro peryJrr,IpoBaHllt, a Aas I'IX HanoJIHeHH fl HCTIoJIb' sylor HacocHble ycTaHoBI{H.- Pegxfie KoJre6aHr{fl pacxoAoB B peKe HI4x(e no TeqeHI'IIo, BbI3BaHHbIe cy' TOqHbrM pefyJrHpoBaHneM CTOKa, OTpI4UaTeflbHo cKa3bIBaIOTCfl Ha peqHoM TpaHcrlopTe H rlpoqeccax sopruu.poBaHllfl. pycJla"' Heleitnoe pery.nupoBaHl,Ie (puc. 56) rlpHMeHflercfl rlpH Hailnqr46 o6qux BbrxoAHbrx 4Her?. Bo,qoxpaHHJII4qe HeAeJIbHoro pelyJll4poBaHvfr' saAepx{HBaer ug6r,lro.lnsrft croK 3a BbtxoAubte AHH, B Koropble norpe6'ne' HHe BoAbr MeHb[re, qeM B pa6ouue. 3a cqer gToro noBbltllarcTcfl pacxoAbl norpe6nre.neft n Pa6ouue AHIa. flo.nu51ir rt"xn pa6oru BoAoxpaHHJII{ula (cpa6orra v HaKonJIeHI'Ie) cocTaBJIfleT HeAeJIiO. KparxocpoqHoe HenepHoAHqecKoe peryJIHpoBaHHe cToKa IIpHMeHflercfl Ha MaJrbrx peKax. flonycxll BoAbI H3 BoAoxpaHI4JII{Lq rpoBoAsr AJIff yBeJIH- I TIII]EYVTNWMXXIM I Puc. 57. CesouHo-roAuqHoe pery"'IupoBaHl'le croKa: c - Ha paBHoMepnylo HenpepblRHylo orAaqy; 6 - na HepaB' HoMepHyto npepblDtlylo orAaqy. nnst'h u3/cet 173 \ Va \ l? il n / \ --- PAGE BREAK --- taot rs63 t965 t967 ts\,fo0ar Pnc. 58. Msoro,reruee penyJrupo- BAH}IC CTOKA. rreHHfl rfly6HH, Heo6xoAHMbrx npH Jleco- c[JraBe, cyAoxoAcTBe, rrpn npoMbIBKe cKon- JreHr{r? H 3 af p f 3 HeHHrl, op f aHH3 arlr.rH KyJrb- rypHofo orAbrxa n cnopTHBHo-o3AopOBH- TeJrbHbrx N{eporpHflrufi. flonycKH rr3 BoAo- xpaHHJrHrrInpoBoAflTuBCaHHTapHbrX IICJIflX. CeeoHHo-ro,quqHoe peryJrupoBaHne cro- Ka (pzc. 57). Bo4oxpaxnnuula nepepac: npeAeJrflroT npHToK BoAbr no peKe B Teqe- HHq roAa vilr4 ce3oHa. llepuog pa6oru BoAoxpaHnltvl.lu.a (UuN.rr HaKon'lleHvn u cp a- 6orxa) 3aKaHqr4Baercr ga ce3oH Luru ror,. B MHorosoAHbre roAbl H3JIIIueK BoAbI c6pacunaercfl H3 BoAoxpaHr4ilvu\a B ttHxHufi 6reQ; B HcKJIIoT{HTeJIbHo MaJIoBoAHbre roAbr 6mearcr 1ecpaqurlr, oTAaqu. MnororerHee peryJrupoBaHue (pnc. 58) - uaa6olee nonuufi v co- BeprueHHbtit sra[ peryJrHpoBaHr4fl, croKa. flepepacnpeAeJreHHe croKa pac- rrpocrpaHfle-Tcfl Ha Becb nepvoA pefyJrupoBaHfifl,, cocroflrrlntt us pn4a Jrer. B raHorosoAHble roAbt eMKocrb BoAoxpaHv[rvr\a 3afloJlHffercs, B MaJro- BoAHbIe - cpa6arblBaercfl. Muoro.nerHee pefyJrlrpoBaHr{e croKa rpe6yer co3AaHr{ fl , eMKHX BOAOXp aHHJrHrrl. 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B sa4auax AaHHofi rpynnr,r,o6ecneqeHHocrb orAatIH sa nepHoA pery/rupoBaHLrfl HelocpeAcrBeHHo pac-rreroM He ycraHaB[ILrBaror Aa)Ke rrpa npaBa.rrbHoM enr6ope roAoBoro croK&H BHyTpH|OAOBOTO pacllpeAelreli,Wfl . 2LT. --- PAGE BREAK --- Bo3MolI(HbIe AeQHIIHTbI H [epe6oH oTAar{ no BeJrHqr{He, a TaKX(e TexHHKo- SKOHOMHqCCKHC NOKA3ATCJIH. flepexo4 or 6a.[aHcosrIx pacrreroB, ocHoBaHHbrx Ha HcnoJrb3oBaHHH MHOfOJrerHr.rx croKoBbrx pflAoB, K BepoflTHocrHbrM cnoco6au r4x oueHKn B_rpaKrr.rKe rrpoeKrapoBaHufl 6un c4enan s 1930 r. C. H. Kpuuxurra n M. @. Meuxeneu npI4 co3AaHHV HMH TaK Ha3brBaeMoro rrepBoro MeroAa pacrrera MHoro"TerHero peryJIHpoBaHHq croxa. B [ocJreAyrour[e noAbr noflBnJrncb: MeroA C. H. KpHqxoro n M. @. Menxenr (1935 r.); MeroA uenHbrx Bepoflr- IlocrHbtxpacqeroBA. A. Canaperrcr{oro (1938 n.), arra"tnruqecKrze rrpueMbr, ocHoBanHbre ua r4crro/rb3oBaHHLr HHTerpaJrbHbrx ypaBHeHHli