TA 7 5 3 2 : W ater and Adaptation I nt erventions in Cent ral and W est Asia Part I - Execut ive Sum m ary & Clim ate Change 13 ȍȎȍȌȕȍȊȕȣȍȌȈȕȕȣȍȖȉȖșȈȌȒȈȝ. ǪșȍȌȈȕȕȣȍȌȖȓȎȕȣȉȣȚȤȊȍȌȐȕȖȑșȍȚȒȍ , ȗȖȒȘȣȊȈȦȡȍȑȖȉȓȈșȚȐȗȘȖȍȒȚȈ. 1 .2 . ǶȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȈȌȈȕȕȣȝȗȖȒȓȐȔȈȚț ǶȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ Ȑ ȈȕȈȓȐȏ ȉȖȓȤȠȐȝ ȔȍȚȍȖȘȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȋȐȌȘȖȓȖȋȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ ȚȘȍȉțȦȚ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȣȍ ȈȕȈȓȐȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ . Ǫ ȥȚȖȔ ȗȘȖȍȒȚȍ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȕȈȉȓȦȌȍȕȐȑ ȏȈ ȒȓȐȔȈȚȖȔ Ȑ ȒȓȐȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȗȘȖȋȕȖȏȣ , Ȋ Ȗ ș ȕ Ȗ Ȋ ȕ Ȗ Ȕ, Ȗ ș ț ȡ ȍ ș Ț Ȋ ȓ ȧ ȍ Ț ș ȧ ș ȗ Ȗ Ȕ Ȗ ȡ Ȥ Ȧ ȧ ȏ ȣ Ȓ Ȉ R ș Ș ȍ Ȍ ȣ ( h t t p : / / w w w . r - proj ect.org/ ) . R ȧȊȓȧȍȚșȧ ȉȍșȗȓȈȚȕȣȔ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȕȣȔ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍȔ Ȍȓȧ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝȊȣȟȐșȓȍȕȐȑȐȒȖȔȗȤȦȚȍȘȕȖȑȋȘȈȜȐȒȐ. ǰșȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȕȐȍ R Ȋ ȗȖșȓȍȌȕȍȍ ȊȘȍȔȧ ȘȈșȠȐȘȐȓȖșȤ Ȑ șȚȈȓȖ ȗȖȟȚȐ șȚȈȕȌȈȘȚȖȔ Ȍȓȧ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȊȣȟȐșȓȍȕȐȑ Ȑ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȐ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ . Ƕȕ ȔȖȎȍȚ ȘȈȉȖȚȈȚȤ ȕȈ ȘȈȏȓȐȟȕȣȝȖȗȍȘȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝ șȐșȚȍȔȈȝ, ȚȈȒȐȝȒȈȒ ȗȓȈȚȜȖȘȔȈȝ UNIX, Windows Ȑ MacOS. ȅȚȖ ȗȘȖȍȒȚ GNU ( ȗȘȖȍȒȚ ȗȖ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȔț ȘȈșȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕȍȕȐȦ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȕȖȋȖȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȧ, ȗȘȐȔ. ȗȍȘȍȊȖȌȟȐȒȈ), ȒȖȚȖȘȣȑȗȖȌȖȉȍȕȧȏȣȒțȐ șȘȍȌȍ S, ȐȒȖȚȖ Șȣȍȉ ȣȓȐȘ ȈȏȘ ȈȉȖȚȈȕ ȣȊ Bell Laboratories ( ȉȣȊȠȈ ȧ AT&T, Ȋ ȕȈșȚȖȧȡȍȍȊȘȍȔȧ Lucent Technologies) ǬȎȖȕȖȔ ǿȈȔȉȍȘșȖȔ ș ȒȖȓȓȍȋȈȔȐ. R ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȐȊȈȍȚ ȔȕȖȋȐȍ ȊȐȌȣ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ Ȑ ȋȘȈȜȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȔȍȚȖȌȖȊ , Ȑ ȖȉȓȈȌȈȍȚ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȔȐ ȊȖȏȔȖȎȕȖșȚȧȔȐ ȕȈȘȈȡȐȊȈȕȐȧ. ǵȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȐșȗȖȓȤȏțȧ R ȓȍȋȒȖ șȚȘȖȐȚȤ ȌȐȈȋȘȈȔȔȣ Ȑ ȋȘȈȜȐȒȐ , Ȋ ȚȖȔ ȟȐșȓȍ ȔȈȚȍȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȖȉȖȏȕȈȟȍȕȐȧ Ȑ ȜȖȘȔțȓȣ . R ȌȖșȚțȗȍȕ ȒȈȒ șȊȖȉȖȌȕȖȍ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȕȖȍ ȖȉȍșȗȍȟȍȕȐȍ Ȋ șȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊȐȐ ș țșȓȖȊȐȧȔȐ GNU Free Software Foundation, G e n e r a l P u b l i c L i c e n s e Ȋ Ȋ Ȑ Ȍ ȍ Ȑ ș ȝ Ȗ Ȍ ȕ Ȗ ȋ Ȗ Ȓ Ȗ Ȍ Ȉ. ȅ Ț Ȗ Ȗ ȏ ȕ Ȉ ȟ Ȉ ȍ Ț, ȟ Ț Ȗ ȕ ȍ Ț țșȚȈȕȖȊȖȒȐȓȐȥȒșȗȓțȈȚȈȞȐȖȕȕȣȝȘȈșȝȖȌȖȊ, șȊȧȏȈȕȕȣȝș R. R șȗȘȖȍȒȚȐȘȖȊȈȕȊȖȉȓȈșȚȐșȖȖȚȊȍȚșȚȊțȦȡȍȋȖȒȖȔȗȤȦȚȍȘȕȖȋȖȧȏȣȒȈ , ȐȥȚȖ ȗȖȏȊȖȓȧȍȚȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȧȔțȊȍȓȐȟȐȊȈȚȤȌȖȗȖȓȕȐȚȍȓȤȕțȦȜțȕȒȞȐȖȕȈȓȤȕȖșȚȤ, ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȧ ȕȖȊȣȍ ȜțȕȒȞȐȐ. Ǭȓȧ ȒȖȔȗȤȦȚȍȘȐȏȐȘȖȊȈȕȕȣȝ șȓȖȎȕȣȝ ȏȈȌȈȟ , ȒȖȌȣ C, C + + ȐǼȖȘȚȘȈȕȒȖȌȣȔȖȋțȚȉȣȚȤțșȚȈȕȖȊȓȍȕȣȐ ȌȓȧȕȈȏȣȊȈȍȔȖȋȖ Ȋ Ș ȍ Ȕ ȍ ȕ Ȑ Ȗ ȉ Ș Ȉ ȉ Ȗ Ț Ȓ Ȑ ( ȗ Ș Ȗ ȋ Ȗ ȕ Ȉ ȗ Ș Ȗ ȋ Ș Ȉ Ȕ Ȕ ȣ) . R Ȋ Ȓ ȓ Ȧ ȟ Ȉ ȍ Ț Ȋ ș ȍ ȉ ȧ ȗ Ȗ ȓ ȍ ȏ ȕ ț Ȧ ȜțȕȒȞȐȦ, ȕȈȗȘȐȔȍȘ, ȚȈȒțȦ ȒȈȒ : ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȈȧ ȖȉȘȈȉȖȚȒȈ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ Ȑ ȝȘȈȕȍȕȐȍ, ȒȖȔȗȓȍȒȚ ȖȗȍȘȈȚȖȘȖȊ Ȍȓȧ ȘȈșȟȍȚȖȊ ȗȖ șȍȚȒȍ , Ȋ ȟȈșȚȕȖșȚȐ , ȔȈȚȘȐȞ, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȝȖȘȖȠȖ ȘȈȏȊȐȚȣȑ , ȗȘȖșȚȖȑ Ȑ ȥȜȜȍȒȚȐȊȕȣȑ ȧȏȣȒ ȗ Ș Ȗ ȋ Ș Ȉ Ȕ Ȕ Ȑ Ș Ȗ Ȋ Ȉ ȕ Ȑ ȧ, Ȓ Ȗ Ț Ȗ Ș ȣ ȑ Ȋ Ȓ ȓ Ȧ ȟ Ȉ ȍ Ț Ȋ ș ȍ ȉ ȧ ț ș ȓ Ȗ Ȋ ȕ ȣ ȑ Ȟ Ȑ Ȓ ȓ , ȖȗȘȍȌȍȓȧȍȔȣȑ ȗȖȓȤȏȖȊȈȚȍȓȍȔ ȘȍȒțȘșȐȊȕȣȝ ȜțȕȒȞȐȑ Ȑ șȘȍȌșȚȊȈ ȊȝȖȌȈ Ȑ ȊȣȝȖȌȈ. R ȔȖȎȕȖ ȘȈșșȔȈȚȘȐȊȈȚȤ ȒȈȒ șȘȍȌț , ȊȕțȚȘȐ ȒȖȚȖȘȖȑ ȘȍȈȓȐȏȖȊȈȕȣ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȟȍșȒȐȍ ȔȍȚȖȌȣ.R ȔȖȎȍȚ ȉȣȚȤȓȍȋȒȖ țȊȍȓȐȟȍȕȈȟȍȘȍȏ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȕȣȍ ȗȈȒȍȚȣ. ǭșȚȤ ȖȒȖȓȖ ȊȖșȤȔȐ ȗȈȒȍȚȖȊ , șȕȈȉȎȍȕȕȣȝ ȘȈșȗȘȍȌȍȓȍȕȐȍȔ R, Ȑ ȉȖȓȍȍ ȚȖȋȖ, ȌȖșȚțȗȕȣȑ ȟȍȘȍȏ șȍȔȍȑșȚȊȖ CRAN ( Com prehensive R Archive Network ǪșȍșȚȖȘȖȕȕȧȧ R ǨȘȝȐȊȕȈȧ ǹȍȚȤ) ǰȕȚȍȘȕȍȚșȈȑȚȖȊ, ȖȝȊȈȚȣȊȈȦȡȐȝ ȖȟȍȕȤ ȠȐȘȖȒȐȑ șȗȍȒȚȘ șȖȊȘȍȔȍȕȕȖȑ șȚȈȚȐșȚȐȒȐ ( ȐșȚȖȟȕȐȒ: http: / / www.r- project.org/ ). ǶȉțȟȍȕȐȍ ȗȘȖȋȘȈȔȔȐȘȖȊȈȕȐȦ R ȉȣȓȖ ȖȌȕȐȔ Ȑȏ ȋȓȈȊȕȣȝ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȖȊ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧȗȖȚȍȕȞȐȈȓȈȒȖȔȗȖȕȍȕȚȣȊȌȈȕȕȖȔȗȘȖȍȒȚȍ. ǬȓȧșȓțȠȈȚȍȓȍȑȉȣȓȐ ȊȊȍȌȍȕȣ ȖșȕȖȊȣ R, Ȉ ȚȈȒȎȍ ȐȕșȚȘțȔȍȕȚȣ, Ȍȓȧ șȖȏȌȈȕȐȧ ȗȘȖșȚȘȈȕșȚȊȍȕȕȖȑ ȐȕȚȍȘȗȖȓȧȞȐȐȐțȔȍȕȤȠȍȕȐȧ ȔȈșȠȚȈȉȖȊȝțȌȠȐȝșȞȍȕȈȘȐȍȊȒȓȐȔȈȚȐȟȍșȒȐȝ ȌȈȕȕȣȝ. 1 .3 . ǶșȕȖȊȈȒȓȐȔȈȚȈ