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--- PAGE BREAK ---

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2*64t0 t7

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H3BOTCTBA, NPHXOAHTCff OKOJIO 14 OIA PCqHOI-O CTOKA,
VAe.[nHaq o6ecne.reHHocrb co6crnesuuu pecHbiM croKoM orr{o-
cHTeflbHo cpeAHefo Anrr cccP 3HaqeHHR Ha I xHre,'lrr pc@cp co_craBJTtIer 1,63 (Bocrou_tlax Cg6npu-2,86, I{eurpanuHo-r{epr{o3eM-
HbIe o6"nacrn - 0,1), Vr<paHucxor? CCp - 0,0s, Asep6aiiAxiaircxgir
CCP - 0,07, Typxureucxoh CCP - 0,04 rr r. A.
24
B 6eAuux eoAoii pafiouax crpaHbr, ral(rrx xax AsepdafiAxas, IOr
Vxpaurrrr, MourAaens, cren!{ Kptrua, Hlixrree floeo,nx<ne, I_{eurpanr-
uo-L{epHo3erurrnrfr, Vpanncxuli H Apyfue partoutr PC$CP, ecrb rep-
pHTOpr{H, O6eCnelreFrr-rbre noAoir iro a6co.nrcrHuu r4 oco6eHso no
yAeJrbHbrM rroKa3are/,]rrM B 20-30 pa3 Mer{btlie, qe]VI B cpeAHeM IIO
4autrori pecny6"uuxe.
llo,roxeHlie ycyry6"rrnercr reM, rrro roAoeol.r croK 6onuurHHcrBa
per{ KpafrHe HepaBHoMeperr He ToJrbKo no reppHTopLitr, Ho H B MHO[O-
"i-lerHeM pa3pe3e. Llseecruo, qro orr MolxeT H3rvieHqrbcfl or Kara-
crpo0rueci(H rvra"rroBoAFrbrx sHaqeHHfi Ao xaracrpoSi.ruecxu MHor-oBoA-
HbIx. B 3acy[IJIHnltx paitorlax, HanpHivrep, B MHofoBoAHb]e roAH cro6
rloBbltuaercfl rr cocraB./Irrer npr.rMepHo 300-400 % cpeArreMHoro/re'r-
Hefo, a B Mar'IoBoArible -3-4olo.
Ho H B reqeHHe roAa peuHofi croK HepaBHoMeperr. Ha 6orr-
rueii reppHropHH crpaHrrr 60-70 0/0 foAoBofo croKa npoxoArrr Bo
BpeMr{ BeceHHefo no"[oBoAb.s, Koropoe AJlitrcfl I 3 Mec, a Ha peKax
fiarr,Hero Bocroxa H Ceeepo-Bocroxa Cu1upu HNre]or Mecro 6orn-
rllHe _"'IeTHHe AOlKAeBbre [aBoAKH.
Taxue pelKHMbi ecrecrBeHHoro croKa rraxoAflTcrr B pe3KoM npo-
THBOperrr.iH c pex(Hil,IoM norpe6leHtl BoAbi HaceJreHHeNl rr pflAOI{
ntnonnor? tr4nnnrrnn^ i'^-^^ '. --- ' 1--. '-
vrpqurrvrr rray\rl{nrJr Lr ,1vJ}lnLrE d 11 lJI'lly.ai\Adtul llpHUel.it.l.b K ooJIb_
tiluivt npeo6pa3oBaHHrM peqFroro croxa c iloMou{bro peryJlHpoBarrrrr
ero Bo.toxpaHHirHuarvrl{ (S 4.3).
B CCCp raKHe npeo6pa3oBaHHr peqHoro croKa trpeAycvrarpLr_
Baer f eHepaJrbHaff cxetrra KoMn.{eKcilofo Hcrro.,.rb-
3OBaHrrfl H OXpaHbr BoAfrbrx pe crrpcoB. Orra rrBJrfercf
cocraesoit qacrbto o6ulero rrJIaHa pa3Brrrtrff riapoArtoro xoaqr?crea.
B cTpaHe MHoro cAeraHo, Ho eue 6orrnure npeAcroHT cflerTZTb BpeueHrrH BoAHbrx npo6,reu, TaK KaK TeMrbr BoAHoro 6laroycrpoficrBa
noKa eu{e oTCTaloT or reM[oB pocra HapoAHofo rossficrea H H?;nprr*(eHFiocrb BoAoxo3flficreeHHoro 6anauca B pffAe paiionon [epe_
pacraer n 4eQnur.rr Borbr. IlonoxeHrre ycyry6lnerc.f reM, qro noKaeu{e He yAaercff IIOJIHOCTbIO ycrpaHr.rrb 3afpfl3rieHHe [oBepxHocTHbix,
A B Pqgc CNYqACB H NOA3CMHbIX BOA NPOMbIII]JICHI]bIMH CTOKAillH.
a TaKlKe trPOAYKTaltn XlrMH3ar{HH CeJibcxoro xOggfiCrea-
2.3. rHApO3HEprETHr{ECHHE pEcypcbl pe,{uoro cToKA
tlacrt pecHofo cT'oKa, HCnoJIb3yeMaq HJIH Moryu{ag 6url HcrroJrb-gonaHuoir AJIfi llpo]r3BoAcrBa 3JreKrpo3Heprur.t, o6pasyer rnAposHep_
rerHqecKHe pecypcbr. ludpaattuTecKafl, sHepeutt'pei npeaciaerob,
co1oil pa6org, Koroparc coyeptuq,er reKlJt4on I Hux eodo. B ecrecr_
BeHHoI,r cocToflHntr 3Ta pa6ora pacxoAyercrr Ha flpeoAoJrenfle BHyr_
peHHefo cofiporllB'rIeHllfl ABHX(eHrito BoAbt, cotrpoTuBJreHHfi Ha Tpe-
HHq B pycJre H pa3jri.rqHoe opo3noHrroe eosAeficrnHe (pasuun AHarr 6eperon pycna, nepeMeu{errne_trpoAyi<ros pa3r,rbrBa H T. A.).curori, gcyuecrB.ryfilou{eli pa6oiy soluoro noroxa, ffBJrflercfl co6_crseur'rblir Bec BoAbr. {er:icTeHe soAi,r orpeAe.[flercri pa3rrocrbro ypoB-
uefi BoAtl B IIaIIare H l{oilqe paccMaTpxBaeMono yqacrKa BoAoroKa
25

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Pwc. 2.1. Cxeltarnqecxaii rpo-
Ao.nsttuft npo$nar yqacrKa peIiH
(pnc. 2.1). EcnH raAeHi{e yqacrKa BoAoroKa (pexa) AJIHHoil L, NI,
cocraBr'rfier H, Nr, To ftpH pacxoAe BoAbI Q, wt3fc, paBIIoNI efo cPeg-
Heil{y 3HaqeHHro B FraqaJle H KOHi{e yqacrKa, pa6ora renyueir BoAbI
B Teqerii.re I c, T. e. MonLiiocrb BoAoroKa ,V Ha paccMarpltBaeMoM
yqacrKe, cocraB,,lger
B Br Lrrrr Ax /c
//-psQH-e81OQff,
(2.2)
MOU{HOCTIl
II
lnI
I
i
i!
t:
li
I
Eti
It,
,i
c
,
L
t
rAe p - nJrorHocrb Bo;rbr, paBHafl 1000 xr/v3; g - ycKopeHHe cBo-
6oAHoro naAeHHr. vf c2:'HJIrr e xBr
/y':9,81QH.
3Heprrrn BoAoroKa 3, onpeAeJIfieMafl npoli3BeAeHlieil.I
N ga BpeMfl l, c, cocraB,'Ifler, xBl'u,
,r 9,81QHI V{/ Ht:-r6oo : w'
rAe I1Z: Qt - o6reu HcnoJrb3yeMoro croKa, M3.
@opuy.rru (2.1) H (2.2) Bbipax{aror IIoret{uHaJIbHyIo HrrH,
KaK erqe roBopflT, TerrJroByro Mou{Hocrb }r nnrpa6orxy 3JIeKTposHep-
rHli. Pealrsas H.trrr TexHHqecKaq MoqHocrb 6yaer MeHb[Ie 3a
cqer II0Tepb B fHAporexH]tqecKHX coopy]KeHHfx, rIoABoAfluIllx eoAY
li3 pei(H x ryp6nuaM, B caMlix ryp6uHax !t reHeparopax f3C, yql{-
TbrBaer\.rblx xossQriqrlenronr no,Te3Horo AeircrsrtR q. flosrolty 3Haqe-
riHe // B (2.2) creAyer yMHoxruirb Ha I. TonAa norytlnM none3nyto
MOLI{HOCTL,, KBT,
'T
{
/? l\
(2.3)
(2.4)
(2.5)
//:9,BlQH4,
H coorBeTcrBeH[ro 3JreKTposrreprHIo, xBr. u,
a :wHn .367
Ha reppHropHn CCCP cocpeAoroqeHo oKoJIo 12 olo (6orliue, qeM
s rlo6ort,q,pyrorl crpaHe) o6u-leruupoBbtx 3anacoB- rHApo3I{eprHIi.
fx4posueprernqecKr{e pecypcbr AeJrflTcfl rra noreHqnarbHble (reo-
perl{rlecxHe, BaJlonue), TexrrHrrecKr'Ie H 3KoHorytnqecxue,
fI ore [r qr{ aJr b H br e rrrApo3Heprerr{qecxHe pecypcbr (reopertr-
qecxHli rroTeHqrran) - sro reoperriLrecKr{e 3anacbi, onpeAeJIfieMbie rro
Sopuyne (2.2).
26
flocneAultr? noAcqer rI{Ap03HeprerFrqecKHX pec}rpcoB ilpoB0Airir-
cfi ts 1965 r. lloreHqHa.irbFrbre rHAposHeprerHqecxr.re pecypcr,r 44BS
KpyilFibrx u cperririx peK crpaHri 3a cpe4Hlrr'i ilo BoAHocrH foA oue-
HHBarorcg e 3338 l,{,Tp4. xBr.q, B ToM r{r.rcfle peK eBponerlcxofi qacrg
cccP H l(aexas a - 272 M/rp,a. xBr.v, Lrirt rT,6 0l[, u peK asnar-
cxor'i qacrr-r CCCP - 1273 M,rpA. xBr.q, LrJrLt 82,4010. ! ns cpatsHer,rrirr
yKalKeM, qro B 19BO r. Bce 3ireKTpocraHr_(HH crpatrbr enrpa6ora,rn
1599 NIJIpA. xBr'q 3/IeKrposFIeprr.rr.r. IIoreutEuanaruLLe eud poeruepeertr-
qecKILz pecApcbL - aro re eoduarc pecgpcbt, Koropble reoperlLttecKLt
UeAr 6otra ucnorxbsolaHbL dnn eu) pooHepeerLlqecKoeo crpottre]tbcrla.n --ArItI Kpyrlllblx li CpeAHIlx peK 3Tor noTetlqlla"ry cOCraBJ-tfler 85 0/6 Ba-
a'loBofo IIorel{uHaJa 3Hepfiil.l peqtlofo crot(a crpaHbr.
Tex H H q e c K rr e rsApo:uepreraqecKHe pecypcbr (rexHauecnlrui
noreuqua,r) yqltrbrBaror Helra6exutre florepr.{] B pacxoAax BoAbr (r,a
licITapeHlle I{3 Bo.qoxpauiiJiruf, Qltnorpaqlrio, \.Teqrin qepe3 pa3"rrriri-
rlble 3arBopbr rr T. n.); Haflopax (rlilpaB.i]trqecKrre B BoAoBoAax rr,
KpoN,re Toro, qacTb ilaAeHtrrr peK B BepxoBbe tr npHycrbeBbIX yqacrKax,
KOTOpbre iIpaKTHqecKH He MOfyT 6Orru Hcno,rrb3oeaulr) ; 3",TeKTpOMeXa-
HHqecKHe norepr{ n o6opy4oBaHlitr.
CyrurlrapHble florepH npn ocBoeHr-irI fprApr,3HeprerHr{ecKoro r{oreH-
trlf 4ft ^ nn^- - nn n,
Lf.rradrd \-\rLr adirlrul B rlcJtur\I Ilo crpaHe Jo "/0. L",'IgAoBaTeJ'Ibtlo, H3
o6n{er'i cyr{ii{br rrilpoeueprertrqecKrl\ pecypcoB F(pynrrbr.x u cper1Hprx
PeK^, oqeHttsaertoit s 3338 M.rIpA. KBr..r, Lloll(eT 6r,rrs ocBoeHo rirrur)640f0, r. e' 2106 )IJIpA. xBr'.{. 3ro rr ecrb pacro.raraeMsrfi rexFrHqe-cxlrir noTeHrlr.rs;T H?rulix rrr.(po3HepropecypcoB.
fiparrnuecKyio r{eHHocTb AItfl HapoAHoro No3qircrea HMeeT 3 K o_HOMHqecnttii IIoreHuHa,,I, T. e. T& ttTcrb re.vHuqectdoeo no-T0Hr{HAnA, rcoropgto no coBpeileHHbtn npedcraa/LeHtt,ntL o paSBurLtuSHepeeruKu tr 3KoHo.+tttqecKutt o4eHrcqM 4enecoo6pasHo ucnorxbso-
sATb B O6OSpU'ttOit nepcneKTuse. 3xoHourH,{ecxtrft fH{ps3FrspronoreH-
UHAil CYil{CCTBCHI'IO 3ABHCHT OT I,I3YqCHHOCTII PCi{, YAAJIEHHOCTH f3C
oT Mecra _IIplrcoeAHireHr{fi K 3HepfocHCTeMe, or npofpecca B sHepfe_
THKe, OCO6errso or o6ecneqeliHocrri paccMarp[rBaeMoro perHoHa Apy_f HMll 3Hepf erllqecKHMIl pecypcar.IH, or Irx KarrecrBa II CTOUivf OCTIf ,H, KOHeqHO, OT rOfi poJ[r, Koropyrc 6yaer Hfparb 4aHHafl f3c
B SHeprerlltlecKoM I{oi!{II",]eKCe HJIr{ B 3Heprocr-tcreMe B r{eJIoM (e uacr'-rlocrrr, e o6ecneqeHi.rrr ofieparr.rBr.rbnvlir ]v{ou{Hocrnvrrr). cleAonareJrbFro,
3I{oHolvll{'{ecl(Hit rII^[,p03Heprertivecxafi floretruHaJI - rtepeMeHHan Be-
JIHr{HHa, 3aBI{CfiU{afl oT tvlHOf HX H3MeFIflrolldllxcrr Bo BpeMeHH Qax_TOpOB.
B HacToflu{ee BpeMfl Bo MHornx crpaHax BeAeTcfi nepeor{eHr{a
fllApo3rleprerritlecKHX pecypcoB, r(oropari Moxier B HTOre npHBecrH
K Her(oropoNry yBerHqeHHro 3KoHoMr{qecKH OnpaBAarrHofo fHApo3riep_
reTlrqecKofo noTeHr{Hana MHpa.
FIa ypoBerrb 1965 r. AJrff nceii repprrropHH uarueri crpaHbr oHonpeile",'reH B pa3ivrepe 1095 u"npA.^,rBr.u cpegrieroAoeoii noipa6orxu,tITo IIpIii\{epHo coorBercrByeT 12 olo ero Mtrpotsblx 3anacoB.
B ra6n. 2 3^np_encratsJrerro pacnpeAeJrer{}re rriAp03}reprerr.rqecKrrx
pecypcoB pex CCCP.
27

--- PAGE BREAK ---

T a 6;r ri q a 2.3. FnnpoeHeprerfiqecKae pecypcbr CCCP
Ecn 'repphropna
B rotrt ,illcle
eaponeficxan vac a3llaTCKag qaCTII
Bn4 ra4posneprerriqecKofo noreHqHaJIa F
F.
:l
F. t-.
q
F, i.
Teopetauecxxi:r
B tov rrlicJre:
KpynHL,rx H cpeAHHX peK
ManH.\ peK
HeyqTerrHbte 3anacbl
Texunqecxuft KpyflFrbrx r{ cpenHtrx
peK
3xoHoyli,recxliir Kp).nIJbr.x rr cpeA-
HH_\ peK
3942
3338
493
111
2r 06
l 095
A u vAaprn
Karyur
O,'rexil{a
450
381
56
IQIU
240
t25
/q
6t
tl
lt
I
JO
22
692
588
95
I
201
5tL
314
45
t,
204
103
3250
,7q
398
102
I 793
894
iI
f
b
fHgposHeprernqecKne pecypcbr pacilpeAe,.reHbr tio pecnyfrn6nu*
Oq€HN HCPABHOMCPHO. 3rO B PABTIOI1 NICPC OTHOCHTCfl KO BCEM KA-
TeropHffNI pecypCoB, tlpHqeM KaK rTo a6cortnrHnrHr fioKa3aTeJrfM,
raK H ro yAeJrbHbril{ (*a I qel. H I xuz). Tax, ecJr}r B PCOCP
3KOHOVIHIICCKI,II:I NOTCHqHAN COCTABJIffCT 852 M,'IP4. XBT.V, TO B I(AiK-
AO['r H3 TaKHx pecny6rHK, KaK MolAanul, Ee.i'roptccHf u 3croHiur
oH MeHbrue i rvrnpn. xBr-q. B cBoro oqepefb, B PCOCP r{ari6o.iib-
txHfi 3KoHoMHqeci(tlr'r tlorenqHaJr cocpeAoroqeH B BocroqHo-CN6up-
cKoI{ 3KOr{OMIiqeCKOM pafiOHe, I-Ae OH COCT?8",1f€T 345 }1,TpA. XBr.v,
B {anruenocror{Hoilr par?oHe - 2gg rvrJrpA. xBr . u, 3 arraAuo-Cu6up-
cKoM -77 MrrpA. xBr.q.
B CCCP Hr\{eercfl oKo.rro 50 KpynHbrx pex, Koropbre B ocHoBi{oM
H Q_o_prvrxp]rior rHApoaueprernqecKHe pecypcbr_
Huxe IIpHBoAttTcr cBeAeHi.rfl - 06 
- 
ixouol,rurrecKoM norerluHa.Te
fHApo3HeprerriqecKHx pecypcoB r(pynHefrixHX peK cccP, Mnp.q,.
xBr.q:
Err;tceli
fleua
flsujrx
Anrapa
Av)'p
Bolra
O6r
Bnluu
r 58,3
144
97,6
. g3,g
82,9
54,3
51,4
5.0,7
48,9
44,9'
4l
39,8
39,6
36,5
oo
3l
25,5
I'iprr,rru ?5.2
Bu,rrcri 22,5
Koryii
Ilo,qrauesuas T1'ur1'cxa l8
AaAau
Baxru
Hnxusr TyHrycra".
3epanuair
Cup4aprn
3en'
Kypa
Toltt'
6ypen 14,6
-. 14 6
t27
l2 3
ll t)
176
17a
16,6
t5,2Kolsna
HuArrrHDra
Hapun' .
..
Auenp
Ka lra
IIHrvprr
28
Ta6t Hqa 2.4. HcnorssoeaHHe rnApo3rreprergqecKHx pecypcoe CCCp
(no cocronHltro sa I nusapn 1986 r.)
B rou qnc.ne
Bn4 ru4posrepre-
THqecKoro noTeH-
r{saJ-ra xpynrJbL\
n cpeAflHx peK
Bca reppuropun CCCP
r.r, p4 . rtrt. v I
o/
eeponeftcxaR.lactn
lt Kagrag
rr,,rp4. iter.u I %
a3HaTCKaf qacTb
urpg. xBr..v I
o/
/o
Teopern uecnril'r
TexHuqecxufi
3t<oHoyri,{eciili ir
3338
2t06
r095
6,4
10,I
tu \
588
314
201
l4,l
26,4
41,3
2750
t792
894
4,7
I,J
1A <
lf'd
Coeercxttft CoroE pacnolaraer 3HaqHTe,,rbHo 6orr,u-ruv sKoHoMLr-qecKIIM rioT€H(H2.,'roM rHnpoeHeprergqecKr{x pecypcoB, rieM ilLo6af
rPyrafl crpaHa. B -C[UA,Hanpnivlep, orr cocraBJffer T\s M"lpr.
KBt'v, B Epasurnu 657 rvrirpa. r<gr.,i, e I(anare 585 rvlJrpA.xBr'.q-
Bn'tecre c TeN,r iro creneHti efo ocBoeHHq, Koropafl ofrpe.leJrffeTCfl
Q^anrrrvecKofi _.Bbrpa6_oTr1ofi f3C 3a paccllarpHBaeMbiir riepiloA (a
t^99i r. 19,5 % ), cccP ycrynaer Mrror'M crpaHar{ iuripa.^ Tax, 
'a
CiUA 3Tor noxa3areJrb DaBe;i 45 0/n " s Kana n'e - 42 g nonurr - 5R
@pariuurr - 94, vlranuu -72, e LUeeirqapHH -'gs o/..-'B'cadp ro;;:
Ko B eBponetYrcxofi qacrH, T. e. riau6o;iee o6xuroir Ir nporibiix,teHnopaseuroii repplrropHII, cTeneFIb rICrTo/tb3oBaHHq 3r(oHoMrrr{ecKoro no-
reHurr3",'rs ilpH6lrrxtaercfi K 42 0k (ra6t. 2.4).
KaK ,vx'ie oTilleqailocb, B oueuKe 3KoHoN{iiqecKofo no i eHui.iaJ'Ia
fllApo3Heptllli AOJIXiHa uatirtt orpalxerrl{e He roi-rbKo Bblpa6olxa.
3JIeKTpo3rrepfHH, r{o H Ta poJrb, Koropyrc HMeer AaHFrafl f3c B,paccMarpHBaeMoi{ slieproc}tcTeMe. A poJib 3Ta B rrocJreAnee Bper{ri
craJla ofipeAe.,'IflTbcq He ToJrbKo H He crorlbKo eupa6orxofr 3JreK-Tpo3HeprllH, cKo'TbKo o6ecueqeHIieM oneparHBHbri{r{ MoulHocrffMir cH-
CTeM, HMercU{l{X B KaqeCTBe OCHOBFIbIX reHepIIpyrOU{HX l{CTOtilJHi(OB
MorrlHbre 6ro,rHr,re at'pefarbr_c saKpHTHCeCKHMr{ napaMerpaMr{ fiapa]
a B PqAe cryqaeB Ii A3C. flp" oAHohr ri roM )Ke pa3Nrepe Hcro"rrb-
3yeMoro rHApo:HeprerHriecKoro pecypca Mourrrocrb f 3C AoJ-rx{Fra
orrpeAenflTbcfl B rrepByro oqepeAb rpeooBaHHftMH sHepfocr.rcreMbr rro
o6ec[eqeufirc uaAJrex{auero ypoBHs HaAex(Hocrr.r ee pa60rur, a HC,
HanpHMep,, tlHCJIot{ qacoB Hcnoiib3oBaHHfl yCTaHOB"TeHrrOij MouHocrtr
(cu. rn. 5).
B pegy,Tbrare raKoro no.q,xoAa K or{eHr{e ftlADosrreDreTHqecKHX
PECYPCOB KAK 3A.PY6EX{OM, TAK H B CCCP (.'U HCKTIIOqCHHCM
eBponel?cKotl qacru) 6atno npti3r{a r{o Bo3Mo}r{FrbrM rr r(€;le Co06pa3-
HbII{ qacTb pecypcoB flepeBecTrr H3 KareropHH TeXr{trrrecKofo r-ro-
TeHIIIiaJia B KaTeIOpHIO 3KOHOIv{HqeCKOfO IIOTeHT{Hana ri B cBrr3H C9TIrM pacuHpiiTb MaclIrTa6br fHAposHepreTtrqecr(oro cTpor"rTeJrbcTBa_
C SToiI xe IreJIbro IIHTeHcHBrro HccJreAyercrr Bo3i\roxtrrocr1, Hc-.
IIoJIb3oBaIIlIfl SHepfHfl TaK Ha3brBaeil,Iblx MaJrbIX peK, paltee s 6anaH-
ce SKoHOMHT{ecKHX rr.rAp03HepfopecypcoB He yqLrTbrBaEurrrxcrr.
TeoperH,recxHr? norer.{qHan.- rrrApos}reprerHqecr(rrx pecypcc)B Ma-
JIblx pel( CCCP cocraBJlrer 56 rr,t.riri. xEir, no Bbrpa6orr<c sreiirpo-
29

--- PAGE BREAK ---

t;
'!
ii
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;l
3HeprHI{ - 493 MJipA. xBr. q. 3ro n 2 paea 6olnrue, r{eM Bbrpa6ori<a
orrer{Tpo3HeprHH BCeMri rHApo3JreKTpocrar{uHflMti CCCp B Hacroqu{ee
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30
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i
oBaHa B rrepnoA c lg74 ro'lggl r.
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3-64 r0 o,J

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HbIe pecypcr,rl Heo6xoAHMo HX tr3yriaTb. Hayxa, o6o6qarou{afi HarrrH
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BoAaMH E peKII. Sror npoqecc fiocroflHnoro ABrrx(eHHfl BJrarH
B npHpoAe HocprT Fra3BaHHe KpyfoBopora FoAbr.
Anq lacceiiHa peKE Mox{Ho cocTaB}rrb 6arasc BoAbtr, co-
nocTaBj1ffs -ee nocrynJleHHe H pacxoAoBaHlre.
flprixognyrc qacrb 6a,taxca BoAbr cocraeJrfiror ocaAKH, BbrrraAaro-
rrrHe B BHAe AolKArr, cHefa HnH rpaAa B 6accerlue per(H X; KoHAeH-
caqHfl napoB BoAbr B noqBe C; noAser\,rHnrfi [pHToK H3 ApyrHx 6ac-
ceiriroe g.
Pacxo4rryn qacrb 6anauca BoAbr cocraB.rrslor: croK peKrr Y; Hc-
napeHHe BJIaTII g aruoccpePy Z; noAselrHntrl orroi{ BoAbr }r3 6acceri-
na pexrr S.
34
Vpae ueuue 6anauca BJrarH B 6accefrne peKH Mo)KHo Bbrpa3nTb
X+C*s- Y+Z+S. (3.1)
Ecri.i paccMorperb 6a.rianc BoAbr 3a AocraroqFto Annre"unHurli tte-
pnoa BpeNrei-IH, To Mox(Ho crraTaTb, rrro AIrn AocraroqHo 6oltruoro
6acceriua npnroK !r orroK BoAbI 6yayr IrpHLIepHo oAHHaKoBbI, a KoH-
AeFICaIIHfl BJIaf H B [OrIBOf pyHTaX flB,IIffeTCfl OTHOCHTeT'IbrIO lf a"riOr?
8eJ'IH,{!iHOr? no CpaBHeHHro c ApyfHMtr 3"rreMeHTaNIt{ BOATTO|O 6anagCa.
f{oaronay lJrfl. MHoro.iierHero nepLroAa BpeMeFIH ypaBHeHI-re BoAHoro
6ata',rca n 6accer:iHe per{H 6yner
Xo : Y o*Zo.
Hz ypaBHeHHfl BrtAHo, r{To ocaAKH, BbrnaAarou{He Ha reppHTopuio
6accefisa peKII, pacxoJ,vlo'lcfi Lra QopulipoBant{e peqrroro croKa rr
rrctrapeurIe. Kpoue roro, ri3 sroli sarurcH cJ]eAyer, qro ocFroBHbiMII
Qarropaun, B"rlHfuou{HMH Ha croK, flBJIfiIorcfl KJiHMarHqecKHe ocaAKH
H HcrlapeHr,ie.
3neueuraMH KJrHMara, oKa3brBaroIrIHMH cyulecrBeHnoe B,rt?IflHHe Ha
xapaKTepticTltK!{ peqilofo cToKa, flBJIItr}oTcfl: ocaAKH, HcIIapeHHe,
r1 ^^.,^ J.^,.l1"ld4\nuLlb L7 rglYrllcPcl L I P4 t)\JJAy/\a. r\PUiYrc r\Jlnlv1d l 11YtrLA11A wdn-
Topots Ha pevHoli croK TaKX(e BJIHflror reoJlorufl 6accefiua peKH, ero
pe.noeqb r{ pa3[{epbi, noqBbi, pacTHTenbHocTb, o3epa,60,rora, neA-
HriKir, BeqHafl Mep3nora, HanpaBJreHHe reqeHHq peKlr H T. A. Kpolre
TO|O, CYIIIeCreeHHOe B.;llifllirre Ha cToK oKa3bItsaeT aHTponofeHr{afl
4eflTeJIbt{ocTb- PerlinlipoBarrrre cToKa, cHefo3aAep}KaHrle, cBeAeHtie
.riecoB, yBenHqeHr{e firlou{aAH naxoTHbrx 3eMe./'Ib r{ T. A. 3ru Qaxropsr
flBIifltOTCfl AOnOnllIiTe,'IbHblM!I, OAHaKO It3 OTA€.tlbHbiX peKaX HX BJIHfl-
HrIe MolKer 6urt cyxIecrBeHubtM.
3.2. OCHOBHbIE NOHfiTHg
A.,rn xapaKTepHCTHKrl PeqHorO CTOIia IIpHMeHtIIOTCfl cJIeAyloU{He
o6ogHaqeuHq:
pacxoA BoAbr a-KornqecTBo BoAhr, nporexanqefr qepe3
ilonepeqHoe ceqeHHe peKri 3a I c, rr3Mepflercfl B tutt/c (nns MarbrK
BoAoroKoB - B n/c);
o6ren croKa LY-KornqecrBo BoAbr, npoTer{arou{ei? qepe3
aaHnrtii crBop 3a onpeAeneHuufi npoMex{yroK BpeMeHH, _ Hanp}rMep
3a foA, Mec.flq, cyrKn H T. A., H3Mepffercfi B MrH.-M3, Kttt3 c yKa3a-
Hl{eM AJrHTeJrbHocrn ttepHoAa, 3a xoropur? oqeHHBaercfl croK;
c.[oi:i croKa A-KoJrKqecrBo BoAbI, uporerarcrr(efi qepe3 AaH-
Huii crBop 3a onpeAeJreHsurfi npoMex{yroK BpeMenrr, orFrecerrHor? K
eAHHr{r{e rrJIOr.qaAFr eoAoc6opa, - B MM;
MoAyJrb croKa M-KoJruqecrBo (pacxoa) BoAbr, creKaro-
qeri B eAHHHrry BpeMeuH c eAlrusqnr [JrouIaAH noloc6opa - B
:r/ (c. xr'r-t) uav u3 f (c,r<ru-2) ;
r{o3QQ HuIIcLrr cror{a l-orHouelrHe KorHqecrBa creKai.o-
IqHx ocaAr(oB K KoJrHrtecrBy IlL,rnaBrxr.rx Ha pacqerllorlt nrou{aAu BoAo-
3* 35
(3.2)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

c6opa (sa ror )Ke npoMex{yroK nperureuu)
. Niex<4y pa3rHqHbrivrH
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xapaKTepricTHKanlr croKa
(3 3)
cyulecTBylor cJre-
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crol(4, MM,
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zuit' 7 - xoPeuuoit 6ePer
npoSrrrr pexu (a) H ero xapaKrepIIcrIIKa (6):
HH3lilr.\ eo,a.; J - notlirta; 4- pycno pexrr; 5 -AHo ;l.oxltHbt; 6 - a:t;rw-
lY/:!/ F1000:3i 500 1.1 F:3i,5. i06Q;
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Ha3blBaeTcs 6accefiHortl HirH IIJror{aAbro BoIoc6opa p
Pas,ru.{a}oT loBepxHocTFrbrui H noA3eNrrrbrr? BoAoc6opbr.
fIo e ep x H o cr H br l'r BoAoc6op orpaHlrrreH Bo3opa3Ae.rbHoft
JliHHel"l, npoxoAflulefi flo IIaH6o.i'Iee BbrcoKrr\r roqKaNr 3eMHof{ no-
BepxHocTH. oCa4XU, BbinaAarorIlHe rro pa3Hbre cTopoHbr BoAopa3-
AeJIbHofi ,rIHHItH, creKalor B pasHbre peK!r. llo.noxeHlie BoAopa3AeJrb-
Hoft JIHHHH orlpe{€flrercfl rio roilorpaQuuecxuivr rrJraHaM n KapraM.
fI oa 3e M Cu fi BoAog6op orpaHHr{eH BoAopasAenbHblM}t JIH-
HHffMI'i BoAoynopHbIX rpyHToB. lloroxesHe iloBepxHocrHoro H noA-
3eMHOfO BOAOp&3{€"r'ra il{Ox(er He coBrraAars (puc. 3.i), H no3ToMy
qacTb ocaAKoB, BblilaAarotriHx B rrpeAenax AaHHofo fioBepxHocrr-rofo
BoAoc6opa H QLUIbrpyrouIHX B rpyHT, Molr(eT rrorroJrHrrb croK c\{ex{-
Hofi peI(H. OnpegeiieHne no"TolKerrr.rfl noA3eiuHoro BoAopa3Aeira npeA-
craBrffeTcff oqeHb c.rtoxtror? 3aAaqer'r H rro3ToMy 06brqHo orpaHHqH-
Barorcfl oUeHKoii noBeprirocrrroro Bo.toc6opa.
Pnc. 3.1. llonepxxocruufi
a noAsel'lHbili noAoc6op:
,l - notr'geruHurfl BoAopd3Aen;
? - nooepxHocrlrrtA BoAopag-
f,eri 3 - noqonporrurlacirrr,lll
rpyHTi 4 - eo4otrenporrrrr{ae-
nuA rpyn'r
Baxrroe 3iiaqeHlle AJfl oueHKH rli;lpo'-lorliqecKlix xapaKTepllcrllK
peKHnMercr nonepeqH_brLt (puc.3.2) II npoAo"rybHbliI npo-
Quna peI(H (puc. 3.3). OcHoeullvl't 3JIeMeHra1t'lH nonepeqHoro
npOSnln flBJ'IflloTcfl: KOpeHHble 6epera HJIII CK,'IOHbI AOJII4HbI, AHO
A6J,IHHbt, noKpbrroe o6H,{Ho aJ'Ir'IIoBHa"rtbHbttvlil orilox(eHHfliv{H (nporyx-
TbI 3pO3HH, fiepeHeCeHHbIe B IlOHHx(etlHy iliZCTb AOfii]tibi) , pi'C"'IC
peKI{, npO,,'tO}KeitHOe B ?,,'IJIlOBllH, nOfi}l a, 3aJTHBaeNIaff BOAOfi B tie-
priOA BeCeHHerO nOnOBo;1btl It ocBo6oX{Aael'1afl B . MeiKeHb.- 
OcHoeublt,ttt XapaKTepllcTlll(aMH floilepeqllofo ceqeHHfi peKH fltlrfl-
loTCfl IIOpQO\'teTplltleCKIIe XapaKTep!ICTHI(1.1, OnpeAenflIOLIIHe UlilpilllV'
r,'ry6rrrry tr il;'IoilIaAb BoArloro Ceqelll-1fl B 3aBHCHI'IocTlI oT ypoBlifi
BOAbt. 3aeHctlMOCTb nr'IO111aAn nO[epeqHOrO CeLIetlHfl 1'1 OT ypOBHf
ai]o(z), ruttpttltbl pyc,l a B-B(z) li ru4,paB,'IIirIecKoro pad,Hlca ft:
-R(z) npHBereHbl Ha PHC.3.2.
B npouecce cBoefo ABHIKeHHfl BOAa QOpvlipyer AorHHy H pyc_Jo
peKH KaK B nOIIepeqHOM, TaK H B IlpOAo"rIbHOM HaIIpaBJIeHHH' Ha
npOAoJIbHOM npoqrn. peKlI N{Ox{Ho BbiAeJIllTb TplI 3OHbI: 3po3HH
(paspyureHHff) B BepxHefi qacrn pe.KH (n 3roil 3oHe noroK pa3lv{bl-
Baer pycJlo, crpeMscb yrrly6llrb ero); nepeHoca npo-{,yKroB pa3illblBa
B CpeAHeM TeqeHrrH; oTJlox(eHHfl HaHOCOB B I{LlX{lle}'{ Te(lellltLi-
VXIOHut BO;1.llofi noBepXI{oCTI'I - o6bltlLlO yilleHbilarcTCfl tlo illepe
npOABn/KeHnfl tsrur3 nO TeqebtHIo p€KII. Ollttalto Ha oT;le"t1btlblx yqaCT-
Kax DeKII B cBfl3l{ C H3}leFlel{lle}I xapaKTepa AHa peKH yKJloHbl MoryT
B03paCrarb. E nn onpeAeJIetlHfl yKiloHa BoAHofi iloBepXHocTH nO,Tb-
3yrorcff c",'I€[]Iot{e l:r so p M y"IroPi :
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pgJtocb Bblirre, oca11rirl. B 3aBHCHMocrH or IIHAa ocaAKoB H Bpeil{eHI'I
HX BbrttaAeHlilt B 6acceirH peI(H pa3al{qarcT cHeroBoe, Aox(AeBoe'
JreAI.rHr(oBoe H cMe[larltloe illlTatllle peK.
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Hee c rroBepxtlocTHbrMH H.4H rroA3e[.{ttblMH cToKaMH B 3aBIICIIIVIOCTH
37
(3 8)