pery"rrupoBaHzrr 'cror(a (fl. MopaH, H.A. I(aprnerrHuBarrH, B.A. lpysraHon, B. A. Kuxren- Ko); xov6uuapoBaHFlae veroArzKa pacqera pery,'rnpoBaHVtr rrpH oAHoraKT- HoM pex<14 nre pa6orbl BoAoxpaturrnx\a III. t{. t{oxuna; pacrrerHbre rpa$uxlr -fl _O.Il"renrxoea, A. L. CanapeHcKoro, III. t{. t{oxuHa, VT.. B. fyr"rua, f. f. Cnauu4ae); MeroAbI, ocHoBaHHbre Ha crarucrnqecKux HcnbrraHurx (f .n. I4nauon, A. A. Canapencxr.rfi, f. f. CeaHuA3e). MeroArr pacrleroB pery/rupoBaHHfl c yrreroM KoppeJrrrt4BHbrx cssgeft MelI(Ay BeJIlit{HHaMH CTOKa CMeXiHbIX HHTepBa"IOB BpeMeHI,t I'I H3MeHTII4BOCTI,I y caonufi p ery/Ifl po BaHHfl ycneuHo p a3BHBa rcrcn . .[,a"rl n:aefilluft nporp ecc B peaJIH3aU.HH 3TLIX MeTOAOB TeCHO CBfl3aH C BHeApeHI{eM gJTeKTpOHHbIX quoponlrx Bbrr{HcJrHTe"[bHbrx ]llauHH B npaKTHKy rrpoeKTHpoBaHHfl . EaraHcoeHe ra6nuquo-qaQponne pacqerbr npoBoArr rrpkt perxeHr4u BCeX 3aAarr pefyr[poBaHr.rrr. Ha uux B ocHoBHonl 6asnpyrorcfl pacqerbr ce3oHHo-foAl.lrIHOfO H MlrOfOJrerHefo pefyJr14poBaHHtr, BbIrroJIHfleMble 'no AJ'prreJrbHbrM KaJreHAapHbrM pflAaM fHApoMerpr4qecKHx ua6"urc4euufi, B ApyrHX cJlyqarx 6anaHcos].'le ra6nuuHo-qzSpoBbre pacqerbr HMelor Bcno- NtorareJlbHoe 3Har{eHHe. Ea"[aHcosble pacqerbl rvro)KHo BbrnoJIHflTb H rpa- cpr.ruecxranl nyTeM. B sanucr.rMocrr.r or BaAoB peryJrupoBaHHr nepuoAbr Bpe- I\,{eHH AJIfl caMocroflTe.rlbuntx 6anaHcoBbrx pacr{eroB H3MeHflrorcfl B txHpoKHX [peAeJrax oT ce3oHa Ao cyToK u rracoB. {ocrouuc teo r a6 nuvuo -r1aQp oBbrx 6a.u a Hconbrx p a cqeroB B ri x rorrHocru H npocrore, Bo3MolKHocrH npHMeHeHHs gJIeKTpoHHbIX qaQponux Bbrrrr4cJru- TeJIbHbIX MaUHH Li MeXaHIZsar\r4H B yC/IOBHflX npOeKTLrpOBaHIlf H sKcnJrya- Tar{prr4. Ilpll py.rHoxr noAcqere ra6nauuo-qu$poBbre pac'-rerbi rpy,noeMKH. Aflq roro qro6u cAeJlarb 6anaucosrre pacrrerbr 6onee HarJrrrAHbrMH u o6nerqHrs elt6op BapIraHToB no HX pe3yJrbraraM, seo6xoAnMo AorroJr- HHTC.TIbHO COCTABJIflTb TPASAXT,T, I4JIJIIOCTPHPYIOUIHC XOA PCTYJIHPOBAHHfl croKa n pa6ory BoAoxpaHHnHU\a. @opult pacrlerHblx ra6.nuu Becbr\{a pasnoo6pa3HbI, oHH orJruqarorcfl TJIaBHbIM o6pasotr no c[oco6au yuera rroTepb BoAbr r.r3 BoAoxpaHHJtr4u\a. Havr6o.rree pacilpocrpaHeHbr ABa cnoco6a yuera. fpaQuuecxae pacrlerbl aMeror 6o.rruuyro HarJrflAHocTb Lr o6nenrarct rroHHMaHHe caMoro npoqecca pefyJrnpoBa[ufl croKa. llpr rpa+uuecxzx pacrlerax Hcno/Ib3yrorcr raAporpaQu croxa H orAarrr4, KaJreHAapubre r{H- TerpaJIbHbIe cyMMapHbIe KpHBbre, rpaQuxa rrorepb, Kpt4Bbre o6ecue.relrHocTr.r H npoAo/rx{HTeJrbHocTH. Pacqer no ra6nuuuo-qn$poBbrM H.rrur rpaSuvecKuM cnoco6ala y,qo6no npoBoAHTb, Har{HHafl C Aarbr rrepexoAa or JrHMHTr,rpyrcqero MaJroBoAHofo Olu zto nepr.{oAa K nepuoAy rroBbrrueHHoir eoA_ HocrH. Molueur flepexoAa coorBercrByer paBeHCTBy CTOr(a U OT!.aqH H yc"[oBHrO,qTo B n^OCJreAyro[IeM CTOK npeBbruaeT orAaqy. 3a uaqa.rrbuoe Hanod'rr{errae rrpH- HIrMarcT ueprnruir o6reu H.lu Vc,rroBHo Hy,'IeBOe HarIO"rIHeHI4e. il,ns yrcHeHufl MeroAar{r4 6anauco- Boro pac.rera (nepslrr? ran saaavn) rra oAu or\4 p H cy I r Ke coB N4eu{a lor rr.rAp o r.p aQr,r cToKa H oT!'aqn B eAr4Hbrx rrlacuffa6ax pacxoAoa rr BpeMerru. Paccn,rorperrr4e pr.