Pe,iHaq BoAa coAeplt*ir B ce6e coJIa pa3ili{qi{bix Beu{ecrB, rio-
naAanir{Hx B BoAy c [oBepxHocrHblM H IioA3eMHbIM croltavlH. C I]o-
BepxHocTHbIivl cToKoM coJiH liorIaAaIoT [yTeM pacTtsopeHHfl coAep-
>riailIHXCfi B rror{Be colelt rtpH BbIIIaAeHHH oCaAKoB. BoAbI, npoco-
T{HBIIIHCCfl B |P}THT, HACbIU{AIOTCfl COJI-flMH H IiOIAAAIOT B PCKY B
BHAe rpyHronoio rrHraHHfi. flepeuoc 3THX cofleli pexofi Ha3bIBaIor
croKoM p acrBopeHHbrx Berr{ecrB.- OcHoeHbIMH coJIrMH, coAep}K alql{ M [r-
cfl. B BoAe, fBJrfliorcfi: fgApoKap6oriarntre HCO', xap6ouaTHbre ccr,
cyflb$arHbte SO+, XJIopHAHlte 
-Cl, 
SOJIH KaJIbqHfi Ca, MarHHq Mg,
HarpI4fl, Na. IIO cTeneHH N{HHepaJIH1aIIHPI, Mr/n, peKH AeJIfrCfi Ha
f pynrbr:
vaaxc
n)
Plrc. 3 5. 3nropar cxopocrcir ira Beprrlha-:ir{:
a - Anfl, oTKpblroro p.vcta: 6 - g;tn..pycna, noKpblroto Jlb,q,o1t B fialra!'re lt KoHqe 3HMH: I - neyKpHcraJrJrHqecxxfi ; 2 - Jtea ry6uarufi
BoIIIoro ceqetllifl H cliopocreti reqenHr B orAeJrbnbrx Tor{Kax floroKa.
fIpr.i 3Tot\'{ cKopoc'rb reqeriHrr Lt3Mepfiercr BepryrrlxaMH pr[rg rrorrJraB-
riaN'fr'r. B;1p)'rri-\: r{eToga.\: He rpeS},'e1'cfl ii3t.lepeHr{fi cKopocrti re-qCHHg B O1'AC,1bHbI.\ TOqKAX. K TAKII}I MCTOAAN,t OTI{OCflTCg, B qACT.
HOCTlr, O[peAeJeHHe pacxo,loB BoAoc.,lHBaNlH, a raKx(e fro fHApaB-
Jrrqecr(rrrl Qop:,r\'.1aN{ rr xn1\ltrqecr(Hri nyTervr. Eo,ree noApo6Ho bno-
co6br onpeAe.nerrHfl pacxora Bo^1bi oilrrcaHbr B Kypcax rlrApoillerptrH.
J;leCb OCTaHOBItIICtI TO"lbKO rla ll3TO-Ta.\ BblqllcJteHltfl paCXOAa BOAbr,
r13 il{epeHrrofo BepTyrrJKalil H.
Cxopocru reqeHlts BoAbr B pexe r!'reHsercr KaK no Beprunar'rli, TaK H 11o srgpr.rHe
pexrt. floarol{y BoA}toe ceqeHHe pa:6nearor BeprriKs:TrrMH Ha HecKoJrbKo !'qacrKoB rr
fi3MepellHe cxopoctefi Ter{eHHff npon3BoAflT B HecKoJrbKtrK ToqKax riax4ofi BeprHKa-
an.9ncno rolleK H3MepeHHf cropocreft Ha BeprHKaJrH Ha3uar{arcT TaK, qro6u c Ao-
ctaroqHoli crelleublo TortHocrli oxapaKTepn3oBarb 3aBHCirltocrb cxopocra or ray6uHr,l
noroxa (pHc.3.5) . Hasdoltuarr cKopocrb uy266 no Beprl{KaJ}r A.rrfl orr{pbrroro BoAo_
ToKa (6es r'Ie[flHot-o noxposa) - rta noBepxHocrH !r;'rn e6rrr:ir ee. HaHMeHb111arr -
Y AHa uAoH.