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ltHeNl OAHOTO H3 eto T?tilOB. PeXli C OJ,tilil{ THnoM nlITaFIHfl B npli-
pOAe, KaK npSBll;1O, OTC)/TCTB)1IOT.' 
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3brBaeMbrfi Ir e x( e H b n. Mexesr 6nteaer 6olluryro qacrb foAa
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6o.,trurtrx peKax - ToJIbKo qacrb ee.
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- cTBOpe, T. e. H3i\.teHeHrre pacxoAoB BoAbl, I]pr{BoAi{T K H3Merieilirro
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AilT K TO\{y, r{To Bora rJa eceli fil}rSiiHe rroroKa nplio6peraer orpr.{_uare.rrbii),ro reMneparyp),.Crenenu nepeox.ta)h:ierrr.iq Bo,tai xaparire_pH3)'eTCfl colbrNni, a rrHorra r{ Tbrcf LIubnl{ri rojrfl rrr{ rpa_1vca. n' nepe_o\ja:IIrgttreflrcR Bofe rjorlBJrltorcri or-te,tblibte Kpitcra.l.rbr rbAa,Ko-Topble cMep3alorcfl Mexi:y co6oil u o6pasytor raK Ha3brBaer{bre 3 a-O e p e r [I - TOIIIiHe KpO]lKil KpIiCTa"rl,TtlrleCKOro "TbAa. 3a6eperlr O6pa-3)'rorcrr B nepB,vro oqepeAb y 6eperoe. Ha yqacrKax co cnoxor?uururTeqeHIIe\t o6pa3) eTctt lottKal, croeM B HecKo;rbKo rrrlrJ.,'rriMeTpoB,nJeHKa (c a n o), iroxoxiafl no BrleurreMy Br.{i\y ria i\{ac.ilf HHCTbrenflrHa' finuxlru{Hecr B noroxe Bo B3BelreriHo}i cocroflHHrr Kpr.{.cra"'rJ'rbr JrbAa c*{ep3arorc.fi Mexi.qy co60fi re o6pa3yrcr u y f y. r{airs
KpHCTa-l.iroB ripll-rv{ep3aer K nepeox.ira}KAeHHOrvly rTHy peKrr, o6pasyercnAoufirrfi xe,r. [i-lyra rpeAcraBrrner co6o11 .iouuioiopiaiv,o N{accyJIb'l a' ABllxi)''tl{ylOCfi nO TeqeHHIO pel(H BO B3tseuetiiJOI{ COCTOflHI.tH.
A o rr rr ur r'r "T e A H3o.,TrrpyeT AHo peiiH or corrpriKoc'oBeHHflc nepeoxJlax<,leuttoii BproIl, LITo cnoco6clByer noBbrrueHi.rio Ter{ne-parypbr AHa peKi{ 3a cqer npofpeBaHr.rfl oi 60;ree r.ny60xo pacno_;lox(€r{t{biX c"'roeB fpyHTa. B pe3yJrbrare 3Tofo Hr{xiHfifl qacTb AOH_}iOIO.IISAA NOATAIIBACT H "IrEA BCT.TIbIBACT KBEPXY. CAIO, IIIY.A I{ncn,ttteurrfr JreA ABtrXiyTCfl BirH3 no TeqeriHrO H )/qacTByioT B O6pa_3oBaHr.rH crrroruFlor-o ",'re!flHoro noKpoBa. ,IieAocrae i-iaqHHaerc-fl I.tan{eJrIioBoAbrrx, ri flporoKax [r y 6eperoe, pacfipocTpaHflflCb rIa BCrOpefy' [Uyra Mox(eT HaxoAHrbc' B cocroflFii{H ABr)r{eHHrr r{JrH xesa6risarb xrrBoe..ceqeuse rtoA'JreAflHbrM noxpoBoM, Bbr3brBafl 3 a N( O p,coupoBox{Aaelrsrr? pe3Krril noBbrirreH[reNr yposrir BoAbr B per{e H CO_gAa+ouutfr yrpo3y 32Torr;T€HH-fl gbruie_rtell(at(nx pariorroa. 
r -
Iloc"re ycraIIoBJIetttifl cnJloulro[o JleArrrroro noKi)oBa u,yra r{arrr-Hae'r tlocl c]rlelll{o paccacblllarbcri B pe3yflbrare oruoca flo TeqeHHiO
40
peKH I{'ratlHLIfl, cBfl3aHFroro c IIoBrru]eFII,teM
ilpoirc,\oilriulii\,{ 3a cqel, Te|r,,rooTIaqti ,1Ha peKE.Toutull,riia JeJrrlloro rToiipotsa, M,Ha peKax3 V e r c fl c "ri €;1 1rrc *i rr M ri n p u 6 r ilJx e n Fi br M ri A a H I_r br r,1 H :IO;r*irre pariour-r
Uerrrpanrtr ure pariour,r
reMnepaTypbr BoAbr,
CCCP .\apar(repH-
0 es-n 6
Ceaeprrtre pariorri,r . 0,6-0,9
. 0,9-1,6 ri 6o;ree
Hexoropure per{H cH6lipH, oco6eguo vraJrbre, B 3HN{Free BpeMfino.ryllocTbIo nporlep3alor I1 cTOK nO r-rHll ro,,liJocrbro npeKpaiqaercrr.
Ha HeKoropbix perax, oco6enso reKyuIHX c rcra Ha ceBep, Tarr[rrreII BCKpL,ITHe FIaqHHaeTCf B BepXoBbfX peK, 3aTeM paCnpoCTparrflerct
BilH3 rlo Teqerlillo. B 3Tll.\ )ICroBliflx B Hr.tx(i{e}.I Teqe}Irrr.i DeK o6na-3yloTctr rlafpoMox(;leHll-a [b!.'c1, KoTopble ilpeflttTcTBytoT teqe6ilro uorfotII BltoBb npndttearoulero.;rbjla BllLi3 no pexe. Tarioe fiB.,toHH€ rJa3br_BaeTCfl 3 aTopo u. Ori cofipouoxiraercff 3HaLrr.rre.rbHbrlr noBbrure-Hrre\r ypoBrrn ti npercrzB.,.rfleT 6o;iuuryrc onacHocrb r,.rff pacno,{ol.iierr_tlbix Ha peKe Hace"rleHHbtx nyHKToB H rlrAporexHHr{ecKH.\ coopyxetruft-C noBblueHHe!1 ypoBHrr BoAbi rHApocrarHr{ecKoe AaBJreHHe Ha 3aroDyBenHqHBaercf 1L oFi pa3pyuaeTcf, npH 3TOrvr o6paayercx 
".*n}o_qtrre,tbrjo 6.v"plrurir noroK BoAbr rr JrbAa.^ 3aropu JrHKBHAHpyror Bspbr_BA}IH.
Iiax yiKe roBopr-i,rrocb Bbruje, BoAa npH cBoeM ABril*erir.rH nepeille_u{aer riacrriirbr rp}/trra.3rH qacrrrubr [onaAarcT B peKy rr.trl npHcllbllle c noBep\trocTil 3err.:tIr c oca.lKaIlH, H,rilr x\e 3a eqeT Ila3MblBapyc.:la I)eKH. 9acrliLlr,r fp)'HTa, nepelleu{ae}lbre peKot-r, Ha3btBarcTCflII A II O C A },f H. B 3ABHCIII{OCTII OT CKOPOCT!{ ;1BI.IixCIILifl BONbI HA-FIOCbI nepeABltfalorcfl Bo B3BeUleHLrOlt cocroflHHrr tr,trr nepeKarbt-Balorcr no AHy (aonHble HaHoci'r). llpu yBer,'n{qerrr.irr cr(opocrgIloroKa qacTb Aot{l{bIX HaHOCOB flepexolHT BO B3BeireFIHoe cocToflitHe,H riao60por, nprr yueHbrxer{Hrr cKopocrr-r r{acrb B3BeueFrHbrxHa HocoB nepexolHT B AOHHbre.
Konr-rqecrBo HairocoB, npoxoArrurHX B eArrr{[tr{y Bpe]{eHrr qepe3
BoAIloe ceqeHlie peKI{, lla3btBaercfl pac.\olloM Har{ocoB !r Bbrpa)haercrin xrl c. Ko"'ltt'{ecreo HaltocoB B eAHrrrrr{e o6relra BoAbr la3brBaercffM yr rr o c Tb r,o p H Bbrpariaercrr u rfn H.,"rri Kr/M3.
KolrqecTBo_ rraHocoB, npo.\oAr*irrx qepe3 BoArroe ceqer*re peKH3a 4nure'ulriuft flepHoA BpeMer{L{ lroa),- Ha3brBaercfl T B e p A br McToKoM g H BbIpax{aeTcr B T HJrH wr3. Pacnpe4eJrer.rHe }raHocoBB roAY BecbMa HeP3BtloNlepllo. OcHoertas Macca Har{ocoB rrpoxoAHTB nepitoA fio.noeorlHft tr naBoAKoB, a B ivrexeusurfi nepHorl MylHocrbBoAbl pe3Ko ciiulKaercfl. .[oHHr,re i.ra]rocbr cocraB.irrrroT rrprjMepHol0-30 % B3BeuerrHbrx. flpri _eron Ann ropHbrx peK AouHbre.HarrocbrHHO_I-IIa .tuIOfyT COCTaBJTffTb eo 50 o/o eseerueHlrbix..
Ha.r*rqlre Iral{ocoB B peqHo}{ noroi{e npHBoAHT K 6o,tr,uttau rpyA_HOCTrilvl, cBfl3aHHbuvl c 3Kcn.ryya.rauHeryi B0AO3a6OpHurx coopyx(eHlufi,1'aK Kal( lteo6xo4llt'to coopylKeuHe cner.{HaJrbr{brx orcrofiHHxoe AJrflotlllcrl(li BoAbl oT tlallocoB. B ilporttBI{otv{ cryqae rraHocbr nplrBeAyrx 6r'rc'rpoMy r'{crrrparr}rrc .{onaroK ryp6u'. floaiovy BonpocaM oue'K'TBepAoro crol{a yAeJItroT donruroe Brrul\{anHe.
4l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Pe,iHaq BoAa coAeplt*ir B ce6e coJIa pa3ili{qi{bix Beu{ecrB, rio-
naAanir{Hx B BoAy c [oBepxHocrHblM H IioA3eMHbIM croltavlH. C I]o-
BepxHocTHbIivl cToKoM coJiH liorIaAaIoT [yTeM pacTtsopeHHfl coAep-
>riailIHXCfi B rror{Be colelt rtpH BbIIIaAeHHH oCaAKoB. BoAbI, npoco-
T{HBIIIHCCfl B |P}THT, HACbIU{AIOTCfl COJI-flMH H IiOIAAAIOT B PCKY B
BHAe rpyHronoio rrHraHHfi. flepeuoc 3THX cofleli pexofi Ha3bIBaIor
croKoM p acrBopeHHbrx Berr{ecrB.- OcHoeHbIMH coJIrMH, coAep}K alql{ M [r-
cfl. B BoAe, fBJrfliorcfi: fgApoKap6oriarntre HCO', xap6ouaTHbre ccr,
cyflb$arHbte SO+, XJIopHAHlte 
-Cl, 
SOJIH KaJIbqHfi Ca, MarHHq Mg,
HarpI4fl, Na. IIO cTeneHH N{HHepaJIH1aIIHPI, Mr/n, peKH AeJIfrCfi Ha
f pynrbr:
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Plrc. 3 5. 3nropar cxopocrcir ira Beprrlha-:ir{:
a - Anfl, oTKpblroro p.vcta: 6 - g;tn..pycna, noKpblroto Jlb,q,o1t B fialra!'re lt KoHqe 3HMH: I - neyKpHcraJrJrHqecxxfi ; 2 - Jtea ry6uarufi
BoIIIoro ceqetllifl H cliopocreti reqenHr B orAeJrbnbrx Tor{Kax floroKa.
fIpr.i 3Tot\'{ cKopoc'rb reqeriHrr Lt3Mepfiercr BepryrrlxaMH pr[rg rrorrJraB-
riaN'fr'r. B;1p)'rri-\: r{eToga.\: He rpeS},'e1'cfl ii3t.lepeHr{fi cKopocrti re-qCHHg B O1'AC,1bHbI.\ TOqKAX. K TAKII}I MCTOAAN,t OTI{OCflTCg, B qACT.
HOCTlr, O[peAeJeHHe pacxo,loB BoAoc.,lHBaNlH, a raKx(e fro fHApaB-
Jrrqecr(rrrl Qop:,r\'.1aN{ rr xn1\ltrqecr(Hri nyTervr. Eo,ree noApo6Ho bno-
co6br onpeAe.nerrHfl pacxora Bo^1bi oilrrcaHbr B Kypcax rlrApoillerptrH.
J;leCb OCTaHOBItIICtI TO"lbKO rla ll3TO-Ta.\ BblqllcJteHltfl paCXOAa BOAbr,
r13 il{epeHrrofo BepTyrrJKalil H.
Cxopocru reqeHlts BoAbr B pexe r!'reHsercr KaK no Beprunar'rli, TaK H 11o srgpr.rHe
pexrt. floarol{y BoA}toe ceqeHHe pa:6nearor BeprriKs:TrrMH Ha HecKoJrbKo !'qacrKoB rr
fi3MepellHe cxopoctefi Ter{eHHff npon3BoAflT B HecKoJrbKtrK ToqKax riax4ofi BeprHKa-
an.9ncno rolleK H3MepeHHf cropocreft Ha BeprHKaJrH Ha3uar{arcT TaK, qro6u c Ao-
ctaroqHoli crelleublo TortHocrli oxapaKTepn3oBarb 3aBHCirltocrb cxopocra or ray6uHr,l
noroxa (pHc.3.5) . Hasdoltuarr cKopocrb uy266 no Beprl{KaJ}r A.rrfl orr{pbrroro BoAo_
ToKa (6es r'Ie[flHot-o noxposa) - rta noBepxHocrH !r;'rn e6rrr:ir ee. HaHMeHb111arr -
Y AHa uAoH.
I-lpn HaJlrtr{Hl{ neAflHoro noKpoBa cKopocrb y noBep.\uocru BoAst uuou 3H?Hr{-
TerbHo yMeHbuaercfl, t{ro o6lscHsercfl TpeHI{eM o neA. flpu arou cKopocrb noBu-
tuaercfl c yBenacerrueu raydunu (puc. 3.5,6) , rtro cBs3aHo c uepoxogarocTbto HHX_
rreft noaepxHocTH nbAa.
,[,ln onpeAeJlenHfl cpeArreri cKopocrH TeqeHnfl BoAbl no Beprrrxang np]r orcyr-
cTBHILeArrIlofo noKpoBa Hyx(HO OnpcAenHrb cKopocrb B nqTil roqKa.x: Ha rroBepxHo-
cTH, Ha r.rry6uue 0,2 h, ua ray6nue 0,6 h; ua n.ny6nue 0,g h n y AHa.
flaoulaal gIIlopbl cxopocrefi o onpeAeflsercn HHrerpHpoBar{}re}r. flpu6,rux(e}rpo
cpeAuflg ct(opocrb na i-{t tseprHKaJtr onpeAenrercfl no Qoprrry.le
0i=tt;f h1, (3.s)
rAe i:1, 2, .,., ni ht - ray6lrua rroroKa ua i-fi BepTnxanr{
cpe4rtxt cKopocrb IIplt H3MepelfHlr no BepTHKanH B nflTrr roqKax BbrqHCJIflerc,]
no Qopruy.rre
(3. r0)
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cpeEHefi MHHepaaII3aqueii
noBL,{[JeHHOft UUHepalH3auHet{
Bb{coKoMHHepalnaoaauuori BoAoil
[o 200
200-500
500- I 000
bo.ree 1000
Crenegt MHHepaJIH3aIIHH BoAbl B peKe nepelleHHa Ii H3MeHfleT-
cr B coorBercrBH;r c pex(r{MoNl ni{TaHHfl peI(H. Han6onuuras MHHe-
pa,,IH3aqafl BoAbI - B N{erreHb 3a cqeT fpyHToBoro IiHTaHHfl- B ne-
pHoA BbIcoKHX BoA (nonono4ln H rIaBoAKoB) rtlnuepaJIH3aqafl 3Ha-
qHTCIbHO CHH}KACTCS.
flo TeppHTopHH crpaHbl MHHepanH3aIIHfi BoAbI B peKax raK)Ke
3Har{HTeJrbHo MeHrercfl. Eonsuafl crerleub MHHepaJIH3aqHH xapaKTep-
3.3. HATyPHHE HASflIOIEHHS H HX HCnorlb3oBAFiHE
I THgPOfiOTHqECKHX PACI{ETAX
B ocHoBy rr{hponorHqecKHx pacqeroB [oJIo)I{eHbI AaHHble o Ko-
gecKHe coopy)KeHHfl HJIH sKCiIJIyarHpylou{Hx HX'
Ha BoAOMePIIbIX nocrax nppBoAfT Ha6nroAeHHn 3a ypoBHeNI H
Telyr11eparypOft BOAbl, COCTOqI{HeM IISTOAH, BoAHoft pacTIiTeJIb}iOCTbio,
JTeAOBbTMH sBneHHfiMH (nCxputHe H 3aMep3aHHe, TOJIII{H[la, JIbAa,
gaTopbt H 3alKopbl). 'PacxoA BoAbI B crBope BoAoMepHoro nocTa
BbITIIICJIgCTCfl C HCIIOJIb3OBAI-iHCM 3ABHCHIITOCTH YPOBTIfl BOAbI OT
pacxoAa Q-Qk). Ha rHAporvrerpHr{ecKHx craHq}iflx KpoMe nepe-
"IACneHHurX Ha6JrrcAeHrrfi. BeAyrcff H3MepeHHfl CKOpOCTH TeqeHHtl BoAbI.
Onpe4e;teHHe pacXoAOB BoAbI Moli{eT npoH3BOAHTbCfl pa3rtHr{HbI-
MH MeTOAaMH. Olriil H3 HHX oCI{oBaHbI Ha H3MepeHHH [JIO[{aAeil
42
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(3.12) l
lleHee roriHyro oL(eHKy cpeArieir cKopocrlr rr{oxHo no,r}qt'trb, nor'Ib3}rcb 3aBtcIt-
MOCTbro
L,: uo.6ti. (3.1 I )
Pacro;l Bo.[,bt a npr{ Bb{r{HC.r'rcH}rbrii 3HaqeHLIflK cpeAI{eii cKopocrII ilo Kax(Aoi{
BepTHKar'rri Bbrqllc.{Hercfl no Qopvyle
e:L'r&)^-r- / ut*u' ) .o,*. .. +(irlitn\ 
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=)'n-t*T'o'n' (3'12)
I.Ae 'rtr, oz, t)^ - cpeAHlre CKOpOCTU nO BepTHKa/[fl[I, 0)1, . . ., o)n - nJIOU{aAI{
aor,Ho[o ceqeHl{r N{ex(Ay BeprIiKansMn (pac. 3-6).
3alroii pacxo.qbr orrpejle,lqtorcfl B roM iKe crBope, qro Ii neroM. CrcopocrH re-
qeurrfl onpeAenrlorcs grruoir no rer{ )Ke BeprltKaJIffM, qro It,'leroM- L{ncao roqeK IIa
BeprHKa;Tl{J.BennqnRaror .{,o uecrr{, qro o6tscHflercfl or,'I}{qtleM Qopusl snuueft xpn-
noii pacnpere.rleHutt cKopocreii lo eeprllKa'rH or lerseit
,[,"qq noCTpoeHI.{fl KpHBo}'t 3aBHCI'lMocrl-I paCXoAa BoAbI oT ypoBLIf
Boitbr B KoHr{perF{oh{ cTBope HCnoJb3ylo'r AaHHble Hs6",1ioA€Hl{ft lI H3-
I{epeFprr:i B pacc}.IaTpliBaei\toM cTBope, a TaK}Ke, €Cr'IH 3THX AaHHb'IX
I{eAocrarorrHo, AaHI{bIe no cMexilIbIM crBopaM Ha 3Toft x(e peKe-
Csaqala crpoHTcfl KpHBafl pacxoAoB B soHe HeilocpeAcrBeHl{blx
H3it{epeHHr? pacxoAoB. BoAbr, 3areM [poBoAHTcfl 3Kcrpalio.rlfll{Hfi KpH-
Boir 3a npeAe/It'I yKa3anl{oft soult.
KpuBafl 3aBlIclII\'IocTH pacXO.q,a BOAbI oT ypOBi{fl
cTpotrTcf coBr!{ecTHo c KpriBbrMII 3aBIICItMOCT[i ilJIOUIaAH X{HBO| O
Ceqerllrf o II CpeAHeiI nO ceqeHHlo cKOpOcTlI o oT ypoBH_f- BoAbI z.
Bce KpHBbre crpoffTcfl 1l;1fI oAIIoro cerleHIIfl peKH (Pnc. 3.7).
Xapaxrep KpHBot'r pacxoAa 3aBHcHT oT pflAa AorloJlHHreJIbI{bIX
Sarcropoe, xotOplt* AonX{Hbt yttHTL,1BaTbct{ ilpH gOCTpOeHHH. K HHN'1,,
B rlepByro OqepeAb, oTFIOCffTcfl: Qasa IIaBOAKa, HartHt{lie nOArlOpa
oT Hrix"(enelxalqeft IIJIorHHbl, Ae$opN{aUHfl pycna B npoqecce Bcero
nepHoAa rienocpeAcrBeHFrbrx Ha6firoAeHI{ri 3a croKotvl B AaHHoM crBo-
pe n Ap.
Ilocrpoerrrre xpneofi pacxoAoB 3ax.rrror{aercx B HaHecettrH na rpa$nr B cl{creMe
KoopAHHar z (op.u,rrrraru) u Q (a6currccu) rouex QantNuecxt{ 3aMePetlllLilx pacxoAoB
B9AH tr B npoBeAer{trH no grtrM roqxaNr naaeHot? xpreoit napa6o,'tttuecKoro rHrIa.: Ha
ToM :fte rpacprrxe crpolrrcn KprrBan 3aBr.rcHltocrH nnotqaAeit BoAttl,t.x ceqetttlfr or yp0B-
rrefr noAr,r no AaHi{brM npo\{epoB uoAiloro ceqellllfl, npoBoAltMblx flpll Il3Mepe}lHll pac-
xoAoB BoAbi. 3a npe4errai\{r{ 3oubr, n xoropofi I{3MepHnHcb pacxo,q,bl BoAbl, Kp}IBatl
nJIoUaAefi MolKeT 6urt npoeeAelta l{a ocHoBaHIII{ pe3ynbraroB nnaHttN'leTpllpoBaHHs
44
I - Q:QQ): 2 -to:to(z); 3 - s:t,(zl
IIofiepeqlloro nocQti-rn.q,o.ltiubr B pacc.varpHBaeMo]r crBope. Taxoir npocpn.ro no,r1'-
qalor nyreM coorBeTcra)'rcu{eli Hr{BerTHpoBKu.
Kpusax saBr{clrMocrti cpernu.\ no ceqeHrrro cKopocrerl or vpoaueir crpoHrcfi Ha
roil{ xe rpaQnxe.
flpoeepnoir npaBH.'Ibuocrll nocrpoeHHfl KpHBori pacxo-loe rrBrflercq co6;riodeuxe
ycnoBIrfl, qroObl .1..1r o,l,Horo u roro xie ypoBHff BoAbr ]'AoB.,rerBop flJrocb ypaBHe[{He
Q: Jo. (3. r 3)
B HeKoropbIX crvqaflx (loprra KprrBoi? pacxojtoB 6o,ree cJ.roxHafl.
Buecro olFrofi BerBr{ rrpHBoil HN{eiorcfi ABe BerBrr - I"r'rr nepriojloB
noAberla r{ cilaAa -ypoBHer'{ (psc. 3.8) Ha"luqae AB_vx BerBeft cBfl-
3aHo o6trquo c oco6eLifrOCTri\{H rHXpo;-IorilqecKoro CTpoeHrrfl pycJ,ra,
ypoBHfl\rI{ 3?refaHHf fpyF{roBbrx BoA H T. E.
pac.\oAbr Borbi, Koropbre 3arreper{br nplr orcyrcrBHrr Ha peKe.ti€AR-
HMeeTCR [OCTpOeHHafl KpHBari pacxoAoB H.4H 3aNrepeHr]bre pacxoAbr
BoAbr. llpnr Ha"rrHriHH rlplrrorrHocra Mex(Ay crBopaN.rr.r . B 3HaqeHHrI
pacxoAoB BHocffr rrofipaBKLr. Pacqer 6oxoeofi npnroqHocrtr ilpoH3-
BOAffr nO [pHpOCTy n.rrouraAeii eoAoc6opon. oAuaxo rorrHocrb no-
crpo_eHHfi r(pHBoft pacxoAoB B sTOM Cryqae cHlrlKaeTcfl.
Ha6,rrc1eHHfi 3a ypoBlrflMlJ rrpoBoA.flT orparrHqei-rr{brft IIepHoA Bpe-
MeHH, I pe3y.rrbTaTe qero HeBo3Mo)KHO OUeHHTb BCrO aNrnJrHTyAy H3-
r\,rerreHnfi ypoBrreft BoAbr B crtsope per(H. I-losroirry BalKirofi ia:raqeft
rrBJrt{erctr ' SKCTpano,rrflurrfl KpIIBor:r pacxoAoB Kar( B CTOpOHy rvrr.rltH-
M a.rlbll bl X, Ta i( Il M a I{Clrl I\'{ aJibHhIX p aCqeTI-t brX ypOB r Ier?,
45
z,tl
Z no*
0 d,nz 0 r,n/c
Plrc. 3.7. Kp nasre 3a BHct{}tocrH p ac.\o-
Aa, I1.louaj,rr Bo,fHofo CCr{Criliq }{ cpc;(-
neft cxopocrH or )'poBHfl Bo-l,br:
Puc. 3.8. Kpuear 3aBncH!tocrrt
pacxotra BoAbr or ypoBHq c BeT-
Bql\tti nOA'heMa H C[aAa
:
I
Io

--- PAGE BREAK ---

IJ ali6or'rluree p acnpocrp aHeHHe rloJr!Hrr,r rriAp aBxrr'.{ecr<uij
ocpeAHeuHoft rpueofi pacxoAoB, 6es yuera eereerl rro4'beN.la H
uueu Qopny.ltr IIJesu
Q : <oC VN, (3.14)
rAe o - nnoulaAb no[epeqHoro ceqeHnfl; C _ rosQSHqHeHr Illesa, 3aBncffulr.r["r or
uepoxoBarocrrr AHa peKH; R - ruapas,'niqecxrrir paAH,vc; / _ yx"toH eoAHoir rronepx_
Hocrr{. flpuunuaercs, qro Roft.pi
(3. r5)
3Aecn n - xos$QHr(rreHr urepo.\oBarocru; lJ - swnv,pnqecrufi xoatp$iiulrerrr. 3ilaqe-
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irplr BbrcoKoM ):poBHe.
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BOIbi B HHj(HHX 6leQaX 6yAyr saBHcerb rre ToirbKo or pacxoAoB
peKH, HO H OT ypOBHff BOAbr B CTBOpe HHiKepaCIO,'IOX{eHHOfi rr"rloTHHbr.
B 3ToM cryqae. BMecro 3aBHCHMocrrr Q:Q (z) Hcrro,lb3yror 3a-
BHCHITOCTT Q:Q (Zr, Zr), rAe Zr - ylloBeHb BOAbI B H3yqaeMoivl CTBO-
pe; Zz - ypoBerib BoAbl B cTBope nOAIIOpHoro Coopy]KeFIIit{,
lloc'rpoeuue r(priBoii cBo6oAHoft rroBepxHocru, rracrHbrM cryr{aeM
I(oropoft fB.rffercfl KpHBar noAnopa, noApodHo paccMarptrBaercfl B
Kypce rHApaB,'rHKir.3lecn yKaxielt roJrbKo Ha HeKoropbre o6uliae
IIpHHUHnbT nOCTpOeLrHff .
CyuecreyrcLrine MeroAbr rrocrpoenr.rfl KpHBbrx cBo6oAHori noBepx-
HOCTH }iolriHO pa3Ae,lHrb Ha ABe fpyflnbr. K nepBor'{ rpynI]e orHo-
ctrT MeToAbr, ocHoBaHHbre Fra 3aMer{e AeftcTBHTer'ibHofo pyc,'ia peKH
Ha paccMaTpHBaeN{oNr yr{acTKe Ha rrc6oe $uxrneiroe pycJro (qHrraHl-
pHqecKoe, Tpa[eueHAanbHoe, npfiMoyfoJrbHoe, napa6oJrHqecKoe pi r. A.).
B MeroAax Bropofr rpyrrrtbr HCrro,{b3yior HerocpeACTBerrHo xapaK-
TepHCTHKH npOIyCKHOft CnOCO6HOCTH pyCJra, [O.,'r]9?e Mbr€ Ha OCHO-
BAHHH AAHHbIX THAPOUETPHH"
,0,nrrxeune BoA!{ B ecrecrBeHHl,rx BoAoroxax BcerAa nBJrsercrr HepaBHovepHbrM-
3ro o6yc,rosilHiJaercrr reu, sro )'Krotrb{ AHa H nonepeqHbre ceqernrfl pycra B 3Ha-
qntentnofi creneHli l{3Merrflrorcff BAonb 
'rroroKa. 
3rrr QaxropH npHBoArr K ToM),, qro
HenocPeAcrneHHoe nocrpoeHHe rpnnoit cno6ogsou noBep.\Hocrn Ha ocrroeanurr 4uQ-
QepeuqxanbHoro ypaBHeHHR HepaBHoMepHofo ABH)(eHufl BoAb[ B cnyqae €cr€crB€Hr
Horo pycna He npeAcraBnrrercr Bo3HolKHbrM. floarouy cy[lcrByer 6olrruoe qr{cJro
MeroAoB npn6aHxenr{oro nocrpoeHHn xpnaoir ceodoluoti fioBepxHocrx.
3aAasuoe pyc.rto pas6rraaercf, Ha orAeJrbHbre yrracrKll, B npe4enax Koropbrx xpn-
nyrc cao6o.qnoii' noBep.\Hocrr{ cqfiTarcr npnuofi auHneli, lilretouer'l ror Hn}r apyroir
yKnoH. llpu nocrpoeal.rH xpxnori'roAnopa fiporfli+(eHnocrb paccMarpnBaer{oro yqacr-
NA peKI{ OfparrHqHBa}oT cTBOpoM n.rroTHtrbr H cTBopoM B KoHue BoAoxpaH}t.,rHqa,
o"'-;X"J?lTilff"rt-'.J.:"X;;o"i-alorcn 
saAarlHtilMR (ir rocronHHrrMlr ,, Bce*'r
yvacrre) $opua nonepevnoro H npoAonbHoro npoQuan pyc.Ta, rcosQ$Hrllrenl lrlepo-
xoBaTocrr.r pycna Ir KpItBbre cB13!r.
tlttc.llo pacqerrlbrx yqacrKoB peKrt HaMeqaror D 3atsHcrrMocrrr or HaJrflrrHn HcxoA-
ttofi utt$opMaqHll no Nax{AoMy H3 HHX H yKnoua gua. llpn 6oauuHx yKnonax cne-
46
AyeT cTpcl{ilTbcff K coKpau{eHl{to ;L.1Hi{il }'qacTKoB ("-eeluvnaafi H--r tiHc.lo), rttrl,pas-
rHqecKne xaparirepxcrrrKli KoropLix npHHHMatorcR tro ]{HTepnonfiq}*i. f1aleHne ypoB-
Hfl rra Vqacrxe F{e J,o.'r;Kr{o npeBbrurarb 0,5*l lr.
3araqa nocrpoeHirn rpriaoii cao6oqHort noBepxHocrn AJtfl 3a,q,aHHoro yqacrxa
peKr{ (Bo.loxpaHirnrru{a) 3aKJr}oqaeTcs B Haxo}KAeHHH oTMeToK ypoBHfi BoAb{ B pac-
cMarpflBaeMb{x ceqeHrrflx npn 3aAaHubr.x 3HaqeHHfi.\ pacxoAa eoAH. [nn nocrpoeunf
rpneoir noAflopa, KpoMe rofo, npHnrrMaercfi 3aAaHHaq oTr{erKa B creope fliorHHb{
{pnc. 3.9).
Vpoeens Bo;T,br B 3HilrtiHX yciloBlitrx (npH ria"1'rHqlrH JIeAffHoro
noKpoBa) B 3aBHcr{Mocr}r or pacxo^xa oIpeAe,lffeTCq no KpHBopi
Q:Q(z) , nocrpoeHHoft Au'rr orKpbrroro pycra, c BBeAeririeN{ B 3Ha-
qeHHfi pacxola BoAbr froilpaBoqHofo KO3QQHr{HeHTa Ha 3HivlHHe ycJro-
Bvrfl. kr. QuxrueHuft pacxol (,rerunf,r) Q", Ailn Koroporo no srofi
KpHBOft Orpe.1.e.:'IfeTCfl ypoBeHb BoAbr, HaxoAHrcfl lro soprrtyne
]ieToA 3KCTp aIo,-i nLiH]]
cnaAa, c HcIonb3oBa-
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pacxoAa BoAbr or ypoBHff npH
Ha,lfiqilH froAnop a
7M
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n
I
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r{e Q: - AaKrHqecKnfi pacxoA BoAbI B sHMHHX ycrroBusxi Qa - Snx-
THBHbrrl pacxoA BoAbI, KoroPblir Hcno",tr3yercf Anff o[peAeJreHHs ypoB-
Hfl BOAbI B.3!{MHHX YCNOBHflX.
3uaqeriue k, BCerAa MeHbrrle eAliHr{qbt rr 3aBHCHT or creAyn-
IIIHX QaXrOpoe: cTeneHrr cTecHeHHfi pyc,'ra JIeAsrrbrM noKpoBoM H
ruyrofr; xapaKrepa o6paaoeaHnn neAriHofo noKpoBa H efo cocTofl-
Hr{fl, pacxola BoAbr, Qopnu xiHBOfo ceqeHHfi H T. A. 3Haqesns k,
AJIfl AaHHOTO CTBOpa lv{eHqIOTCfi IiaK nO rOAaM, TaK H B TeqeHHe
3HMbI.
f uaponorHqecKHe pacqerbr npoBoAffT AJtfl ofipeflsJr€:
HHq XapaKTepHcTHKH peKH KaK O6',beKTa BOAOXO3flftCTBeHHOTO H 3Hep-
TETHIiECKOTO HCIIOJIb3OBAHHg. OCHOEHSII'I MCTOAO]V THAPOJIOfHqCCKHX
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r{cno.,'rb3oBaHr,ie H o6oollleriHe MarepHaIoB fHApoMerpHrrecKHX Ha6rro-
AeHHfi Ha AaHHoir peKe sa Anr{reirbHbrfi nepuoA. llprn 3roM rrpHHH-
MaeTcfl, .qTo yc.{oBprrr oop}fHpoBaHrrfi cTor(a Ha nepHoA 3Kcrr;T}ZlT?r{r{tr
rrrApo3rrepferHqecKofo o6beKTa 6ylyr re )Ke, rrro H B npeAuecrByro-
ulHe crpolrreJjbcrBy roAbr. Ecrpr f HApoMeTpHqecKHe Ha6nroAeHHfi
B CTBOpe peKH flBJIffTOTCff KpaTKOBpeMeHHbrMH, TO CneAyeT ilcrr0Jrb-
47

--- PAGE BREAK ---

soBarb ,U,aHHbIe na6,rrcAeirpifi 3a cToKOM B Apyrlix CrBopaX Ha erot?
iKe pelie !{J1p1 }Ke AaHlible ilo LpyfHM pei(aM, FIaxoLfIIUH}'lCfl B aHa-
;rorf.{Hr-,rx $lrsuxo-reorpaclullecKi{x ycJioBuflx. Taxlie pel(H H crBopbl,
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geullrYi Ha paCCMaTpHBaeMOtul yqaCTKe peKll, HOCflT Ha3BaLIHe pe-
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flpn Orcyrcrenn AailHblX f l.iApO!leTpHr{eCKllX Ha6;rrc,1enlifi rHA-
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pa3Frr{rlbr B n.[o[laArx nog,oc6opoe II $nsnxo-reorpaQtluecxlt,x oco-
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oqeHKH xapaKTepHCTHK CTOKa Fre yqri'r'blBaioT iiFI,].iIBHAyaIbllblx oco-
6enirOCreir H3yrIaeltOfi pet{H H, Kal( npaBlL-IO, npHBO,l,flT I{ CyuIeCT-
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rHApo.rlofr{qecKHx xapaKTepr.rcTHn peK FIa IIIiX OTI(pbIBarcT fI{ApO-
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.,'reHlir{ peqHOrO CTOKa KaK C.[yqafiHorO rtpOUeCCa, nOCKOJib-
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Hocrb fipr{NreHr.rTb K i-rur}r 3aKoi{br reopHl'l BepofrHocreti H Marelvla-
rrtqecxofi crarHCTHKII.
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coNl lv{o}KeT 6ttrn OnHcaI{ CooTBeTCTB}rIoUeft QyuxUlteft paC-
n p eAex eH Itfl Bepot{rHoc:reri p(x), onpeAensrcU{ef,I Bepo-
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I.HApoJIOfi.{qecKafl .\apaKTepHCTIiKa, HaIIpl{Mep, ro,loBoH cToK, MaKCH-
ma;rlsurrt B roAy pacxoA H r. A.) 6yaer 6o.luue rleKoroporo ,qaHnoro
3riarreririfl x. B reopHH BepoflrHocrei.r $yilxrlrra pacilpereJ'Ierlltr p(.t\
onpeAeilfieTcfl npH yCJIOBHH, qTo Clytiafiuas Be.illitlHHa [ 6y4er Metlb-
ure lleKoropofo 3HaqeI'IHfl ,[:
craB.rTeHa Ha pHc. 3.10. Caflsl N{ex(Iy
po.rlof iiqecltoft xaparirepHC.'rlliiH p \x)
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c Qyriur-(lteil pacnl)eAer'IettIifl
p (;) :p (E (x) .
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pacnpeAe"rleFlr.rf H or{eHr{e napaMeTpoB pacnpeAe./'ieLIIIfl Ailti enr6pari-
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cKoJtbr(\r np[1r{eHHMocTb oTAeJbHblx }IeTOAOB OqeHKIi ilapaNlefpoB 3a-
BHCHT or ettSpaur{oro rttna rtplreoii ilacnpeAe"lelli'lr.
flpu er,r6ope rrira xpliaofi pacrrpeAeJIeFII.ifl Heo6.ro,r.nlto onpeAe-
,rl rtrb o6; acru Ll3 i,retiet{ rrfl p acc\r arp uBae.\tol:i rutrpolortt.iecttoit xap aK-
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ofpaHlrqHBaercff or H),J'tfl Ao 6ectioHeqHocrll.
OrparrurueHHe HyJreivl o6rqcrrnercH Te!1, qro reoperl{qecKli HMeer-
cn eoeubx(Hocrb no.rlHoro nepecbrxaFIHfl H"rtH xie nepeivlep3ai'lllfl peKIi-
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Hbrx, n03Bonflrcu{trx cprrxclrpoBarb eogMoxHnnl B HCTop }IqecKo}I ac-
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Aonyu1erlHe He nporttBopeqttr Qrlsnvecrori cyrUHoCrH qEineHHn"
Arq pacnpocrpaHeHHrr 3anoHoMepHocrH Kore6aHurl peqHoro cro-
K?, Ha6,r'trcAeHHbIX B npoiuJloM, H3 6y4yUuft neplloA 3Kcn.rlyaTaqnlt
rHlpo3HeprerHqecKoro o6texra cryr{aftHouy npoqecqy, annpoKCHlvlH-'
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3pfoAilq IrocTr.I.
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BO Bper.teHH.
3 p a o A H q n o c r b o3Harlaer, qro,'trc6aq AocraroqHo AJIHTeJIb-
Hafl, peaJlH3arIHr cnyuariuoro irpoqecca B onpeAeJIeHuoft creneHH
orpaxaer 3aKoHor'tepHocru, npttcyu{lle Ipoueccy B ue.roM. Aonyure-
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ruerrhrir (npegcraeureltnstfi) flo oruorueriilrc Ko BCeMy cToKoBoMy
npoqeccy B AaHrroil{ crrJope. CraquouapHocrb npoqecca flBJIffeTctt
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ByIOT npOUeCCbi CTaqHotlapilL'le, Ho lle 3proAlltlFIIte.
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4-6410 49
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

o,ns/c
J000
0 20 40 60 00 /00 P.'/
PHc. 3.10. Kpueaa o6ecueceHHocrH
p oryvaf,ruor? seJiHqxHE{ x
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Pnc. 3.11. Kpnstre o6ecneqesHocrH ro-
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/ - 1852-195? rr.; I - 1852-1903 rr.; 3 -
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pac[peAeJreHHfl BeposTHocreft pa3Hblx rHnoB.
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fo-MeHKeJrr, Koropoe Ha3BaHo B r{ecrb aBTopoB, ero rIpeAJIox(HBiIrHX.
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Hec\{euletrFiocrb u sQQer<rr.rBtiocrb.
C o c T o fl T e .r b r-r o c'i- b rroJ,ila3jvr,{eBaer c.\o1llr{ocTb ouelrrlr nc
BepoflTHocrlr c )'BeJIr-iqeirueu o6reya nnr6opxli i'I, qro fipHBofHT
K noBbnueHrrlo rorrHocri.r oqeiirrr npH yJrr{HeHI{r{ nep HoAa Ha6nrc-
leuHfi 3a croKoN{.
Hec Nr elue rr Ho crb cocroflTe,rrbrrbrx or{eHoK rroApa3yN{eBaer
paBeHCTBO IIeHTDs;lbHOfO 3iiarielrLrff napaMeTpa ilo nrr6opne HcT]tH-
rior{y ee 3rraqeHHro Arfl reHepansrroH coBoKynHocrH (nlH pflA}' 0ec-
Koue,tiioft Ar'ilrre,TbHocru). A"'rs ouer-iKrr Mepbr KatrecrBa ricno.rb3ylgt
AHcnepcllrc oqeHKu, XapaliTepll3yloqylo CTeneHb O]'K;'IOFIeHLIf IiapaI'leT-
pa oT trcrrrHHofo 3HaqeHrifl.
3 0 Q e Kr lr B rr o c r b oueHiiri napaMerpa onpeAe.tffercr fipH
tIaJI{qr{r1 HecKoJ'rbKH-{ r{eTo:.oB oueFrt(H. flpu 3Tor\r ouer'rKa cqHTaeTCfl
sQQerrHelrofi, ecrrr oHa 06;1flA?€r HalrMeHb[refi aHcnepcriefi.
B rHApo,'iorlirrecKlix pacqerax nas6orrutee paciipocrpaHeHHe rro-
JIyqHJT MeTOA MOMeHTOB. TeOperr-rUecKrre KpHBbre O6eCneqeIrHOCTt{,
ilo.ryr{HBIUrie nau6o,rruree pacnpocrpaHeHHe B rxApo,'rorriqecKHx pac-
qeTax, oflpe;IeflffIoT rrapaMeTpaMr{: c p el u e fr B eJT H q r{ H o fi x,
Ko3QQar{HeHroM BapHa:qHH Co, KooQQnqHeHroil{
acHMMerpHH Cr. BrHqHue napaMerpoB Ha Qopvry xpHsoft
o6ecne,reuFlocrrr npHBeAeHo ria pLrc. 3.12 H 3.13. flaparJerpbr Bbtpa-
)KaloTcfl qepe3 nepBHe TpH MoMeHTa .r cJreAyroulHMH 3aBHCHMOCTRMH:
v- (3.221
I
III
II Ii
I
+'
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
E
{=l
f4e X - cpeAIlf fi BeJII{qHHa; ?, b - napaMeTpbI, Kax(AoMy cor{eTaHHlo
fioropbrx coorBercrByror orrpeAeJreHHbre 3HaqeHHfl ro:SQuqI{eHTa Ba-
pxaqna Co H Ko3Q$HIrueHia ac.HMMerpHH Cri f (V) - raMMa-Qysx-
rJfrfl 3ftnepa.
Kpor"re rpexrrapaMeTpHr{ecKoro rauua-pacfipeAeJIeHHq- B ruApo-
JIOrfiqecKHX pacqeTax Hcno,'Ib3yIoT TeopeTHqecKHe KpHBble pacnpe-
Ae"rreHHfl ApyfHX rHrroB: pacnpeAeJIeHHe I-[npcoua III rHna,.Hop-
MaJrbl-roe pacnpeAereHlle I,IJIH pacilpei:(eJIeHHe faycca, JlorapH(bMli-
qecKH HopiltaJrbHoe pacnpeAeJIeHHe tl T. E. 6o.nee noApo6HyIo
50
(xt - x)'
rcr(n - l)
n
2ttr-il"n
l-l
(3.23)
(3.24)
514+
vs-
o'(n - l) (n - 2)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Cr= 44,, .--
Lv'u,l
I
40 60 00 p,'/"
HCrloi'Ib3|toTcfl BblpaiKeHHtl cTaHAapTHbtx olriH6oK Bbr6opoqHbrX oUe-
HOK flapa]reTpoB:
cTaHAapTrrafl outH6xa cpeAuefi BE/IHI{HI{bI X
olvl.
cTaH4a,prr{afi orrrH6xa xoeQQnqaeura H3N{eHqriBocrH
(3.27)
(3.28)
-x -
Pxc. 3.12. B;rHqFrHe Ko3d6HqH-
eHTa Bapr{ar{HH Co Ha'eoplry
xpreoir o6ecncqeuHocrri npH
cr:0
Puc. 3.13. Brnssse xor$$uuu-
eHra acHMMerpHH Cs Ha $oprryxpusori o6ecneqeuHocr,{
^ -r/-c,- y
cTaHIapTHaf our H6r<a Ko3+QHi{HeHTa acHMMeTpHH
---
oc: { 3-(l+ ffiu,-lscu.1.-sYnrsl
)'xasar{Hbre Bbrpal+(errHfl BbrBeAerrbr rrpH IpeAno"ro/KeH!{H, qro
fio''1e6"1eTcfl nO._3aKOHy 6Hsorrlr-rHa.rrbHoil xpH^eoft flpH Cr:2Co
Bar IlHpcoHa III rnna).
Apyralru xapar{TepHCTHKaMH, HMerou-(HMH Bax(Hoe 3HaqeHHe rrDrl
CTATHCTHqCCKOfi OI{CHKE NAPAMCTPOB, fiBJIflTOTCfi AHCIICP CH'- D N CrArr.
Aapr o. 3ru xapaKrepHcrHKH onpeAenflrorcfl Hs cjreAyroulHx COOTHO-
ruesriri:
-1,\r' 1-1/n- C -nln*/, "- / ut uC,-e1,1 . (3.25)
r-l
floxasarefltt Cr, D r{ d onricbrBaruT creneHb oTK.r,roHeHlifl H3yr{ae-
Hoii BeJlltil{l.lbl oT cpenHero sF{aqeHHrr. tlpH 3ToM rcosQQutllreHT Bo-
P.UA4U.U xlpCIKTepu3tleT OTKJIOH?HUn I OTHOCUTenbHbtX ednuttUryx
(n ,ro''rflx or cpex,Hero 3HaqeHIifl), craHrapT xapaKTepH3yeT ornJroFre-
HHf B TeX X(e eAHrIlrUax, qTo H I{oJie6JIIOiqaficfl BeJIHT{HHa (nanpHMep,
{nfi or{eHKH XapaKTepa xo.,te6auufi pacxoAo8_wr3/c, o6teMos cTo_
Ka-KM3 Hr..ry,).
Koe$Q utqLte_HT actt.Miler p uu xaparcrepus!/er creneHb e.cu.;ttilerpu4-
HOCTU pacnpedeneHLte..,{.trq rraAe-]Knoro Bbrqxc,rreHriri xo:QsNqHeHTa
acHvMerpHi{ no cpoplryrie (3.24) Heo6xorHMo pacno.lrafarb BecbMa
.{jIHTeJIblibrM psAOt{ Ha6.irrcAerrufi, qro 11paKTHrreCKH HeB03MOit{HO. [fO-
SroMy oobrqrio rio3Qorir{HeFrr C" trpHHHMaercff i(parHbrM 3HaqeHHro cu,
T. e-
C5:61f,.'.
3HaqeuHe CI rT,JIn pa3,,tr{qr{brx ri{ApoJIofnqecKnx xapaKTep}icruK npHHH-
MaeTCfr pa3Jlr.rqHbrM. nnn cpeAr{efoAoBbrx pacxoAoB, riaK npaBH.rro,
L5:zLt, !ilfl Mar(cHr{aJrbHbrx pacxoAoB Cr: e+q}C".
A,'rq nocrpoel-{Hr 3il{illipirqecxorl KpHBorl o6ecneqenHocra Ka}KAo-
My qner{y pqAa, paHXtHpoBarrr.roMy B-y6brBaroIIIeM ropfiAKe, rpHcBaH-
BaeTcrr o6etneqer-rHocTb, orrpeAeJrff ely{afl no oopMyne
(3.2e)
CTOK
(xp r-
OrsocltreJlbHafl cpeAHer{BaAparHLre clafl ouiH6Ka pacqeTHoro 3Ha-qeHHf HCCJIeAyeMoft rHApoJrorHriecKor'r xapaKTepHCTHKH HopMHpyercfl
ii Ao;iaffia He npeBbiixa rb i0%. ilpll npeBbrueHHH npoAoJrxHTer.rb-
HoCTb nepHOAa rra6,rrcAeiiafi crrHTaeTCfl HeAoCTarOquOli A[rfr FraAeX(-
HoiI ouellKH napaMeTpoB TeopeTnr{ecKori KpHBor-r o6ecneqeHi{ocrH.
B 3Tov cnyqae rpe6yerca npHBJ'reqerrHe Aono,lrrHTeJ'rbrbrx AaHHbrx c
ficno.irb3oBarrHeM peK-aH3;-rofoB A"'rq yl;rlil{et{t.rf pfr.!,a rta6llcLeHuir
flpl'irlellrlorcfl .nBa MeToIa - rpaStiuecxlru't ri al{a.TtrrilqecKHfr c uc-
IIOIb3OBaHHeM TeOpHH r(Oppe.;iff r{HH.
B i'c.loelitx, KorAa rre yAaeTcq no;lo6parb peKy-aHa.iror c AJrHTer..Ib-
f{bl}I -nepHoAoM Ha6lrcAeusr"t HJIH x(e KoppeJrrrr{HoHHarr cBr3b Mex{Ay
pexofr-aHajrororlr H HMeroirlHMCrr pflAou ui6nrcAesnl'r 3a croKoilr rra
paccN{arpHBaeMofr peKe HeBbrcoKafl (r(0,8), HcnoJrb3yror Mero-l.bt
cTaTHCTHqeCKOfO MOAe/rHpoB aHHfl fHApOnorHqecKHX prrAoB.
HeodxolaMocrb raKoro MoAe.{HpoBarrrifl Mo}KeT Bo3rrHKr{yrb reri-
X(e rlpH KacKa;lHOilI per\rr'IlipOBaHHII CTOKa, I(OIAa fieptIOn COB\{eCTIIO-
ro ila6-nrc:euHfl 3a croKo$t B crBopa.x fOC rra peKe oKa3blBaeTcfl [{e-
AOCTaTOqllbiM Axfl HaAeli(Hofo _onpeAeJIeHHfi BO;l,FtOgHepfeTHqeCKr{r
roKa3arereir pa6orur KacKaAa fOC.
. 3.4. t*ETO,qH cTATt{Ctr},{qEct(ofo Mo,4EnHpoBAt_tHfi
B THAPOJIOTHH
I-lpri npo_eKTxpoBalrnH H 3KCrri'rlaraqHH c,Tox(Hr)rx 3HepfeTHriecKHX
X{ BO,{'OXO3fll"iCreeHHI'lX CHCTeM, B COCTalle I(OTOpbtx HMeiOTCf OTACJ'Ib-'usre f3c HfiH KacKaAbr foc c evrKHMH BoAoxpaHrr.{HLi{aMrr, Heo6xo-
AHMO IIPOBCAC}IHC CNCUHaJTIbI-IbIX BoAH03I.IepIeTI{qeCKIiX H BoAoXo3niI.
crBe[rHbrx pacqeToB. 3ru pacqeTbr rracro Ha3brBarcT pacqeTaMH pefy-
JrHpoBaijHrr peqHoro croKa BoAoxpalrriJrHU{aMH I-OC. Ann HX npoBe-
Aerru{fl HCno,'rb3ytoTcti AaI{Hbre o IIocJIe/{o8aTejrbr{ocrri H3Mer{et{Hff cro_
Ka -BO BpeMeHH, XOTOpbre no.rryqaroT Jrs6o n BriAe r{arypLrbrx pfAoB
ilIadrlor.er{t{fl 3a croxoM, .nn6o ncKyccrtser{r-rbrx rHApoJrorr-rqecKr.ix pi:
DJ
n
1 qr.-
U:--:---S'(x.n- L/ )r--'&
i
I
I
I
r
i
I
l
ri
I
i
I
I
{
p : +_ iooo/',
n+l (3.26)
i+
I
I
-L'a
j
..J
I6
\ri-
rre rn - nopriAr(oBbrr"r HoMep qJreFra pfAa, paHx(HpoBaHHOI-O a y6nroa-
IOUIelf noprrAKei n- qHc,Tro ri.,yleHoB pff,qa.
Tax xai{ r,THTe.,'IblJocrb IIeprioAa I.ra6nroAerut}i 3a croKoM orpaFrrr-qeHa, 7f,"ilri oIpe,(ereill-1fi ToqHocrH Bbt60poqrroir oqer{Klr rnspaMeTpoB
.52

--- PAGE BREAK ---

IIO C]'ttlgglst ljptiXOIHTC.fl HCrro"Tb3OBaTb OIHy pe3"1H3ar{Hto C,,ryqar?HO_
fo Ilpoqecca-pfiA Ha6JrioAeFrHft. oliraxo BBr{Ay rofo, r{To cTa-I(HoHapHblll cryqaliHblll ilpouecc ripoTeKaeT Bo BpeMeHH .q,ocTaToqHoOAHOPOAHO, 3TA CAHHCTBCHHAfl PCA,'I}I3AqHfi MO}hCT C.[YXiHTb HCXOA-
HbI.M Y.aTepHa"rIolu 4",1fl noxyrteHHfl neo6xoAllMbix xapaKTepHCrr{i{ c"rrv:
f rc, - e-i) (Q;*. - Qi *,)
i:l
tt -
oioi +=(z -r- l)
t[e n - qHcJIo rireHoB pfrAa; T - fiopflAoK cABHf a, H3Mellflr0nlUlrCA Or
a lo m (r:0, 1, 2,...,m); Qr- pacxoA BoAbtr, BKJlrioqaloulHir 3Haqe-
r{Hfl or Q,:Qr Ao Q,:Qn-ri Qr lr 6t-cpeAHee 3HaqeHHe pacxoAog
qqAbr H-craHAapr Anfl sroli qacrH pflaa ua6.nioAenuft (or I no n--c);
Q+t- pacxoA BoAbt, BKnloqarolqHrt 3HaqellHr oT Q;+r Ao Qn', Qi*, u
6;+t--lCpeAIIee 3HaqeHHe paCXoAoB BOAbI H cTaHLapT AJtfr,3TOfi qaCTli
pfrEa Ha6nrcAeuurl (or t{t po n).
B saeHcHM.ocrH or BbrqHcJrerrribIX no pflAy Ha6JrroAeHHfi 3a croKoM
peKH I{o3cF+HuHeHToB Koppe,IIrqHr{ B aBroxoppe"rlfirrr-roH}rbrx QyHxull-
RX C yqeTOM TOqHOCTH Or{eHKH STHX KO3QolirIEeHrOB rr0 KOpOTKHM
BbISopKaI{ B rHApoJIorr.{H npr.tMellfiror pagJrHqHbre MaTeMarHrrecKxe Mo-
AenH peqHofo cToKa.
54
Cnelyer 3aMert.irb, r{To docrarott
CJIe)KHBaercfl TeHAeHI{Hfl K O6pa3oBaHHI.O
rpyrlrrHpoBoK fleT c ttoBbIlrlesHoit HIIH
noHHx(eHHor:r BoAHocrbio. OAHaxo B qe-
peAoBaHHH 3rHX f pynnl{poBoK rpyAHo 0
ynoBHTb orI{eT,rIHBO BbIpaX{eHHyIO IIe-
pHoAHqecKyro 3aKoHoMepHocrb, a feHe-
THqecKHe fIpHtIHHbI OOpa3OBaHllfl HX He
ilP€ACTANIflIOTCfi AOCTATOqHO,flCHL{}I,Ii.
floarouy B npaKrHKe BoAoxo3qficreeH-
Hbrx H BOAHO3HepfeTHr{ecKHX pacqeToB
B CCCP noryr{ru'Io irl6poKoe pacnpo-
crpaHeHHe rrpeAcraBJreHHe MHoToJIeTHHX
xone6annfi croKa peK KaK cnyqafiHoro
npoqeCca, OIIHCL{BaeMOfO MaTelt{aTHqecKH U e
l/( ^ - --
n fi IvI Fi ivi a D'K O Ba.
B npocrerirueii Qopve MapKoBcxnx qeneir, Hau6oree qacro Hcno;tbsyeMblx B Ha-
-cTogtqee Bpet'(fl B Bon,o-\oggftcreerrrrbrx pacqeTax, yt{HTblBaeTCff KOppe.rlfiqHoHHaff
cBf3b ToJrbKo Me:+(.Iy HenocpeacTBeHHo cliexHbll{lr t{.rIeFIa}{H THLpOXOFIIqeCKOTO pf,l.a.
3ra cessu HMeer ,nocraroqHo qcnhrli $u:n,lecrlrii ct'tuc.r. Otia xapaxrepH3)'er <HHep-
rlr{rc> u roae6asHfl.\ croKa peK, ffsxrtouytocq cneAcrBHelvt 3aBHcItMocrt{ roAoBofo
,croKa or HaJrHrrHfl sa BoAoc6ope peKi{ 3anacoB BoAbr, o6pasyroursx 6oaee HnH MeHee
3r{asHrerbHHe ocrarKs, nepexoAqulr{e H3 foAa B roA. Apyroir eaxgoil npntttttoti'
{oppennpoBaHHocrrr croKa Bo BpeMeHH Mo}Ker 6urr B;IHflHl{e Ha Hero HcrtapeHns
c noBepxuocrx BoAoc6opuoro 6accefisa.
KoppernunoHHafl Qyrxurrn npocroro MapKoBcKoro npol{ecca npeAcrasneua Ha
.plrc. 3.14. Anq Bb{qr.rciensn xosQQHqreurots aBroKopperlfiqrrll n npocrofi uaprcoecxofi
:qellfi Hc[Onb3yercfi BHpax(eHne
, < 
- t l, (3.3t)
TAe r1 - xoa$Snqtrenr KoppensUHir r{ei+..q,)' HenocpeAcrBeI{Ho c}te)KI{tdMt tIJIeHaMii
frlApoJrorHqecKoro pflAa.
Car'rofi npocrofi MoAenblo KoJ'redaHriir roAoaoro croxa B pacqerax ero MHoroiler-
rnero perynlrpoeaHHff B BoAoxpaHHnHulex rBJlflercs N{oAenb, n xoropoft orcyrcrtsyer
cBfl3b Mex(Ay croKaMrr cMelKubrx .'ier. 3ra npocrefiurafl MoAenb B TeqeHHe pnAa ner
.rrrHpoKo r{cnorb3oBaJracb B soAoxosgficreeHHoR ilpaKTttKe- 3areu ona ycrynHr't& Mecro
:MoAeJrrr npocrort uenn llapKoBa co cpeAHElrr xoeQQuutteHToM Koppe-
JrRq,HH MelKAy croKaMH cMex(Hbrx ner peK CCCP, paBHHrr{ 11:0,3. flpn noslrtox-
IrocTH nonyqlrTb no pflAy ua6rrioAeuari AocraroqHo ToqHyro ouenii5r HHA:{BHAyairbHo-
ro xoaQQl{UHeHTa KoppenffUrnr Mex(A}' croKa}{H cMex(Hbix Jter ero HcnoJlb3ylor B Mo-
J,enH npocrofr uenn Maproaa npH npoBeaernrr{ eoAoxossficrBeHlntx pacqeroB. B ue-
+(oropbrx oco6o cJroxrrbrx cnyr{aflx Anrr lutoAen}IpoBaHIifl HcrIoilb3ytor Mttoro3BerFrbre
ilapKoBcKlre uent{, B ociloBe KoTopt{x r'le)KaT aBToKoppeJlfll{]tollHHe rpyttxllHlt I'H.|{po-
JIOTHqecKUX prrAOB.
'55
0r2
-n 2U,L
-n4-t'
Puc. 3.14. AeroKoppenffur/.or{Haq
Qynxuun rn.IponofnqecKoco pfl-
Aa p. Hapuna (r. Vu-Kyprau):
1-eunlrpnvecKue AaHHble; 2-npo-
crac qeub Mapxoea
(3.30)
i
I
I
I
.1
I
l
I
i
I
,1
I

--- PAGE BREAK ---

B lrexoropbrx oqeirb c,r-rolKLrbrx cryr-rar{x AJrfl yrrpoil{eH Hfl B rHApo_
"rtofH]r HCrro.,rb3]reTcrr rrpHeM rpartcQopl\{auHr.i rr.r.a,po.torHqecKHX Be.rrH-riFilr ii riopMaJ'ibHoMy pacilpeAereHHro BepoflTHOCTel'r. vxagagnlre
rpattccilopMalrliH crallonrrcff oco6esHo sQfexruBHbrMri npH rrepexoreOT |OAOBOfO ruAfA IHCKPCTH3AII}IH K NICCAI{HOMY HJIH ACKAAFIO}1Y, ATaKlrie npH paccI,rOTpe'HHH B BOnrro3HepfeTHqecKHx pacqeTax orHo_BpeMer{Ho rjecKoirbrir.rx rrpHToKoB tlJ']H DeK.
ocuoattoti '{e.rato Hino'rlsoBaFIHs HCK\.,ccrBeFrHbrx r'rrlo.rrorliqe-
CHII'\ ptiloB, cMofe"lllpoBal-lHbir Ilo MeTo.try* iVloHre-Kap.[o, qBrfleTCff
Bce-c'io-ponrtnt? 3H&.,-IH3 6yAyureii pa6oru BoAoxosffrlcrnesHoil cr{creMbr
c f3C rr BoAoxpaHHirH[IaMH MHororerHero pery.rrHpoBaHnq peqHoro
croKa. CratncrHqecxafl u\,rHrai{ns pa6orlr cgcreMbI rro3BoJrfleT rrarl_Tlr oITHMaJrbHbre pe]KnMbI ee 3KCn.{yaTajlHH B yc.toBHflx pa:,nHvuofi
BOII{OC,TII neK R TnM trlrnnA u av^Tnorrn n' ,,^'-'_ ____ r A Jr\uryLryrrr.jrDnwrt, a, ldl\.ailu uqeHHTb TOr{_
Fiocrb npoBeneHHfl Boloxosrt?creeHHbtx pacqeToB ri rorrHocrb oflpefe-JietMr napaMeTpots caiuoft cHCTeMbI. f{ail6o"rbruee 3FIaqerJi{e MoreJu-poBaHHe peqtlofo croKa Hl\{eeT npr-r Mr-rofoireTFre}{ efo pefyJrHpoBa}Il]H
H B_pac'reTa.\ rraqa"Tbilofo HanoJ[reilHf BOJ,OXpaIrIi_]r.ru{.
flpirveHeHHe Mero-{a Morrre-l(ap;.ro [",'rfl npoBereHHfl BoAoxo3Rl-r-
crBeHtlbix Ii BoAHO3HepfeTHqecKHX pacqeToB npaKTHqecKr{ HeBO3}IO)+(-Ho 6es HCnoJIb3oBa HHfl .coBpeMeHHbrx 3BI{. [.,'rfl r,rolen(poBarrHr Jrio-6oro 3eAaHHoro c.lyvafiHofo npoqecca c noMourbro MeroAa lloure-
Kap,'ro. rra 3BM Heo6xonirvo BocnpoH3BoAHTb [oc"]eAoBare,,rbHocrH
cnyuafrubrx qHCeJ-r, coorBeTCTByrotr{HX HeKoTopbI,M 3"LaHHb{M 3aKo}iaMp a cnp eAen eH Hfl B ep ofl r'uo crel",r.
O6uqtro AJtn rofo, .Iro6tt noryrirrrb 3HaqeHHe cnyvarliiofi Be.rlH-qHtlbI c 3aAallllblr{ 3aKoilo_M pacnpeAe"r]erir.rff, HcnoJ'Ib3ylor paBHOMep-
Ho pacflpeAener-tr.rbre cnyqarinue qricra.
MareuaTHqecKoe ojfi rrAarrHe H cpeAireKBarp argqecKoe orKj-IoHelrHepaBFror{epHo pacilpeAe.r-reHHbrx B HHTepBaJre 0- I cayuailHnrx qHcefi
COOTBCTCTBCIIHO DABTIbI
= 0, 2886,3. (3.32)
il,ns BCex cepHfrrii,rx oreqecrBerirrbrx oBM pa3pa6oraHlr npo-
Fpal\{MI{bre AaTqHKrr fiOnlrqggno paBHotvlepribrx cnyqafiHux rJuce.,'I, Ko-
TOpbre npourJrir Heo6xoAriMyro craTHcrHrrecKyro npoBepKy H M0ryr
6rtrl HCnoJib3oBsIIbi B ripoeKTr-rbrx npopa-6orxax H Hcc.rreAoBarrHffx
6es Aonojilr HTe.rrbHbix Hcnblrannfi .
56
E,ng MoAeilHpoBaFIIIfl c"TVqafigntx rrHCe,rI H npoqeccoe c .ryrcdi:rNr 3n-
AalillbIM 3aKollo!1 pacI.IpeIe"IIerrrir] BeporrrHocreir lvtoir(eT 6srrs r.icIIo;Tb-
ublM 3aKoFIor/f pactipe1e.'rerran f(r) cBoAHTCrr K peu]eirfrro orrroctrreJb-
HO Xt ),'paBI-rettHfl
| (x)d.i : Ei. (3 33)
I{eo6xo:lrrto or},I€TI'rrb, ttro e 6o.'tbLtJHncrBe cJVrtaets \rpaBIieHHe
(3 33) Toriuo Iie peIIiaeTCri orFlocr-rre,:rbrro x; (e rolr LrricJe H npH rrop-
MaJ'IbHolt pacilpeIe.:IeltHJ.i) . flo:roLr5r o6st.iito HCnonb3yroT npil6lH-
)KeHHbte npHellbt,yxa3aiiHoro npeo6pa3oBaFiHfl c/rvqafiusrx r{HCeiT-
B qacri{ocrr{, rl.,Ifl uopMS.r'IbuoFo pacnpere"rreHHf c MareMaTHqe-
cKHM O}KH-laHHeivr A H Cpe{HeKBaApaTHrieCKHM OTKr'IOTJeHHeM O
(.v-a;:
./ I 2::
llYl- -o
l \" / - ,tf ;- "
I z-J
C.ryr'qairittrre rrHC.rtfl rr no.1\.rraior B Bir:Ie c)'M!I noc,{e.loBare.iibHbtx
cJTyqalitir,rx r{r{ce,:r i;, HMerouri.\ paBrro}1epiloe pacflpere.:reriHe B Hri-
repBa,re 0-1:
.ri:ir*_E:* ...+€". (3.35)
Cyrarra (3.35) HMeer pacnpeAeJreFrHe, 6rHsxoe K HopsraJrbrrorvry,
y*(e npH cpaBHrireirbrro rre6o.ryuruHx sFraqeriHffx n (r-5. B) ,il,nng ng que Hu fl. aC uilnT OT It qe c Ko rt xo p.ttanbHocT It c,,t g vn1i 1151 r qu Ce.t ttacT o
ucnonb3gnT cne\ualtbrtue npeo6pasoaaxun- Orrru no:po6rro o11HCaHbr
B MATC}f ATHI{ECKOII,{IITCDATVDC.
,[;r q "'Iora p uQlurq ecxs-riop ],r a"Tbrroro p a cttp eaeJi eH Hrr
qi{ce.T c MaTeMarrrqecKr.rM ox(H.raHHet\{ M u l,ttcnepcneri D
ilapa Merpbr
a:ln( MfirT)-JWy
o :1f lr4t j- Dffi:
HopManbIIo pacflpeldeJIeuHyto cryqairuyro BeJrliqr{riy n c r'lareMarH-
qeCKHM OXtHIaFIHeM (t H C AHCIIepCHeil'o2;
JlorapnSiunuecxlt-ltopMaabHyro c.nyvairHylo BefiHLrHrry c 3aAar-rrrbr-
MH napaMeTpaMH c noNtorrlbro Bbrpaxerrr{ri
rl- e*. (3.38)
,(.rrn apy'nr.\ pacnpe,it.cl;rctrttir cnoco6u nprr6,rrrx<errHoro npeo6pa:ooarurq c..rr.qari-
IIbrx t{rrcer'l rra 3Bl'1 }urbrc. I-lalr6o,rrulero pacnpocrpanerrr{11 [roJryr111,111 c,Te,lyrcut{e:
petlleut{e vpaBlfert}rfl (3.33) nocpeAcruol{ annpoKcrr${a(Hu nor,b{r{rcrpa,ruuori
ft
I
tl
Fr:tt
VI
I
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ii
ii
l;
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ii
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ii
ri
F
iil
ii
I!
I.i!tr
i;ffr
li
J
i
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i
j
I
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4'
J
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(3.34)
c,'iyqa littstx
B bII{I,ICii f I{CT:
(3.36)
(3.3i)
JI

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Syuxr{tta iloi'rflHor{a}ftr air+ Apyruiltlr Syut<qnqrralt, o6ecne{HBarclluMu ,vAoOcrBo npe-
o6pasonaHlia c,ryualiHLix qlice.il;
c,'ryral'riran euSopira ti3 Ta6J-rHtL, COAepiKaIqHx sa6"IarospeMeHHo paccr{HTaHHble
peueHnq ypaBHeHHfl (3.33) - ral{ Ha3bteaeMoe <[epeMeixHBaHIie ra6ltrq>>;
qucJ'reHHoe peilJeHne ypaBHennfi (3.33) B npoqecce [peo6pa3cBaHHfi cayuaftuux
riHCe r'1.
Han6o,'ree qacro r{cnoJrFr3yercfl B rliApoJlornri ntopoft cnoco6. 3rouy cnoco6cr-
BOBa,lo HaulllrlH€ tuHpolio pacnpocTpaHeiirrbrx B rH;lpO"4OfHll l,I i'llAp03HCpreTHlie Ta6-
;'tH( OPAlrriar KpHBblx o6ecneqeusocrn (S 3.3).
Eceli roACBor-"{ croK per(H crrHTarb He3aBHcH}{btu co6birneiv{, To
!iC[O.,'tb3OBarr]te yKa3aHilblx TaOiiHU AJ-ifl NlOIe"{HpOBaHHfl, HcKyCCTBe}i-
iloro CroKoBoro psAa qpe3BblqaIlHo npoCTo. Anq eroro, ttpHpaBrIHBatI
rroc"i]eAoBareJrbrio Kax{Ioe c,TyqaflHoe paBt{oMepHo pacnpeAe.,leHHoe
rir{cJro Ei x o6ecneqerrit,ocrir pi, npH 3aiIai'lFioi? FIop-\1e croKa 0, Ko30-
Quuuerrax BapHar{HH Cu H acHMMeTpHH Cs fio coorBercrBytoti{eii ra6-
JIHUe, MOX(HO IIOIyr{HTb rrocireAoBaTeJIbHocTb pacxoAoB c tloMoulbio
c,.IeAyiOU{efO Bhlp aX(eHHfl :
(3.42)
llpg HctroJrb3oBaHHH 6o,,iee cJro;{it{b{x 3aKoFroB pacilpeAeireHHl nepotrtiocreri
(asyx- H rpexflapaMerpaqecKoe naNrMa-pacrperej,.reuHe H np.) Bbrpair(eHnu AJrr cra-
THCTHqecKorO MOAenHpoBaHHH rllApOJ'lorIlqeCKlIX pflAoB C)rU{ecTtseHHO ycno){iHfftoTct{.
Eure 6o.nee cxolK*lbr" { crarroBflTcrr MefoAbi MoAeJrHpoBaHHr{ rr-iAponor-HqecKr(x prrAo'
B FIecKo"'IbKHx crBopax oAHoBpelleHIIo. B arorr cfiliqae npri)ioAptrcrr vqHTblBarb riar(
KoppeilfillHoriHble cBfi3H l{e)KAy npHToKaNrH, TaK H aBTOr(Oppe,rtflrlflIo KaX{AOfO pflAa
B OTAenbHocTH.
B ocuoee noJTyr{ert}ir{ Ha 3BAt KoppeJrr.{poBaHHbrs npoueccoB c pa3,1r{qr{b{MI.i 3a-
KoHa\{H pacr]peAeJel]lIt{ ecporrtroc'refi o6rrqrro J'rexiar l{oppeJrr{poBaFrHHe nporteccbr
c HopMa,rbribrM pacnpeAe.r{eHr{etr.3ro o6tqcirqercfl Telvr, rrTo nprr lro6ux J.iHriciiHb{x
npeoSpa3oBarru{fl.\ He3aBrict{.r{bt\ uop}rt.irbrio pacnpeAeJetrrrbtx qlrce,'t ceorlcreo rrop_
Ma-lL,llocrli pacirpeAe.iettltti col{pattfiercr. Tpe.tuiaronat c.\:a}ra yofcJ.trrpotsaHr.{fl cil-v--qafiuutx KoppentpoBanHbix flporleccoB c or,,ilrjHrt[r or HopHd;tbHoro pacnpeAeJreHgeM
cocTot{T u3 CreAyIoI{HX STarioB:
BhlflBi'leliHe 3aBHcHMocrH MexAV xosricpuulreHTalnt KoppenfluHH HopN{anbuoit no-
cJIeAoBareJrbgocru (n o6rqclr c.{yqae BeKrop-npouecca) H nocne.ioBarenbrrocrx (eerc_
Top-npoqecca) c 3aAaiiHbrM pacnpeAe.'reHrrerr:
no.{vceHHe rrop.vsr'lbHo pacnpeAe;e;rsori RocneAoBaTer'Ib}rocrrr (eexrop-npoqecca)
c 3ararrHoir xoppe:nqneir; uerorbr, arroprrrN{L-{ r{ nporpa MMbr rra OBit l,rs nonyqc-
HI{fi TaKIlx nOc-'leAoBarenluocreit c flortoutbto npeo6pa:oBaHnfl }ie3aB}tcnM bt.\ Hop-
IIaJIbtlo pSCIIpC;I,er-IOlllllJX noc-;leLoBaTe-rr,uocretj B HrrTepBa/'le 0-l XopOlJo pa3-
p a6oia uu;
n peo6pasoB a Fi ite Fiop pe,r Hpos a rr Hoir uop M anbHol-r fiocxero B ?re.r-rbr.trocru ( aexrop _
npoqecca) B nocJteAoBareJrbr{ocrb c 3aAaHHbtM pacnpeAereHneM.
.[,at ynoul]ttaBu]l-\cfl BbIuIe .noi-apuQrilrqecKn-HopMaJIbHoro, rtsyx- I Tpexnapa-
MeTpHr{ecKoro raMI[a-pacnpeAeneHHfl cocTaBr'l€HbI I]porpa${Mbt, peang3yrg[llge nprrBe-
AeHH)'ro rpexuaroByro cxeN{!' crarHcrHqecKoro uo4elrrpoeaHrifl rHApororuqecKt{,\ pq_
AoB- Ogs ucnoabs)'Iorcs B npoeKTHolt npexrHKe npr{ ttpoeKTtrpoBaHHH pex(HMoB rr
napaMeTpoB 3HepFerHqecriHX CHCTell, KacKaAoB ri orAenbHu.\ rH/lpo3.nexrpocrauqlrfi.
3.5. THAPOnOTHqECKHE riPOrHO3bl
il,nn iraH6oree rrori{oro HCno.lb3oBafiHn BoAHbrx pecypcoB H pa-
uHoHaJ'rbHofo nJraHHpoBaHHfl pexiHN{a pa6orbr BoAoxpaHHnHU{ B BOAO_
xo3flricT8eHHbrx cHcTeMax H fHApOEneKTpOCTaHriHi? s errepreTHqecKrix
cHCTeMaX Heo6XoAHMo sHaHHe _6yAy[iero peX{HMa per(H ecJrH }ie Ha
Becb nepHoA 3KCnnyarar{HH fOC, ro Xorrr 6u Ha Hexoropurl orpesor
BpeMeHH BnepeA. 3ua.{euge ,npeABHAeHHfl pe;{r.tMa peqHOrO CTOKa
HO tr{epbr npOTHB yfpoxarcuIHX HaBO4rreirHr? H I. n. Tax, Ba)Krroe
3tlaqeLIHe HMeeT nporl'io3 o6r'eua noJIoBoAbfl, 3traq KoToDbIfi MolKHonplllltirb Mepbl AJIfl Tofo, qro6bI It36eiKarb qpe3rvrepr{bri xoJrocrbrx
VcnosHr,rii KooQQ HqHeFrr
nYcn
BaprlauHH onp eAeJrfieTCff
"trrt_t
Q + rr(Q;-r - Al '
H3 ypaBHeHHfl
Q; : QKo,([i : P;i Cu; C,), (3.3ei
(3.41)
qJICIIA.
rAc Kp, -opAHFrara ripHBofi o6ecneqeliHocrn, KoTopas'oitpeAedlteT-
cff rIo T?6"'IHLI€ opAtIFIar B saBHcHMocrli or cJyqailHofo paBHoMepHo
pacnpeAeJreHHoro riticla [; H Ko3QQHU]leFIra Bap Ha\HH Qui
Ecnu rs6r'rHtrbl 3HarleHHr"i KpHBofi o6ecneqet'tHocrH A.rIr pa3Hblx co'
oTHoiueHHli Cs} C, npiiBoArrcrr B BlrAe orI(iIoHeiiHi[ opAHHar KpHBoli
or cepeAIiHbI, ro pacqeTHoe Bblpax{eHHe Anfl MoAeJjHpOBaHHfl CTOXa
nprroSperaer BrrA
Q,: 0*oS, tEi: pii C') , (3.40)
rAe o- QC.,,- craHAapr; @i-orKiioHeHHe opAI{Harbl Kp[IBofI oT ce-
peAHHbr, rioTopoe 3aBHCHT or cs H Pi.- 
CrregyeT 3aMeTHTb, r{To, HcnoJlb3yf oAHy cTpoKy Ta6nHllbt oTKJlo-
Heiitlit AJIn C5:Q, Mox(Ho no ,vpaBHeHHIo (3.40) npoH3BoAI'lrb MoAe-
nHpoBaHHe Be,'IHqHH, nOAqIIHflIOIllHXCfl Hopiv{ airbHoMy 3aKoHy pacnp e-
AereHltfi Bepofl'THocreli. Ecnn BMecro pacxoAoB Hcrtoilb3oBarb Itx
itorap HSrvIbt, To Moll{Ho }IoAeJ:tHpoBarb pflAbI c JlorapH+MHr{ecKIl-Hop-
MarbHrir{ 3aKo}roM p acnpele,TeHHtl BepotlrFlocrert.
. A,rg MoAe.,'IltpoBaFIHn rpOCTbIx l{eneil MupKoBa B AByX IIoC.,'I€j(}lHX
cryqaffx C noMou{bto cnyuafiHot"r Bbl6opKH H3 ra6"ryfiU opAHHar np}I-
MeHfltOT y,paBiteHne JI H.Hefi UOli H o,P lv{ a JI b H OIl p er,p e c C I'i H-
IIpu erolf AonycKaeTcfl, ttTo ycroBllble QyHxUan HMeIor pacilpege.le-
HHe TO|O Xie BrIAa, rITO H 6e3yCnOBHble.
VpaerteHue AJIfl MoAenHpoBaHHff HrleeT BI{A
r, (Qi-, -QltKp. (ti : Pii C,, ).
3.t,ecr, rr -KosqlQHqHeHT KoppenttqHH l,'{ex(Ay cMex{rlblMH
MH pffAai Qr-r-pacxoA BoAbI B peKe 3a npeAblAyli{Hfi roA.
(a
oo
Qt -tnI- lt\t I
59

--- PAGE BREAK ---

l
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itl
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c6pocon n MHoroBoAHbre rogbl H H36elKaTb pHCKa HeHanoJlHeHHfi Bo-
AOXp a FrplJrlrru{ B MaJioBoAFi ble.
B CCCP ruApoJrornqecKue nporHo3br paspa6arltearcrcr oprariu-
3arrHffMH focyLapcrBer{Floro KoM HreTa CCCP Iro rHApoMereopo,r-IorHH
H cocpeAoroqeHbr B ocHoBrroM B cnel{HaJIbHoM fa4polrereopo"Ilornqe-
cKoM l{eHrpe.
Ars pagJrHr{Frbrx orpacneir HapoA}toro xogqficrea - 3HepreTuKH,
BOAHO|O TpaHC[Opra, OpOlxeHHfl ITpeACTaBJIfer HHTepeC I]pO|HO3 pa3-
JIHqrlbrx sJ.'reltetrroB i'HApo.lorrqecr(oro peir{HMa: xoA xoae6aHlifi ypon-
nefi BoAbr, pelhHM H o6r,eu croKa 3a pa3Hbre HlirepBaJ-IbI BpeMeHH
froA, KBapTa.r, lrecflq, AeKai,y, cyrKH),1'c.loeHfl H cpoKH BcKpbITHiI Lr
3aMep3aHrrfl pex, o6teltbt crora 3a xapaKTepHbre AJ'Ifl 3KCn;1]trt{pyrc-
u{HX opraHH3arir'rui orpe3KH BpetvleuH, o6tev no",ioeoAHt?, o6teu croxa
3a BereraiIHoHFIsrfi nepuoA H T. A.
fngporrorHqecKHe nporrr03bt n1'6;rriKVrorcfl B cneuriailbr{btx 6rol-
"iICTCHfX, KOTOPbJC HATJP?8.,'IfTOTCfl BO BCC 3AHI{TCPCCOBAFIHbIC B I-IHX
op [a r-rH3arlriH.
B npaKTHKe [poeKTHpoBaHHfl o6uqno 6unarcr rocraroqHbnvrH H
HMeroulHecfl f Hlpo.i1of riqecKHe Ha6"trrcAeHHq 3a 3.-IeMerlTallI{ peil{HM a
croKa. I_lp, npoeKTHpoBalrHII rHrpo,lorHqecKIie nporHo3bt Hrpaior,
KaK lrpatsHil0, tsclroMul al'eJlbHyru PUJlb.
O6ocrroeaHHe i\{rrorrrx napaMerpoB rlltrporexuHqecKHX coopy2lig-
rrurt H rrrApo3.reKrpocrauqrrui Ma"To 3aBr.rulr or olpaBAbtBaertocrri
rH.l.poJIorliqecKli-\ nporrro3oB. A,rs raKofo o6ocHoeatrttt{ o6otqrio 6u-
BaeT AocTaToqHo rH;lpororlrqecxoilr HHQopMaunu, IIaKoilJ-ieuFIor'r llpH
npoBeAeHHH cHcreMarHqecKHx Ha6;rlolerrHir sa per{HbiM croKo}I. llpax-
THr{eCI{H He npHMeHliIIbl THApOJIOTHqeCKHe npOfH03bI H npH npOBeAe-
HHH H o6ocuoeaHHH Mi.rororeTHero pery"{}rpoBaHHr peqHoro croKa Bo-
ioxp aHHJIHTT{aM r.r.
B o6uler'r cJl.trq2e npH HCno"'Ib3oBaitHH rnilpoitorHLIecKHX nporHo-
3OB B rn,[posHepfeTrrKe H pefyrHpoBaHHrr peqHofo croKa BoAoxpaFIH-
JITIUIaMH cJle.r,yeT HMerb B BHAy, riro ecJIH sa6raroBpeMeHHocrb npo-
rHo3oB cyqecrBelrHo MeHbule r.(HKJIa pery/rHpoBat.IHn (S 4.3), ro
fHAponofHriecKHe npofHo3br npH excn;ryaraqHrl f3c Mofyr Hfparb
JrHlrb BcnoMofaTenbFryio poJb.
flps cyurecrBylourefi sa6naroepeMeFiHocrH rnApoJTorriqecxHe npo-
rlro3bl HI,relor 6ortruoe 3HaqeHHe H 6sieanr oqelrb erpQexrlrBl-IbrlvrH
npH peuer{Hn saAaq F(parKocposHoro (cyrouHoro, cesoHHoro) pery-
Jrr.ipoBaHHfl peqHoro croKa. Eng 3Toro nporHo3br AoJIlKHbr o6rraAaru
onp eAeJr e tr Hor'r ea 6,'r a rosp eM eil Hocrbto I{ np He rvlJ-reu ofi roq lr ocrb}o.
B lracroqildee BpeMfl npofHo3br rnApoJroru'qecKrrx ssrenntlt 6rn-
xairuero 6y.ayurero onHparorcfl, KaK npaBHJto, Ha sMntrpHqecKHe 3a-
BHclrMocru cBfl3n 3Tux qereHufi c HeKoTopbtMH xapaKTepHcrHKaMB
npeArxecrnyrculefi rHrApoMereopoJroruqecxor? o6craHoeKH. 3a6laro-
BpeMeHtrocrb rr'rApoJrofHqecKHX ilporHo3oB npH ycJroBtiH coxpalrelrHrr
npHerrllelwofi HX TorrrJocrH Bbrpax<aeTcR o6lrqilo B AHqx, HeAeJIrrx H,
p€Axo, B r,recffr{ax. Ars roro qto6u noAroroBr{rb BoAoxpa}tHJIHu{e
fOC K lrpHurrHro o]r(rriAaroulHxcfl rrs6urxon BoAbt HJrH, Hao6opor,
npr-ilrrrrb Mepbr K HacrynJreilHro MairoBoAHoro nepHoAa, neo6xoArtMo
60
epeHta. r{elt BpeMeHH 6onlrue, r. e. qe}r salnaroBpeMer{Hee nporHog,.
Tel,r rroJTrree Mox{er 6lrrt ilpoBeAena norroToBKa.
B Hacroqu{ee BpeMq n CCCP exeroAFro BbrrrycKaercfl cBbrrrre 1i ru-
cqq AoflrocpoqHbIX H cBblure 100 Tbrcrr{ KparKocporiFrrrrx rHApoJrorHqe-
cr(HX nporHo3oB r.r fipeAynpex(Aenurl. flpaKrHqecKH BCe [pofHo3buiB_
,1 fl torcg cileqlia'1 Li'3Hp oB a riHbIMH ArIr orAeJI bubrx orp a c,r er? Ha poAH oro
xossfi crea. fl,".rn fHApoagepreTgKlr Ha lr6onl[iee 3Harrer.r He HM eroT lo,r-
rocpoi{HbIe nporHo3bl HJIH cBe;1eFrHfl o6 ox<unaeuoir Bo!,HocrH Der( B
npeACTosueM Ce30He, KBapra.[e H Mecflrre, o6 0]KHAaeMbix cpoxa"
notlBIeHHn nb[a H ./IeIOCTaBa, CpOKaX BCKpbtTldjfl per{ B r-IaqaJe ,no,To-
BoAlrti ll r. A. Maxcuraa.Ilbnal za6naroBpeNlet-ttIOCTb f IrIpoJ'Iof ltqecKHX
rrpofr'ro3oB,{.rrfl friAp03itepfeTHKti He npeBbr[raer 3-5 Mec, a nair6o-
.lee ToqHbtMH n3 ,loitfocpoqFlbtx fln"'Igtorcq nporHo3bI Ha l ltec
Enep eI.
!.nn rraHso"ree r\p),nrrbrx Bo.]oNparrli.-uuq crpaHbr o6ecneqerrLrocrb
ot-uH6xlr liBZprs.ilbHbrx r{ Mecrqrrbrx nporrro3oB, panuol'r -+200f0, co-
crzB,rfier Arf pa3Hbrx peK or 75 lo 9070. 3ro o3Haqaer, qro B oA-
HoM c"t-Il{a! H3 qeTblpeX-AecflTH ori-ia6ra nporHo3a MoxieT'npeBoc-
XoJ,Hri> 20 fle nporHo3HpyeMoro 3HaqeHHfl.
B ocHose yKa3aHlibtx ruApo.IlorHqecKr.rx npofHo3oB "[ex(aT pa3"{Hq-
rlble, CooTBeTcTByIouIHe !C.r1oBHflII CTOKOo6pasOnauHg MeTOAbr npOrr{o-
3a. llp" HX ilpIIveHeHHH Hcno.Irb3vroT caMbre pa3r,rbre HCXoxr{bre jlaH-
Hbre: cHefo3anacbr B 6accel'rne peKH, ypoBlrH fpyHToBbix Bor r{ T. n.
Kpya HCnoJ'Ib3veMbtx !rcxoAFIbix .qaHHbIX H caIrH rvleToAbr nporlr03a
rl{.lpoiTorHqecKHX .flBrTeultti rocroflnro coBepLrJeHCTByIorcfl. Oco6oe
BHHlvlaHHe yAe.{geTCfl }Be.,'IHr{eiuii.o ToqHocrLr fHAporofHqecKr{x npo-
fHo3oB, KOrOpbr€ pen!;]flpHo BbrXaiorcfl fuApouerqeHrpoM CCCP
Bo uHorr{x opraHH3auuqx crpaHbr B€Ayrcq HrrrelrcgBHbre notlcxn
H II ayqHble HccneloB a r{ Hr yBeJr r.jqeH Hrr 3 a 6"rr a ronp eMeH HocrH r H.Apojro_
fHqecKHX npofHo3oB. oco6oe BHtrMaFiHe yAe/rfieTcfl cBepxAorfocpoq-
HbrM npofrro3aM croKa peK c sa6nafoBpeMeHHOCTbrc B OAHH rOl. hrfficBepxAoJlrocporiHblx nporHo3oB o6uqno Hcfioirb3yror xH0opMar.IHro o
Hacrorruera Ir nporrlJroM cToKe laHiroli per{H.
A"-'rs oqeHKrr rorrriocrH TaKH;r cBepxAo,,Trocporrr{br.x fHxpororHrle-
CKHX npofrrosoB Hcnoirb3yroT CreAyrouee Bbrpa)ieHHe:
(3.43)
rAe G- 6esycloeHsttl crat.tAapr nporfro3lrpyeMoro 3Fraqer{Hfl sa geKo-
roputti nepHo.l npoBepKH KaLIecrBa rrporrlo3a, 3a Koropurfi 6mrr BbrqHc-
Jreri H cpegruHrl craHAapT orulr6xu nporrrosa o'. t{elr 6olsure s}raqe-
HHe p, TeM ryque Ilporri03.
P,n n u.rt tlocrp a IrH H Bo3M olr( FI brx M eTo,lo B cBe p xAoJ'Iroc p oq lrbrx np o-
rHo3oB ncpeqHcrHM cat\{bre npocrbre it3 }ir'rx, pa3pa6oraHtrbte AJIff c.,'ry-qalirrr,rx npoueccoB c lropMa.,,'tbltbrM pacnpeAefleHHelr seponrnocrel'r.
i-lportros no ttocJIeAIteMy 3uarrerrrrrc ocuouarr tta e.rrevert-
TapFIo)t rnpHlrr{Hne <3aBT,pa raK x{e, KaK cero.trTri>, OqenHAnafi npo-
croTa raKoro nporu03a on.rarrr.rBaeTCn ero orrerrb tulsxoii Toqlrocrbro
6t

--- PAGE BREAK ---

(nucnepcun ouln6xu nporHo3a npil6nuxaercfl K yABoeHHofi 4ncnep-
cHH CaMOTO npoqecca).
f|porHOs no M aTeNI aTHr{ecKOMy oiKI{A a ri H,IO COCToHT
B roM, r{'r.o B .rrro6ofi MoMerrr BpeMer{H nporFlo3gpyercq cpeAHee 3Ha-
qeHrre tipoqecca. B arOrv C.r1]{?e IHcflepCHf olUH6xu paB,LIa AHCilepCHH
npoqecca, T. €. BABoe Merrbute oruH6KH rIporH03a no nocJteAI{eMy 3Ha-
qCHHIO.
llpornos Ha ocIIoBe KoppeJIruHoHHol? QyUKI{HH 6a-
3HpyeTCf Ha 3HattHH HeKoTopoii npeAblcTopHH npoqecca, efo CpeAllero
3FraqeHHff H I(oppeJIflqHoHHotl QynxUura. 'fipnr HCTIoJIbsoBaFIHH AByx 14
6o.ryee roqeK ilpeAbtCropHH 3ror IlporH03 cTaHoBHrCfl 6onee aQQex-
TI{BHbiM, r{elvr ynoMflHyTbIe BbiuIe. oAriaxo AJIfl 6onlurttucTBa peK
crpaHbr 3TH, KaK n MFrOf He ApyfHe cBepxAoJlfocpor{Hble npofHo3bi
cTbr'o Aax{e Ha oAHH foA BilepeA AaiIeKH eIIIe oT BO3MOX{HOCTH HX
Ilp a KTHrrecKofo Hcno.lb3oBalIHfl, B fHApO3HepfeTHKe.
Arq rHIpooneKTpocraHuHI?, pa6oralou{Hx Ha Bo,1olore, a raKXie
HMeIOU{UX BOAOXpaHH,TIHIIIa CyTOqHOfO rlir:/. HeAeJibHofo pef!"THpoBi]-
HHrr croKa 6o;irruoe si{aqerrHe rtp H nlraHHpoBanHH pex(I{Ma [tx pa6o-
Tbl L{MeroT KpaTKocpor{Hble Ilpof FIO3bl cTOKa.
3.6. THAPOTOTHqECHAtI I4H@OPMA[{H'|,qnfl PEuIEHHg
HEKOTOPbIX BOAHOSFIEPTET'4LIECHHX 3A.qAq
PaSHbIe BOAH63HepreTIIqeCKHe 3a,{,ar{H Tpe6yIOT oIIpeAexeFIHOfI
rnApoilofHqecxotl HHQopMaqHH. PaccuOrpnlt HeKoTopble H3 HHX.
L PacqeTbr npoflycKa BbrcoK?rx noJroBoAHfi ri naBoAKoB qepe3 rHA-
poy3eJi. flpaeua pa6orbr BoAorporycKHbtx coopyx(eHnfi fnApoysla
B nepHoA noiroBoAbfl H [aBoAKa MofyT oKa3bfB_aTb _cyil{ecTBel-{Hoe
BJrr{figHe Ha BoAHosHeprerlrqecKue noKa3areJlu f3C. 3ro BJIHflrtHe
cBn3aHo co cHHX(eHHeM,t{atropa ua f3C H, KaK CneAcTBHe, c,VN{e}lb-
uerrHelr pacroaaraeMor"r no riailopy Mou{Hocrir f3C (S 5.4). CHuxie-
HHe traropa o6tqcnsercs c oAtioft cropollbl, cpa6orrofi eoAoxPaHH-
Jrlitila nepeA ttoirroBoAbeM, c apyroir cropoHbl - tIoBbtIrIeHHeM ypoB-rjtI
r{i,riK}tero-6tecpa Bo Bpelln c6poca Ma.KcHMsr-IbHbix pacxoAoB BoAbl. Ha
Hii3KoHanopHbrx f3C B 3Tor nepHoA Bo3Mox{Ha cyu{ecrBeHI{afl nore-
ps M0IIIHOCTII, BITJIOTb AO nO.ngolt ocTaHoBKH 3neKTpoCTalll{HH.
nnn KornqecrBeHHorl oqer-rKrr ycronafi npo[ycKa BbicoKHX noJlo-
solnfi npoBoAflrcfl BoAoxo3flficrneHuue pacqeTbl p^eryJlrpoeal{I{ff no-
noeonHft c iloMotqbto BOAoxpalIHntiilIa (rn. 11 u 20) . OcHoeuoi'I 3a-
Aaqeir pacr{eroB ffBJrfreTcr onpe!,€.,l€Hrr€ MaKCEMaJIbHbIX yposHefi Bo-
Aorp aTwrrHu{a H pacxoAoB BoAbI B I'IHX(HHt? 6;eQ fHApoy3na-
B KaqecrBe HCxoAHoft HHQopMaUHH AJIn npoBexeIIHtl 3rHx pacqe-
ToB rrcno.'rrr3yeTcrr rulporpaQ noloBoAbfl HJrH naBoAI{a pacqeTHoll
o6ec-neqeurrocrlt r-rJII{ BepoHTIIocrH npeBL{IIleH}ifi .
62
T a 6 n ll u a 3.'l. PacqerHaq Bepog?HocTb flpeBbluieHprs ivraKcHMaJlL]rb,rx oacxoAoB BoAbr
Exer o;1na l BepoffTIJOCTr, npeBbtrrjeHHfl pacqe'rHblx MaKcHManbHhlx pacxoAoE
BoAbt B 3aeHctr}rocTrr oT K,iIacca coopyxierrtir{PacqeruHfr cayvafi
IVIIIII
Ocnonuol'r
flonepovriurii
nlU' I
0,01*
I
0,1 0,5
+ C rapaurufiirofi nonpaaxoft.
Pacqernafl BepoflTHocrb ttpeebrueHHr MaKCHMa.,'rbiroro pacxoAa BO,
Abr npHHHMaercfl B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT KJraCCa COOpyXeUrir'i (ra6rr. 3.1).
I(laccsr coopyi+(eHItft onpe4e.'rflrorcr B 3aBrrcHMoclr or orlurKri nocJreAcrBili-r iipri
aBapllli It"t;t Hapijlueului gKcIL'ryaraquH. Oqegxa noc,,teAcrriirii irpir aBapHlt ntJ,pori.\-
HHr{ecKIIX coopy)KeHHii npolIenoAHT:F- c yqeroM: HZ,'it{Htrff E ntr)+.Hest 6leQe ropoAots,
HaceJIeHHhtx nyHKToB, fipeAnpHsrufi n o6rexroe HapoAiroro xossricrea, TpaiicfloprHdx
MafHcrpa.tefi a r. 4.; ualt6o,rruieft esrcorbr BoAonoAnopiibrx coopy)fieHHft u o6teuoe
BOAo.\paHHtIIqa; reoi'IofllqecKoro cTpoeHHs OCHOBaEltfl, celicl"iltqHocrn pafiOna, To;tO-
rpa$riuecxoro crpoeHHE Ao,,lHHbr rr .lp. Kpoue roro. yrlHrhrBaercrr yrr_tep6 HapoAtor{y
xosaitctay or nepepblBa e csa6xeuHri HaceneHHfl ir npeAnprrffTlrr-r eo4oft, 3J'reKTpo-
eneprtreil, ocraHoBXrr BoAHoro rpattcnopra, npeKpau{eHrrrr ilo;'tnBoB ce.lbcKo_\ossirtr-
Belllrbrx yro4uir Ir r. A.
Qpz Be-
rHftHyro
(3.44)
K prcqeTHbrlt 3HaqeHHfiil{ MaKCHMaJ-rbHoro pacxoAa BoAbr
potlrHocrH npeBhlueHt{fl p:0,01% npn6aBJflior ra p a H
r o ir p a B xy AQpz, onpeAe,'rffeMyrc fio ipopMyfie
Aepw:HQp%,
.l
t
r&.
lli
I,Tj
lut
nAe o - I{o3QQaqueHr, xapalirepH3yroli{Hfi rHApororxqecKyro H3yqeH-
.JIOTHII c Ha6,rroAeuHbrMH rHApofpaSavu. flpa eroM Bbl6HpaeTcfl HaH-
6o,ree Tpy.(trbrfr cJryqair nponycxh uaKCHL{a.nluoro pacxoAa qepe3 co-
op yx(eH rin f HApo!3.,'r il.
llpu sxcrrJlyaraurn f3C 3sAaqa nponycKa MaKclrlr a,,lbubrx pac.\o-
AoB BOAbI peuaerctl c HCnOIb3OBarll{eM rHlpoJ'IorHueciiHx npOrtlO3OB.
PicxoAtlt'ruit xapal{TepHCTur(ai\{H, nporrro3 Koropbrx seo6xo4l.tlro
63

--- PAGE BREAK ---

ocHOBHbIX COOpylKell liii.
YCTa Il OB./'IeH HYIO MOU{L{OCTb'
Pacqerrtute rHApoJIOrI.iqecKHe ycnoBHfi Bbl6ipaIoTCfl nO nepHoAy
:coBMecrl{blx Ha6nrolerrtlfi sa croKoM Anf BCeX 13c 3rlepfocHcreMbl'
.s4
3.7. BOgOXpAHHJIHUIE H ErO TOnC!'PASF{T{ECHHE XAPAHTEPLICTHHL4
Bo)oxpaHultuu{e - aro Bodoefu, o6pasoaaHHbLrt BodoHanopttbt.u.u
coopaetteHufr.ttu u nped\asHaqeLHbft dnn peealluposaHufl cTorca. u cos-
dauua Hanopa..Kporrae roro, B HeKoropbtx cJIyIIaflx Ha3HaqeHHeM Bo-
AoxpaHHJIHu{ ffBJrfleTCfl 6opr6a c HaBoAHeHHflMH B Hrr}KHeM 6re$e.
B erou cryr{ae B BoAoxp atarruu{e GaAep}KuBaercr qacrb BoAbr B ne-
pxoA rrpoxolKAeHHs MaKcHMaJrbHbrx pacxoAoB no peKe, 6raro4apn
qeMy pacxoA BoAbr B HHX{IIeu 6reSe craHoBHTcff cyuecrBeHHo MeHb-
LXe eCTeCTBeHHO|O paCXOAa.
Boeoxparrlr.r-rHura NIoryr co3AaBarbcfl KaK r'ra ocHoBuofr peKe, cro.K
KoToporl rreo6xo!,HMo 3apery,'nrpoBarb, TaK H Ha o!,FroilI yt{IH He-
cKo.,TbKHX fipHTOI(aX, BIIaAaIOUIHX B pel{y BbllUe paCr{eTIIOfO CTtsOpa nO
TCI{CFIHIO.
Ha puc. 3.15 npe,rcraB,itetia o6u{as cxeMa BoAoxpat-tHJiHI11a.
Hop!rarrHr,rrt nornoputrfi ypoBeHb (Hny)
MaKcHMa;rruufi ypoBeHb eorbr, npH KoropoM fOC H coopyx(enHfl
fLI.lpOy3,'Ia pa6oraroT A,'rHTe.rTbHoe BpeMr c co6JrrcneFrHeM npoeKTHbIX
3aIIaCOB HaAeN(HOCTH, nPeAyCUOTpeHHbrX .TeXHHqeCKHMH ycnOBHflMH.
O6rel,r Etr\nnynrLrLf rrLrrlr:t nnrJ iT^lr rrnnDUp u^crJT LroaerLtrra r-r n r !r rt-svAvr\purrrrrrrru-\q rrHrr Jrvul Jyvurrv llvvrrl ltqJUqtr(lv
f o o6reM a H o6o3HallaeTcf Vno"u.
Vp oBeFrb rvr eprBoro o6teMa (ylto) -3ro MHHHMarrb-
Ho nonycrHvuit ypoBeHb cpa6orxs Bo/ToxparruirH{.qa, o6ecneqHBalo-
urnr? rorvqeliHe npoeKTHbtx napaMerpoB fOC. CoorsercrByonlHl'l
o6teu notoxpariHJ'rHUra rra3brBalor ilreprBbrM o6teuou Vo,.
PasFrocrs Mex{Ay tio.,rHL,rM H MeprBbtM o6reuaN{ri cocraBJrfleT tro-
r e3 u urfr o6 telt B oAo x p a H H Jr H rrl a Vnor,"., roropntfi HCIIoJIb-
3yeTcfl Anff pefyJ-lHpoBaHHf cToKa
I/nor". : V oonn-V u. (3.45)
@opcHposa HHbrfi noAnop Hbrfi ypo B eFrb (Ony)-3ro
H a HB br cu ril:r noAnop H uu:r yp o Be IJb BoAoxp aH HJr Hrrla, AonycKaeivruft np H
nycKe pacqeTHofo i\{a KcHMaJrbrloro pacxoAa.
O6relr'BoAoxpairHirHrrla MelxAy orMerKaMlr FIny H Any flBJrfl-
ercs pe3epBrrbrM H Hcirorrb3yercfl Anrr rpaucQopilrauHH (cpesxir) no-
,'roeoAait H naBoAKoB.
llprn Bogoxo3rrftcreerrHux u BoAHooHepreTuqecxnx pacqeTax Hc-
rroJIb3yroTcf cTaTH'qecKHe ri AHI{al\{HqecKHe KpHBbIe 3aBHCHMocrlI nJIo-
u{aAefi 3epr{an u o6reuos eoAoxparrHJrHu{ or ypoBHef{.
CrarHqecKHe KpHBbre crpoffT, HcxoAfl H3 ycJIoBHfl, rrro ypo.
Bel'lb BoAbr B BoAoxpalrHJlltu]e ycraHaB,rIHBaeTCfi no ropsgourarlxoli
nJrocKocrr. 3ro coorBeTcrByer rrpeAnonoxrelruro, qTo pacxoA BoAb{,
nocrynarcqHti s BoAoxpaHHJrrru{e, pqBeH }ryJtro. firouaAr 3epKaJIa
orpeAeJqeTcg n0 yqacTKaM nyrelf nJIarrHMeTpHpoBaHHfl fopH3oHTa-
"[eir rtnaHttreToB, ofpaHHrrerJr'tbrx Ha KapTe coorBeTcrByrotr1HrvrH ypoBun-
tuH H crBopaMH yqacrKoc (prrc. 3.16).
,4nn onpeAeneHHfl crarrrqecxHx o6beruos, 3aKrrorrerrrrbrx MeiKry
5-6410 65

--- PAGE BREAK ---

50
+0
JO
u^4U
Plrc. 3,15. Cxevra BoAoxpar{HrrHuta:
1- rrnorr{Ha: ? - pesepan;ril o6ten; J- no-
resxuit o6teu; 4 - r'reprstrft o6ten; 5 -
ecrecrBenHbrft ypoeenr BoAoroKa
^rr^lrrrrtrrrrt nAnyr.n rf -q nd\tat - f, I . IrrfTI\ lIL21/IrrTrrcI rlnLL
LrYl(;ll\noIlvln r \JPrlJvI-1 L ClJl./llYlrl p7L fL *7lil r tlvtrvrruJJ rv rL/r vArrq
MYN:
Pac. 3.16. Kpueue craruqecKofo o6be-
!v{a y H nnoua.I.r{ 3epKa.rya Boj1oxpaHH-
THT{A F
Ll ? rhnn -rrJ .f "1,
(3.46) /1 ft"- hr) F t
\ilcil I ,
ettcn
Qo:
r\ Y"h"(Fsny - Fyruto)
Yl :
roTcf noTepH Ha HcnapeHlie, Qulorpaqlllo, J]bAoo6pa3oBar{He rr uilto-
3OBaHHe. AOnOJTHHTei'IbHOe IiCnapeHHe SaAaeTCfl B BOAe CJ]Orr HCnape-
\t\fl /zn.n, onpe4erfleMofo pa3HOcrblo cJIoeB HcnapeliHfl c noBepxHocrH
BO,4br BOAOXpaHr.r,/rHrua hu H CyrrrH h", 3aronJreHHof,i BoAo.xpaHH-
"'r HlIIe M.
lloreprr BoJ.br na HcnapeHHe onpeAe.nflrorcrr no Qop-
M\;JC
Puc. 3.17. Cxena nocrpoeHufi KpHBIJX
rIoAnopa
V,, 1/,M,|
PHc. 3.18. Kpneue AliHai!{Htre-
cKofo o6teua BoAoxpaHtr,'nrilla:
/ -Qop*r:0; I - Qnpurr)Qopr,roi
3 - Qnp..z)Qoo".,
(3.47)
(3.4e)
cJlyqae, ecJrH peKa
(3.50)
67
fAe -F71, Fn+r- finolllaAb 3epKaJIa, OfpaHHqeHHafl CMeXiFIbIMI{ fopH3OH-
TanflMH; Lz - ceqeFlHe fopli3oHTafi efI.
floanufr o6tet"t npH3Mbt . eoAolplHur'lHUIa onpeAeJIfeTCfi HHrerpH-
poBaHHeM Ha BceM yqacrKe (psc.3.16).
il,tts ycraHoBJIeHHfl AHHaMHqecKoft I(pHBot? o6'beMoB Bo-
AOXpaHHXHIqa npeABapHTeJIbHO CTpOfiT KpHBbIe IIOAtrOpa rlpH pa3HblK
ypoBHrix BoAbr y nrorHHbl H ilpH pa3rlHqHbIX pacxoAax (puc. 3.17).
3areu pa36HBaror 3oHy BJIHflHHfi ,xpHBotl rloAnopa Ha yqacrKH I, II
n r. ,q,. H AnR Kax(Aofo pacxoAa onpeAeJrrrror cPeAHIifi ypoBeHb BoAbI
Ha yrracrKe npH ypoBHe z; ! nrorHFrbl. lio sroMy ypoBHIo H crarHqe-
cKor:r KpliBoir o6teMoe yqacrKa onpeAenflrcT o6beM BoAbI Ha AaHHoM
yqacT-Ke. cy*t*l{pyf o6tetrur BOAbr rro yqacrKaM IipH AaHilblx pacxoAe
H ypoBHe y TIJIOTHLIbI, n0nyqarcT cyMMapllblli odleNl A.rltl srllx ycno-
BHft iIpH ,npr{HnroNI pacxoAe BoAbI npHToKa Qnpo... lloliyuaeMbie raKHM
nyreM ToqKr.r HcnoJib3ylor .qilff nocrpoeHHs ceMel?crBa KpHBbIX v-
-V (Qno"', zs.o), Korophle HasblBarcTCfi KpI{BbrMH AHFIaMHqecKoro
o6beMa Vou":(pHc. 3.18) B oTJIHqHe or I(pHBofi crarHqecKoro o6leua
V"., H3o6palKeHHort Ha pHc. 3116, HJIH KpHBoft, cooTBeTcrBylouefi
Qnp*r=0. Kpor're nepeIiHCreHHbIX Tonorpa0Hr{ecKHX KpHBblx BoAo-
xparrur,/'r14ula cyu{ecrByeT efo SHepferr.rqecKafi xapaKTepHCTlIKa, KOTO-
patl noApodHo onHcarra B S 12.1.' Baxiuor"r xapaKrepHcrHKofr BoAoxparrliJIlrilIa xBJIfleTcn norepn Bo-
Abr H3 Fiefo. ocHosirbn"rH noTeprir{H BoAbr H3 BoAoxparlHJIHLIIa flBJIff-
66
rAe .F; - nJ,lOU{aAb HCtlapeHHfl, cooTBeTCTBylolqafl }{tlTepBaJIy npH pac-
qeTe BoilHo3Hepf eTHqecKoro perynHpoBaH Hfl; trr, - fiep HO.1, oTI\pblTo-
f o pycJra.
florepH
Qopuy",re
BOAbI Ha QHIbTpaUHIO paCCqHTblBaIOTCs rro
(3.48)
fl1e h+- cJIofi Qu"nnrpaI{HH; Fq- nJIoulalIb SnnnrpyrcUlero noroKa,
KOTOparr }toxier 6urn npHlrflTa B repBoM npH6"'rHX{eFrHH paBr-rofi rrJro-
ulaAH 3epKana Bo,loxpal'IHJIHU{a ilpH orMerKe HllV; tq- npoAonx(H-
TeJbrrocrb nepHoAa QHnrrpaqHH, o6rtqrro paBHafl A"irHTe.i'rblrocrH foAa.
florepH Bo.[br ila ,'IbAoo6pa3oBaHI{e B BoAoxpaHHJrn.
rue Bbrr{r{cJrflroTCfl no QopMyfle
AV:
xt
rAe ya, hn- cooTBeTcrBeHHo o6teMrtaq Macca H To.rIUlHHa nbAa;
Fnny, Fyr'rO - IIJIOU{aAb 3epKaJla BOAOXpaHHJI}IU{a COOTBeTCTBeHHO
npH orMerKax Hfiy H yMOi t"- npoAoa]KHreJrbHocrb sHMHero ne-
pHoAa, npHrilrMaeMafl paBHoi:r npoAoJ'rx([rTe./'rbHocTH par]ee ofipeAe.rreH-
HOrO Jr HMI'iTr.rpyrou{ero ce3oHa. .
florepH BoAbt Ha unlo3oBar-rHe B
cy.l.oxoAirafl, r{ox{Ho paccqHTaTb iro qloprv{yJIe
Q,,r:
'tu
5*

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fAe l, b, h.- cooTBeTCTBeHHo AJIHHa, iuHpfiHa H Bblcora
3a (ao oruerr<n FItiV); tE- flepHoA HaBHral{rrlr; n-
eaHnit ga inepHoA HaBHrat{HH.
rT A B A 4
KOh{NNEF{CI.ICIE HCNO'Ib3OBAI{K{E },{ EXPAHA
EO.qHbtx PECvPeOg
4.1. O6U{}1E nOJIOH(EHHS
KaMepbr rrlJrro-
rIucJIo u.,'Ito30-
flpaxruuecxa sce o6reKTbr n"TaHHpoBaHHfl. H ylipaBJIeHHfl flBJlfltor-
cr crrcreMaMr.r (clr. r;1.6). He ssrqercq ncn,rtoqeHaeM H BoAuoe
xossircreo.
B uacrosuree BpeMfl HMeercq 6onee 100 onpeAe"reHnfi noHqrHfl cH-
creMbr. OAuaro BCe oHH TaK HJrli HHaqe npeArro.rlaralor HaJIHqHe e Heli
HeKoroporo i{eJIocrHoro M rt ox{ecrBa 3JIeMeHToB (o6t-
e K T o B), cBfl3aHr-rhlx Mex(Ay co6oii B3aHMHbIMH orHotiieHHflMH, on-
peAenfleMbrMH xapaKTepoM coorBeTCTByIoIIIHx cesser:t (e roM .IHC.,'I€
qacro c BHe[IHeir cpelofi) H I{eJIbto QyuxuaoFrHpoBartHs. Taxoro poAa
cHCTeMbI [pHHflTo Ha3btBarb rcu6 ep H eTI't q ecKH M H.
B rJr. 6 onpege.rreHHe cHcreMbr H ee no.l,p06Hoe onHcaFIHe AaeTcfl
c rro3HI{HH npHHrrrlfl peueuni? B npouecce onrnMaJlbHoro ynpaB-
JIeHHfl ee QyHruHoHHpoBaHHeM. 3lecl rxe Mbt [oAqepKHeM JIHiub, rtro
BcsKyro cHcreMy Mox(Ho xapaKTepH3oBaTb oilpeAeJIeHHbiMH napaMeT-
paMfi, orpax{arcurHMH.nn6o ee cBotl'crBa, nu6o cocroflHHe, JIH-
6o ro H Apyfoe BMecre B3rrroe. Ceodcroa cucreltLbL o6otqHo otleHusq-
rcr na6opoil onpelettettnoLx tduc/LolbLx noKasarenert, orp_oJffa,nLqux ee
tcortuqecTseHHarc unu KaqecTseHHarc xapoKTepucTutcgt. cocronnue cu-
cre*rbr. onpedettnercn rcatu*tu-nu6o us.,flepn*ublttu ee rcoopduvaralttu,
ns,xnrcu+ulrucfl. Qgrurcquefi ape.uenu. :
B rracrnoM cJryqae, ecJIH cocrofiHHe cHCTee{bI He H3MeHffercff (He
passnnaercn) Bo BpeMeHH, TaKyro cHcreMy Ha3btBalor crarHqe-
cKoIt, B npoTHBHoM cnyqae-A H H a M H II e c roft.' Ecan cgoricrea HJrpr cocroflHne cHcreMbr H3MeHsrorcfi no BnoJIHe
orrpeAeJIeH'HhIM 3aKoIIaM, TO TaKaff CHCTeMa Ha3bIBaeTCfi'AeTeP M H-
HHpoBausori. 3anouu ABHX(er-rHs- (pasnarnn) TaKHX ct{creM rol{-
HO H3BeCTHbr, r{ 6ynyUree rroBeAer{He HX MoiKHo BcerAa oAHo3HaI{Ho
npeAcKa3arb. HanporuB, ecJrn ceorlcrea HJIH cocroflHl{e cucreMbt co-
AepifiaT sJIeMeHTtr clyvafiHocrH, To raKafi cHcreMa Ha3bIBaeTCs B e-
p osrHocrnoft (crox a crH rI ecKofi). Etts taxoft cucreMbl roq-
Hoe npeAcxasaHHe 6yayurero noBeAeFrnrr HeBo3Mox(Ho. B KaqecrBe
MaTeMaTHqecKoro onHCaHHfl TaKIiX cHcTeM HapflAy c TeoPHeii MHo-
x(ecrB HcnoJrb3yroT TeopHro BepoflTHocTefi H LfeTo.u,bl MaTeMartlqecxorl
craTHcrHKH. flaparuerpu cHcreMbI tlpH eroM Mol'yT 6utu o[HCaHbI
rlnn $yrrKunrrMH pacnpeAeJreH[ifi BepoffTHocrefi HX nofiBJIeHHfl, HIIH B
npocrefirueM cryqae c yKa3aHHeM BogMoxuoro AHaIIa3ot{a H3MeHel'lHfl
IIap aMerpoB.
68
' Cucreura cqHTaercrr 6onlurofi (cnoxuoft), ecJIH oHa coAepxHT
6o.rynuroe qHc.ryo pa3uopoAr.rbrx BsaHvrocBffgaHHbIx H 83a i'tMoAef,rcreyro-
u{Hx Me)'riAy co6ol'i 3JrevreHToB, o6reAlrHeHHbtx IIo riepapxHi{ecKoMy
ttpHHuHily B cHCTeMy AJirr AocrH]KeFIHfl eAIiHoit qenu, I(oropbIe, B cBolo
oqepeAb, MolKrro paccMarpuearl KaK noAcHCTeMbI HJIH cl,IcTeulr 6o.ryee
HH3r(OfO ypOBr-rfl HepapxHH.
A,tiq 6 o n b ru H x c H cr e rv{ xapaKTepno MHox{ecrBo cocroRntft,
Kax{!,oe H3 r(oTopbrx onpeAeJrfleTCfl r{oFrKpeTHbIMH tloKa3aTeJIflMH ee
QynxunoHHpoBaHHr.-B bIXoA H bI M !I n a p aM eTp a Iu H. klslteHe-
nae cocroflHHfl cHCTeMbr BreqeT 3a co6ofi H3MeHeHHe pe3y;lbraroB ee
Q)'nxuiloHHpoBaHHfl. )(enaeurtfr pe3yrlbrar QyrtxuuonHpoBaHHfl cH-
creMbr 6ylerur lrasbiBaTb iIeJIbto 'cHCTeMbI, a Qynxuuto, ofipeAe-
,'Ifroulylo r{3MeLreHHe KoFreqriofo cocrot{HHfl ee, - I{ e,r'I e e o ii Q y H r-
rl ri e rt clrcTeMbr. I-le;reaax Qytrruux, TaKriM o6pasolr, rro3BoJIfleT Ko-
.{r{qecrBerrHo cpaBFIHTb no"'r}'qaeMbte pe3v"lbrarbi QyrirulroHIipoBaHHfl
CHCTEMbI.
4.2. BOAOXO3flNCTBEHHAf; CHCTEMA
H HOMNflEKCHOE HCNOflb3CBAHHE
BO.qHblx pEcyPcoB
Crattosr'reHHe BoAoxo3rircrneHr-rbIX cHcreM HMeeT cBoro HcropHlo.
Erqe IIe TaK iaBHo Bolnbre pecypcbr MHor!{x paitouoe crpaHbr npeBbr-
ua"r'ni BoAorrorpe6"nerrue. Kaxlsrir eoAonorpe6Hre.,'rb, KalKAafi oTpacJrb
Bo;lliofo xossficrea pa3BrrBarHCb npH 3Tor{ caMocroflTerbHo H He3a-
BricHMo Apyr 61 Apyra, noAquHsflcb JrHmb rpe6oBairnfM coorBeTcrBy-
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KHe cBfl3u MexiAy HH*IH. CooreercrBeHHo 3ToMy ocyqecrBJiffJrocb H
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flo Mepe pa3BHTHfl npoH3BoAHreJrbHbIX cr-rJl o6u{ecrea r{ 6ypHoro
pocra BoAoriorpe6,reuuq, npHBeArrrHX B pffAe KpynHbrx perHoHoB crpa-
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3To IIoJIolKeHHe craJro ece 6o,ree u 6o.nee nporHBoperrHTb 3aAaqaM
pasBltrHtt tlapoAuoro xoasfrcrea crpalrbr. Crperw.neHHe xaxAofi or.
p?c;1H BOAHO|O XO3qfrCrea nonyqHTb Anfi ce6x HaH6oltrlrylo sKoHoMH-
qecKyro BbrroAy, ue coo6pa3yffcb c norpe6lrocrbro B BoAe ApyrHX or-
p?cJei{, nepecraJlo oTBeqarb rpe6oaaunro [onyrrengn Hau6o.tluefi
eKoHor.{Ht{ecxor"i eQQexruBHocrH AJrtr HapoAHoro xoeqftcrea s r{eJroM.
flnaHupoBaHHe pa3BHTHfl Lr ynpaBnenHfl oTpacnbro B orAeJrbHocrg
6es AoaxHorl ceqsu c r{enfiMn H ycnoBuflMu QyHxuHoHHpoBaHHr Apy-
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oxpirre BoArrbrx pecypcoB H oKpylxarou1ert cpe4sr.
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69
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B GAoxo 3nfi,crB eH HbI e K o M rr Jr e KC br (BXK), r4JrH KoMriJieKC-
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7l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