{- cyHKa 69 noesorfler cAe,'rarb c/reAyroulrze BbIBO,4bI. 3a npevrn or t, go /, pacxo4br orAa-rra npeBbruaror rrpr.rroK. 3arurpuxoBaH- Hafl ["rroqaAb paBHa o6rel,ty BoAbr, He. AOCTaTOqeN{y AJr,q roAAepx{aHwfl slnaH- uoft orAaqu, HJIr4 ,ueQaqiary crol{a. AeQzqnr croKa Bbrr{Hc,rrflror uJraHH-MerpHpoBaHI'IeM erofi n.noulaAl{ H"rtH_cyrirMnpoBaHuervr pa3Hocrefipacxo4on orAaqH 14 croKa. fl,esHryr croKa o60sHaqaror qepe3 t\drar. ll"rrouraAl c fopr.r3oHrannuorl rxrpr.rxoBxoft, uanaepeHHaf c yrreroM Mac-urra6os Bper'reHr4 H pacxoAoB, Aaer Hb6rnoqnufi o6rervr Bot; "ui ruau",ro,,r,pacxoAoM orAaql{ H Ha3blBaercq [Ig6rrrKoM cror{a. o6osHaqaercfl r.rs6tnoxcroKa xax Lbr. flrnn nepepacnpeAeJreHHfl CTOKa Ha 3aAaHnufi pacxoA or- Aaqv seo6xoAIaMo l4Merb npeBbnuenue o6reNra zg6lrrnu'.ro*u "ilA;6fi-ronr Abr;Adr. flonesHar eMKocrb onpeAeJrfler rrpeAeJrbHyro BgpxHroro rpaHuqy Bo3-Mox(Horo HaTIoJIFIeI{I,Ifl BoAoxpsHu.irr{[a H oTMerxy HflV e yc"rronraflx Hop-uansuo.fi 9Kc[/IyaraIrHW. HepeAoeaHHe ttepHoAa r{aKo[.rreH7fl BoAbr H nocJre- Ayrcu1efi cpa6orxu Ha3blBaerctl TaKToM pa-6oru (o4uoraNrHan pat1ora BoAo-xpaua"uuula). Ecnu pa6ora BoAoxpaHHJIHUJa cocror4T r43 AByx repr{oAoB HaKotrJreHr4fl H noc.flcIIVIr)IIIrlY 2A l1,.\rKI{M' flprz 4nyxrarruor? pa6ore nogoxpaH Hrrr4n\a HaKo11.1reH6e BOAbI I'I OnOpOX{HeHI'Ie BOAOXpaHH[rHU\a 3aBHCr{T OT COOTHOIreHH' MeX{Ayug6rrrxalrH H nocJreAyrorr{HMT sa HHMH leQrarlzraMH CTOKa. B cnyuae ecJIH KalKA.;tfr us6arcox 6o.nlrub no.ne4yrou{ero 3a Hr.rM AgOH-III4ra AbtlLd, u Lbr>Ld, (pwc. T0, a), ro Becb pacrrerHbrfi nepao4 pery-JI?IPOBAHHfl I\CJIKITCfl HA ABA HC 3ABLICflIILIX APYf OT APY| A ITHKIIA PCrY/IH-poBaHr{f . Ecnu Adrl\dr, To nod'IesFlttli o6teu nu6upaercfl tto MaKcr.rMa/rbHoMy 4eQnqary, pa_BnoMy .a,dr; n c.ryqae, KorAa Ldr)Adr, non.rniiti o6u.l,l "u-xoAHTcfl wax Vnn":Ldr. Ecna coorHo[reHue Me)KAy as6urx aMH v ttocreAyroulaMpr 3a HHMz Ae- Qraqnrarvrrr croKa rtprr AByxraxrnoii pa6ore BoAoxparrr.r,rrrrua BbrDax(aercrr cJreAyrou{r.rMr4 r{epaBeHcrBaMw Lbr}A^dr, Ho A,br.aL,d.r, to eos*or*rror nBapacqeTflbrx c"{yqafl. no{, ++rul .,2 LJ Puc. 69. ConueuleHHuri rpa$r.rx npu- TOKa tr oTAaqu. 2t9 --- PAGE BREAK --- a6B Puc. 70. ,[nyxraxrn an pa6ora BoAoxpaHHJIHua: o-c He3aBHcHMblM; 6-c 3aBHcHMbrM; d-cnpoMexyrottHo-3aBncllMbtM lltrIAb, (puc. 70, 6), To ecrb o6teu nepBoro ,{eQuuura croKa 6ornue nocJreAyroqero 3a HHM uz6urry?, pa6ory BoAo- xpaHHJrHUIa HeJrb3q paccMarpuBaTb KaK He3aBI{cHMyIo. flpu HaKo[JteHHH tsoAbr ga cqer nepBoro Hs6Htxa AeJraercfl neo6xo,quurtft eanac He roJIbKo AJrfl JTHKBHAaIIHH 4e$uqura cToKa Adr, Ho 14 A[In IIoKpbITHf oTpHUaTeJIb' uofi pasHocTu MexAy IIocJIeAyTqHMLI zs6lttxOlvl n leQnqurou. flo.itesHylo €MKocrb BoAoxpaHHrIHU\a HaxoAflT KaK cyMMy AByx 4eQuquron croKa c yqeToM BoccraHoBJreHHfl ux ras6srroqHbrl\{ cToKorvl rvrex4eQuIIHTHofo nepHoAa. v nn": Ldr* Ldz- Lbz, r,qe Ad, u Ldr-,qeSHIIHTbI croKa, cJIeAyIoqHe 3a H36bITKaMH; Lb, -,tzg6rttoqslrfi o6teu BoAbI HaA 3aAaHHbIM pacxoAoM orAaqu B nepHoA r\,relKAy AByMn ,qeQuquraun. Paccuorpeuirlrfi cnyuafi coorBercrByer AByxraKTHor? pa6ore c 3aBHcHMbIM IIHKJIOM. 