I-lpn HaJlrtr{Hl{ neAflHoro noKpoBa cKopocrb y noBep.\uocru BoAst uuou 3H?Hr{-
TerbHo yMeHbuaercfl, t{ro o6lscHsercfl TpeHI{eM o neA. flpu arou cKopocrb noBu-
tuaercfl c yBenacerrueu raydunu (puc. 3.5,6) , rtro cBs3aHo c uepoxogarocTbto HHX_
rreft noaepxHocTH nbAa.
,[,ln onpeAeJlenHfl cpeArreri cKopocrH TeqeHnfl BoAbl no Beprrrxang np]r orcyr-
cTBHILeArrIlofo noKpoBa Hyx(HO OnpcAenHrb cKopocrb B nqTil roqKa.x: Ha rroBepxHo-
cTH, Ha r.rry6uue 0,2 h, ua ray6nue 0,6 h; ua n.ny6nue 0,g h n y AHa.
flaoulaal gIIlopbl cxopocrefi o onpeAeflsercn HHrerpHpoBar{}re}r. flpu6,rux(e}rpo
cpeAuflg ct(opocrb na i-{t tseprHKaJtr onpeAenrercfl no Qoprrry.le
0i=tt;f h1, (3.s)
rAe i:1, 2, .,., ni ht - ray6lrua rroroKa ua i-fi BepTnxanr{
cpe4rtxt cKopocrb IIplt H3MepelfHlr no BepTHKanH B nflTrr roqKax BbrqHCJIflerc,]
no Qopruy.rre
(3. r0)
43
tt-
/)?
ti 5'
o.)
F
":20.5\'
qo
tr)
C
Co
C
C
uaaoft MHHepanu3aqneft
cpeEHefi MHHepaaII3aqueii
noBL,{[JeHHOft UUHepalH3auHet{
Bb{coKoMHHepalnaoaauuori BoAoil
[o 200
200-500
500- I 000
bo.ree 1000
Crenegt MHHepaJIH3aIIHH BoAbl B peKe nepelleHHa Ii H3MeHfleT-
cr B coorBercrBH;r c pex(r{MoNl ni{TaHHfl peI(H. Han6onuuras MHHe-
pa,,IH3aqafl BoAbI - B N{erreHb 3a cqeT fpyHToBoro IiHTaHHfl- B ne-
pHoA BbIcoKHX BoA (nonono4ln H rIaBoAKoB) rtlnuepaJIH3aqafl 3Ha-
qHTCIbHO CHH}KACTCS.
flo TeppHTopHH crpaHbl MHHepanH3aIIHfi BoAbI B peKax raK)Ke
3Har{HTeJrbHo MeHrercfl. Eonsuafl crerleub MHHepaJIH3aqHH xapaKTep-
3.3. HATyPHHE HASflIOIEHHS H HX HCnorlb3oBAFiHE
I THgPOfiOTHqECKHX PACI{ETAX
B ocHoBy rr{hponorHqecKHx pacqeroB [oJIo)I{eHbI AaHHble o Ko-
gecKHe coopy)KeHHfl HJIH sKCiIJIyarHpylou{Hx HX'
Ha BoAOMePIIbIX nocrax nppBoAfT Ha6nroAeHHn 3a ypoBHeNI H
Telyr11eparypOft BOAbl, COCTOqI{HeM IISTOAH, BoAHoft pacTIiTeJIb}iOCTbio,
JTeAOBbTMH sBneHHfiMH (nCxputHe H 3aMep3aHHe, TOJIII{H[la, JIbAa,
gaTopbt H 3alKopbl). 'PacxoA BoAbI B crBope BoAoMepHoro nocTa
BbITIIICJIgCTCfl C HCIIOJIb3OBAI-iHCM 3ABHCHIITOCTH YPOBTIfl BOAbI OT
pacxoAa Q-Qk). Ha rHAporvrerpHr{ecKHx craHq}iflx KpoMe nepe-
"IACneHHurX Ha6JrrcAeHrrfi. BeAyrcff H3MepeHHfl CKOpOCTH TeqeHHtl BoAbI.
Onpe4e;teHHe pacXoAOB BoAbI Moli{eT npoH3BOAHTbCfl pa3rtHr{HbI-
MH MeTOAaMH. Olriil H3 HHX oCI{oBaHbI Ha H3MepeHHH [JIO[{aAeil
42
0 : 0, I (uoo"-f-3u0,:rf3ue,or,f 2uo,arJ-uro*) .