T a 6 nsqa 4.1 . .U,efictryioqHe BoAoxpaflEJrHuIa KonrnrexcHoro Ha3rraqeHnfl
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ll00l52le2lSzl85
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TI{BIIOCTH f3C.
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pex(HMHbIe, KorAa TpedoBaHHfl BoAononb3oBaTenefi fl ,eoAonoTpe6H-
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72
r00l52llo0
73

--- PAGE BREAK ---

c pelKriMoM norpe6JleFlnff 6o;inuruucTBoM otpac.iier? HapoAHorO Xo-
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KorAa oH npeBL,IulaeT cnpoC noTpe6nre.neft, H'pacXoAyeTCfl, KorAa Ha-
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ro cToKa lvo B crBope I]roTHHbl:
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tto pa6oraer AaHHarr f3C u.irr.r r.pynna fOC.
flpH peryJlHpoBanHri croKa BOAoxpzrrui,,'rHUlei\r €fo orraqa 11o BOAe
Irirfi IlOIUHocrll faparlTl{pVeTcf c oflpe4enetluofi o6ecneqeHHocTbro
(S 3.3), floA xoroport rroHHMaeTCfl orHocurenbHoe Ltucno crlaLteeB, Noe-
da ordcLqa 6ondute unu pasHa sudnttuoti. O6ecneqeHFrocrb BbrpalhaeT-
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fipH Kor{rrJreI{cHoM HCnorb3oBafiHH Bo]oroKa, KorAa noc,terHl',-r
HCno.rlb3VeTCf KaK !,,r'If 3HepfeTHIleCKIIX, TaK ti AJIfl FregHepfeTHqeCKHX
ue,reil, ocyurecrB.rrffeTcq KolrnJreKcHoe p er yn Hb o B a H [r e,
r. e. per)-.rnpoBaHne Franopa H pacxora AJIq f3C ri roJTbKo pacxo.rl.a
AJn -lpVfI'lx BoAorlo.IIb3oBare.'reri L{ BoAono'rpe6rtre.ryeir.
Ii'rlx, npH lro6o-v pery.rllpoBartiir. norpe6lire.rrr{ Bof,,br B r{eKoro-
pbrc nepHo.fbi Bp€rv-teFrrr pa6oraror c pacxoxolr BoIbr, npeBbrrrjaloLrIHM
IlpllToli B itp)''rtte neprlorlbr Bpelleilti paCNo;'tylor BoLbt r,teHbue npH-
roxa. 5 nepBor{ c,rr-\'rrae npoilc.rolur c p a 6 o r x a B o I o x p a H H_
;l l'l lll a, BO BTO|IOM - II a n O.tI H e it H e.
ITpo,ue:trclJrofi spetreHu or Haqan(t rcarcoeo-,tu1o o0uoeo nepttodu
tLo;tHoLi cpa6orrctt oodoxpaHllr'Lurqa or H17U do uct,tqna eHe,,toettqHo-
eo cnedAnut3eo neptto)a noclte ouepeduoeo setto/LHeHLrn Hasbteaercn'tlLtKr',ro,\L peelJ jttrposaHt|n (plrc. 4.1) , A.rrriTeJ-rbHocrb rIHK,]-ra pefyilHpoBa_
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npol{e;'r(yrKr{ BpeMeHri, KOr.{a floTpeosocru B BoAe 6yler coorEeTCTBO-
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BO,{bi' KorAa npliTot{llocTb BoAbl IIpeflblrxaeT ee noTpe6aeilse. B rex
ciryqarix, Kor.na xo.,r-rocrbre c6poctr Hens6exHbt AaH(e B ycnoBHflx pac-qeruol-"r odecneqeHHocrH, roBopfiT o6 of paFiHrreHrrr,ix lran'oa-H sr x) UHK.TIaX (nHlax) pery'"rrnpoBaHHrr - orpaFrHqe[rHoe CyrosHoe,
ueAe.,'rbiloe, foAHLrr.roe (cesonrroe) H MrroroJreTHee. carro cooon pasy-
MeeTCrr, rrro 3t{epfogKot{oMtiqecKafi scpsexrnrBitocrb Kax(Aoro- I{HKJIaper),'JrupoRarrnfl 6y491 pa3JrrrvHoi:r (r,r, l2) .
Ectecruetttto, r{To iia)iiAoMy BH4y peryJ{rrpoBarrr{fl coorgercr5yeT
cBoe 3 rraqeH ue' rieodxoAHMoro orrrocuTejibtroro o6te,lr a rogo"p aHHJIn_
75
F: Unor" ,l'V o'
B cospeileHHblX lciolnnlx nrc1oe eudporexHLtqecKoe coopll?fieHue,
c7fl,s&t[Hoe C peea/LrypoSaHuelfl peuHoeo cToqtr, uileeT KolltLneKCHoe
HASHAq?HUe.
PasfiIrqaror B oAII o 3 H ep reT H r{ ec Ko e H B oA o x o 3 fl [I cr-
F,A
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(4. 1)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

3lecr 'vu ocraHoBHJIHCb JIHrlrb Ha {lusrivecxoi? cyrli peryJrHpoBa-
Hus. Aono/rHHTe.rrbr-ro oToT Bonpoc ocBeu{aeTcfl B an. i2, ra. puaa*ur-
priBaroTc.q peiKHlrbi pa6oru f3C B pa3J'rHqHbrx ]icj'ioBtiflx BoAHocrH
H pef!",]HpoBaHHfl CTOKa. MeroAHra paclrera pefyjrr{poBaHHrr npeA-
craB,rrerra e $ 20.4.
Piic. 4.1. Cxerra pefynupoBaHriq
cToKa BoAoxpattH,rHlIleM:
l,-/, - pex{H\r cpa6orrrt; tz-hi t+-t:-
pexiHMbl no Bojlorol(y; tt-tt - pex(HI{
RANOIIIEHHfl
Prrc. 4.2. l(oun*icupyoutee (1) II
6y$epuoe (2) perylHpoBarti.te crot(a
il{a P Tar, Arrfl cyrorrHoro peryJrHpoBaHus 3Tor o6telvt o6blqHo co-
cTaBJrfleT 0,5 o6teua cyToqHoro croKa Ma.,{oBoAHoro roAa pacqeTHoii
o6ecue.reHHocrH. Ilpn neaeJlbHoM peryJlHpoBaHr{H Heo6xo.n.HMbtft o6'r-
€M, ecrecTBeHl.ro, AOr'lX(€H 6ltrs 6o"rioure. cvaraetcR, tlro npH AByx
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ua foAHqHofo pefyJlHpoBaHHfl O6bIqHO COCraBJIfler OT 10 AO 30%
cpeAHeMHofoJreTHefo o66eMa foAoBofo croKa peKH, T. e. p:0,1-:0,3.
IIpo MHorofleTlreM peryJrHpoBaHHH npHHHMaeTCfl, trro Heo6xoAnMbtil
o6reu eoAoxpaHHJiHqa AoJIX{eH cocraBJlflTb He MeHee 30-50% cPe,u,'
Hero sa MHoroneTHnr? nepHoA o6betu{a roAoBoro croxa peKH,T.e.F:
-0,3 . 0,5. llpt 3ToM B o6oux BHAax AnHreJbHQro pery.;ltipoBaHHff
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Kpovie paccMorpeHHbix rcyulecrByioT c ir e q H a Jrb H bt e
peny/rH,poBaHHfl.
BHAb]
Koruneucnpyrorftee peryJlI{poBaHpre. B HeKoropbrx cxeMax HcnoJ'rb-
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(4.2)
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KaK CpeAHee 3rraqeHrre 3a rrepHoA orropolKHel{Hfl BoAOxpatlHJIH[{a;
T- e- 3a *ra"uonoAnltli ilepno4 inps roAHqHoM peryJIHpoBaHHH IIJIH 3a
aHaJroruqgtrrt nepHoA, cocroqrqufi He HecKoJIbKHX JIeT npH MHoroJIeT-
HeM perynHpoBaHHH.
ffcuo, trro xax<Auft 6o.uee AlurelrHt'tfi BEII peryJlHpoBaFiHfi
)KeT ocyqecrBJltTL) MeHee AJIHTerbIioe peryJlHpoBal-lHe. C eroil
3peHr{fl n a u6o,rrirtuHM H Bo3Mox(HocrrrM H o6,qaAaer }tIIofoJIeTrtee
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p efyn HpoB a HHn.
76
tt J_'i.t t4 ts t

--- PAGE BREAK ---

rrrHTb HaBoAHeHr{e B HH}KneM 6teQe a nacqersnrr? pacxoA, a TaKX{e
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orHocHTelsHltit o6iuena, rert 6onrruyrc creneHb 3aperyJrHpoBaFrrrocrr{
croKa orlH co3.{aIoT, T. e. 6o.,ree saperyJllrpoeanHorrl croK 6y1er no-
cr]'naTb Ha Bce rrHxie,Tex{ztrrne fOC KacKaj,a. 3ro, pa3yMeeTcr, He
HCKiiroqaeT ilepepefynr{poBKy HMri pacxoAoB, rrocTyilarcrltHX oT Bbr[re-
r'rexiaurux f3C.
I-le,rnro KacKaAHoro peryJlHpoBaHHfl qBJTfleTcfl o6ecneqerrHe onrr.r-
M3r'IbHoro pexHMa cpa6orxli H HaIIoJrHeHHq BoAoxpaHHJIHu{ KacKa4a
no.-3aAaHFroMy r{prrrepH}o oKoHoMuqecxol"i aQQexruBHocru (S 12.4).
4.4. 3KOnOrHqECK}4E ACnEHTbI
TH.qPOSHEPTET'.IH}4
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co6o!"r pflA H3MeHenari B npHpoAHbrx ycnoBHrx H o66eKrax rrapoAHo-
ro xossr-"rclna 3arparHBaeMofi TeppHTopHrr. 3ra reppHropHfl MolKeT
6utrn oqeHb o6uHpuori. TaK, Kyfi6nrueBcKoe BoAoxpaHHJrHrqe, HMero-
IIIee nJroulaAb 3epKaJra npH Hny 6450 KM2, HaxoAHTCff B npeAeJrax
.25 pairoHoe, AByx o6racrefi H rpex aBror{oMHbrx pecily6.rrsr.-o6qas
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Jri{iqaMH no AaHrrbrM Httwvtryra reorpaQHu AraAeullH HayK CCCp
cocraBJIrreT B Fralueli crpaue 75 Tbrc. KM2, T. e. HeMnorHM Mer-tbule,
qeM reppHropHff flopryrannu (90 ruc. xr"r2).
78
T a 6;r urya 4.2. BnucriHe HeKoropb{x ridApoy3i'IoB Ha pa3BHTHe ceJrbcKoro xorRficrea
[JnoruaAb ceJrgx03yroArrli, rsrc. ra
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H 3au(HTbi or Harogneuull
3AT N,'IHBAEMbIX
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fic uT e r,t,b HbI.H tt oT p Lt4aT e n b Hbt.tt.
flo.roxrrre,rbiroe Bri.iflHtre eoroxpauHJ'rHura KaK pery,:rfiTopa cTo-
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79

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rlrqecxoir cxeuor'i fASC 6yeer 6o"nee uli3nor?,'qelr Bo;I,a H3 crrc(H?;'rb-
HO COOpyX(eHHOI-O BO:I.OeMa;
BOsMO;ftriOCTb pefyJrHpoBaHHff pacxol.oB BoAbr B peKe B KpHTHqe-
cIiHe 3acyu",THBbre nepuoAbr H B IrepHoAbr oco6o MHor'oBoAHbrx IaBoA-
iio B f,,'I f !"'Tf 9ttr err H fi ycJroBlr ir xl.ls n H H aceJrelrlt fl ;
cyu{ecrBeHHoe yflyquleHHe caMoorrHilIamil{erl cnoco6Hocrn BoAoro-
Ka npH rroBbrirreHHbrx cxopocrflx reveunfi;
ynyqtrleHHe KasecrBa BoAbr B 6accefiHax 6aarorlapa ex(eAHeBHbrM
rIHKJTar\{ aKKy},IyJrflqH}r, HCKJIr0qeHHe cTparuQuxa[uu B 6a.ccefiue;'
r(oMMyHa-JIbHoe H npoMlluJrelrHoe BoAocHadxeHse H3 6accefiHos
fAsC;
pexpearlHrr (:apaeooxpaFreHHe, no,q,Hlrft cnopr) Ha no6epex(be H
axBaropuH 6accefiHoe;
rroBbrurerlHe 3creTxqecxoft qeHr(ocTlr .nauAruaqbra.
4.5. OXP.A,HA BOfiHblX PECypCOB
BoAa, KaK yi(a3blBaJrocb_n $ 2.2, o6.naAaer csortcreoM ocrecrBeH-
Horo lcaMoBo3o6noereFri.rg. OAHaxo' no.rrBJreHxe HoBLlx orpacrefi rtpo-
MbITUJIeIiHOCTH CO CJIOX(HbrMH TeXHOJIOTHqeCKHITH rrpOqeCCaMH, trIHpO-
KOe HCTiOJIb3OBaHHe pa3IHr{'HbIX XHMHTTeCKHX Cpe.{Crs n 6ntry, Ha npo-
H3BoAcrBe tr B ceJIbcKoM xoe.fifi'cnee, 6ypHurl pocr fopoAcKoro Hace-
JIeHHrr' (yp6auusauul), AaJrbHefiuee pasnurne FCex,BlrAryB rpancrop-
Ta cyuecrBellHo yBeflHriHrn o6rem H yxy,(ruHJrH cocraB croqrrblx BoA.
B pe3ynbrare sroro Haqur{arcT cHl{x(arbcs KoMneHcarraoHubre Bo3'
MOXilIOCTIT ecTecTBet*Frofo caMoBocnpoH3BoAcTBa noBepxlrocTHbtx BoA
84
n rreo6xoAHvrbtx Ailn o6uecrea twacruta6ax, r{To HepeAKo BJrer{eT sa
co6oft B pa3,rriirrHbix perlioHax MHpa B03LIHK!{oBeHHe npo6,revtr o6ec-
neqeHHfl HaceJ'rer{HH lr xogqficrea ,iHcroii npecHofi BoAor?. lloseH.'-rHCb
TaKX{e cryrraH HapyuieHnfi BoAFIoro 6a.nauca B pflAe Mecr, a c FIHMH
H rrorepn npecnofi BoAbl B pe3yilbrare ocyulecTB,rIeHHf HeAocraTor{Ho
o6ocuoeaHribtx cHCTeM MeJIHopaI{Ha H Apr}rHX ilIeponpranriafi, cBr3aH-
Hbrx c KoMrJ-reKCHbiM Hcilo/rb3oBaFrHeM BoAFrbrx pecypcoB.
Bce 3ro B on,pereJreHuofi uepe cBoi{crBenFIo w x.ln rieKoroputx pafi-
oHoB ua r-ueit crp a HbI.
B CCCP oxpaHe Borubtx pecypcoB, B ToNI t{HcJIe uopefi H oKea-
HoB, Bcerra rrpH.r.aBa,rlocb H trpHAaercfl 6onturoe 3HaqeHHe. Eure B
nepBbre roAbr CoeeTcxofi snacrn tlo HHHI{HarHBe B. 14. ,IIeHuna 6ttn
npoBeAeri psA r(pynHbrx lrepotlpvtst,uir. rto oxpaHe BoAoeiiroe or 3arpfl3-
HCHH f.
B 1919 r. 6nr.r o6pasoeau cfler{rialrustfi rocy.r,apcreerrrrurri oprarr
ro oxpaHe Bo,r,ribIX pecypcoB - I-leHrpa,rruttr't KovtHrer BoAooxpa-
HCI-IHf .
LlgnecrHu MHorue AoKyl{eHTbr Coeercxoro npaBlrreJrbcrBa roro
BpetyletrH, cBfl3at{Hbre c oxpauofr BOAHbIX 6orarcre: o BbIAeJIeHHH ox-
paHrrbrx 3oH BoKpYf KypoproB, 06 ofpax{AeHHH HCToqHHKoB neqe6-
Hbrx BoJ, a raKx(e HcroqHHKoB nHrueeoit BoAbr oT rrcrolrreHHff H T. A.
B pe3yxbrare 6ucrporo pa3BHTHr HapoAHoro xosqficrna H [oA'b-
eMa 6,rarococroflHrirr coBercKoro tlapoAa 6otno ycHreHo BHHMariHe K
KOM'fl,;'ICKCFIOMy HCnO,rIb3OBalJIII0 H OXpaHe BOAHblx pecypCoB.
HenpepbrBHo yBeJ'IHrr!rBarcTCr 3arp arbr Bo.tbr Fra opoueiiHe 3a-
cyrx,'rHBbrx 3eMerb. Tax, ottH vBe"rIHr{H.,'iHcb co i30 ru3 B 1970 r. Ao
180 Kus s 1980 r., qro rro3BorHJIo yBenHqHrb nilou{aAH opouaeMbrx
seMe/rb cooTgercrBeHHo c 10,85 MJrH. r& Ao 17,25'M.TH, ra. 3aTparbl
eoAbi !.i1f |[,oBneTBopeHH,fi 6niroeblx ]I KoMMyHaJIbHbrx Hy]KA HaceJre-
HHff Bo3pocirlr 3a 3rH )I{e cpoKli c 12,6 ro 20 xu3. O6urufi eo.nosa6op
Bcex orpac;r€fi HapoAHolo xoesrlrcrBa 'uan6onee o6xsrrrx H xosnftcr-
BelrHo .pa38Hrbrx ioi{iHbrx paftoHoe crpa.Hbr, r.le Qopur{pyeTcfl 660 rnu3
noBepxlrocrrroro croKa, cocraBH,'I s 1980 r. 365 xu3.
3a6ora o coxpaHeHHH BoAHbIX pecyp'coB or 3arpfl3HeHHfl H Hcro-
uIerIHfi rrocraBJreHS B cccP B parrr Bax{HefiuHx focyAapcTBeHrrbrx 3a.-
Aaq. B .1970 r. BepxoBHbrM CoeeroN'{ CCCP 6rrrs yrBepiKAeuu <<Oc-
HoBbr BoAHoro saKoHoAareJrbcrBa Corosa CCP H
c o rc s H br x p e c ny 6Jr l{ K)>. Sruu saKoHoAareJrbHbrM aKToM noA-
rBepx(AeHo, qro ace npupodnorc eodot nzn,q.tor,cfl, uapoduou+t docron-
HUe,V.
B ocHoBax npeAycMorpeHa oTBercrBeuTJocrb 3a HX rrapyueHHe..
VcraHon,neir nepeqeHb Hsp:ltu€trHfi, aa coBeptrierrHe r(oropbrx BHr{oB-
Hbre JIHI{a AOJTX(HbI HeCTII yronOBHyrO HJrH aAMHHHCTpaTHBHyTO OTBeT-
crBexl{ocrb, Bo3rv{eqarb y6urru, npHrrHHeHHbre B pegyJrbrare. Hapy-
[ieHHfl BOATIOI.O 3a KOHOAaTeJrbmBa.
flpernopnn B x(H3lrb perrrenr.rfl XXIV H XXV ctesAoB naprHH,
UK I([CC H Coeer Muuucrpon CCCP npr{Hrrrr}r pffA Bax(Frbix no-
CTaHOBJIeHHI"I, Ha npaBJIeHFrbrx Ha ynOpAAOqeHHe HCrrOJIb3OBat,{Hrr H yCH-
JIeHI{e Oxpar{br BoAHbrx pec)/pcoB.
85

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B 1972 f. I{K K|]CC H CoBer Mnuncrpoe CCCP npHHn/rH nocra-
HOBJreH,r{e <o6 ycriJer{rrL{ oxpar{br rrpHpoAbr ri yfly,{lUeHr.iH
HCnoJrb3oBa HHfl np Hp oALrbrx p e cy p co B)>. VreepxAeHsr
<<l-Ipaeu"na oxpaHbi noBepxHocrHbIX BoA or 3arpr3Hei-rHs cror{-
t.lblMH BoAaMH>. 3ra npaBH,rta flBilfltoTcfl o6agare.TbHbtN{ lt /Jrfl, Bcex
BI'IAOB BOAOiIOTpe6rreHAq H BbItlorTFIeFille HX KOI{TpOJ'IHpyeTCfl CO-
oTBeTCTByroi-IlHMIi CJIyxi6o*tu focy;tapcTBelrI{oro CHHHrapiioro -rraA-
3opa.
Oco6oe sHaqeHrie HMeer rrocrarrcBreFrrre Ill( K[ICC rr Coeera &ta-
FIHCTpoB CCCP <O uepax ilo npctorgpauer{rlro 3arpfl3ue-
Hrir 6accer'rHoe peK Bolrrr r{ Vpana HeoqLrueHHbrMH
croqHbrMrr Bo.taMr'r>> (1972 r.), n r{oropo}r 6nrno ripe.qyc}rorpeHo,
tITo Ii 1980 r. Bo BCex ropoAax, pacnoJrox(eHHbrx ua 6eperax 3Trrx per(,
AorriHbI 6stro no/rHocrbro npeKpau{eHbr c6pocrr HeoqrrilIeHHbrx crorr-
HbIx Bo.x. Heo6xolnlrbte MeponpLtfrTprrr o6ecneqriBarHCL, coorBercrB):-
rou{HM cpnHarici.ipoBaHue\r. 3ro nocrauoB,'reHrie 6rt;ro B ocHoBHo}r BbI-
noJ HeHo.
Paseeput'T an nporpail{ li a noAoxo:q r:icreenuol"r !( BoAooxp anrioir gen-
Te"r'IbHocru BCex orpac,reir HapoAr{olo xorqrlcrna crpaHbr 6nr,ra ofipe-
AerreFra rocraHoBreHrrelr uK I(ilCC H Coeera &luuucrpoa CCCP B
i978 r. <O aono.rrHtrre.'rbFrbrx Mepax no ycH/reHHio o.\pa.
Frbr npHpol1br rr ,vayqlUeHprrc HCno.ilbsoBaHHfl npHpor't-
HbrxpecypcoB>>.
3a nepno.4 ilrex(-ry XXIV H XX\r-l c'be3raMlr KfICC npaBrrrerrbcrBD
CCCP yrBepril"ro pfljl 3aKoHor3TB.,-rbHbrX aKToB, pa3Br{Barcu{HX or-
AeJ'lbtlble nOnOXieH;lf OCFIOB BO:'lHOfC 3aKOHO.laTe,tibCTBa: nO,,lOXieHL{e
o foc)'AapcrBeHHoM vqere BoA H Lrx Hcrro.rrb3oBaHt{rr, o nopflAr(e Be-
AeHHr rocyAapcrBeHHoro KaAacrpa, o ttops,{Ke paepa6orxlr cxeM Kor{-
nJeKCHOfO HCIjOIb3OBaHI{fl ri OXpaHbr BOil, O I]OpffA]ie opfaHri3arli{u vl
KoopArrHar{H[r it'reponprlrTrrl"{, o6ecne.ntBaFou{HX HaArex(ail{ee TexHH-
qecKoe cocroflFure w 6laroycrpoficrBo BoAoxpaHu"ruru{, o npoBeAeFrurr
HayqHo-HccfleAoBarerbcKHx H rtpaKTrrr{ecKux pa6or no npo6.nettau
nepe6pocKr riacrll croKa ceBepHbrx lr cH6npcK,HX peK B roi{(Hbre pafi-
oHbi crpaHbr, no oxpaHe BoArrbrx pecypcoB B 6accefiirax r{epHoro,
.Asoecxoro, Eanruricxoro H KacnuircKoro r'roperi, o3epa Eairna,r Hpsa
ApyfHx.
Vxasaunble 3aKoHorareJibrrbre a r(Tbr cos;la.rru flpa BoByro ocHoBy Ajrfl
HavqHo o6ocHonaHHoro nrr arrHpoBalrnfl BoAoxo3ff frcreeHHnrx [.{eportpn-
xtHft, paIIi:toHaJlbuoro HcnoJIb3oBaHHfl BoA lr rocyAapcrBeHHoro yrrpaB-
JIeHHS H.cnoJrb3oBaHHeM H oxpauort BOAHbrx pecypcoB.
3a noc;teAHee AecxrHJIerHe BBeAeHo B axcnnyararlHpo 6onee 20 ror-
cfis I(pynHbIX I(oMnJieKcoB or{HcrHbrx coopyx{eHnfi, c6poc HeoqHil{etr-
HbIX croqlrbrx BoA yMeHb[raJrcfl B cpeAHeM Ha 2,6 olo B rotr. B peaynn-
Tare rtpHMeFIeHI{q B npor,rbrrrJIeHHocrH o6oporHoro soAoc}ia6ii(eFrHrt
H a[napaToB Bo3AytXHOfO OX.rtax{AeHlrfi no.liyrieua 3r(O]roN,rr.trr ceelt(ert
BoAbi roJIbKo B 1979 f., cocraBriBirrafi 64 7o (coornercrByrourero Bo-
Aonorpe6neunn)
OrpoltHste pa6oru no o6ecne,rerlnro paquoHaJrbuoro o6cryxtuna.
ltHfl npoMbltuJlet{uocrH H HaceJreHHrI npecHofr BoAofi ocyqecrBnfftorcrr
86
I
I
I
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I
n Mocxee. Ha oAHa CToJII{Ua Mllpa He 3l{aer pa6or noAO6uoro Mac-
rura6a.
B npnunroir B Ig77 r. uoeofi Koncrnryqllrl CCCP npoBo3r,/'Iaue'
sO: <<B LlHrepecax H&CToflwpeo u 1ydyuleeo notdottenufi e CCCP npLL-
HLt.+tanrcn rueo6xodu,vtaLe f,tepbL dttn oxpaHbt. tt HaAqHo o1octoaaHHoeo,
paqLtoH.arlbHoeo ucnoltbSo7aHLtfl Serrtr'LLL u ee Hedp, BooHbLx pecapcoS,
pacTLLTe ttbHoeo u ucu7oTHoeo tuLupa dttn coxpaHeHufL B ttLtcToTe sffi)axa
u aodot, o1ecnerreHun Bocnpouseodcrla npupodnotx 1oearcra u ArtlJq'
LueHLLTL oKp!/Ma.tol4ert cpe0at>. B xaqecree oAsoir [13 ocFloBuutx o6ssaFI-
Hocrefr rp'ax<r1aH CCCP e I(oHcrHryqHli sanHCarto: <<fpswdane CCCP
o6nsauot 6epeuo npupody, o.vpaHfl.rb ee 6oearcraa>.
Bonpocnr oxpaHbr npHpoAbr Har.uJrr.r raKiKe AocroilHoe orpaiKeHHe
B <<OcuoBI{brx HattpaBJIeHllrx 3KotioMlIqecKof o 11 co-
uHa"rbHoro pa3Blrrrlr CCCP rra 1986-1 990 roAbi H Ha
nepHor Ao 2000 roAa)>. B Hrrx orlrellaercr Heo6xoAti\{ocrb
...(<nocileAoBarejlbHo y,'lyquIaTb o.\paHy BOAHbIx pecypcoB crpaHbl.
3aeepiulrrl BbtnoilHeHHe ocHoBHbtx MeponpHqrttt't Io oxpaHe 03epa
Ealixa,r, 6acceftuoe EanruiicKofo, Kacni-riicl(oro, uepHoro H AeoncKoro
uoper'r. flpo4onxurl ocyu{ecrB.rreHHe KoM["']eKCa Mep rro oxpaHe Bo-
AoeMoB ApxrtrqecKoro 6acceitua, Cpe4uer'r AsrlH H KasaxcraHa, a
TaKX(e no ya)'qLUeHHro coCTOgHlrf I,raJrbrx peK Ir tsoAo;\paHHJ-IHlrl,. 6o;ree
pat1rrorra,,tbHo t{CnoJIb3oBarb BoAHIrte pecypcbl. lloestcHrr eQQexrnn-
rrocrb pa6orr,i or{HCTFIbtx coopyxerlHii tt ycra FIoBot{>. Tpy:rHo nepe-
OIIetlHTb 3rlaqeHHe I;-Ifi yCHJ-IellHtl OXpatlbI BOJHbi.\ pecypCOB CO3Aall-
Horo B l9B7 r. focyeapcrBeHFloro Kor'tHrera CCCP no oxpatte nptl-
pollbl.
IIpoaodu.vote B naweil crpaHe eodooxpaHHbLe ileponpunTufl. or-
nnAo He nporulonocralrx.nrcrcrr npeo6pasoaoHuto peqHoeo croria. Ha-
nporuB, oHLt flBnttrcTC.s. o6nsarettbHbt.tt Kotv.rloH€HTo,+L no spefieHHo,ttlJ
u reppuropu(lrlbHo,flg nepepacnpedelleHun croKu. flpH eroM, pa3yN{e.
ercg, AoJrxiHbI 6rrrn fipHHrrbi Heo6xoAlilIble r!{epbI IIo cH:HH{eHHrc HJIII
rroJIHoMy npeAorBpau{eHHro HerarHBHbIX rsreHafi, Bce eu{e HepeAKo
conyrcrByrorrlHx co3AaHIIrc KpyilHbIX BOAOXpaHHJIHIq H MenHOpaTHB-
HbIX CHCTEM.
B o6"'lacrH Hcnorb3oBaHr{fl H oxpaHbr BoAHblx pecypcoB HeJrb3r He
orMerlrrb raKxie corpyAHlrqecrBo CCCP c aapy6ex(HblMrI crpaFIaMH
H B nepByro oqepeAb crpaHalrn C3B no I{cnor'Ib3oBaHHn norpaHHrIHbrx
BoA. B pesy.rinrare ABycroponHero B3arrMoBbtroAHoro corpyAHriqecrBa
nocrpoeH pflA ueo6xoApt',rur.x rnnpoy3JroB KoMirJrexcHoro Ha3HaqeHHR
B raKHX crpanax, KaK BHP, MHP, IIHP, CPP, [{CCP, a raK}Ke B
@HurRsAwu, I4pa.He H Apyrnx conpeAeJrbHbrx crpaHax.
B 1976 r. BbnrrJ,ro nocraHoBrreHrre UK KfiCC.H Conera MaHHcrpoB
CCCP <O Mepax ro rpeAorBpaureHHrc 3arpff3HeHHfl
6accefiHoe t{epHoro H AsoBcKoro Mop€fi>, B Koropor'{ npe-
AycMarpHB&.{ocb ocyqecrBllrb noMirJIeKc MeponpHxtttit, BKnnqafl
BHeApeHHe nporpeccHeHori T€XFrorotHI{ rtpor{3BoAcrBa, o6ecneqHBaro-
uIHX noJrnoe rpeKpau{enHe c6poca FreoqHr.rleHIlblx xosriicteeuso-6ttro-
Bbrx H npoMr,ruJreHHbrx cror{rrbrx BoA B BoAoeMbr 6accefiuoa tlepxoro
H Agoecxoro MoDeIi.
87

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i
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B roM x{e foAy aHar'IorHrII{oe [ocraHoB.rIeHHe Conera Munucrpoe
CCCP rpriuffro no _6-accefiuy Eanruitci<oro Mopfl, a s I g7T r. ro oxpa-
He or sarpfl3Hesun l(acnuficrioro Mopff.
3rN nocraHoBJleHlzfl cbtrpaJlri r{cKrrroqnTe,i.rbHyrc poJlb B opraHu3a-
III{H-BOAOOXpaHHbIX Mep B CTpaHe H IIpHHeC/'IH OIqyTHMbIe pe3yJIbTaTbI.
Eollruoe 3HaqeHIIe AJfl oxpaHbr Mr.rpoBoro oKeaHa HMeer crpoH-
TeflbcrBo B faBaHflX. npllllHMaroulHx raHKepbt, oqlrcrHblx Coopyx(eul.tr.-r
AtIl o6pa6orxu 6al"rlacrssrx H Apyfrix 3arpflsHeHnbrx ueQitro BoA.
Taxue _c_oopylKerrHr co3AaHbr B Hoeopoccsiic.xe, ogecce, Tyance, 6a'-
TyMrr, Haxorne, Beurcntr.,lce, K.4alineAe, a raKrr(e B Axray, Kpacno-BoACKe, HeQlnustx KaMHflx Ha i(acnlni. fleilcreyrcqtre ycraHoBKtr co-
6uparor eii(efoArto 6oree 100 rsrc. T uecilrn, Koropafl 3are1,r i{crro,r-rb-
sye.rcfl B npoMbrrIlJIeHHocTH.
Bltecre c TeM c'Te,ql/er floAqepxHyrb, r{To oxpaHa oKear]a He Mox{eT/,, ,-, ^.r..r- ^ ; -
ubl I b JqJqIQKTHBHOI{, eCJH OfpaHHqHBaTbCfl H3i{HOH?;tbHbIMH paI.{Ka-
Hrn. FIauia ,crpaHa rtpoAoJTriaer pa3Br,rBarb corpy/],Hr{qecrBo B oroM Ha.
ilpaBJIeHHH c-Apvrt'tM?I rocyAapcrBaMH, B qacrHocrn c CIUA, Bellrxo-
6puraHlrefi, KanaAoii a flnoiruel:r. B lg73 r. e BaurnFrrroge noAnrrcaHo
corJrauleHuie Mex(Ay ttpaBHTeJrbcrBaMH CCCP H CIIIA n o6nacrr{ Hc_
c.l]8AoB2HHfl Mnpoeoro oKeaHa. 3ro no3BoJrr.rr paspa6orart HayqHo
n6nnrrno4uuLr^ n^rrnvvvvrrvuqrrrrDrL. PsI\UrvrErrAar{n11 llu iutr}KAy HaiJUAtlull IJgl-naMeHTaIIHII
OXPAHbi OKCAHCKHX BOA OT 3AfPfl3HCHHfi, OTBECTH OT HHX HAABIifAIO.
tll]rtocff yrpo3y nary6uurx 6llo",roruqecKlix nsraerienHr'r N TeM caMbrM
coxpaHHTr 60rarcrBa oKeaHa A,rr-fi 6yA1'u{rtx noxo,regnri.
B 1973 f. CCCP yqacrBoBafi ; ,rloilrloHcrior'r nouQepeHqllu, nprr-ttssueii MexlyrrapoAH),'ro KoHBeHrrHIo o ilperoTBparqeHHH 3afpflsHe-
Hitrr BoAbt BpeAHbnr{rr Beu{ecTBaMH BCeX BHAOB, frepeBo3Hr{brMrr cyAaMH,a TaKiKe orxoAaMil, o6pasyrou{rnvr}rcf Ha cyAa.\. B Hacrosu{ee BpeMfiCCCP.yuacreyer B pa6ore Koranrera no ,oguornr upo6neualr E"po_neficnol"r 3KoHoMa.iecxoft KoMHccrlH ooH. cyuecrnylt eure Hec*ono-KO r'rei+(AyHapoAHbix opraHasaqnft fro oxpaHe or 3afprr3HeHHfl BOAO_
eMoB, B xoropbrx yqacrByloT npeAcraBHTeJrH CCCP lr AefiTe.,lbHocrb' I(OTOpbrx nonyqaer Bbrcorcy"ro oqeliKy Ha llelriAvHapolHoir apeHe.
4.6. nEpCnEHTHsbt pA3BHTliq rHgpoSHEpfEtHHH
ilepcnexrriBbr pa3BHrHq rHApogHeprerHKg B CCCP ofip-eAeneHhr3 u-eprerH qecxo fi ri porp d * *,t o fi C C C p, npeaycrrrarpHBaro-
rqer? exolroMHqecKH ofipaBAaHHoe A?Jtb.Heriuee KoMtrJIeKcHoe ocBoeHue' rHApogHepferHrrecKHx pecypcoB Cn6upn, flantHero Bocroxa, cpeAueft
Asrrg H eBpofieftcxoft qacrn crpaHbi.
3tH 3aAaqg cBfl3aHH c nbo6xoru,Lrocrblo KariecrBeHHoro H3MeHe-HHf crpyKrypbr 3HeprerrfqecKoro 6a.nasca crpaHbr B cropoHy Qopcx-poBaHrloro pa3BHrHfl sAepnofi eHeprerHKrI Anfi rponseolciea oJreKTpH-qecxofi H TenJroBofi eHepiHH H sbrcso,6olKIeHxff *ra erofi ocHoBe 3Ha_qHTefibFlofo KoJIHgecrBa opraHuqecr{oro roriJIHBa. flpu srou Aansnefi-uee pa3BHrHe r"HAposHeprerHKlr opnaHHqecKH yBflsbrBaercq c HHTe-pecaMll Bcex orpaclefi HapoAuono xosRficrea nyreM KoMnJreKcHoro
68
HC[OJ]b3OBaHHfl f!{ApOpeCyCOB A.iIfl HyX{A BOAOCHao}KeHHfl, MeJrr{opa-
rfHH, TpaHcfiopra, pu6uoro xo3flficrea n Ap.
OcHosHrIe H a n p aB.,r el{r'r fl p agavrr Hfl. ruApo3Hepf erH,KH rra Mer{eHbr rru
ocHoBFIbIM pefllorlatvl crpaHul. B pafiouax Cn6upi{ _- AaJrbseiiruee ocBo.
eHHe nucoxoeSQexrueHnx raAposHep:rernrrecKux pecypcoB AHrapo-
Euscer?cKoro 6accer?ua H BepxoBsq o6H, B qacrHocrH ee npurora (a-
TyHlr, fAe flpeAno/rafaercfl coopy]KeHHe [recrH f3c cyMMapHor? Mou-
Frocrbro oKoJro 4 ivr,rrH. xBr c eupa60r,nofi 19 nirpa. xBr.u. Coopyxe-
HHe l{pyrHsrx f3C Cu1npn 6yler }iMerb 6o"rlsruoe 3HarieuHe AJrfl 3Hep-
rocHa6xeHl{fl He roJIbKo par?oua Cu1upu, Ho H eeporuel:rcxofi qacirr
CCCP. Ha HX ocHoBe H uecrHoi'r cstplenofi 6ase 6yayr co3AaBarbcg
ocHoBHble TeppHTopHaJIbHo-IIpoH3BoACTBeHFrbre KOMrrJIeKCbr c sHepfo-
eMKHM rrpolr3BOACTBOM.
B Bocro,IHofi _Cu6lrpu i-I Ha f a.nnHer,r Bocroxe - crponre.rtcreo
f3C Ha Barrilre, O.'rexlure H Koltrlfe c ueabrc co3AaHHfl neo6xoAauofi
3HeprerHqecxol't 6asLt pasBIITllfl HapoAHoro .rossficrea e 30He Eai?-
xa,,ro-Arvrypcxoir Manucrp arl H pafionoe Cenepo-BocroKa.
B 6o,ree Aanexor? [epcneKruBe_[pocMaTpHBaercq qeriecoo6pas-
HOCTb OCBOeHLtff OCHORHOIO pycira JIeHu, a raKlr(e coopyx\elrne r3C
Ha p. AuryeMe Fra Llyxorxe rr p. KpoHouxol'r na KaM.rafxe.
B enponeticliori qacrH crpanbl - MaKcrrMaJ'rbHoe HcIroJrb3onaHH..l
rH,lposHeprertlqeci(Hx pecypcoB per Ceaepo-3anaAa, CeeepHoro Kae.Ka3a H 3axaera3bfl AJIfl cIIflrqeHufl Ha[pg]KeHHocrH 3HepfertiqecKofo
OanaHca B 3ToIr perHoHe, a TaKxie crporireJlbcrBo rHApoaxxyMyJrHpy-
rcu{tix sileKTpocraHqltii (S 7 4) .(r'rr noBbrtrreririr 3KoHoMHrrHocrg, Ka-qecrBa H HaAelriHocrrr pa6oru T3C ll A3C B srrepfocHcreMe. lNrpo.
aI(K.VMyIHpylcIrIHe 3.IreKTpocraHqHH no3BoirflT TaKXie 3KOHOMHqeCKH
itaNdolee sSQexrHeuo pa3r\.recrrrrb aeapuliuue pe3epBbr MorrlHocr;r
eHepfocHcreMbr IfeHrpa. B l2-fr. flrrrHrreTKe K Aanee iloflyqHr AaJrb-uefiuree pa3BHrHe MoAeprrH3aqufl o6opy4oe aHHfl H per(oHcrpyKuaq He-
r{oropbrx cyqecrByroruHx f3c, CTpOHTenbCTBO }raJrbrx f3c r{ 3 H e p-
rCTHI{ CCKHX K O M II JI C K C OB, T€XHO;IO|HqECKH O6ICAHUflIOU{HX
A3C u fA3C.
B CpeaHefi AsuH H KasaxcraHe - crpoHrerrbcrBo rnApoy3noB KoM-
NJICKCI{OrO }IA3HAqCHHq, O6CCNCqIIBAIOII{HX PC|YJIHPOBAHHE CTOKA PCK
Anfl lupa6olxll 3nexrpo3neprnt{ H pa3BHTtrfl opoixaeMoro 3€MrTeA€-
Jr]f.fl,. C erofi qenblo Ha sanepuaeMoM 3Tane npousofi4eT norrHoe ocBo-eHHe rHApo3Heprernqecxoro riorerrqnara peK Baxua, HapuHa fi k|p-
TbIIIjA.
Ha'rHercs crpoHrenbcrBo MaJrbrx foc Ha peKax 6accefirioe
03. Hccntr-l(y.rll, Ealixaut, a raKxie Ha paHee [ocrpoeHHbrx rHApo]3:JIaX He3Hepf erHqecKof o Ha3HaqeHHrI, Ha opocHTeJIbHIIX KaFIaJIax cMaKCI{ilIa.nruori yHHQrixaqtlefi ocnoBHbrx rHApoTexHHrrecKHx coopyx(e-ur'rir .u 3JIeKrpocHJIoBoro jgopyaoBaFrHfl. C.ruraercs [epcner(THBHbTM
crporlreabcrBo Kacr(aAa fOC Ha p. tlapnru.
' ' Taxnu o6pasou, npeAnoxox{HTeJlbHo Mox(Ho crrnTarb, riro B o6o-'splllvtor"t nepcneKrFlBe Mo)lter 6ltrn ocBoeHo 40-45 % 3KoHoMHqecKoro
roreHql{aJa fHAp03rrepferHqecKHX pecypcoB crpaHbr (nporirs 2001,,,ocBoerruL,rx B rracrofluee npeur).
69