2. Ecnu Lbz>Ldt buc. 72,6), ro ecrb Hs6Hrox croKa 6o.nrme npeAbl- Iyrr\ero ,qeQuqrEra CTOKa, To B aTOM cflyrlae Heo6xOAllMO 3aIIacTI4 BOAy Hg nepBoro rro xoAy BpeMeHr4 r.rs6trroqHoro cToKa Lbr, Ho noJIe3II_as eMKocrb onpeAeJrflercq o6tenaovr vaxcliMaJlbHoro .qeQraUHTaV no": Adr. HatKe A3BecrHoli noresuofi enNocra.Pacqcr BeAyr s ra6nu,rHofi cpopve (ra6n lt)qrollN'lA Taoi'IIII(bI coBna/(aer c ra6,nttllat\Jtt, ItprrNrerrrlcr\,u)r\,rn B pz-rcrrcraxrlpll npriN4oli sa4a,,re. aI Pvc. 71. fpaQuxu pa6orrr ""^;;f;;,"ilvu\a no Bapr{aHraM peryrrr.{po- o - nepnurfi; 6 - sropcii (aarurpuxoBaH - c6poc). Hano.[HeHue paBHo nonnori eMriocr?r, rpa$rauecKu HaxoArrr Aarbr rraqara c6pocoe. Koue.{urle ror{Ku rpaQaxa onr4parorcfl Ha [rtHr4ro MeprBoro o6rerua. Ha pucyuxe 71 IIoKa3aHo rocrpoeHze rpa$uxa pa6oru no4oxpauLrJrvrura rro AByM Bapr.raHTaM npaBHJr pefyJrHpoBaH:/-fl 6es yuera rrorepb. Ha rpa- Quxe no oca opAI'IHar or"[ox{eHbr pa3Hocrr croKa v or1aur Lr HarroJIHeHzfl. BoAoxpaHr4[tvu\a. OxoHrrare/tbHoe onpeAeJreHHe noJre3Horo o6reua BoAo- xpaHHJrHrrIa c yrreroM norepb npoBoAflT ra6aurrno-qu$ponrrlr pacr{eroM c nocTeneHHbIM npIz6,rnx q Lt:lV -IJ, ilt, 00 nAe q - pacxoA orAaqw, *tgfcerc; U - o6teu orAaqu 3a rrepuoA or HaqaJra pacuera, n3. Taurescrt yrJroB Mex{Ay npauoil, coeAnHmorqefi Aee roqKu cyurr,Iapnoli rpunofi, c ocbro a6cuucc paBHbr AJrfl [oJrHofi cyurr,rapHofi rpunofi (npnrr,to- yroJlbHble KoopAuHaru) cpe4HeMy pacxoAy 3a orp$oK npeueHu Al: (55) , 'w,-vtr , Lwtgg : -rft :ft : Q"p tvts lcerc. Anq corpailreHHofi cyvruapnofi xpunofi (xocoyro.nbHble TaHreHc yrJra HaKJroHa cexyrr\efi paBeH pa3Hocrlr cpeAHHX . LVtr _ [tu/tgqi: ^#:Q"o-Q n3lcerc, rAe Qcp- cpeAnufi pacxoA 3a orpe3oK BpeMeHH Mex(Ay xpnnofi;. a - cpe.qnufi pacxoA 3a nepuoA pacrlera. Tasresc yfJra Mex{Ay KacareJrbuofi x cyMMapHoii rpunofi s ro'Ixe A r.r ocbro a6cuprcc Aaer pacxo,q s AaHHofi ToqKe xpunofi, nocrpoeHHofi e npflMo- yfoJrbHbrx KoopAHHaTax : tge,n :# : Q.a, us lcerc. (56) roopAraHarn) pacxoAoB: (57) ,4ByMfl TOITKaMII (58) (5e) Ans coKparrreHnor? cyrrrvrapuofi rpHnofi TaHreHc yrJla Mexqy Kaca- rerrnorl K cyMMapHoir xpnnoli s roqre .A Lr ocblo a6cuucc paBeH pa3- Hocru pacxoAoB. Aua,nornqHo noryrlalorcfl pa3Hocru pacxoAoB croKa Lr orAaqu npu paeuocrHofi cyurraapuoft rpunofi. YT_- --^l-----^ AJIfi rpaQH-r.IecKoro nocTpoeHidfi cyM- MapHbrx Kpr{BbIx H cHsTI,Is c nocJIeAHHX pacxoAoB cToKa Lr oTAaqH B ToqKe LI cpeA- Hr.rx no r,rHTepBaJIaM BpeMeHI{ c yqe- ToM r,tacura6os BpeMeHH vr pac- xoAoB r.rcnoJrb3ylor nyuenofi uacura6 (puc.75). OcHosaHrae rvqeBoro uacuna6a sa- xoAsr no Qoprray,rre: r\E lTllyt lT\, tflq- nlacrura6lt o6teuos, BpeMeHr.r H pacxoAoB, npl,lHtrE'Ie npfi no- cTpoeHrIH cyMMapHbIX KpI'IBbIX. Puc. 75. Cyurr,rapHue KpHBbIe (non' uafl - W, coxpaqeHHafl - A( ) u nY- qesofi trlacrura6: t, 2, 3 - no.nnotl cyrr,Iuapnoft rxAoro pacrrerHHaxoAflT cpeAHee uano.rueuze. OnpeBepuarcu{efo pacqeT r.rHTepBaJ-ra, CHH llucn 200t50/00,ro, 0 t2, a d V,r|? 6 f,r.t Puc. 77. lpaQruecxari pacver c yrreror,r norepb:4 - cyMMapHa'. KpHEafl ctoxa - ouMNi xfll'iu6" ;;; noAcqera norepb l/,.u, ua 4r' -1 ffi 8* 227 --- PAGE BREAK --- Arq paccMarputsaeMoro HHTepBaJra BpeMeHn. IIpun.rrrccoBbrBaror noJryqeH- Hmfi rpaQr4qecKr,r o6reu norepb K HaqaJrbHoMy HanoJrHeHlrro cHH3y (opara- sara ed Ha pHcyHKe 77). !,.nr nroporo (nporuB xoAa npeuenu) rlHrepBaJra cpeAHee HanoJrHeHHe BKJrloqaer r.r norepn nepBoro HHTepBa.na. flo cpeAHeMy rranoJrr-reHr4ro c Hc- rroJrb3oBaHueM rpaQraxa HaxoAflT norepr,r BoAbr AJrfl BTopoFo Mecsqa. IIpu- IJIIOCOBbIBAIOT KIX K HAIIAJIbHOMY HATIOJIHCHHIO H IPOBOAST JIHHHIO qCPC3 TOIIKY C. Haqa.nlsoe HanoJIHeHI,Ie c yrleroM norepb npeAblAylqero I{HTepBaJIa gBJlrrercff KoHerrHbrN{ Arfl nocJreAyrourero. Pacqer 3aKaHrluBaercs g,arorl, KO rAa H3MeH e [I H afl H a rroTep H CyMMap H An KpVBafl, OT IaqH, B3 flT afl KaK HHX{- Hflfl KacaTeJrbHafl, nepeceKaeT cyMMapHyro KpHByIo cToKa. flo.ireeHyro eMKocrb BoAoxpaHvr[rr4x\a c yqeroM norepb BoAbI HaxoAflr KaK MaKcHMaJrbHoe paccroflHr4e Mex(Ay BepxHefi u nocne,qyrcuefi uuxsefi xacare.nrHofi, npoBeAeHHbrMr.r flapaJraeJrbHo cyMMapnofi xpunofi orAaql{, H3MeHeHHofi ga noTepu. Tax xax norepu BoAbr no BpeMeHH lr3MeHrlorcfi, To cyMMapHarr KpHBafl orl.als.v r4MeeT [3JroMbr B Kax(AoM r4HTepBaJIe BpeMeHr.I. fpaQnuecxrafi p acuer peryJrr4poBaHr.rfl croKa c rrpHMeHeHHeM coKparqeH- Hbrx cyMMapHbrx KpHBbrx croKa H or1a.uw npr{ AByxlarrHoli pa6ore BoAo- Pnc. 78. fpa0nvecxufi pacuer BoAoxpaHHJIHIqa (coxpauleu- Hafl cyMMapHafl r{pnBas croKa V r, or1auu U r): a - rteporrfi EapHaHr nDaBHJr penyJlupoBaHus; 6 - ntopoii BapriaHT. xpaHHJII4Iqa C 3aBI4CHMbIM IIHKJIOM AJIfl AByX BapHaHTOB npaBHJr peryJrHpo- BaHu rr uJrJrrrocrpupyercrr pucyurovr 78. IipH6"rruxeuHlttl pacqer BoAoxpaHHJrHrqa no rHny o6paruofi 3aAaqr4 npp-BeAeH Ha pHCyHxe 79 a,6. B erou cryrrae rpe6yercr no 3aAaHHoMy croKyr.r rrore3rrofi euxocrtr BoAoxparrHJrr.tu(a onpeAeJrr.rrb rrau6o.nee ue,rrecoo6pas-HOe pacnpeAeJreHHe orAaqH BHyrpr4 foAa, [ocrporzrb ee cyMMapHyro Kpkr_Byro*H onpeAeJrr.rrb pex(HM HarroJrHeHuft u c6pocon. flnr pacuera crpoflT ABe iIoJIHbre cyMMapHbre KpHBbre croKa: ocHoBHyro H cMeIrIeHHyIo BHH3 lla paccroflHr.re, no Mac[rra6y paBHoe nonesHofi eM- KOCTH. ocuonnylo cyMMapHylo I{pHByro croKa trpuH?rMaor 3a Jrr.rHgro nycroro rloAoxpaHHrrHU\a. Cyrrauapnylo KpHByIo croKa, cMerreHHyr.o BnH3 flapaJrJreJrbHo ocHoeHofi[Ia BeJIHqHHy noneguoft eMKocrLI, npuHHMaFor 3a JII,IHHTo HanoJIHeHHoro noAgxpaHuJtkrua. flpu nonHoM I4c[oJIb3oBaH[H croKa KoHerrHoe Ha[oJrHeHr.Ie DaBHo Ha-LIaJIbI-IoMy. Sronllr ycJIoBI{ro orBeqaer paBeHcrBo o6tevou ato*a H orAaqg3a pacqerultll nepHoA. flpu no.nHoM HcnoJrb3oBaHuu croKa H nocrosnnofiorAaqe saMblKaloqas IIpflMaff, coeAr.rHflrorqar ABe xpafiHne ror{Kn ocHoB-HOri Cyl,rrvrapnori xpunofi croKa, ra 6y.uer cyMMapHofi xpnsofi orAaqz, ecJg4nocJleAHffl TOJIbKO KaCaeTCfl I-I He nepeceKaer BTopyro cMerrleHHylo BHH3cyMMap HyIo Kp H Bylo.croK a. EcnH noJle3 Hafl eMKocrb BoAoxp aH r41r4|I\a oKa->r(ercfl HeAocrarouHollr, qro6lr o6ecneqlrrb paBHoMepHyro oTAaqy, [epexoAflTHa HepaBHoMepHyro.. orAaqy. JTuuus orAaqpr pacnoJraraercfl BHyrpr{ no-JIocbI, orpaHHqeusoli cyMMapHbIMI4 KpI{BbrMH, H Moxer I,IMerb HecKoJIbKo TOr{eK KaCaHilf c nocJIeAHHMH. Ecnu orAaqa MeHrercs ABaxAbI 3a rrepuoA (no npeun us6Hroquoro roKaoAHa, a Bo BpeMrr 4esuqura -,upyrar), ro cyMMapHaq Kpr,rBafl