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rjlABA 5
gJTEKTPO 3 !-IEPI-ETHqECKPIE €PICTEMbI
5.{. OETqHE nO,IO}HEHF{'|
CoepeiweuFlbre 3JIeKTpocraFIqtiH o6lt.Iuo ue
Ho gpyp or Apyra, a ofipeAeleHHbIn o6pasolt
eMecrHoli p a6ortr.
C o so tcg nHo cr b e /r e KT p a cr anquti, a /Le KT p utre c rcux u r e n.n o B btx c er et7,
coedu.ueruuox ttectc)g co1oil LL cln3aHrLotx o6uqHocrbto peucLtt4a I He-
npepuBHo,tL npoLrtecce npotLsaodcrla, npeo6pasoBa.HLLrL LL pccnpedene-
Httn arxeKTpuqecKoti eruepeuu u rennorbl npu o6uqe.,vt Anpal/teHLtu grutt
p€cttutv.o.tL HcrsbLlaercn aHepeerurtecrcoil cucre,vcil (suepeocucreaot"L).
Ta qacrb aHepeerrtqecKr.tx cLtcre lt, KoropLTtr, o.vea.TbLBaer /tllLrJtt
3.teKTpo!/crclHoBKrL g.1eKT'pttltecKLtr cran4uti rL a,rreKTpttqecJ;tL.r cereii,
cr r orccice ft p ue il.H Lt K t t g )x e KT p o a He p e u tt, o6_z e d u.He HH brc o6 u4no cr b rc npo -
qecca npousaodcrla, nepedauLt, pl,cnpe)e-qenun u norpe1rreHur grtet-
TpuqecKoti euepe.uu, HocLtT Ha3BaHue aneKTpooHepaeruqecloti ctrcre-
At.bt. B o6ltxoAe HepeAKo, roBop n o6 3JleKrpo3ueprerHqecroil cricreMe,
ynorpe6af rcT rroHfiTHe 3Heprerlrqecnofr cHcrel{br.
Taxsu o6pasovr, sJIeKTp03Heprernr{ecKr.{e cHcreMbr
qacrbio (noAcncrevorl) 3HeprerHqecKoii ulcrevbI.
Arcrtteuan Jvo{urHocrt), norpe1ttne,uan B dannotft .ilo.MeHT BpefieHu
BCe.uLt norpe6 tneltfl,rtLl gHepeocucreilbL, BK.4toqan co6craeuuote nymd ut
aieKTpacraruquil u tr.orepu noLIIHocrLL B oit€KTpuqectux cernx, HashL-
Baercn ee Hclzpasrcod. Kpuaan LsrreHeHun HaepasKtt 8o Bpe,+reHu P(t)
Hosbt eaer c n epaS u.tdo It Haep AsKLt.
CosAaHI.Ie sHeprerHqecKgx cracreM rrpoAarcroBatio pff.AoM TexHriKo-
3KoHoMHqecKIIX coo6paxreHrrti. O6'relltHeHrte B erHHyro cr{creuy tto-
rpe6ttre.nei.t, t.tl,rerourtx pa3rnqsorir pex{HM norpe6neHrrr 3ireKTpo3Hep-
fFItI (npolvrsrnrJreHHocrb, TpaHcrropr, 6srr H Ap.), ynyquaer HCno.,'rb3o-
BaHlre ycraHoe,reHHofi Mor.qHocrn rax<.qoft 3neKTpocraHrrHr.i. fpaQni<
cyuMapuoir Harpy3I{H 3HeprocHcre}{br craHoBrrrcr B 3ToM cJryt12" Me-
Hee IIttl(OtsblM, UTO npli CHI{lI\eHllH C)'MMapHOfO MaKCr'IMyL{a rtarpy3]il{
3Heprocl{creMbI cpaBrrr{TeJrbHo c cyMMoii MaKCHMyMoB or.(er'rbrlbrx
parionon norpe6.neHHfi Aaer yMeHbureHne KanHTaJrbHbrx BJro)r(egnir nprr
crpolireJrbcrBe rroBbIX H cl{r'r}Kaer ce6ecroHMocrb [poH3BoAcrBa 3;Tei{-
Tpo3H ep rrr H cyuecrB)f ro u.U.{r 3Jr e KTp ocra H i{u fi .' 
O6rse,quHeuHe norpe6ltrener:i BJIeqer ga co6ori TaKirie yMeHbirrelrHe
orFIocHTeJrbHbrx xole6asnir cyNrMapHofi Harpy3KH gHeprocHCTeMbr,
o6yc;roeneHr{bIX Hec,oBnaAeHrreM Bo BpeMeHr{ TorriKoB (nnxon) or-
AerbHbIX MoIqHbIX norpe6nre,refi (euenlponoe3Aa, aJreKTponequ i{
T. n.), uto B cBoro oqepeAb o6rerqaeT gKcnJryararluro aHepfoclrcrer{br
B qacrll noAAepxiaHHn na ueo6xoAlrl,rolr ypoBHe qacrorbr rI Flartpr{-
X{EiITIfl.
O6rcArtneHr{e renu'IoBbrx, aroMHbrx q n rHApa B;TIIHe cKrix oJielirpo-
craltqt.tir co3Aaer 6o;lee 6naronpnfiTHbre ycJloBrrrr AnR HcfloJrbsoBat{r{fl
snepropecypcoB, a raKx(e peMoFrra o6opyloealrufl Ha TOC rr AOC,
90
p a6orarcT H3o.rilrpoBaII-
o6reAlrHgrorcfl AJIS co-
f Br'If IOTCfl
TaK KaI{ OH B sTOM CJIyqae MOiKeT npOBOAHTbCS B flepHOArrr nOBbrrueH-
nofi npuroq,Hocrlr ua f3C.
tlpesnur.rattHo BaxinbIM o6crogreJibcrBoM flBr'tflcrcfI To, rITo co3Aa-
HHe 3HepfocllcTe,M HapgAy c yIytlueHI{eM 3KoHoMHqecKofo noKa3a-
TeJIff HCnoJIt'3oBaHHfl 3Hepropecypca o6ecne.{HBaer traAe}r(Hocrr lr 6ec-
nepe6oliuocrr aF{epf ocH a6.ixewvtn, a raKir{e ycrorlivn Bocrb r(aqecrBeH-
Hblx rloKasarerefi (uacrorsr H Hanpf,x(eHHn) o"rrerTpo3HeprHH. CosAa-
ercff Bo3Mox(Hocrb yMeHbureHrrfl ueo6xoAr.rMofo o6u(ero pe3epBa ilrou-l-
HOCTII H 3JEI(TDO3HEDTHH.
TexHu xo-t*ono" 
"qecKHe 
rroKasa Ter,rr.r 3Hep f ocHcreM -vJryqu alorcir
npH o6teAttneutil.t HX B sneprocucreMbr 6onee Kpyflrroro uacrura6a.
flpn erolt qeu 6onttLLtee or,rLtque no cBou.u. rapcrKTepLrcTuKa,M u.Metor
orde,ztttarc gHepeocucre-ltbL, Te)t Sottaututi sHepeoorcoHolLLtq,ecrcurt e(b-
Qercr no:LaLtaercfl. npu ttx odze)uueu.uLt. oco6oe sHaqeHrre B 3To\{
cJyqae nprro6peraer yieJbirbrir eec B cricreMe I'3C lr fA3C, ro3Bo-
rgrculr{x, KaK 6y',ter B}trHo ra,lee, o6,ter,lllrb cHffTHe nHKoB c y r o rI-
Hbrx fpa0tiKoB Hafpy3Kti H [poxo]r(AeHHrr Hor{Ftbrx npoBa-
J'IOB ee.
fipenr.ryuecrBa o6rerittteHHbTx oHeprocHcreivr (O3C) oco6erino
fIpORBJ']qrcTCfi B C;'I]92e llX <AOJ'IrOTriOnO>> II <(LtIl.fpOTt{OrO>> pa3BLITIit{.
B nepBo[r c.,'I]H3e I{acbI MaKCHM,vMoB Harpy3Krr cMeu-{eLIbI no Bper\,reHrr,
qTO npHBOIIIT X CHi{iKerlIIlO Cyivf}{apFIOrO MaKCHi\,tytv1a O6tegnrreirHfl, a
c.rteAoBareJIbLIo, K ycrpaHeHriro Heo6xoAuMocra BBoAa AonoJiltIireJIb-
Hblx vouiHocreit. Bo eropor{ c.[yqae AJ'II.{Te,Tbnocrb qacoB ivlaKcgMvilra
Hal-py3KII \/ pa3ubtx 3Heproclicre\r r.roitier 6orru pa3JIr-runoft, qro co3-
AaeT BO3MO;{tllOCTb r,laH€BJI{pOBa}lHfl MOUIIIOCTfl}{ri OTAe;-rbHbrX CHCTeM
Afl f yn)'q tileH I'l fl 3;'I€KTpoCs a 6xeH n n n a H6o,ree rr a n prxieliH nrx p aft oHos.
SneprerltqecKafl cncrelra KaK nporr3BoAcTBeHHsru'r o6texr o6flaAa-
eT pfilor.{ nOJIOX(HTer'IbHbIX OcO6eHHocreii:
CO3AACT YCTOBHfl AJI'{ II]IIPOKO|O BTIEAPCHIIf CPEACTE ABTOMATI{3A.
IIHI{ BO BCe CTaAHII 3iIeKTpO3HepfeTHqecKofo rrpoqecca, flo3Bo",'rfleT rro.r-
Hocrblo aBToMartr3gpoBarb MoulHbre 6loxrr T3C H orAeJrbHbre 3JreK_
rpocraHqHH (e nepBy_ro oqepert f3c) n noacraHuHH, a raKx(e ynpaE.
JIeHHe pexiliMoN{ pa6orst eceit 3Heprocr{creMbr. 3ro o6crosreJrbcrEu
npuo6peraer oco6oe 3HaqeHHe flpu pa3pa6orxe H bireApeHulr a BTo-
M arH3 il p o B a HHbIX c HcreM rru c rr err{ e p c K o r o y n p a B-
rr e rr H r (ACAY) (rn. 16);
norpe6,rner B o6ulelvr Cit!Hsc BCe Bo3Molr(r{bre I{ HCtro.,'rb3oBaHHro
BHAbr 3HepfeTtiqecKHX pecypcoB;
cna6rxaer s.rleKTpo3neprueri Bce orpacJTrr HapoArroro xosrficraa,
o6ecne,ir.rBaer Hx HelpepbrBHoe pa3BHTHe;
HMeeT pasuoo6pasHblti cocraB llcroqHr.tKoB reFrepHpoBaHtrrr 3JreK-
TposHepnHH;
$yuxqHoHHpyer HenpepbrBHo,
MeitTbI, ee cocTaBJIgtou{[Ie, MofyT
HecMoTpfl tra To rrTo oTAeJIbHbre 3JIe-
6urn BpeMeHHo HJnr rrocroflHFro Bbr-
BeAerrbr rrs pa6oru;
BK.nroqaer e ce6s
nopTrryro cltcTeMy B
usr.x cereii;
pa:uoo6pa3rryro H BecbMa pasBcrBJrerriryro rpaHc-
BI.rAe J'urHrtri :"rlerrponepe;1ar{rr rr pacrrpeAeJIttreJrb-
9l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

ApIHaMHqHa Bo BpelvteHLI I4 B IIpOcTpaHCTBe.
I-lprr rIfiaHlipoBaFIHrI 3HepronpolI3BoACrBa He.r,iL,3fl opHeHTr.rpoBarb-
cfl, iiaK Bo MHOflrx Apy;s,1 orpacJrrrx HapoAHofo xo3qircrBa, Tor.fbKo Ha
rorpeduocrb.B 3HeprHH Ha rJraHripyeMbiit repnoa. HapxLy c o6teruoiur
npOAyI(IIHII (eanovr) ueo6xoAHMo ytIHrbIBarb H pelKHrvr norpe6,reuna
3HepfHr{ Bo BpeMeHH. Kpoue Tofo, Aoii}KHo co6.ryrcAarbcfl KaK one-
pelKalou{ee pa3BHTHe 3HepfOCHCTeMbr, TaK H fapMOHHTIHOCTb BCex ee
3BeHbeB.
B cBr3H c reN{, rrro npli 3"[eKTponpor.i3BoACTBe ocyulecrB"[flercfl
oAHoBpeuenuufi . r{HKJr rrpor.r3BoAcrBa, pacnpeAeJrerinr Lr norpe6leHlra
3HeprliH (S 1.1) , Bo3HHKHoBeHHe HecorJracoBaHHocrtr B HeM il{ox(er
orpa3r.rrbcff Ha pa6ore ecer? cHcreMbr, qro I{HotAa Moi{(eT npHBecru
K TfiXiE.{CfiUrUU ilOC.TICACTBHflIVI T^r,f HAPOAHOIO XOSflIYICTBA.
Tarcu.tt o6pason, aHepeeruttecrcan c'lrcrertLa tt.veer 4enbtu Sgrurc4u-oHtLposaHue u lJnpastleHue, u,weer eng6orcue IHAT pert Hue BsattttrpcBfl.Stt
.ttewdg BCe,tlu ane,vteHTeltu Lt atteutrueti cpedod, t,,epa.p*urHa no npr[H-
uutla opeaHu7aqtrL Lt Anpae/tQHtLtL, T. e. nlllfl.erctr, Karc U BXC,6OnO-
tuo*tt _ p as s 48 an-t4e ilc n u c td g c cr s e u no i rcu6 e p u. e r urt e c rco ri i ucr e tt o ti.
Taxas cHcreMa, H$Iercu{ar cBfl3b c crlcreMaMa gHepronorpe6JieHr.pl
(npouutruteHl{ocrblo, cei'IbcKHM xosqficreoM, Tpa ricnoprovr), oKa3brB a-
er BCe 6olr'ttree BJII{sHHe Ha 6aoc$epy. ITplr J-ToNr HeilpepbiBnbir-i pocr
MourHocrl'I 3HeprocHCTeMbr B Maciura6e nlaHeTbr yxie npHBeJr K ToMy,r{To eosAeficreHe. ee Ha or(py}Kalou_tyro cpeAy crano cotr3MepHMo c
i\{oulHocrblo reoSusltqecxl-IX, feororriqecKxx Lt Koc[.II.ttIecKtrx flBJr3-
ruili, rrpoHCXoAflrIHx rra 3ey.re B ecrecrBeHHbrx yc,roerirx.
3ro rpe6yer cneullanbHoro HoBoro noAxo.qa K rriraHr.rpoBaHHro pa3-
BtlTIlfl sHepfeTHKH KaK C yrreToill THiroB HCTOLTHLIKOB 3HepfHtr H lrx
MOU{FrOCTIr, TaK H TeppHToprianbHofo pa3Mer.qeHHfl r.ix.
5.2. rPA(DllHt{ HATPy3KH
B coo'r'Berc'r.Bnrr c xapaKTepoM H3MeHeulrfl I.iarpy3Kr.r (n JI r H r)_Bas, T. e. peryJrflprrar{, HJu.t cny.iaituafl,T. e. }reperyrrrp.
92
J
H a n) cyrorrFrbre rpadtuxrr narpysr{r.i AerInrcfl Ha peryJlffpHbre (nrano-
eue) H rreperv"rrffpFrbre (uen;rauoeure). Ha puc. 5.1 uso6paiKeH rrrra-
nonnri'r, rHrHqHbIfi Ann 3HUTFTHX pa6ourax 4ttei.i O3C l-{eu'rpa cyrouunui
rparlux Harpy3Kri D,irtr HenpepblBHoro BpeMeHH.
Cyrouriorfi rpacirur( Harpy3Kr.i xapaKrepH3yercr B ocHoBlroM rpeMrI
ltoKa3are,/'IfrIH: l\,raKCHMaluHot-'t cyrounot"r uafpy3Kofi prtatic, N{HH]rN,taJIb-
Horir cyrouHoft Harpysr<ofi prrHrr cpeAHecyroqnoft rrarpysr<or? P.rr,
onpeAe,TfleMor? AevTeHHeM cyrourion eurpa6olxli 3HeprocHCTeMbr Ha
24 q.
Ta r{acrb Hafpy3riH, I{oropaff 3a}rHi\{aer 30HV or ocr.r a6c(ltcc Aopvttru, HocHT Ha3BaHr{e 6azoeoilt (6asucHol'r), 3oHa or P.r, Ao
prtaxc-nH XOg O ti, HLIXg P.r-, u Bbt[te prtrlu-nO11 y1JHKOeOit.
3oua, BepxHqfl rpaHt{r{a xoropoii /reH(r{T B floJrytraxoeoiYt qacrtr rpa-
Suxa, a l{uiKrrrfl e 6asricHo}i, ua3brBaercr nory6a3rrcuol:r. Aua-
JIOftlrrHble Ha3 BaFIrifl H yeroT II cooTBeTCTB\.roulr,te Deirirr \1br.
I"trs B03Mox(Hocrr{ pa3";-raquoir oqerrKr.r cyror{rrbrx fpaQtiKoB BBo-
AflTCfi ottpeAeJIeHHbre ttoKa3are/rui r.r r<o:Qcfuqr.reHTbr. Orverlnvr cpeAr{
Hax nan6o,Tee pacilpocrpaHeriHbie.'fI po.4,orlr(iiTeJrbfrocTb ri crro Jr b 3 o B a H r.i.fl lr & KCH MyM e
H a r py3 K H h*a*c-ort{ouenHe no"qrroi'r norpe6nxervroii 3JreKTp03t{ep-
rHH 3ueprocHcTelrbr 3a I cyr K cyrolrHor{y rvraKCHMyi\rV Harp}i3r<tr, T. e-
/lrranc-Ofpr'^n, (c.l i
Aua,rorrtqHo 3ToI{\' noKa3arefi[o rlcno.rb3]rrorcfl notia3areJlb ir p o-
AO "rlXtllTe.II b IIOCTII H C IIOJ'l b 3 O B a II H tl yCTa II O'il .:l e n it Oft
M O U{ H O C T H, nOA tlOrOpOl't TIOFIIiMaeTCfl CyN{MapHat HOItI{Hailbitafl
aKTHBHafl MOLqHOCTb BCeX feHeparopoB SJreKTpocraFir{Hr."r 3HepiocH-
CTCMbI:
h'1ct:3 I N r"r,
H Ko3SQuqrieriT HCrroJrb3oB aHHfl, ycra rjo Br
MOIIIHOCTH
Kr"": Nrrr/Nycr: 3 | (Nrrr.24):h,-rrf 24.
. Ko30QuqHeHT sarroJrHer{r{fl (no.nuorur, nrorHoclH) rpa-
Qnxa Harpy3Kr{ -orrroueHrre cpeAHecyro.{Hofi Happy3r(H K MaKcH -
ualnuofi, cBr3arr c'xoaQQHlrner.rroM hlraKc cneAyrcu{r.tM o6paso.lt:
6:F.r,/ P.rran'c _ 3 / (Pn,ax" .24) - Tvaxc l24.
- Kos_SSIirIHeHr sa[oJIHeHHtr 6 gaeHcnr or cocraBa eJreKTponorpe-
6nre.nefi, cMeHrrocrg flporr3BoAcrBa, yAeJrbtroro Beca xovruyg2norioft
Koecp$rrutteHT szrlorTHCIIHfl He gBrflercfl nocroRrrHbrM H H3Merrff-
eTcs B npeAeJlax HeAellt tt cesoila. B cy66orHlre i.r oco6errHo B noc-
Kpecllf,le AIIIr ol{ IIecl(oJIblio 6ollrue. Orr noBblulaercfl TaKit(e ;terO!{
93
(5 2)
euuol't
(s 3)
(5.4 )

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oillt\C41'
pHuH/+)
o 2++
Puc. 5.1. Cyrouuuii rpa-
cirttrc Harpy:xtt 3Heproc!{-
c rellbl
Pnc. 5.2. foAoeL,re rpaQHKli Hafpy3Krr
3Hep rocHcrelfbl
BCi-Ief,CTBHe FieCOBnaAeHlIE BpeMeHIi HaCTyniIeHHfl npOMbllIl"TeHHOI-O ll
ocBeTuTe"{bHoro MaKCH}1};MOB Hafpy3KH.
Kos 0SuuHeHr MHHH MyM a, Koropblfl oilpeAeJ'rflercfl orHo-
-rrTArJrro\,r ^r:.:ult.re nr-rrnfi tltI.nl/?rLr v r.i2L'nLf rre nlunit'j!Urr{lL.Yl lrrrrrrrriYluvlurrvrr arqr l/J
fl: puwulpuaKc. (S S)
PacclrorpelrHbre rroKz3aTe;rtI Moryr 6uru npuMeueFlbr ir.lJf oT-
;I,eJ b H bl.\ 3.II eKT pOCTa H UI{ I'I.
C,v*rouusre rpaQriKH Harpy3Ku l{crloi-rL,3yrorcfl riaK npH npoeKrrr-
poBaHrII{ 3HepfeTHqecKLIX CLICTeM r{ HX OTIeJrbHbrX 3ire}leHTOB, TaK rr
flpri 3KCnJryarar{Hn. B nepBoM cr}t{?e nprr ll3BecrHoM cocraBe fio-
Tpe6lrrerteir s.r:errpoeHeprHn oHlr r,roryr 6uru nocrpoeubl n)/reM cyM-
}{IrpoBaHHff COOTBeTCTByTOU{HX Hafpy3OK B CXOJHble Mo}teHrbr Bpe}Ieu}1.
B 6o.tiee cJlox(ubrx cJryrlaflx, cBfl3aHHbrx c nponr03upoBaHl{e}{, I{ct-ro,Ilb-
3yloTcfl clreuprarbrlbre MeToAbr, B ocHoBe KoTopblx Jre){iaT Teopr{f Be-
poflTriocreii H MaTelraTrIsecKafl crariicrHKa.
flplr exctt.r-r]zra(rrH cyroqHbre rparpHKrr Harpy3lcr onpeAeJlrror pe-
)KIIV pa6orbr Kat{ cilcTevrbl B {e.r'Io}r, Tai( Il BCex 3reMeHToB oT feHe.
pHp\rrcU{ilx IICTOqHHKOB AO BbICOKOBOJIbTHLIX i'IHHI{}'I (B/l) H pacnpe-
AeJrHTeirbtrbtx ceTe!'r. Ans 3KCrI.,'i!?TrrpyeI.rbrx 3FIep[ocHcTei\{ o}rrr npof-
H03rlpyIorCrr c FreKoropbrM orrepelKeHHeM Bpe!leHrr (o6murto 3a clrrKH).
flocxolrKy rrcr{oMbrir peiKHM }rarpy3r{n ri3-3a Bo3AeilcrBrrfl MrroxiecrBa
cJryqafiHblx Qaxropon (r*rereopoJlor!{qecKaff o6crauonxa, cocroflH}re
BII r{ r. A.) npeAct(a3arb oAHo3HaqHo itpIiHu]{nHairbt{o I{eBo3rroxiHo.
Ailn ero onpeAeJleHHfl IIC[oJIb3yroTcfl cneuHarbHbre MeToAbI, B ocHoBc
KOTOpbTX JreXraT TeOpHrr cnyqairHbrx npoueccoe H MeroAbr MaTeMaTH-
qecKoir -crarlicrHr(H. flcruo, qro npH 3To[,r rpaQIIK Harpy3KLr N,ro]r(er
'6urr npeAcxa3aH Jrrlub c onpeAexeHHoir creneHbro Beporrrrrocrrr.
3san rpaOHr{u Frarpy3Krl H norepH Mou{Hocrrr npH nepeAarre ee or
rerieprrpylourHx trcrorrHHKoB Ao norpednreJrefi, Mo)r(eNr nocrporrrb rpa-
,$irx Mort{HocrH, Heo6xoA}tiuuii A,rin yAoBJrerBopeHr-rfl cnpoca norpe6rr-
TeJreft.
94
Ann noAAepx( aHHfl Tpe6yeMoro Kar{ecrBa 3/reKTpo3HeprHH Heo6-
xoAll\'lo floIAeplKI'lBarb cooTBercTByrcu{l{e ypoBr{H r{acrorbr tr Hanpfi-
)l(efItlfl. 3ro rpe6yer rtepeAaqti u3 cerrr norpe6Hre"rqilr rre roJr6Ko an.'ttteHotl, Ho H peaKT}IBHoi:t lron{riocrH. floarotury r,Jtrr nonsoli xaparire-
pltcrlliill FIarpy3KlI no norpe6Jlfleivtofi r,roII{HocrH Heo6KoAHMo 3i{aTi}
TaI(iKe li rpaQll'l( peaKTIIBHor? Mou{Frocrri. Srlr rpacfuxu TaKir{e Hocflf
MHoiliecrBo greMel{ToB c,lyqatiHocrt.I t.t l{oryT 6ttrt fiolyqggot rro TaKrJ-
My xie flpHHrIHny, r(aK H fpacprrxlr aKrr.rBHOir MOrrlHOCTlr.
Ec;ilt cvror{lible rpaQtli(ir Llarpy3rlr pa3.\lecrrrrb B xporro,Torr-rqec-
SOlr nopflrr{e Apyr 3a ApyfoM, r'o no"[yqarcR rpasHnu, orpaxiarcu{rre
6o,ree A,THTe.rrbFrbre rteprroAbr (rierte;rF, Mecflu, 
'ro4). 
g npoexruoli vr
:JlicllryaTallttortHoi'i npaKTIIt(c oco6oe pacIpocrpaHerrrre tirr{ercT roAo.
Bble rpatpnrli. O.quaKo B 3Tolt cJ)"qae orrlr crpor{Tcfl Fie c qacoeori:r.rc-
I(peTHocrbro, a c cvroqgoir.
I'lcno.,iss1-tor rpatplrxlt ilr a K crr rr a Jb rrori, \r tr rrtr Ir an o rto fi ti
c p e.d, H e c) T o q u o ii llarp)'s iiit. CoornelcrBeHrro rro ocrr op1lr-rlaT oTIi;lSAblBaroT C)'ToqHbie !{aliClll'{}'ML,t Ll ivtllHuN,tyi!{bt LI CpeAI-iecy-
rot{Hbre Harp}i3i(r.i (puc. 5.2) .
fl.'roua.lb roAoBoro rpacpuxa cperHecvroqHbrx Harplr3ori F.", on-
PeLe'rrer roAoBoe norlle6"lentte eF{eprIItI BCeMn norpe6rire.rrfl}rrr 3.TeK-.atlAlrr^nr-rrtr E.-.,,,
r ywr'svr rrrL r-Lrlll JHePt uctlct e.\1 a pa3BIIBaercfl, To K KoHq)' foJ,a eeHa rplr3xa 6.r'Ier 6ortuure, Lrelr B gaqa"{e.
5.1. HAAEIKHOCTb 'H pE3EPBbt
Vcneuruoe peueltrre 3aAaq, cBfl3aHHbrx c noBbruleHr.Ietvr srf.r$erirlre_
Hocrrr.ryio6oro rrpoH3BoJcrBa, Aocrgraercfl, B ltepByio oqeperb, 3acqeT pocra Ha.4elKHocrti 3KcrIilyaTrpyeuor? TexHHr{tr. B ceq3rr c 3Tr.r}rBO3FIHKaer npo6ler,ra o6ecneqeulrn strcoxor:r H a.{ ex{H o c rH pa3,ttrr{_Hblx cHCTeM, ycrpoitcre li Mexai'tII3rvloB, HaxoAflrrlr.{xcfl B 3ticsryarau[{ir.
3ra 1q9Q1eua HarJra cBoe orpaxie'He B rpHH,qrbrx Ha xxvllcbe3;Ie KICC <<OcHoeHhIx HanpaB,r'Iel{nflx co(rranbHoro H 3KoHo}rH-qecKoro pa3Btrrrrrr CCCp l{a 1986_lgg0 rojtrrr r{ Ha fiep}ro;l Ao,2000 ror1a>>, B l(oropbIX nocraBJieHa 3aAaqa ilyreM KapAriHaJibrioroyci{opeHHfl HayqHo-TexHHqecr(ofo nponpecca oc}ru{ecTBtrTb 3a rptr nfl_TI'l.4erKH tloBylo rexHrlqecKVto per{oHCTpyKrtrilo HapoAHofo xosqrjcraar'r Ha sroir ocHoBe npeo6p-aroBaTb Marepr{aJ,rbHo-TexHHqecKyo 6aayo6uecrsa.
HaAexuoe n-o coBper'{eHHbIilr rpe6oeaHliflrvr ctta6x<enrie oJreKTpo-eHepraerl.. norpe6ureJrefi flBJrfleTcr ealr(Her?ue['i nporr3soAcrserrHoi?
QyHruueli KaK 3uepreruqecKrrx cricreNr, Tari Ir orAe,TbHbrx ee 3"rre-MCFITOB,
IIo0 nadeucnocrbto pa6orut aHepeoc ucreilbr. 6gden fi.oH.Hlte.T.b ee.cnoco6Hocrb o6ecnetrularb 6ecnepe'6otinoe euepedcnalyrettue rLoT.pe-5uretteil tt noddeprcaHue B dongcrunorx npedenax narcas,a.'.rertefi rca-qecrsa gneKrpuqecrcort u rennoloi eruepeutt. B wuporcou ctL(ttcie Ha-oc?tcHocrb x(tpatTeprcaercn Bepo,lTHoCTbto CoxpaHeHUft cuQ1trceHu.o..EC?X ee norpe5uretteti euepeueil uadtteacaurceo KTqecrBa-
-f-
95

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OAHlliu lI3 ocHoBHbIx ycr'Ioeul'r uaAelKHocru 3JrexTpo3nepreraqecxoft
cllcreMbl ffBJlqercf ycrofiqltBocrb, noA xoroporl noulnwaercs cfio-
co6Hocrn cncreMbr rrpLr BHe3anHbrx cryvafiHlix Bo3MyrrIeHHffx ee pe-
x(HMa (xar oqeHb MaJIbrx, TaK H oqeHb 3HaqnTermui; BoccraHaBJrH-
Barb ceoli nepBoHar{a.nusuft HopMaJrbHur? pexuM HJrH pex<r.ru, rpaKTH_qecKH 6nHsxHpi K Helty. 3ro cnoficrBo clrcreML,r AortorHqrcT r.r r{our{pe-
TH3HpyroT iioFlrrHet{ )ti t't B y q e cr H, T. e. cuoco6nocrn cHcreMbI I{e
AofiycKarb pa3Bi.irHfi orAeJrbfrbrx Hapyuerruir pexu,Ma B KacKaAr{oe
pa3Bi{rIIe aeapltft c pacnpocT'patteHIIeM orKJi:oqeHufi :neproHCTorttrHKa
3HaqllreJIbHoro npocrpaFlcrBeHHoro ltacrura6a H, cBfl3aFIHbrM c 3THM
MaccoBbIM H AJIHTeJIbltbtM r-rapyuieHl{e\.I trl{TaHLIfl norpe6are,rerl.
Hapyrueune o.,leKTpoCua6;iieHnq, a Bl,,recre c 3Tr-r\{ H no.flB,.'IeHi.re
yurep6a y norpe6rireleli Mox{er 6trrl Bbr3BaHo FflAol,r AocraroqHo
crl,qatiHbrx nplirtirH, B ocHoBe Koropbtx ,'teinlrr 4eQurlur MouIHocrH,
FB.1flr0ti{tiiics c..,'r€.tcrBHeM pa3r!rqHofo xapaKrepa anaplrr? B cHcreMe
tl ori€;-IbtlbiX ee 3ile!lei-lra-{ (orxnioveHlte reHepHpyroqero o6opirlo-
BaHHfl, irlrHnl"r 3JleKTporrepeAaqn H T. n.), H.rTH oruri6oqHoro lrporHo-- 3HpOBaHtrfl cnpoca Moir{HocTH H 3JIeKTpO3HepfHH, Hrru,. HaKorreq, cTH_
xufturix SeAcrerar?, BreKyu{ux 4eQuqHr snepiopecypcoe. 3rH x(e npH-qrlFibl TIpHBOAflT l{ K cHHX(eHI.Iro KarieCTBa oT[ycKaeMor? 3,rreKTpo_
3HeprHlr.
Vponeun Har,ex<rlocrn gJIeI(Tpocna6xesriR MoiKr-ro yBeJ,rrtqlrrb AoKaKO|O yroAHo 3lIaqeHIIti, H3rrpt{Mep, n!'Te}r iroBbrueHHfl 3aTpaT Ha
co3-1aHHe H 3Kcnflyara(tiro pe3epBHbIX ltouriiocreir, yBe"li{qenrre qgcJra
uenei-r, nl.lratourttx 3iTetirpoeueprnefi norpe6lrreleli, noAKJnoqeHHe jlo-
noJIHHTenbHbIX cpeACTB lrlpaBrfltouiefi ri Bbrrrucirtrrensgoit rexHtrKH Ir
.{p. OAriaxo B KalKAoM orAe"rrbHoM cJrvqae AoJrx(eH cyu{ecrBoBalb
orrpeAenepuuni n p eA8r, Bbrue Koropofo rroBbrruaTb ypoBeHb HaAex(-
HOCTH TCXHI{qEC:KH H SKOHOMHIiECKH HCUCNCCOO6PASHO.
Bonpoc o eni6ope oITHMaJrbHoro ypoBHs [raAeiKgocrn peruaercfl
HA OCI{OBAHHH TCXII}IKO.SKOHOMHqCCKOfO COIOCTABJIEItHfl BO3MOXiFIOfO
YUep6a or nepepbiBoB 3JieKTpocua6xeHux H 3arpaT Ha rroBbrue1rge
Ha,qexiHocTI{.
B coBpeMerlubix ycJloBltflx HaAexiHoe cHa6lreurie norpe6lrre;refi
3JTeKTp03ireprltefi Bo3MoltiFIo J-IHrllb nplr H3;-rH9HH B 3HepfocricreMe
onpeAeneHHoro p e 3 e p B a M o u{ }I o c r tr, Ko}{rreHcHpyrorqero c.rryvair-
Hue co6strLrfl,, rrpHBoAqrqrie K AeQriurrry lroulHocra.
liol pesepBolvl MoITIHOCTH ffp." nonsntaerc,q pa3HocTb r{exiAy pac-
noraraeuol'r cyMMapnofi MorqHocrbro 3neKTpocrauqnft iy'pacn (c y.lerou
peuorrroB) n cyuuapuoit uarpysxoft norpe6Hreneft p (c yveronr no-Tepbecerax):_.. , . .::,
Npea: Np..n-P. (5.6)
96
ee Mex{Ay 3"rIeKTpocraHuHtviH sHepfocrrcreMbr ofrpeAe"[fleTCfl KaK
QyuxqnoHaJibHbIM Ha3HaqeHHer,{ HX, TaK H pa3J'IIITIHbIM}{ oKoHo}rliqec-
Kr.r r!1 r.r coo6p axeHlifl Mr{.
OneparaeHulri le3epB B cBoro oqepeAb cocroHr tr3 Haf py3or{-
H o r o pe3epBa /V*.p"., npelFia3HaqeHHoro /.Jtfl noKp brrrlf HenpeABH-
AeHHbrx n-peoorrueuafi Hafpy3oK cBepx ITJraHoBbix, H aBaplrirHof o
pe3epBa &'r.p.r, ueo6xoAlrr,,roro !iln 3arvreFrbr o6opyloe aHH'r., BbrureA-
ruefo H3 cTpof H3-3a aBapHH.
PervtoHrustli pe3epe ivp.p., npeAHa3FiaLier{ Airfl il,lar,roBofo BbrBoAa
ocHoBrioro o6opyloBaHufl 3r'Iel{Tpocrauqufi B peMoHT vr Br{",-Iro{?er pe-
3epB A.rrfl flpoBeAeriHfl reKyuIHx peMoHToB H pe3epB A"rrf fipoBe_
AeHHfl KaIIHTa JrbHbrx t{ cpeAH}Ix pe\.{oHToB.
Attr o6ecne,{eHlas srelirpo3uepruefi norpe6Hrenefi npu fipeBbrtlle-
Hr.rr{ BbrnycKa r-rpoAyKur{r.f tiJH AocporrHofo BBoAa B 3r(C[JryaTaui.rro Ho-
srrx o6reKroB nportbnu.teHHoro crporire.TbcrBa npeAycrrarpHBarcr H a-
p oA Ho.\oss fi crBeH u u ii p e 3 e p B.
Ftrarpysovuufi (u a c r o r H u li) pe3epB rrpeAcraBJrfler co6ort vrou{.
Hocrb, neo6xoAilMlto A,tfl noAAepx( aHVf, B cr.tcreMe 3a.IallHoro ypoBHq
qacrorbl npH BH_etr"IIaHoBbIx KparKoBpeivreHHbrx, Hocfulrrx cnyvariirorfi
xapaKrep, xole6aHHflx Hafpy3KH. 3Ha,{eHHe 3TOr-O pe3epBa, KaK no-
Ka3brBaer olrbrr 3Kc[JryarauHir, 3aBHCHT OT,VaCUtra6a H xapaKTepa
norpe6rire.,'reir H o6riqHo Koile6rercq B npeAe/iax or 4-5 ok l,itn 3Hep-
Focrrcrel{ c rfaKcriMa"rysruol:r uarpysxol-"r B_5 M;-rH. xBr lo l_l,S yo
Arfl o6teAliueHHbrx oi{eprocHcreM c Harpysrcofi, npeBbrr.ilarcuei{ 25_
30 vrrrH. xBr. Ve,v 6o.toirrc grroHoBiteHHa,q. .,\roLt(Hocrb gHepeocucreil.ht,
reil 'tteHbtue B npo4eHTHo.rt OTHOLU7H.LIU rpe6gercn uaepgsouuotti pe-
3ep8, Lt, uao6opor, qett ileHbute ACTaHos/telHa,q. ,uoulHocrb cucre,+{t)L
c orHoctlTenbHo KpAnHbLilu noTpedurettn*tu oHepeuu, Te,H jonoute dott-
ttceu^6t tro gdettonoui eec HaepAsoqHoeo pese pla.
oco6eunocrbro Harpy3oqHoro pe3epBa flBJrrercfl To, r{To orr Bcer4e
AoJIi*(eFI 6uro roroB K Hcnoi'Ib3oeaHLIto. 3rieproclrcreMa e rrc6ot'r MC.
MeHT BpeMetrH Aonx(Ha HM pacnoJrararb, Anff Toro qro6ti BocnprrH.qrrr
c.rryuar?Ho Bo3HlrKtuyrio Harpy3Ky. 3ro 3Har{HT, uro HaepA3oraniui pe-
aeps donwen 6otra cocpedorotteH H0, BpaLL+antL+uxcn eepeeo.Tax. Enn3TO|O a.rpefaTbr .3_neKTp_ocrauqafi, BeAyrr{Hx qacrory, pa6oraror c He_
xoropofi HeAorpy3xofi. B KasecrBe raKHx orrexrpociaHrrnli o6uquo uc-
noJrb3ylor KpynHbre sJreKrpocraHr{HH c BbrcoKoMaHeBpeHHbrM O6Opy-
AoBaHHer{, KaKoBhrMri MoryT 6urr B nepBylo oqepeAb rnApoe.rieKTpo-
CTA HI{H tI.
7-64 t0 97