orAar{ucocTor.rT H3 AByX OTpe3KOB npflMbrx, ol]Hpalouly.xcfl KoHuaMH Ha OfpaHkrqv_Barorrlue cyMMapHbre KpHBbre croKa (pvc. 79, a). O6utunr npprex,{oM pacrrera L[rr sahaq noAo6Horo BHAa nBilfl.ercfl, noJry-qeIII.te MHIILIMaJILttofi orAaqH Bo BpeMrr ug6urroqrroro crol{3, rITo Aocr6raercrlnpoBeAeHHeM Kacare'unuofi oT ocHoBHofi cylluapuol:r xpunofi x cyrrauapnoli xpz_nolz, cMeureHHoi4 nuns Ha BeJrr4qrrFry nonegHofi eMKOCTH.D^ -^^--- -^r--DU bpeIVIn Acw}lur4'ta O'lAarla MaKcHMaJIbHO noBblruaeTcf. 14 KacaTeJIb- nan npoeoAHTcff or cMerqeuuofi BHH3 CyUnaapnofi np"rofi * ocHosrofi. lIuuus [poeKTI{p yenrofi orAarIH HaxoAHTcfl BHyrpn orp aHurrfl BaForq[x cyM-MapHbrx KptrBbrx. fpaQzx Haro/rHeHr.rfi npeAcraBJreH orpe3KaMH opAr.rHaT, 3aKJrrorreHHbrx Me)KAy OCHOsH-Opi NpnnOri fiycrofo BoAoxpaHHJrHura -u nunuefi [poeKTHpye- n'roIl orAauu. flpu HeroJIHoM HcnoJlb3oBaHHvr croKa npoBoAflT c6poclr (bra. 79, 6). f p aQu'lec Nue 5 anauco Bbte p acqerbr c np 14 MeneH H eM c yMMa p Hbrx Kp H Bbrx npoBoAflT fJraBHbrM o6pasorra 6ee -yuera norepb BoAbr, rax xax pacrrer cyrleroM rlorepb BoAbI cJIox(eH. fpaQuuectKecrrKeHHbrM H T. A. Cra- THCTHqeCKyTO O6pa6Orxy AaHHbrx rr,rApoMerpHqecKHx ua6nroAeuufi rpo- BoAflT B fpaHptuax Mex{eHu H noJroBoAbfl. llpo4o.nxr.rreJrbHocrb nepuoAa cpa6orxll u HarIoJIHeHHr BoAoxpaHnJu4ul rro foAaM H3MeHflercfl, crarvr- crHqecKaa o6pa6orxa o6teuoB croKa B rrepeMeHHbrx rpaHr{Uax BHocHT Heo[- peAeJleHHocrb npl{ Bblqllcreltnu o6ecneqelrHocru croKa H cBfl3aHr{brx c Frr,tM orAaq. Xecrxoe 3aKpenJIeFIHe rpaHHu ce3orroB ycrpaHrrer ary Heo[peAeJreH- HOCTb, HO npl'l STOM npOAOJiXHTeJTbHOCTb rrOJrOBOAbf [peyBeJlHqHBae'rcfl, TaK KaI( npllHflTbIe ero rpaHar{br BKflroqarcr QaxruuecKne [oJroBoAbr 3a 234 p (cr) : 100-p (p) : 100 - p (D\, (66) r4e p(a), p(D) .u p(B) - pacqerltbte o6ecne,{eHHocrH HopMaJrbr{ori r.oAo-noft^orAauz, 4eQnqHra croKa H eMKocrH BoAoxp aHlJrux\a i w.-cnoco6 np,MeHqror npr4 oA'oraKruoli ' pa6ore--*ao"pun HJrr4r\a,eMKOCTb KOTOpOrO Bbrr{Hcrflercr no eAprHcrBeHHor\{y AeQut{u1y iroxa. A,ns Aeran".lo_tl " npeABapr{rerrbHbrx pacueroe n.^A. rinu.{eu peKo_ MeHnveTn23n2hoTaggr-tii,II'l,fA.rnn//v^|IDL|v<'''-----.-.J --':qrrr:uiii iiiir riiLiv-A \\rlyliDDi.\ uucuiic.icFitsluc'i'u Bo3MoxHblx orAarl). llpu nanuqHu AaHHttx ua6nioAenufi H 3aAaHHofi euxocrpr BoAoxpa- HHJII4Iqa Ce3OH HO - |OAH I{ HO|O p eryJil4 p o B aHH f CTOKa Onp eAeJI fl lOT H3MeH fl rO-trIuect H3 roAa B roA orAaqa, crporrr Kpr4Byro o6ecne.reHHocrtr oT{,3rr {::-f(p), no r{oropor? u ycraHaBJrHBaror rapaHrHpoBaHHyro orAaqy pacuernofro6ecnetleHHocrlz. 3aAaeagct pa3rHrIHbIMH 3HaqeHHflMH eMKocrH, Mo)ItHoonpeAeJIpITb H coorBercrByloql4e HM pacqernbre o6ecneqeHHocrg foAoBbrxorAalr. flpu cesoHHo-roAHr{FIoM peryJrHpoBaHrrH croKa rpe6yercr an ..oAraocpa6orxa BoAoxpaH r4rrr4u\a. /J.ns coKpaqeHHfl BbItIlIcJILITe.nruori pa6omr npu 6o;rrruorl AJrr4TeJrb-HocrH KaJIeHAap Horo P flAa Ha6nrcAeuu ft p acuer cesoH Ho- roAuq rroro peryJrg-poBaHHfl croKa BeAyr qacro He no BceM roAaM, a no xapaKTepHoMy nepuoAyptAa' BKJIIoqarcuIeMy ue6"uaronpt'IflTltble MaJroBoAHtre roAtr. Xapaxrep"otfirIepHoA pflAa AOJIIKeH BI(flIOrIarb MHO|OBOAHbTe cpeAHr{e H MaJroBoAHbre nocroKy roAbl. CrarucruqecKue napalvlerpbr KaJreHAapHoro prAa Ha6,rrroae- 235 --- PAGE BREAK --- HHfi H xapaKTepHoro nepuoAa AoJrx(Hbr coBnaAaru, 6unr paBHbrMH. pacqer no xapaKrepHoMy rlepHoAy Pnl,a npr rpaBHJrbHoM ero ebr6ope Aaer conoc-TaBHMbre p$yJrbTaTbr _c p_acqeroM no BceMy KaJreHAapHoMy psay rHApoMer_pHqecKHX sa6.nrcAenrzr?. Bu6op xapaKrepHoro nepnoAa rrpoBoAsr c yqeroMur'rKrHr{HocrH no pa3HoCTHOr? CylrrrraapHoft rpunor? croxa.flpu xoporKoM pqAe na6,rrroaesar? uoxI(r)> oKa3arbcr Heo6ecnerIeHHbIMH. BepoarHocrb arofi rpynrrbr coMHHTeJIbHbrxJIer_paBHA N r:P o_ g- P o. ,-- K rperreri rpyfine orHocflTcfl roAbr, 6esycnonuo Heo6ecneqeHHbre((;(a^- B""), 4axe ecJrH B HaqaJre roAa BoAoxpaHHJu.rqe 6uno 3a[oJr-HeHo. Bepoaruocm raKnx rrer Arrs nepBoro roaa or6opa'Sr:l J F"ju. TAEJII,IUA 1.4 )t fpynnu rer Eecnepe6ofiHue ro4nr Vc.rosHo nepe6or?uue foAbt nepoufi ro4 Kila I o, a) Ki ) ) @-F*,, rperlrfi no4 )K; > ae 3ay )(; > > 3oaF",, )'r < aa- -a rMH Bepo- flT- HOCTb Bepo- gT- HOCTb Bepo- flT- HOCTb ss I Ki+ Ki -r> | >2o As N4 A2 N8 Kpranyro o6ecneqeHHocrn ycJroBHo nepe6oiiHbrx Jrer U Aelrrr Ha m HOBCJIUKHX HTITCPBAJIOB, NO IPAHI4IAM KOTOPbIX CHI4MAIOT BCJIHqHHbI AHHAT. Op.uuHare nd' xpunofi o6ecneqeHHocru ycJroBHo nepe6ofinbrx JIer coor- BercrByer HyJrb, a nq, - Fro - eAr4 Hr4ua. paB- op- 241 IJepro4u correraHHft --- PAGE BREAK --- \ n ^- E !r lz \ C ED Y Pnc. 81. Cxeua rpaQo-aHanurn- qecKoro pacqera no M. B. flota- noBy. qHHbI OpAHHaTbI Cy[,IMapHoH NCUHft: flpeAemuHe sHaqeHuff opAHHar cyM- MapHbrx Kpr.rBbrx o6ecneqeHHocTH, Heo6- xoAHMbrx AJrfl pacqeTa, H3BecTHbr: oHH paB- Hbr (nll)a v (n*l)a- F""i rpe6yerct onpeAeJrHTb Hx o6ecneqeHHocTb. Or no- crorHHor? BeJrr{rruHbr opAHHarbr, HanpH- Mep (n-ll)q, KpHBofi o6ecneqesHocru z, BbrqHTaroT rrepeMeHHbre 3HaqeHHff opAr4HaT m o6ecneqeHHocrH A no rpaHHrIaM HHTep- BaJroB vr orKJraAbrBaror Ha 6esycnonuoft xpueor? .o6ecneqeHHocru croKa x. Toqi' C)1 F(J O d.) L. a F 0) 0( F{ V {t L 6loo \ ,.S l\)eo l\- I (o s' -+rs- (\.l s' a + R- cS \ .+\- N eJ- \ \(-) \\- (a \^ \:.\- N^ €Re-sE-r^ \\) ce) qb *^ N s a \(_) cO CO cf .+ \- NqJ' a a-t* b c$ 5- \+s c\ s \ ! eb s \' >:f_ N s- dxiRe-$at" -:l- sN is \ $s\* * s \a \ cri \ R^$ co \J €RsN-B'* (s N cA s- $si eY.\i >.,N-T.\ '.\NN \\ R ll N --s-\ ++*Ns$$^$* N c\ s SJ il \ Ia/*z SN c\J b .r$ 'l-l-t+R+-\R$$S l'. \t..b-*.i\ ffi \\ F\ CJ I ffisffi b!+ --- PAGE BREAK --- \ C) eO \f b $ rf s \l \' Nd \' ll t SU a, SO \)r oo3 s' E F b?\-v s- c) 0) NO sG tr| \5 ,C) ^\ o) \J T\ heo o) \-r o fr chO -:^ ;d .cg.it' h ct i) C) c\, St a. S- 3 Sr :\x cJ ,*' aO \t ci) 00 (o ci \^t \{sj' cv s- .$*st^SSs**s-sN-s tcq. .r<\ t R- ,-F- l^ s^ x- =-s \ \\ C.\ s s *t- \ N s o€ \ co \' s '$ N \- \q) \\- b s .$ N \:l- s \ca_ l--. \l \ N $NNN\L N $ lt.r= s k) A) ll N..sli-Oisn \:\ -{ T- N s= € sw V,.\){r) : +*rlR t\t <=o7.S -Tt\ e t*Ps t N\\ a Ir I ti w Nn s(.\ N' II 5t l\ -{-- h )\\..