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ii
il
i,T
M
If
ir
qro6br o6ecnequrn neo6xoAarwlrii Hafpysoqusrri pe3epB, Qynxqnra ero
Bo3;l&r2CITcfl Ha re T3C, Koropbte odnaAalor Aocraro.ruort MoulHocTbro
Moup'tocru aaapuduoeo pelep6a donxua 6onu o6ecneqetta coor-
sercrslJtorL+u,tr. aeapurtuotrw sanocolL 3H€p?opecapca. llplr co3AaHqtr ra-
KOI-O pe3epea Heo6xoA[lrro npHHlr]larb Bo BHHMaHHe CJreAylou{ne no;ro-
ilierilifl:
1. 3aveHa aBapniiito npocralrBarou{ero o6op1.'aoealwfl B srrepro.
ctlcrei/{e. cocronrqeit LI3 oAHornnHbrx srerirpocraHqliir (rontxo T3C,
A3c rr f3c), rpaKrHqecKH ue rpe6yer pesepBa 3Hep,ropecypca. Aer'i-CTBliTe;lbHO, B C";Iyqae BbIXOAa LI3 CTpOt, HarrpHMep, arpefara T3C lr
fipH 3aMeHe efo o,l,HortinHbrM pe3epBHbrl\{ r}'p6OarpefaroM pacxor
TOtl'{llBa B cIICTeMe npaKTuqecKH FIe H3MeHltrcfl, aHa.,loft.Ir{FIoe noJIo-
/iieHtte 6yler H rpt.I 3aMeHe aeap,nYruuK arpefaroa l3C H;iii A3C oq,-
HOTiINHbIMH.
2. llpli Hoptvta..,rlrioit opfaHLI3aqi{H Torr.r-rr{Bocsa6xrenirR H cr{.rrarrr-
poBaFrrir ron"lr{Ba rra T3C ee pe3epBrrar{ \ror{Hocrb }{o/KeT 6urrs Hc.
noiib3oBellia II A.:Ir 3a\rer{br 1B_aprriiHo npocrarrBarou{riK arperaroB
f3c. Pe:ep.euan r{orqHocrL, T3c nn.,rflerifl B raKo}r cnyuae 6olee
rro",1Hor-[erruoir, qe]{ Ha f3c, TaK KaK OHa B HOp}laflbnbrx ycJroBl{fx
ilpaKTHqecKri BCerAa o6ecne.{eHa JHepropecypcoM _TonJiHBoNr H Mo_
;'lier BbIl-Io"rlHflrb Qyuxrluro ctlcreilrHofo pe3epBa. OAnaxo ilpaKTHrrec6?l
B Cir.,Ty ps,q,a I]pl{LrHH 3TO nOJrOXieHHe B COBpeMeHHbrX ycnoBHqx rpyA-
lro ocyu{ecTBtrMo.
3. PesepnHan MotllHocrb f3C Moxier 6rrrn HCrroJrb3oBaHa roJrbKo
I]plr Harl{qHH coorBercrByror{ero AonoflHrrreJjbnoro o6telvra Boabr B
BO.IOXp a H rrJrHU{e-
l'Is c(asauHoro KaK 6yaro cJreAyer, qro pffiepBHyio Morr{Hocrb
sHeprocrrcre!{br r{eJrecooopasHo Kolrl{eHrpnpoBarb ua T3c, 6larogapnqeMy Borrpoc o pe3epBe 3Hepfopecypca cau co6ofi ornal 6u. oAnaro
Hbr.\ 3aTpaT.
Heo6xo4ttnrstt? A.ns o6ec[erreHHff anapxfiHoft MorrlHocrg 3a[ac Bo-
AbI B Bo1oxpaHrInHU{e f3C MoX(eT 6uro o$ecne.reg AByMfi cnoco$auu;
nyTelvt BbIAeJIeHHq I{3 IIoJIe3Horo o6teua BoAoxpagnnr{qa c[erlHaflb-
Horo pe3epnlroro o6teua H noAAepx{ar{Hl efo nocrosH}rbrM B TeqeH}re
Bcelo [_eplloAa per]flHpoBa]{Hrl r.r nyreM Hcnonb3oBaHtrfl qacrH noJre3-
I^loro o6r'eua Boi(oxpzHu.rTi.tu{? c nocJreAyroulllM BoccraHoBJreHi-reM efo.
98
B nepeor,t cjr-vqae BBHAy rofo, IITo pe3epeHntir o6retr HCr{rrcqaercfl
Hs pery.rrHp)/eilroro, pa6ouafl lrorrlHocrb f3C ($ 5.4) 6yter cHHX{eHa.
floarolrl'raxoli cnoco6 pe3epBprpoBaFrL{fl 3Hepropecypca Ha f3C ts
Pgle C"T"VI{aeB f B",lfleTCf HeonpaB/laHHbIM.
Bropori cnoco6 gBJ'rflercf 6o"tree rtpeArtor{TI{Te./'IbFrbr}r, Ho H oH trivre-
er cBoH HeAocrarr<u. B ttpouecce peryi'rHpoBaHHff ypoeerin BoAbr B Bo-
AOXpaHLI"'lI'lIIIe HenpepbIBHO H3ivleHtieTCf, C/le.4OBaTe,ilbl.lO,6yifyr pa3-
r'IliqHbl BO3MOX{HOCTH BpelvleHFIO|O }iCnO,rlb3OBaHlltl BOAOXpaHI{"lIIU{a
AItn aBaplriiHori cpa6orxlr. fipri HailoJFreHi-ro\,r BoAoxpflrrrd.,tHU{€ 3Tr.t
Bo3Mon{Hocrri 6ylyr rocraroqHo BeJrr.rKI-r, a tlo Mepe cpa6orriu oHrr 6y-
AyT HenpepbiBHo yN{eHbuarbcr Ao Tex nop, ttoKa tlpi.r floJrHoir cpa6or-
Ke He rrepecTaHyT cyrqecTBoBaTb coBceM.
Kpove roro, FIa peTrc{}r BoroxpaHHJ,u-ruIa orpaFinqeFrnfl MoryT Ha-
,lOlXIITb HeSHepfer[{qecKlte y"qacrilltKH Kol\tn.teKca. Tax, no ycrloBHfM
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

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HOCTb afpefaTa oilpeAej'rfleTcf no HotiHHa,touor? MouIHocTH feHeparops.
LooTBeTCTBeHFIo !craHoBtleruuoit ,vLoulHocrbto aHepeeruqecKoil cucre,vrttr
Ha3blSaerc'L c!$4rra ACTaHoB,4eHHbLx ,roulHocreti ece.v 0tr€KTpocrarL4trfi,
exodnu4ux B Hee.
Pacnritaze€trLe,e. tnoLeHocrb /Vpu.n J,l.eKT pocTeHt+ut: - gro acrarlos-neHHatL .iltoLL+Hocrb 3a Bbruerott paapblsoe iL oepauuqeuttrt gneKTputtec-
KAL| rviOUlHOCru. fiplrvHHaMH pa3pbr.BoB MeX(Iy )/cTarroBjleHHorl H pac-
nor-rof?€uoir MoulHocrflldH MofyT 6urs c,,.leAyrotrlHe: 4e$exru _ i(oH_
cTpyKTtrBHbte H TexHoJTofliqecKHe HeAocTaTKr.r ocHoBHofo ?r BC[]o],rofa_
Te.lbHoro o6opyaoBaHlIfl ; HeAocraroqHar trpolr3Bo.r,HTe.,'rbFIocrb ]rexa-
HH3!1oe co6crBeHHbtx Hyir(I (rnrorlyrbeBbrx, r,'crporiicrB 3o/ro)'-Ia.rieHtifl,
nbl'lenpllforoB",-I€Hl'Ifl II T. rI^); HeAocraroqHafl npoH3BoAHTe.[bHocrb ro[-
.[llBOnOAaqH; HeCOOTBeTCTBHe HC[Onb3yeMOrO TOnJIHBa TOilOt{HbIM yCT-
poricrnaM rr .{,pyrHM 3reMeHTa}r KoT,roanpefara; HerocraToqHafl napc-
npoH3BoAHTer'rbHocrb Kore,truoft ycra HoBIcr ; 3alepx{Ka crpollTeJlgcrB:t
lI BBoAa B sKcnJIVaraUHIo o6ulecraHr{tloHHbrx ycrpoficrB H Bcrro}rora-
T€i-lbtloro o6opyaoBaFIIIfl (Asrvroeorx rpy6, TorurrtBorrepeAaqpr, rpajrii-
peH H r. A.). Fra rerr.,'roBbrX 3.,'reKrpocraHrrHflx H frrr,pocoopyxieunr? (eo-
Aoxparrlr.,.triu{, 6acceriiloe. BoAoBor,oB rr r. A ) Ha rtrfpooreKrpocraH.
qttgx; HeAocraroqHafi Moulllocrb rroBbuuarculeir [oICTaHqH]t, ilponycK_
irafr cnocoSriocrt ,rriHrrfr 3JleKTponepeAaqt{ }{ Ip.
[lpuuHHa,\tt{ ofpaH}rqeultli MourHocrH Ten.roBbr-\ 3,rer{Tpocrapurrfi
flBJ]fllOTCfl: OTCyTCTBHe llr'IH HC,IOCTaTOqHOCTb TenJIOBbIX HarpV3OIi A.IIfr1'p6uH c n porHBoAa B,'reHHeM ; [oBbrueHHe [poTirB ycraHoB.,Teuuoii ren-
JIoBoI."t MoIr{HocrH 3aeKTpocraHrrHH Anfl noKpbrras irs6uroqHbrx renJro.
BbIX Harpy3OK' a TaKXe HeAOcTaToK TOIIJIIIBa HJ'tlt dnoxoe KaqecTBo
ero- AHarofHtIHbte ofpaHItqeHHfl Mofyr Surl u Ha aroMHbtx 3ireKTpo.
crauqusi. Ha ruApo3.IleKTpocraHr{Hffx pe}riHMHbre ofpaHHqeHr-rff *roi1,'.
HMerb MecTo npH HeAOCTaTOqHOM Hanope BCJreACTBrre CHHX(errHfl ypoB-
Hfl BepxHqro 6le$z H.r!r noBbrueHHfl ypoBHrr rirJXiHero 6teQa nptr
6rurrulix xoJrocrbrx c6pocax BoAbr, a TaKXie nplr HeAocraToqFroM pjc.
xOAe B CBfi3H C ge6.,raronpl'lflTHblvlll fH,{,pOJIOfHqeCKIrMH yCJIOBHflMn.T{a
3JIel{TpocraHullflx Bcex r}InoB ofpat-IHqeHrrrr MoulHocrtr MofyT iIMerb
Mecro npH HeAotlcno"Ilb3oBaHHH ee Ha at'pefarax, orHocfiu{}IXCf I( Ka.
refoplrr,r Hosori TexHu'KH (rOnoeutrx o6pasuax) B nepHo.( HX ocBoeHirfi,
a raKx(e npH BbrBoAe qacrH afperaroB B pexHM cHHxpoHHoro Korr-
r{eHcaTop a Hlrrl pexiHM rrcnuranHfi.
llo,qo6uoro poga orp-aHI.Ir{eHHfl o6pasl'1gr raK Ha3brBaeilryrc c B r-
3a H H yFo M o u{H o c rb .V.""r.
Taxpltr,t o6pasoivr,
AI -II I A/i Y yCT- r Y pacnJ-l v CBflO.
PEKOFJCTDYI{I{HfO IVP'N HOCIIT HA3BAHI{C P A 6O q C 11 h{ O Iq H O C T H:
/Vpa6:ly'po.n-,Vp"nr-M1.on.-Mo.n (5.I I )
3Ha,JeHllq pacnoJraraeuortr H pa6over? Mou{Hocrn MoryT 6trrt lio-BbILUeHbI 3a cqer HeKoropofi lonycrltvtott (no sxcnJiyaTar{HoHHbrM yc-loaHnrr) neperpy3xn o6opyAoBaHufi.
Pa6oqaq i!{oulHocrb sa BbrqeroM MorrlrrocTrr Hepa6orarc'Ir{x arpe-raToB ffor*n o6pasrvgl B K"riroqeH rryn eio U{rioCTb /Vu*.,.
M"r-i" :ly'p a 6- /Vo r x.r .
fJprr ,aror'i teircrenre.Tbrrarr Mou{rrocrb, c i(oTopoir pa6oraicrqeHHbre B cerb afperarbr, Ha3brBaercfl saxTHqecxor:r ivro
L. I I) nJ.
TanH' o6pasolr, nprrHH.\rafl Bo BHrrMaHrre (b.10) Lr (s.1r),LiAC\I
(5 l2)
BKJIIO-
u{Ho-
no"ly-
(5 13)
3.{eKTpocTaH-
cJrafaeMoe oT-
Ltitl/. 3reKTpo-
(5.14)
i\t ;'s, :/Vp u . n f ly'. " " a :,V p u o *,Vp.., j- A/no n. -F iVo. 
" 
.
3ro Bbrpax(eHr{e cnpaBeAJrHBo Kari Airfl or4e,roHoilqHlI, Tati H I;'If CHCTe}Ibt B l{e",tOr\{. flplt erOll KaXiAOepalkaer cooTBercrBeHHo cyMlry flo rrHCxy afpefaroB
ctaH uu rli
He rpy:Ho BrrAerb, qro npH npoeKrHpoBaHHH BcrIo^e repepacirpeee-.rreFrrie ),crarroB.lerrrroir MotrlHocrrr cHCTei\{br Mex\Ay f3C 
" tgC ir.*-,,io'Ian A3C) ;1o;rxno conpoBo;(narbcfl coxpaHeHrrelr cooTBercrByrou{ero6a,rauca. B sroN{ c.ryvqae yMeHbueHHe ycraHoB.reHHofi rlou{Hocrrr focouee yBe,THqeHHe ycraHoBneuHoft
,u ]'3C, Koropan He .uoficer 6anagoenuqeHun iloulHocrtr TAC (unuert notunocru
ffsurr-3c : ,VilSFec -f-//oesr:c.
Pacno,raraeN{afl Iuou{tocrb c yqeroM crrH)*,eHIrrr ee BCJreAcrB}re
BbIBoAa qacrll arperaroB I peMoHT Mpeu, Ha KoHcepBauliro ly',ro,,. tr;tir
l0{
B 3HeprerHqecKtrx cHCTerrax B
AbrBaeMbtN Cnyqaflx oria3brBaeTcfi
r!,{oulFlocTb HecKor.tbKo 6olaure nurqa e IOnOr-IHHTer'tbfra f MOI{HOCTb HCI
HOCTIT 3HepfocHCTetrlbr, r(oTopafl nc
Hafpy3rit{ H, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, He DA
l.uJ,rluruurovHaa) 
Mou{uocro .r.ie*br Ho*ir HasBaHrre A y 6 nH p y rc-
{y6nHpylotqyro I'torr{Frocrt o6sr,
npaBl.rno, ripH Ma,'ro 3aperynHpoBa
r{oB,TeuHafl MoxrHocru fOC, eu6parqrlJ'Iacb 6u cpaeuHTe.rrbHo se6onour,
HeorrpaBAaHIIo 6olt,uire xo,,.rocrbre
Peru noB,rreKJro 6H Sa CO60fi He 'r'onbr(o rrorepro B Bbrpa60rne, Ho HyAopoiliaHre ycTaHoBrirr, TaK KaK nOrpe60aaJfocb 6rrr puar"pnro Bo_AOC;Irieui,rir QpoHr iTJroTr.rribr. B,vecTe c .r.e*{ ycTar.roBKa Ha f3c AO_no'lHIITeJusoit MoulltocrH n03BoJIItr noJryqaTb ce3or.rHylo 3HeprLIio lrcooTBeTcrByIoLqee cuit;itetiue Bb'tpa6orxtr 3HeprI{t{ TenJroBbrMH 3.rIeK-
(5 r0)
105

--- PAGE BREAK ---

TpocraHql'IflMI'I, T. e. sKoHoMr{ro rorrJrfiBa. lienecoo6pasilocrb ycraHoB-
KH ry6nllpyrouteli (cesonuofr) iliou{HocrH onpeAeJ'rfirorcff 3Heproor{o-
HoMriqecr(HN{r{ pacqeraMu ($ 23.2).
Taxpru o6pasou, s o6il{eM c/iyqae ycraHoBfleFiHar Morrrrocrb f3C
/Vycrr3C : ffearrrgc * ffo,6roc. (5.15)
Ha ocHoBaHHH (5.15) c yqeroNr (5.1a) noJ,TH.vFo ycraHoB.,leHlryro
MotIHocrb sHeprocprcreNrbr, cocrosulel'r H3 fOC 14 T3C (ex,,rrc,{ar{
A3C), Mox(Fro ofipeAe,']HTb paBeHCTBoM
ffycr c: lii'f#i:c f ffpu.rsc*/V^.orec +//;';Jiu6 f ,Vpe:r,c, (5.lo)
T-:To
I AL
17M?KC I A f
tvriioiec + N pesr3c* lVsyd roc : y'y'ycrreCi
,\tJ?#ra f ,\/pesr.lg :,\u'. crr3c.
t{acro ycraHoB"rreHHoi:{ Mou{Hocrn, KaK yKa3brBarocb BbI[Ie
B HeKOTOpbre neprrolbl BpeMeHr.r He rrcflo;]b3oBaTbcfi.
(5.17)
(5. rs)
MOXiCT
O6ltqno 6a.,rauc Mou{Hocrrl 3a uerioropsrri fiep]rof Bper!{eHrr npe.{.-
craB.l,qercfl B rpaQuuecxor:r Qoprvre. Taxne rpaQlrxH cocr&B.,Tfrorcf
KAK AJIfl OTICJIbHbIX CYTOK, TAI{ H AJIff I{E.,TO|O |OAA. B nOc.qeAHeM C./'Iy-qae Ha rpacpirK HaHocflTcf JIHrrrb NraKclillarbHbre 3HaqeHHr riourrocrrl
3a Kax(IbIe cyrKrr. Ha pnc. 5.4 npe,lcraB.ireH rpaQlrx 6a,rauca xroul-
HOCTI'I 3HepfocHcreMbI nprr oTCyTCTBHH peI{OHTHOIO }r r{apoll{oro:qri-
crBeFII-loro pe3epBoB (A/p.r BK"-iroqaeT .rTr.rurb orreparnerrbni pesepe),
a raKr{ie 6es nplrpocra r{orUriocrH cHcTevibi B roAy. Ha arolr ipac{llixe
Ans npocrorbr rre noKa3arja pa6ora f3C n 6ase fiafpy3KH, fAe raKxie
Ao,'IXir-rbr pacrroJrararbcr 6.[0LrHbre T3C H A3C.
O'{esHrltto, rITo cvroqHbrir 6a.ryairc MoulHocrr{ 3HeprocHCTeMbI, flB.iIf -
rou{Hilcq ocHoBofi Aflf BCeX 3HeprerHqecKrix pacqeToB, 61'Aer ofHoBpe-
t{eHHo EB,rIfrbcfl H cyroriHbtv 6a.,'IaHCoM 3;1€KTpo3HeprHH.
B o6uerw cnyrl2g 6alaucnr 3xer{TpoaHeprHrr H r\rorrrHocra crrcreMbr
BcerAa recHo cBti3aHbI Meli{Ay co6or?. He,rugfi H3MeHLrTb 6a",tauc 3"rreK.
lpo3lieprlllr, He Ii3MeHllB 6a.rattca padoqeii MoltlHocrrr, H Hao6opor.
3ro osHartaer, qro 3TH 6anaHcbr Fre.rb3r cocraB;TflTb He3aBHcuMo Apyf
or Apyfa.
Mouri{ocrtt 3}teprocticreMbr npH orcyrcrBulr n ueii fA3C AJrfl .ruo6oro
106
Pric. 5.4. fo.qoeoi{ 6alauc il{orrlgocrrr gHeproclrcrerrbr
npol{eXiVTKa BDeN{eHj.{ R o6rrrpr,.r rrr.rno rr^,.1'q^ nLr^4-,,-,
^2_ - I _ _____- urrAL i,rvlr\rru ol)rpdJillD Ljltr^{yruulHl{
oo D a30Ir:
3":3roc f 3..r::c * .?.e., I
F": Afrr. *A,.*u. + ff.*. / (5. 1e)
B rrpe^ruecrByrourrrx paccy'rrAeHr.ifl,' He yqrrrbrBaJocb, riro nprr ne_peJ,erie 3"teKTp03Heprlti-r qacrb ee r{er136ei{iHo d1,;ler norepflHa rr rro_rpe6rrre.rb BCer;ra no.ryqHT ee \reHbiue, rie\.r Bsr[a6orano nu ,na*rpo_craHulifix. flos'rouy ec.,lH Bbtrio"{HeHHbre 6a,raucoabre coorHot,reHI,Ifl or-Hocnrb r norpebr{TeJrro, To oHrr Ao.[x(Hsr 6arru Aorlo.r.]HeHbr coorBercr_BytouIHr'lII IIoTepfNll{ 3J'IeKTpo3Heprlllr n B,II LI Ha Co6CTBeHgbre Hy}KAbt3.:ieKTpocrauqtlrl. He yqllrbtBa.rlocb raKXie Ha.tuqHe B cHCTeMe ia5CII ApyrIIx 3HepreTIIqeCKHX yCTaHoBor\.
Pexrrrrsr sHepreTH,recxoir cHcreMbr, ocr.roBaHHbre Ha paccMoTpeH-rrbtli BbruJe 6atatrcoBbr.\ coorlioueru]f x H orpaxarou{rle pacfrperene_IIHe ttafpy3r{[i Mex(Ay oTIe.,]bHbri\{tI 3J'IeKTpOCTarrqrrflMH C .yqeToM HXpexilrlrrrstx oco6errnocreir,.qoJlr(Frbr lAoB",1€ieOpnrr onpeAeJ,rer{Frbr\{ Tpe_6osaHIlflr{. 3rH Tpe6otsaHilfl BbrTeKarcT H3 ueob.xoguMocTL{ TaKoroyAoB'TerBopeHI'ir norpe6ltre.leit 3rTeKrp03uepraeii Ir raKor-o o6ecne.{e-HHfl noAoi'i He3rreprerr{qecKr.ix yqacrHprr(oB BoAo.\osgftcreeuuori cncre-Mbl, Ilpli. KoTopblx r{apoAHoe xo3flitcreo [onyqtir uas6ororusfi sxollo-uHqecnlrr"r e$Qext'.
I4c-roAq rr3 3Toro gHeprocr{creMa Aorrx{Ha yroB.rrerBopsrb c.,TeAyrc_uH,\{ ocHoBr.rbrM Tpe6oBaHilRtvr :
6ecnepe6oitttoe 3JIeKTpocua6x<eirHe norpe6rire;-r€ir Kari rro Ko;TH{e-cTB| 9",reKTp03Hepfr.rH, TaK r{ no Mou{HocTj.r; HaAexiFrocTb sXeKTpOCHa6_)(eHIIfl; I(aqecrBo 3neKTpoSHeprHI'l; nalt6o,rblriafi oKor{oivlHrlrrocrb pe-
}hII lvl a.
Mo;xiro 33tri€Tltrb, rtro
nporllBopeqar Ap),r Apyry;
HeKOTOpbre tr3 nepeqHCJreirHbrx rpe6osannli
TaK, o6ecneqenlie Han6o,roueli bxouoMHrl_
ilnr. .-' 
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

HOCTH pelKHMa MOX{eT npoTHBOpeqHTb OCyU{eCTB,rreHHrO OfrrHNraJrbHofo
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Hapo4Hoxo3qficrBeHHoe 3HaqeHHe rr.rAposHeprerHqecKoro crpoH-
reJIbcrBa. VcraHoB.iteHHaq Mou{Hocrb rHApo3/rexrpocrauqul'r CCCP K
Haqary i986 r. npeBhICH,ra 6i II.iiH. xBi rr cocraBrr"Ta orio.{o 200lo
ycraHoBJrenuorl MoulHocTH BCex sJreKTpocrasqrrfi crpaHbr, esrpa6orxa
saeKrposHeprl{H Ha f3C npeBbtcH.IIa 213 M,rpA. riBr..{ H cocraBtiJra
,+olu- 3/reKTpo3Hepfr.rH, npoH3BeAeirnoii BCeI.{r{ 3JeKrpocraHi{r.rfl\,rH.
XapaxrepHofr oco6esnocrbro pa3Blrnff rrifposlrepreruKrr s CCCp
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npaBH.rlo, CTzHoBI{;'IoCb oCHoBoiI [,nn HHAyCTpHairbHofo pa3BtiTtrf Ue-
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HTe,IIbcrBa f3C nd ToJTbKo il{orr{Hbi-\ ptcTorrrrriKoB jtelueBoir :;rex-
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crpoHTeJrblgq HHAyCrpHtr, iloceJrKoB ri fopoAoB. Tar, crpor.ire.;rbcrBo
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3Toro KpynHCro peltloHa crpaHbr. Ha raKofi ocHoae 6nrlrr co3rarrbr
xpynHefiurur:r B BocroqHor? Cu6upu 6parcxo-Vcrr-H.,-rurMCKnfi TflK, B
KOTOpOM [O,'IyqtinH pa3BHTHe UBeTHafl ]\{era"[A]ipfr.if, ropHopyAHas,
"[ecHafl H Jrecofiepepa6arlrearciqaq npo\.lbrixJreHHocrb. Broplrlr Kpyn-
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crats Koroporo Borx.lo HecKoJrbrio npeAnpunrnrl pa3iiriqHbrx orpacler:r
npolIbIIx.rIeHHocrI{. llo Mepe Aanrueriurero ocBoeHHfl rHAp03Heprerr-r-
rlecKoro noTeH(iiana AHrapo-EHuceircnoro KacKaAa Bo3Moxir{o co3Aa-
HHe ApyrHX l{pynHblx llpO}l bitllJ'IeHHbt.\ KoMn.{eKcoB.
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Blirb 6o,rturne npeoSpasoBaHItfi B cer'rbcKoxossr?creeHHolr npousBoA-
crne. Tar, co3AaHHe aoAoxpannrr'tq co3Aaer Bo3r,ioiKuocrb .rIHi(BIiAI{-
pOBaTb paCnblileHI{OC]'b ll H3MeJIbqeHHOCTb B pa3MeUIeHI.rH Ce",rtCrO-
xo:qficrneHI{bIK npeAnpuarHfi, ynyqulrrb cner{Ha"rrH3ar{Hro, rroBbrcHTb
KoHIIeHTpalIHto H uHreucnQIrKailHr.o ceJrbcKoxosqficreeHHoro fipoH3- .
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ToBble ycnoBHfl ce.qlrcKoro FIaCe'{eHHfl B 3oHax BoAoXpaHIiJIltu{.
B nacrorrulee BpeMfl BoAoxpaHHJiHilIa fOC no3Bo/rrrror ocyu{ecr-
BI{Tb opouer{He 3eMeJrb Ha rrJrou{a4H 6onee 10 ru.rlu. na.
lloult;uo pocra reMnoB pa3BlrrHr npoMbrrrrJreHlrocrn H ceJrbcKoro
xoggitcrga crpoHTe"rrbcrBo fOC oKasblBaer 3rraqr.rr€rTbtro€ B,TIIfiutIe Ha
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crrr iro fiepeycrpoircrny 6urra [oce.[r{oB H ropoAoB, norraAarou{ax BsoHy BoAoxpaHHill{lq. ,&leni<rre pa3po3HelrFrbre ;1ocerKH c nJroxH]*r r(oM-MYFIHKAI{KIflMH H FIH3KHIVI YPOBHCM 6",'JAIO}CTPOfiCTEA O6ICAHHBIOTCfl Br{pyrrHbre H3C€"r1€riHbre rIyHKTbr H fopoAa. 3ro co3Aaer Bo3MOX(HOCTbnpriBrleKaTb HaceJreHHe K 60lee ilpoH3BoAHTe"{brroivry rpyAy H noJrb_3oBarbcfl BCelvII{ BHAaMTI ropoAcKoro 6naroycrporicrea ri'o6.nytnreu-
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109

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qacrorbr H T. rt.). 3ro, KaK yKa3biBzloCl e $ 5.3, Bbr3biBaer 6o,'lruure
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_^ Taitas KaPTIIHa oco6euuo rpKo nporrB,rrflercf npH Hcnoilb3oBaHHH
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6uru nepeilat'tbI o6parHo Ha Boctox, rAe HaqrrHaeTcfl yrpeuurrri nlrx
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aHepiosKoHoltuqecxnfi eScf enr or ocyrqecrB,TeHHfl Tar(gx 11eperoKoB
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8-6410 ll3

--- PAGE BREAK ---

3oHy Vpana. 3rn JtnHun fro3Bo/TflT TaKlKe [oBbrcHTF] Hcno/rb3oBa]{I.re
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xapaKTepi'l3yercfl lvtHolKecrBenHocrbro g"ireMeHToB r.I HX cBR3ei:r, Hepap-
xtlt{FiocTbio ltocTpoeFILifl, Henorrioir IIo3ilaBaevIocTbto KoJTr.rqecrBeHHbtx
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ct'tcreull TaKlKe AeJIflTCfi Ha naccnBHbie H aKTlrBHbie. [I a c c H B-Hol'r cHcTeltoil 6ylerur Ha3blBarb Tal(yro, r(oropafl cocrolir ro,TbKoII3 ilaccHBiiblx 3i-leldeHToB, a I( T I'l B H o li - Tal{yrc, Koropafl cocTorir Li3AI(TIiBi{bIX 3JICb{CHTOB TIJIH AKTHBI{bIX H IACCIIBHbIX 3JICMCHTOB.
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qeJroBeKa xa rc Hecpoplra"rrbHoro A3, npnHltl{arou{ero oKorrqarejr bHoe pe_
uteHHe rr Hecyuefo 3a Hefo a,tMHHlicrparHBHyro, ropHAriqecKyro ri Mo_
p a;1 bHlrO OTBCTCTBetlilOCTb.
llpo6l ertrofi e:a tt i\{ ooTr{oixeu rr ir qeireBoro, lr H$op vr a r{H oHHoro rr op -
raHlI3aUrlol'lHoro yponnerl paccMorpeHlrfl CV sBJ,Trrercrr rar{xie o6ecnb-
3aAaqll COrr'IitCOBaHIlfl AO",'IrOCpOqllofO H KpaTKOCpOttHOTO pexilrMoB
f 3c (s r4.3, 15.3).
123
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

6,4, NPHHSTHE PETUEHHI4
Ec'ru nPs;lcraet'trb onHcaHIIyrc- paHee cHcrerr{y e o6u{Hx (a6crpanr-
ur'tx) Teplrr'{Hax, ro npoqecc e-e Eynr<qnoHFrpoBaHHfl Ha Kax(Aorvr ua-
124
re MOx(Ho oilpeAeJIHTt' KaK nepexoA H3 oAi-rofo npocTpaFicrBa cocTofi-
Hllfi (ricxolrioro) B Apyroe, xapaKTepH3yroLqeecfl x(e.rraeivrblvrH csofi-
crBa \.rui, Ec"rlr ircxoArioe w KoHeqHoe irpoc'fpaHCTBa cocrosunflr He
coBfiaAarcT, TO ]\.IO>I(HO fOBOptiTb O Ha"rrHqprH npoTr{BopeHHfl
(xonrp"riHxra) MelKAy Aeitcreare.,'iblrbrM ii >KeiraerviFJryr cocrorHprrNrH.
VcrpaHeHIIe ororo nporrlBopeqr.rfl (paspeureune xonslnxra) H noHlr-
N'raercf KaK nupa6orra peirreHHfl. llp" sToM pa3rltr{aior ABe npoSrie-
rubr - Bbrpa6orxir peueHtrfl: noHCK peuleHHfl !r ripHHfr?ie peuerrHff.
florr tt o II c Ii o ]{ p e uJ e H H q noHrril{aercfl ottpideneHue'noc,,Ledo-
Bare/tbHocru cocronnuti, ttepeeodnu+ux cucreilg us ucxodnoeo rlpocr-
poHcrtsa cocronnufi a peslJr'tbrLtpAnqee. I-lpa 3Toe{ npeArrovlaraeTCfl,
t{TO C"''l-{eCTBVIOT TeXHI'lqeCKI'{ pea,lH3ye\tble npaBll"rla IIepeXOAa I.t3 OA-
I{oro cocroflHHfl e .,rpyroe. B 6orrorul.rHcrse c/,'ryqaeB cyulecrByeT He
OAIJa ilOCJIeAOBaTe.'lbFIOCTb, a tv{HOX{eCTBO [OC.ileAOBaTe"rioHOCrei'r nepe-
XO-1a CIiCTelllli Ii3 IICXoIIIOfO B pe3y"TbTIl,[lylOiqee COCTOfllitte, T. e. O5-
pa3\ eTcfl \lHoi{iecTBo aJLTepHarilBFrbrx rrepexoAoB, Ha3biBae}Ioe M H o-
}IiCCTBO},I A.IIbTCPHATHB. TO|AA NPHHflTHC PCrUCHHfl
fl7rtfl.ercn eodopoi unbrepHq.Tue(l tLs u,uetct4eeocn ilHoficecrla. llpn
STOII npeAflOfiaf aeTcfl, tiTo npH [pHHflTlrH pe[reHt{g HMeeTCfl.&,Otro,lHti-
TeJrbHafl l:ircpopuaqlrn no cpaBHeHtrro c npoueccoM nor.rcKa peureHHfl.
?-^ -lrorlrrrr i u iiiari ii r , qTo iieonpeAefieHH.afi iia iiepBoii 3Talle HH(lopu a\Hfl,
Ha BTOpOLI 3Tafle ..'rrr6o orpeAe.,reHa, na6o AonoJiHeHa Honoir, HCK,'rro-qarcueil Heo6xoJ,[l]tocrb pacKpbrrufl rrMeiou{eircq HeonpeAe,TeHHocTti.
flpe.l,craert.rt flpttBereHHoe eep6a;rbr{oe onrrcaHlre cHCTeMbr B Qop-
NlaJ'lbllOll Bliile:
Sc X {V;fi=l} ,
fAe v; - 3;-Ieri{0t{T clIcTeNlbI.
Kax.qmri A3 l.roxier 6rrrt ripeLcraB.ireH B BrrAe cprcreMbr
V ic.V uiXVr,XV-t,
fAe vut qeureoro6paxarorqufi 3.r1€MeHTi vvr - ynpaB,rrflrol]rHr? 3r-r€-
Merrr; v rr - TexHo.TofnqecxHr? 3JIeMerrr, o6ecne.{treatoillHL't npeo6paso-
BaHrre pecypca B npoAyrir.
Tax xax eupa6oTKa peueHHfi ecrb orlrH ri3 3TanoB KoopAHHar{HH,
Hyx(Ho orMerrrrb, rrro peueHHe fipeABapfler Aeficrer{e. ,{eficreHTenb_HO, npoqecc KoopAHHauHri.Ae.rrr{TCfi r{a rprr sTana: QoprrrHpoBaHHe HocyqecrBJreHHe KoopAlrHlrpyruu{ero eosAericrB]fifl.; orreHKa pe3y.rrbrara
eosaerlcrBliff Ha ocrroBaHHr-r nusopruaqHlr o6parnoft cBff3H; KOOpeKrrHq
eosAeficreus, r. e. HoBoe (xoppexrnpyiouee) nosneftcrBHe. Hz eroliqenoqKH BHAHO, r{TO eHpa6orKa peuJeHHq, Bbrpax(atou{erocfi B Crpy11-
rype (cpoprrre, BeJrHqHHe s 1. A.) eosAefrcrBr.rs, no BpeMeHH He coBna-
AaeT c ocyurecrB"rreHHeM r{3MeHeHIifl noxagarelefi rexHo.ttorHr{ecKofo
ilpouecca, a fipeABapfrer ero, qTo Bno.;IHe ecTecrBeHHo.
Heo6xoEl{Mocrb eupa6orxu pe[IeHHr B orpbrBe or TII BbrsbrBaer
Heo6xoAHMocrb HcnoJIb3oBaHHq ruoAererl co6creenso TfI, ynpaBJreHufl
H Ue.r'Ieoro6paxeHltn. 3ro 3traritrr, rrro HaNoAr{Tcr{ npeo6pasoeaHlre
(6 10)
l9(
(6.8)
(6.e)
Fi; Vi*tr4i,