\r\N. ANr$ \\ a\\ \ \ N,$ \\\ A) ll \ a2---i-Tr s:J,gei if:$r'iu\ {\ Rt-3s tR-R-r-S-S Pnc. 84. fpaQurin A. A. Cauapeltcxoro. q8 Ufm B 1959 r. C. H. KpnqKHfI a M. O. MeHxenr ony6IHKoBarIW MeroAIaKy yqeTa KoppeJIfTHBHbIX CBfl3eH MeX{Ay CTOKaMH CMeX{HbIX JIeT. IlpelnoxeH prrA rpa(lnKoB H HoMonpaMM AJII BbttIHcJIel{Hfl MFIoroJIer- nefi cbcraBJrflrorqerl rofletHor? eMI{ocrH BoAoxpaHHJILIula. Vs Hux HaH6oJIee H3BecrHbI rpaQHKH fl. O. llneuxona, A. A. Caeepe5cKoro, H. M. Mu- /rocJraBcKoro, 14. B. fyr,rrnf, U. H. tloxuHa, f. f. CsaHIaAse, B. B. 3y- 6apesa H A. [II. PesHHKoBcKoro.^ Hanu\Lre pa3pa6oraHHbrx rpaQr4r{oB, cBfl3btBaloulux Mex(Ay co6ofi se- rl4rrnHbI p, d, F*", CuCy r, AeJIaer pacr{er MHofo,'IeTHefo pelyJlnpoBaHutr npeAeJrbHo npocrblM.- Hara6oJrb[Iee KoruqecrBo Qarropos ytlaTblBaercg n rparpraxax' pa3- pa6oraHlrbrx f. f. CsauuA3e, B. B. 3y6apeBblrd n A. III. PesHIaxoecKHM (puc. 82, 83). fpaQuxa flocrpoeHbr rryreM MoAeJIHpoBaHH_fl roAoBbIX 3Har{eHHH croKa, MeToAoM cTarr4cTr.rqecKHx HCrrbIraHI4fi (MoHre-Kap.no). Ha ocHoBaHLIH sTHX rpaQraxanrw f .@. flneruKoBa. fpa$r.rxra A. A.CaeapeHcKofo (puc. 84) Aarcr Bo3Mox(Hocrb oIIpeAe- JrflTb H crponTb Kpr4Bbre o6ecneqeHHocru HarioJIHeHHft Boroxp_aHHJIHIITa K AeQHqHTos orAaqI,I npn pa3HbIX coqeraHnflx 3HaqeHI'Ifi a,$*", Co- V n2 0,0 0,0 -n2 -l- -0,+ n 1u p =QS9 Cy=0,20 0,S0 L ; olo '-l- V nn -t - -nlt I) 0,2 0! 0,6 qB 1,0 Fun qz .'rObO "r( , l^ P=o,gg .t-!rof^o'a '.4' Vv.P" I ra -f,qg- n/L 0,8 /,0 "Fun 0,2 0,0 -nIt n 0,0 -n2 ! 0,0 upl,o Fnn 0,2 NRUtu0,0a,+n2 0,0P=0,9! Cy=0,40 ----tr-TniL w +-P -Jnfn: t hui 'k{. W D=1100 | ^^-^-.!i)',0^1ol 4J>k-4 l9y> -+afr #- lnfIEz 0,0 016 249 --- PAGE BREAK --- Yqer KoppeJrrruBHbrx cesseii MexAy croKoM cMe)KHbrx Jrer npr4BoAHTlIFIorAa I( 3HaI{Hre.[bHoMy yBeJrr.iqeHun seo6xoAnuort eMKocrH BoAoxpaHH-JIHUIa' o6ecneqHnatoueit peiy.nupoBaHHe croKa no cpaBHeHgro c eMKocrbro,Bbrrruc,rleHuorl npu r:0. s 5. I\{eroA Bepoflr'brx Baprrarrron A. ,{. canape'crroro MeroA A. A. canapeucKoro np,MeHsnr KaK np' cesoHHo-roA'qHoM,Tal( l'l nplt NIIlot'oJlerlleM pel'yJlHpoBatrr4H CTOKa AJrfl opollleHHq, noAoclra6xr1>0,5. Marcuuannsltfi c6pocuoft paoxoA cootsdrcrBellHo vb:t" (t (103) 265 --- PAGE BREAK --- COCTABJIgCT: Qvauc ('-H) v6:tY/"lL -ri#h*"*] Q*u*": (1 + @) Q*u*" (t -fi) , to fAe Cr: T flprn cxeMarH3 ar\4vr BXoAHoro ruAporpaQa no"nonoAbfl AByx cxoAflrllHxcfl fiapa6on c BorHyrbIMH K ocl4 a6cuncc pofi nepuruHofi) A. X. Coxo.noncxnfi onpe.4eJlfleT eMKocrb 3ABHCI,IMOCTI4: vb:w"(1.,-#il:) , (104) (107) Oopua ruAporpaSa no.nonoAbfl oKa3brBaer cyrqecrBeHHoe BJIHnHHe Ha Bearzqu Hy eMKocTr.r Sopcupon xu, uau6oJree oracHblM fl BJlnercfl rnAporp aS npqMoyroJrbHofo rkrta; oAHaKo tzixofi BHA rl4AporpaQa B npaKTLIxe o6lt: qHo He BcTpeqaeTcfl. llo.noxesHe Bepur{Hbr rpeyroJrbHoro rnAporpaSa oxasuBaer HeKoro- poe BJTHflHHe Ha BeJruqr{Hy MaKcr4MaJrbHoro c6pocuoro pacxoAa. IIo uccJle- AoBaHr.rrM .II. f. Pa6yxuHa, B cpeAHeM 3HaqeHHe qMaKc npvr t-; : + ua 2o/o MeHbrue, a rpu 'i:+ 6onrrue, rreM npr4 panno6e4peHHoM rpeyroJlbHoM rr.rAporpa$e, npH + : +. 3Aecr t, -- ilpoAoJllKl4reJlbHocrb rloAbeMa no- JroBoAbR (nanoarca); T - o6qas ero IIpoAoJIX{I{reJIbHocrb. PqAor,{' aBropoB BHeceubt BHAoHsMetteHHfl Qopl,ry.nu D\, 14. KouepraHa. A. B. OruescxHfi lpeA,rraraer Soprr,lyay B BHAe: , (105) (106) (nano4xa B BHAe BCTBflMH 14 OCT. 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