--- PAGE BREAK ---

I103 BOr'l fllOil{ee
AAexsarFrocrb
I]peII1o,1ataeT
npeAcraBHrb peafibFlblft A3 Vt B BriJe
l,Ioi,le/IfipoBaHI{fl, T. e. cyulecTBoB?HH€ _F1,
c yqeroNr (6.9) ycr'roBr.rfl
(6. t2)
(6.13)
(6.14)
(6. t 5)
BO3ACiICTBHfl HA
]{e,-reoTo6pax{eHLrfl
I,IOAe,[lI Mi.
CCTCCTBCFIHO
(6.1r)
(6.16)
(6.l7)
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Fr;:VrinMrr, J
l4e ff,.{; -ltOAer'rb rle,,'reoTo6paX{eHHfl I Mvi - iv{o.1erb y|IpaB"r-reHprf ;Mrt - TexHo;lOfHqecKas MoAe",'rb (onucaHrie) 
',til. J \
)/c.rtoglnrcs noA il{oAeJ'rbto TI'HHN{arb crpyKTy p Hylo IvI oA e J,I b,
T' e. Taliyto iltoAe'Ilb,^ItoToparr cBrr3brBaer BXoAbr H BbrxoAbr crpyltlyp-
Hbrx Kolrt1oHeHTOB A3 (CU. prac. 6.1) . TorAa rexHo,'rofHqecKafl MoAe,,rb
6yrrer irMerb BHr
t\4.,icXtX )'; X (J iXQ,i,
HJ'IH IIplI orHo3HaqHoM cooTBercrBHlr BXoAoB H BbIXoAoB
Mri; XtXUiXQr;-Yi.
ftloAe,rr ynpaB,,'reHHr nprlrvleT Br4A
My; : Q;X WtXQyi* IJ ii
M O-Ie.iIb L{eiI eOTO6p a X{ eHHff
M,ti'. 4 XR;XQqi*Qr.
B (6.12)-(6.15) Q1i, Qy;, eu, - HeorpeAei-reHHbre
TexHoJ,-rofHqecKrrii npoqecc, cHcTeMbr ynpaB,{eHHff I.r
COOTBCTCTBCHI.IO-
Vcnoelie onrHMa.;"rbHocrrr A,.'rr (0.13)-(6.15) npeAcrae.rreHo B BH-
Ae lroAr{Hox(ecTB
Yon';G Iii Uon, i9(J ii Qon' iGQi.
. 3alaqa Bbrpa6orxu pelrreHnr'r Ha flepBoM 3Tane 6yrrer cocrorrb B
SoprtupoBaHHH MHoxiecrts aJrb-TepHaTHB Yi, Ui H er, Ha BTopotvr _
B Haxox(AeHHH Yonri, Uosri, Qon'i, yAoB/IeTBopflIoIquX (6.16i. flpl,
3TONI, CCTCCTBCHHO, }I TOI{CK, H NPHHflT}IE PEtitCHHiI OCYqECTBJIflCTCfl
TO,lbliO A.IIfl aKTI{BHbtX 3J-ICNTeHTOB C Myi Lt M$.
florrcii peueHrrfi npH ynpaB.rreHr.irr reXHo.[orr.rqecKHM rrpor(eccorrr 6y-
AeT COCTOtITb, I{aK yx{e fOBOpH.,'rOCb, B HaXOX(AeHHH ITIHOX{eCTBa a.rlb_
T.epHarHB Ui- Ho ynpaB"rlflrculee Bo3AeficrBne Ui Mo)t<er 6url Bbrpa-
6orano roJtbKo c Hcrlo.rtb3oBaHHeM MoAeJIII ynpaBJlffeil{oro rexnoJrortr-qecKoro rpoqecca. 3ro BHAHo rr3 (6.13)-(6.14), rAe ui rBrrflercfl
BXoAoM (6.i3) H BbrxoAol\,r (6.14). ?to 3gaqHr, qro MoAerb Qopurr-poBaHr'tfl r{Hox(ecrBa aJrbrepHarHB ui MO}Ker 6rtrn npeAcraBneHa B
BIiI.C
Tyi:My1\Mri*Ui.
AloAe"rn (6.17) Ho3BoJrfler cBfl3arb MoAe.'rn lnpaB,{eHHff c rexrro-
rorrrqecxori MoAeJrbro, rrro BnoJrHe ecrecreertrio.- Tar<uu o6pasonr,
IvlOlKIlO yTBepX(AaTb, qTO CyrqecrByeT caMOcTotrTe.rrbHbrfr XJTaCC MOAe-
126
lefi clopMHpoBaHIlfl MHoX(ecTBa aJrbTepFraTHB, T. e. raxotYr riflacc N{oAe-
irefi, KoroDbre Fre coBnaTlztor c MoAe,.'rr{il{rj rexHo,TortrqecKoro ilpouecca
It !rlp3B"'10HI'll{, tlO ilaXO;ltiTCti OT HHX B I{enOCpOACTBeHriOir 3aBLrCtr},.{O-
CTI.{.
Torla cofilacoBarlHe I(ereBofi Mone/\kI Mrri H MoAer1Lt yilpaB,,IeHltfl
Myi Cn?IfeT ?ti3;'iorHr{Fro (6.i7) HCr(arrr B Br.rAe
Ta;: M,atY\My;*Qt.
Botpaixentte (6 ]B) ilogBo.,rrrer cAe.ralb oqeHr eariirrr,,rrli Bbrsoj, o .r.oM,
rlro tlpltrepltii Q, AetltctsttteJbHo flBilflercrr cor.:Iac},rou{rr M noKa3are-
'IIej\'{ J"iiq t)Ia; I1 lvI1.i, T. e. r(pllreprrfi cpoplttlpyercq Ha ocHoBaHtrrr cFop-
il1a"'Irr3aurir.i L{ejIti clrcTe}tbt r.i itenocpeACTBet.Irio }'qacTByeT B CO3Aarrrrri
NIr{oiiiecrBa a.irbrepHarriB Ui (6.17). C ,rpyroir croporrbr, etr6op riprr-
Tepirfi flB.trercfl 3alaqeir nplrHflTr.rfl peLueFrrrfl tr MoIe"'rb (0.18) 
-no:eo_
.II fi eT OCYLUCCTB I-lTt, IlOIICK ]l HO){ieCTBa aJ I)Tep l-laTli B l'l blx IiD llTeptieB.
Ilpttunrtte peueHLin cocrour B erri6ope rvrroinecrBa onrlilrajTbHbrx
B npIIHflToll CMbICJ-Ie 3HaqeHtlil Ha tvtHox(ecTBe a"{bTepr{aTHB B cooT-
BercrBHH C yc,'roBHeM (6.16) . 3aAaqa npHHflrHn per-ueirax Qoplra"lbHoonpe.le.[flercfl c"leAVrcuIilM o6pa3oM: uaiirlr raKoe Zon, Ha ruFro]Kecr-
Be a.'IbrepHatuo Z, Koropoe lioB;TerBoprr.,'Io 6r,r npitHr{I{ny onrtiMaJrb-
rrocTu Qon., T. e. Hafrrrt 0106pax(eHHe:
Qon, r ZuZour.
(6 18)
(6 le)
Cae.l,oaaTe.rIbHo, Zr,,r, ecrb pe3\'.xbraT IeflTe"'IbHocrti cncreltbt, a Z-
ce flpo;11r1i1. -Cor.raCoBarure CBoiTCTB npO.t,)/riTa tr pe3\,'jrbTaTa, KaK oil-
peae.teHo B ^S 6 l, Aocrirraercfl nocpeAcrBol,r xpureprin (urr. puc. 6 l).
Torla r,.ttt CY, ocuoaLibre cBoficrBa KoTopoir C)'ru HprrrepHH, [pr{Hur{n
oilTlrlra.rrbHocrrr Qonr:Q raxxe fln.[qercfl fpxTepl{er\,r, ? npHHfiTHe pe_
IIICHIIfl HA }IHOX(CCTBAX AJIbTCPHATHB Ui, Q, SOPUAIbHO iANIICHgACT-
cg BbrDar*ieHprfMtr
Qi:Ui-Uo,nti
Qi : Q,* Qon.i. (6.20)
I
l
I.t
197

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Qi, Ui. Taxtll,l OdpasOu, npHHfTHe peueggfl B yCJiOBHfX Heo[peAe'r-ieH-
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l6crogreJlbcrBo, qro B MHolKecrBo
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r(";'ItoqaeTcfi B ToI{, rITo 3Tl{ Bapl',IaH-
rbr AoalKHbI HaxoArlrbcfl B FleKoropoM orHoueHrII{ Ipyf K Apyry' Hali-
6Or:ee q aCTo Ta Klle OTHoueH II'n 6ii a a1gT 6 ltu a pUsl lI Il' OrIp eAe"{feN{blNl lI
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ipnoro cpaBHeHlir sileMeHToB Ml{o-
tiyto 3aAaqy nPHHsrl'Ifi PeixeHnfl K
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;. .: (y,, v'r)=R HaxoAsrcfl B 6HHapHou orHoueHli' AoMHHIIpoBa-
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IileH}I'{ B IIpeAnoJloiKeHHI{, qTo Ha efo B.\oA* AeficreHreJIbHo 6ylyr no-
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ei;ktrXuli<s'"r, tb- vt npot"ot"pyer Q2 (sa/1aer ero oAHo3HaqHo'
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KoopAHHaqIiqoueHxoliB3aI{}togeilCTBHfl:Vt3aAaeTBoBaHHq cBfl3ytournx cHrHa'rloB (exo-
ueHHfl B rIpeAtloJIO)KelIHH, t{To 3TH
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tBaHHeM B3a lI MoAeftcT eHli:
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BCe BXOAbI OH lloxeT 3aAaBarb ilpo-
eMeHT' 
crblo: i,
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ero cpyuxuuollllpoBallllfl B cHcreMe
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128
co6craeHlrble peuerrr.rfl, o6pasyx KoarHI{H}o c 3,IIe}{eHToNI, c Koropblivl
OH CBfl3aFI BXOIaMH f2zoon.
3relietrrlr \,',t ti V2 I-taxo-r.rircfl, riai< ctia3at'Io BbIlue, B 6i.rHaDHol,{
oTrrcureHHr.t :lct{rftrHpoBar-wrt1., T. e. peuleHLlrr vr flB.ilffrorcfl 6onee BaiK-
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peuleHrr,q 3aAaqrr err6opa Vz oHa .to"{iriHa 6nrrr npejlBapprre,,'rbHo pe-
rrella lrfl Vt. Tax, ec"{II Vt- KacliaA fOC, Vt- 33C, ro peiKLIM
paSoli,r KacriaAa otrpe.r,eJrrrerct na ocLIoBe perueuttt:i, tipHHrrbt\ A.nfi
pex(tr14a 33C (nanprrvrep,3a!,aHbr Kpnrepliir onrHr'1a.rL,FIocrr.r peirirrMa,
ilpofHo3br nplrTor{a BoAbr H s.xeKTporiotpe6;reuHR, or-parrurqeHr{fl iro
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Tr4q peureHHrr. lloeronlr B npouecc rtpIrHflTHrr peuieHrrfl aKTr{BHo BHe,{,-
psrorcr 3Bi\1, pa6oratou{ne na ocHoBe- Qoprvta"rrbHblx rpoqe,ti'p. 3ro
B CBOIO OqepeAb Bbr3brBaer Heo6xoAli}locrb paspa6orr<a cneqLra.rrbHbrx
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ueuuri. Aocrirxelrue :QQeKTrr BHofo cir\{ 6rtosa (<qe.{oeeK - 3 BtU> eo3-
\roiriHo B Tou cirYqae, KofAa peu-reHIIfl npHHIlMaoTCff qeJroBeKoM B
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Bcex rHApoarperaroB H f3y B LieJIoM (norepu B BepxHeM H i{Hn\-
HeM 6neQax, AepHBar{HH, o6u{ux BoAoBoAax, 3a cqeT xo.irocrbrx c6po-
coB BoAbr r{.rr. a.). OrcroAa cJeAyer Heo6xorHMocrb pa3Horo rroAXoda
K IiOTepflM 3THX BHAOB C ToI{KH 3peHHfl KaK TeXHOJIOf}ifi OnHCaFIHfl
npoqecca, TaK H MaTeMarH,{ecxoft.
PexHMHbIe norepH srreprHH H MouIFrocrH onpeAerTfl-
Iorcfl noKa3aTe.rt-fl]rH pa6orsr f3y B ued'roM, BKJruoqafl BoAoxpSFIi,r",-ru-
rqe. 3rn fioTepH, 6aaHp.vncl Ha rexiroJrornqecKnx xapaKTeplrcrHriax
gJ'IeMeHToB f3y, no3BoflflroT yqecrb o6uecraHrIHoHFrbre florepli Motr{-
HocrH B .r,auultfr MoMeHT BpeMeFiH Ha ocHoBe su6opa orrTHMa.;rbHoro
qHc"ra H cocraBa pa6orarcurHx ruApoarperaroB H BoronpoBo.4flulax
coop)-;+,ettnit rulpo)'3Ja, a TaKi*ie pe)Kri]{r{bre ttcTepr.t sHeprrur Ir ]roul-
FIocrH Bo Bpe)reHH, cBrr3alrHbre c H3MeFieHI'ielt Qanropa HFrTeHCHBrro-
CTH sFIepropecypCoB - HanOpa OT pelKHlvla 3iIeKTpoCTaHqHH H flB.lleHH-
€M rloc"rleAeficreltq. flocr-IelHHe BHAbr Ilorepb cBr3aHbr ,KaK c Ar.rHaMri-
qecKHMH rH,r.paB"'IHqecKHMH npoqeccaMrr rra f3V, TaK ti c H3-!{eFieiirre}r
pex(HMa Bo/],oxpaHHJrHUI H caMoft f3y Bo BpeMeHli. Bce 3rH BHIbr no-
Tepb 3HepfHIi AOJIX(Hbl ytIHTblBaTb TexHo;]ofIIq€CKAe oCO6eHIIOCTH f3y
B r{efloM, a raxxe 6neQoB, npHToKa BoAbr, or6opbt }r noTepH BoAbr rra
rH'r].poli3Je B IIe,lOM.
Ans oiteHxu aQQexrHBrrocrH pa6orur f3V H ee 3"relrelrroB rreo6-
xoAII)Io HcIIo"rb3oBarb rax a6corrorHbre, TaK yf,e"rbHbte n .luQQepeH-
uHa.rlbt{bre noKa3aTe"rlH ee pexHMa. r\6 c o"'I lo T H bt e n o K a 3 a T e J-I !I
(uouI,Hocru, Hanop, pacxo.{,, Bbrpa6orx,a H T. ,{,.) noaeo"nflr.or oueH}rrb
B qeiroM cpaBr{Hre;1bH}ro a$QexrnBHocrb peifiHMa f3V; oHH flB.,rflior-
cq ocHoeoir qlrcreHr{brx pacqeToB ga 3Btv'1. V.q,eJrbnHe it o K a3 a-
T e.iI H (orHorueHun a6cornruux noKa3are,''reir) ilo3BoJrflror orreHHTb
TaK Fra3brBaeMyro MaTepHaJroeMKocTb TexHo.rrofHqecKoro npoqecca
f3y-oAHH Hs eax(rieirurHx rroK33?r€.,'Ieft e$QeriruBHocrH pa6orur
urrc6oro np eAnp Hfr,rutff .
A uQQ ep eHqH a iIbFIbI e no K a 3 a r eir lr 6o,ree qyBcrBr{reJrb-
Hbt K H3MeHeliHro noKa3areaefi pex<Hrvta H urr{poKo HcnoJTb3yroTcr B
onTHMH3aqHorrHbrx pacqerax oco6eHHo rpu alailLrrrqecKolr peixeFrHH
pa3Hbix 3aAa,I.
7.2. OEO6TqEHHAT{ A{OEEnb TEXHOTIO|-HTTECKOTO nPOqECCA
NPEOSPA3OEAHHg J-HEPrHt.i' HA T3Y
B Ire,ToM 3aAaqa onrHMaJrbHoro HCnorb3oBaHHfr. rui,p03Heprono-
TetIqI{aJIa Ha cavorYr f3y Mo}KeT 6rrrs npeACTaBJ'IeHa cJIeAy}ouliru o6-
pa3oM
A.trq 3aAatrnoro (noAseleunoro) 3HaqeHHfl rHAp03lrepronorer{u}ra-
,.ra , i3t, 3a nepHon BpeMerJH T rpe6yetcn uairrH raxoir pex{H}r
sl(cnJlyarnpyeuori f3y, xoropsrfi o6ecneqHr MHHiTMyM norepb orrep-
rHH Ha f3V A3rav H;IH NtaKcHuaatHufi KnA qrsy rpH yqere
138
pa3rroro poqa orpaHr{rleHuir ri ycnoenfi, r. e.
T
t| --drey: lA/ravft)dtgmax.J '"" r
0
(7 i)
I-IPII 3AJ.AHLIOM 3HAqCHHH NOABCACFIHOfO fHAPO3HCPfONOTCHIIHAJiA, T. C.
nnoA
-r^-. -
vtJy -
e
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IJJ
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(7.3)
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, a9.:v- l --- +ma.\.f noA
" r3y
Belriqrrsa -?F31' KaK np aBt.ito, nepeMeHHafl sa o!,uH H ror xe ne-pHol T, onpef e.,'Ifirou{ascfl KaK COJIUe,iHOli HHTeHCHBHOCTbio, TaK Hoco6euHocrflMlr paccMaTpHBaeMoro BHIa rHApopecypcoB B AaHHoMperHolle. B cnq3H c gTHM nOHflTHe (<3aAarrHafl BeJTHTIHHa>> 3aKJrroqaeT-cfl B TolI, t{To oHa He 3aBHCItr or TexHoJrorxa npeo6pa3oBaHHfl 3Hep-fr{ri ria f3y H Onper€,lfrercfi B ocnosiloM np*por"""i, Qu*ropaMH.OqeeltJ,FIo, rrro 6o"'ltLuoe 3trar{eHHe B r}t.lpo3HepreTHKe }IMeer 3HaHHe3aKOrroMepHocrefi rrsMeHefrHfl noAeeAeulroir sHepfHrr K f3y ,o ,pa-
il{CIIII.
[lorepH 3Hepfr{rr a3.:r. onpeleJrriorcf Te.\HO.:rOfHqecKHMH H pe_;fiH]{}tbr}{t{ Qaxropavri, 3aBHCf Ult{Mtr or KorrKpeTrrofo THna f3v,'orKOTOpOTO 3aBHCHT TaKXie TexHorTorltqecKafl MOIenb npeo6pa3oBaHt{R3llepf riH Ha rnlpo3neKTpocraHr{HH, rr r{ric.[o sTarroB (cv. Hrix<e),'o6i_eruueitHbrx HexoropbrM o6uuvr noKa3arerreM [rrTH Qaxropolr.'B Ka-qecrBe raxoro,$al(Top a, olreluFrqrou{ero Becb rexHo,rTof uvecxur,r npo-uecc ,rio6or? f3y, crreryer.rrpHrrHMarb pacxo-r (crox) uooo,, rpoxo-Anureir I AaHrrbrr"r MoMerrr (ri nepNo,l) BpeMeHil qepe3 f HApoy3en,r. e. KoJHsecreeHqyil.earlo_p rrirp03Hepran e Hl-H W.coorriou-rerr rfl ( z. l ) - (T .B) orp ax{ a nr s Hepr_erHqecKyro oQ Qexr ua -r.rocrb rexHonornqecKoro npo(€cca Ha caruofi f3V sa nepHoA BpeMe_trH T H rrau6oree noirHo yr{HTbrBaroT _BCe pexir{-\,tHbre noiapn r}rApo_
SXepfop_ecyp_coe. 3ra noKa3are.,'Ix IIaa6o,ree xapaKTepHbr HMerrHo AJrrTexHo.,-rotHqecKHx yCTaHOBOT{, xapaKTepH3yrouIHXCf 3aBr.tcHMO-crbro i-ranopa (ranopHr'rnocrlr rorurHBa) bt pacxoAa croKa (xorrvecr_Ba H3pacxoAoBaHrrofo pecyp_ca) . AIln T3c H A3c, He IrMerou{HX B .qB_HoI{ BII-le 3aBHCHMocrH eSQexruBttocrll pex{HMoB B Aarrur,l"r MoMeHT
Hff TexrroJrorH qecKof o npouecca,
\,Ierre[rHrI MOITIHOcT]I BO Bper{eHH.
tMbr ri AJrfl Tex fOy, Koro'pbre He
FranpHMep, AepHBar{Hotrirbre fOC,
:0.\p a I{llII HUIa, BOJI I-tOBbte 3JrIeKTpO-
oBKa 3aAaq I{ sQcperturBrroro Hc-rlo'tb3oBallHtl rH.lp03llepropecypcoB 6y.ler cBoAlrrbcr x o6ecneqerrrrrcMaKCrilryMa nolegtrori MoulrrocrH na urr.{rrax nerrepaTopa ffrsv (fl
I39

--- PAGE BREAK ---

npH 3aAalrHofi noABeAeFrHoii MOUIHocTH B itaHHbrfi nouesr
i/noA //\rvf3vll ,,; , T. e'
Mr;,/ (/) : Il\'i3$ (4 - aA'rev (r)J+ ruax.,
HTIH
Afrrev (l)=) nrin,
HJIH
Bp eMeFrli
I
I
I Sexrneuofi cxeMbr
B rIeJroM.
Arrs.CXeMbI Ha
c/reAyroqufi. ew!,:
Hcrio"rrb3oBaqrr rHrpogHepronoTeHrlHaJia Ha fOy
puc. 7.1 6anaHC NlorqFrocrg lr aHeprHH 6y.qer fiMeTb
r-3v(r):ffi# - r - #ffi jmax.
7
Mrey : l/F3* -- a//rev : /v"fl31, - X ail, -
._-l
: ffF31_-(&Vr*^tr".u-.1- Affo.o*^y",o + At/. *aff*"_F Aff".u) ; e.T)
.?rey : rF3t, - A,rev : gF31 -- I LJi :gF3+ - (AJ, _F AJ,.u*
/:l
*A3ouo*A3uoA+43"*3o,"*AJ".o) , (T.g)rle A;Vr u AJr - rrorepH CoorBeT(
nepBoI{ orane (HanpHMep, fiorepH
MOIqHOCTH H 3HCP|HH COOTBETCTBCJ
eo,(oxPaHHJTHUta (uanpuvep, 3a sr)KeHlifl orMeroK BepxHero 6teQa);
TepH MOUIHOCTH H 3HepfHH COOTB€STanax, B ocHoBHOM 3a cqeT noreHbrx Bo.toBo-tax; AM, H. {Ju _ noTOM 3ra[re, ,MeiourHe Mecro B f H.q,poafperare npH npeo6pa30B aHHHeHeprHH B Typ6urie, reHeparope, a TaKX(e penirKTope (;;prr ero iIa,.tH_vltit) ; Jlvor" u -a€u"" 
- noTepr{ MOurHocrlr H 3}reprHH r{a ujecroM gTa_tr8' r'rMercrur{e Mecl' B OTBOrruurx Bo.roBO.rax (,rc*n,ouuo oraucbiBa-lo.,Iyn rpy6y); a/v',.6 li 13".0-norepH Mo,,rHocTH H 3]repfaH B HH]K-Hen__5neQe rHrpoy3.T a.
Kaxruri i-Ft eran npeo6pa3oBaFrHff 3HeprH_H r.ra f3i/ xapar{repH-3yercfl csoerlr ro.4BeieHnofr lv,noA u no,qer"orr, //; uourg;;";. rlocr-reA-Hfl'fl Lrit^ flB.rrfleTCfl nO.r,Be-r,eHncir r< (r+l)-vy 3Tafly, irJrr.r HC[O;1b3]eT_Cfl Ann npeo6pa3oBaHHtI r'rpo3HeprH' e rpyrre BHAbr 3rieprH' (s,rex-rpHvecxyro).
florepu AM; Iroitil{o irafirH no Qoprry.le
A/y'i:9,81 (AQ iH inol*einooAff;_AryiAei) :
- AA/q*AMn -diV = A//a+ANr, (7.g)
r4e A.i/q u LNs-norepH MorrIHocTH Ha j-M srane 3a cqer yMeHbue-
lHx pacxoAa H Hanopa coorBercrBeHHO; 6//_yMeHbuerrHe norepb B
;ffi;:"eHre; 
o6srquc d1v - Marraf BerrHr{HHa no cpaBHe*rH}o c Arvq
Hs (7 9) creAyer, qro Ann orFTepHCTHK i-ro srana Heo6xoAHlro 3.rIeM. 3saqeurr n aNq u a,Nn pa3JrHrl
3oBaHHr{ sHeprHH }ra fOV; B orrrHXpacxo.ly, B ApirfHx_ flo rranopy, BoAHHaKogbr. Tarc, 4.rlR nepooro 
-1nu
3rIaqHTe,lbirbr noTepH rro pacxoAy.
JIee cyqecTBeilHbr noTepH no rrafiop
(7.4)
(7.5)
(7 6)
Ens pa3pa6orxn o6o6qeHHoft vtoAe.rn rexHoJroruqecKoro npoqec-
ca f3V 6tt,rN tipoaHa./'IH3HpoBaHbr cxeMbr ocHoBHbix rHfioB f3y. Aua-
JIH3 STHX CXeM IIOK232;-I, IITO BCe OHH HlIerOT Te ll.4H HHbIe 3Ta[bI, npH-
cyuIire uas6oree c.,'rolKHoMI Brr;ly f3y-Kacr{a.ty .lepHBar{ltoHfibrx
rHAp o3Jrexrp ocr a Hunfi .
L.rrr yxa3aHHoro rnrra f3y o6o6utenHar rexHonornqecKaq MoAerb
cocronT ,,H3 cJreAyroulHX 3rarloB (pnc. 7 .l) : <<3aroroBKa >> 3Heprope-
cypca H er-o rpaHcnopr r( ruApoy3Jry /; xpaHeHHe E flepepacrpeAeJre-
HHe sHepropecypca Bo BpeMeruv. 2; rpaHcrropr 3HeprHH r{ fHApoarpe-
rary no AepHBauuvr 3 H HanopHbrM BoAoBoAaM 4; npeo6pasoBaHHe
3HeprHH B rHApoarperare 5; oreeAerrHe BoAbr HnH 3HeproHocrire.rrfl or
rHApoarperara 6; orBe.{,eHHe BoAbr HJIH 3HeproHocHTeJ'rff or f9y 7.
Bce Eru granbr no cBoHM TexHo.r'rofHqecKHM oco6eHHocrfiM flB,,-If-
IOTCfl OTHOCHTeJIbHO CaMOCTOflTeilbHblMH H CBf3aHbl Apyr C ApyrOM
o6uHr.t QaxropoM - pacxoAoM (croxou) BoAbr, npoxo4nulefi qepe3
f3y. 3ro noseoJ'rfleT BHaqare ilpoaHanH3HpoBaTb oco6eHsocrn Kax{-
Aoro 3Tatta B oTAenbHocrH H 3aTeM-yqecrb HX npH nocrpoeHnH eQ-
/,) 1n4 nar-'
BoJo0afur
c Qu.6
Qp
rc np)
Q x.clp
TeXHO,'lOrHqeCKatl lylOAer'Ib rcy C
4o,np
BOAOXpaHIrnilulerrPnc. 7 .1. O6o6rqertuan
140
3datue
Aepaeam
I4l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fO 3Tafla, fAe .l,OnO"rIHHTeJIbFI'O yriHTbiBanTCfi eUIe H 3,rIeKTpHqeCKI.Ie
ilorepH B reHeparope (Aaarare"rle).
KaxAopry 3raliy TeXHo,'IorHqeCKoro npoqecca Ha f3y IIpHCyIII,H
cBoli noKa3aTeilH H xa'paKTepHCTHKH,-3aBHCfUIHe OT KOHKpeTHOfO BH-
Aa 3JIeKTpOCTaHI{HH H ee OCoOeHHocTeH.
A.rrq HacocFrbix craHr{r.rfl (HC) Lr HacocHoro peiKHMa BbIcoKoFIa-
nopHbtx |AOC B o6ureM c,Tytlae raKlxe cnpaBeAJIHBa cxeMa Ha pHC.
7.t. OInaxo 3Aecb HailpaBJIeHHe paCXoAa o6paruoe; orcyrcrBylor
xoJrocrble c6pocbr BoAbr; He Bcer.r,a HMeercff AepIIBat{Hff (xaHal) HnH
Bo;orpaHr-rJrHUIe B BepxHeNr 6reQe; npaKrHqecKI.I orcyrcrBylor tlorepn
pacxoAa.
A.ls plc.,toBuir f3C He cyu{ecrByroT rpernil, uereeprttt:t H nqrstl't
aTaflbt; IJIfl n,ptinJIOTHHHbtx-rperafi H s 6o,TuuIHFICTBe C/'iyqaeB
(xpoue ilo!,3e!rnbrx f3C) ruectolYt srattbl.
I"'rs Kac.KaAoB f3C neperrfr aran coorBercrByer rpaHCnopry Bo'
Abr or eepxueir f3C K BoAoxpaHHJII{qy HHiliHeii c yqeroM 6oxoeoit
rIp HTOTTHOCTH.
llplrllleHbre 3reKTpocrariqlrg B T)'p6nusntx H ttacocHblX peiKH!1ax
tre li)tercT TpeTbefo, qeTBeprofo H ulecroro 3TaII0B, a nepBblfi lt nro-
poir eranbr coBMerqeHbr B oArrFr - 3aroroBKa 3Hepropecypca H rpal{c-
noDr ero K f3Y.' 
Bo;lHoBbre 3,rIeKTpocratiutrH HMetor ro;TbKo o-1.llH 3Tan - ngrstii.
Sran rpaHcnopra 3HepfHH 3lecb npeBpaulaeTCfl B 3TaII ycrailoBKl'l
afpefaToB 3,:leKTpocTaHIII{H B HanpaB.rIeHl{H, nepnellAliK,v.'IfpHo}'l
Qponr,v Bo-r-iH .t,alf no.[]qeHt{fl MaKC}rMalrtioit orAaqti eorHoaoit 3Hep-
f IiH.
Kpolre Tofo, pa3Hbte BH.tbI f3y xapaKrepH3ylorcf pa3HblMH Ko-
sQSHUueHTaMti HCno",Tb3OBaFIHfl tlafiopa H paCXoAa B qeIOM, a C.rle-
AoBareJbHo, H xosQQHuHeHTaMrr Hcno"tb3oEaFIHfl rHrpoartepropecyp-
coB - Kntr.
7.r. EAnAHCbl pACXOgOB Pt HAflOPOB r9v
Pacxa) aodat Ha fAC-gTo rcOnuqecTeeuttott noKa3alenb no-
rpe6tteutrrr oHepzopecApcoa. AuanorHtiHbtII noKa3areJIeM na T3C sn-
Jrflercrr KoJiriqecrBo ri3pacxoAoBaHHoro roIIJIIlBa. florenu,uan BoAoro-
Ka paccqHTbrBaeTCri npH ,vcnoBHH noJIl{oro HclloJIb3oBaHufl croKa. Ol-
rraKo B peanbHbtx yCJIoBIIfX qacTb cToKa Heus6eXHo TepfleTcfi nJln
3HepreTHKH, TaK KaK rrB.rrfleTcfl cbrpbeN.I Anff IIpOMbllu'IIeHHqgrH HJILI
Heo-6xolsMbItll KoMnoueHToM xa'xoro-nH6o npoH3BoAcrBa. I-lp" 3ToM
qacTb cToKa NIox(eT BepHyTbcs B'BoAoxpaHHJtHIII€, tto B Apyfoe Bpe-
Mtt H .1.p.vroe Mecro' Or6opu BoAbI H3 BoAo'\paHHnHil{a HilH Bo'1'oroKa'
KaK np0BHr'Io, He CoBnaAaloT c pe)KHIlar'fi1 f3C, onpeAe.rlfleMblMi{ Tpe-
6osarurlMr.r 3HeprocHcreMrrr. VxaeaHlrble odcroqreJlbcrBa c yqeroll po-
cra noTpe6nenus BoAbr rrapoAlrbrM x03flftcreolt H Bo3ttHKrtoBeHHfl B
pflAe 6accetigoe peK AeSHqHTa BOAbI noBblLfialor rpe6onallHtl K ee
paUr{OrraJlblioMy HCrroi'rb3oBaHHIo. A.'rn 3Toro IIeO6xoAllr'tbl rlpe){(Ae
BCefo j\ocToBeptrbre Aarrilbre o pacxoAoBaHltli Bo.l.bl IIa pa3llbie
rryiriJbr.
142
Puc.7.2. Ea;asc pacxo;ra f3C
Kart ]txe orl.{eqa,,-Ioct,, ocHoBHbr}4 MeTo.lovr II3yrreHI1.q rrB,TfleTCr{
cucrevHlttl tioAxor HIIH B i]aHHoM c;I]r{&e 6anaHcoBbtL'I MeToA} H"rrH
MeroA BotrHor"o 6ananca f3C, KaK ocFroBHoro MepHoro cTBopa Ha pe-
Ke. llo.l BoAHbrM lanaHcoM f3C noFiHMaeTcR paBeFrcrBo lrexir)' Ko-
JiHqecrBoll BoAbl (pacxololr ll,'II{ croxovt), ilocryIIarcU{el't K crBopy
rJrorHr-rbr f3C c yqeroM norepb u or6opoB l{s BepxHero 6re0a Qr.o,
lt pacxoiou B IIHX{HeM 6ueQe QH.ol npH pacuere Q".6 H Q,r.o raKi{(e
Bo3Mo;Krro ncno,,'rb3oBar{rre 6a;laHcoeoro MeTo.la. Nlexr-(y Qr.s Ir
Qu.o o6uiqHo Bo3ntiKaeT fteBr3Ka urrc6oro 3Hatia !r3-3a rrorpe1ilpocret:r,
Hlrercul!t-\ )recro B pacqeTax, Hanplrltep npri y{ere nofperusocrefi
rrr opQou eTp riqec KH.\ .\ a p a KTep itcrlr K 6 ueQo e, 3H epreriiq ecKr.ix xa p a K-
repHcruK arperaroe, f3C H r. :(.
Ha psc.7.2 AaFIa cxe\{a 6ana}tca pacxoAoB oAHFrorrFrort f3C, xo-
TOpaff pacqJeHflercf Ha .{Be cocraB,/'rfirourrre - 6alauci,l pacxoAoB
Bepxt{ero H }{Irx{Hefo 6ne(roe, H3-3a He3traLrr'rreJlbHocrH Henpor{3BorH-
TeJrbirbix noTepb pacxoAa Ha sTanax 0T BTopofo Ao flflTOfo, conocTa-
BIIMbIX nO pa3MepaM C nOfpelllHOCTflMH 3HepfeTr{qecK}rx pacqeTOB I
qe.[o]f .
Ealanc pacxoAa B Bepxneilr 6se$e f3c. o6rqr*'r nprrroK K crBo-
py f3C B Molrerrr I irro){ier 6urrt uaii-teu no Qopiuyne
Q" o (l) : Qno (/) +Q" (f ) *Q". (/) -
-Q".n (l) 1Q, (l) tQo* (i ) tQr*c (i ) ,
Bo38par ee npH cpa6orxe eogoxpaHHJrriurai Qsxc(/)-pacxoA Borbr
AJ'Ifl y.XoB;'IeTBopelrutfl nmpe6Hocreil yuacTI-it,tKoB BoAoxosril:rcreerrilorl
C H CTC }I bI.
Ea.nauc pacxo/lorr B HHxtHeM 6setpe f3C. PacxoA olllrrroqrrori f3C
ivlor{eT 6utTu oilpe;te,'teH Ila ocrioBe cireAyroIllero 6ztlaIICoBoro cooT-
143
(7.10)
Q x.c5p
11 -^,,R^,,,,-
r!+ZLlJUU+un Ssdo0odt r

--- PAGE BREAK ---

HO1UEHH'I:
Q,,.t(t) : Qrsc (l)+ Qx.c6p (i ) + Q,.,", (l) -l- Qo (r) + Q0.,,, @ +Q,,,o* (r), (7 .11
rAe Qrec(/) -pacxoA BoAbr qepes r,vp6auur fOCi e*..0p (t) _ xoao-crble c6pocni BoAbi; Qrun(/) -pacxoA BoAbr Ha rrrrro3oru"".i Qo(/)-pacxo,,I BoAbr H3 BepxHero e ^Hr.ixHr.ir'r 6neS qepe3 rHIpoTexFilrr{ecKtre
cocpvx(ei{Hfl ri B o6xoA lix; eo.nn @ - 6cHoeas HJH rMecrHafi rtpH-
TOqHOCTb, OflpeAe;rfeMafl AOItO.TIHHTeIbHbtM ecTecTBerrHbllr npHToKOM,
HllercIIIHM MeCTO_Me)t(4y CTBOpai!.{t.r rO.TOBiiOrO COOp},)KeHHfl. vr FiHX*iirM
6oe8ou (plic. 7.2); Qnoou (/) - Fre3FreprerHqecKlil'r^ lnpovuri) pacxoA
lq:ir u'nw pacxoA Bo.lbl B FIrllKI'ie)I 6ueQe Ha Hyxi-tbt yqacrHuKoB
BXC.
Ealasc pacxoAoB nJrorHHHbrx fAC, cocraBJflroiiiHX oclrc3). f Hl-
PO3FiCP|CTHKI,I CCCP H HMEiOU{IiX OTTIOCHTC,,IbHO }IA,'I}-IO A,,,IHHV BOAO-
npoBo-IfllrlHX COOpViKeI{IfI"I, il{O,1KeT npo}i3Bo-1HTbCfl Ha OCirOBe paBeit-
crBl Qe.e ti Q,,.0 s ..,rro6oir Mo.\teirr Bpelteiui, T. e.
Q" o : i'ali.ll;;ta;oo:,loi_-fal; Qn o : (T ,2\
t{acro HeKoTopbie BHrbr norepb BCAbr yrinTbrBarorcr ruApoMeT-
c'ryx6ofi B Q"o(t,); rpyruMH. BHAaMH rrorepb Mox(Ho npeHe6pjuo H3-3a Hr Ma,'TIocrH (oco6eHuo B uex<etttrsril oceHHe-:rrlru,ail nepfion A.rrqr(p)'rHbix peK) , rorj,a BMecro (7.12) no.t\-qH.\{
Q,,o + Q" : Qrsc * Q*..;0,
Qn.o: Qnp*Q..
HOCTbIO PACI{CTA PC}KHMOB 6UCTIOS f3C LI T. A. B .{ACTFIOCTH, NPH YBC-JIHqeHHH Lt u yriIeFIbuleHLu,I il,'IoqaAH go,{oxpaHu,,lnura F" 1-iofpeu]_Frocrr, pacqera-Qnp lMerrbuaeTcr{ H Hao6cpor.
ttn -lepHBaIIIIoHHbtx H cMeuaFrLrbrx fOC c 6o",inrui.rlrn so AirliHeeo-lonpoBoAnurrHyi 
.::.?l]"j-eHH.nyH Ailn KoporKrrx ^HHrepBa.ryoB Bpe_MeFiH (oxo.no I u) lrrHoeeHHnrft 6a.laHc pu.,*orto, er.o ,'bl.u Molrrerr'rapyuHTbCf 3a cqeT FrafiHqfif, BpeMeirH 406eranux BorHbI pacxoAaMex(rty ro"'IoBFrbrM CoopyX{eHHeM H sAarrHeM fOC. 3lecu HMeeT MeCTOccoTitcixeiilie
Q *.0 ( t-r x,o) : Q ".a (t) . 0 .17 )Bc,re-lcrelre groro npri onpefe,{errHH pexH}ra rti.1po3JeriTpocTaH_uriH seo6xo,lirvo )'r{Hrbrearb fi8.'reHi{e nocleAefi.rur"''" ;;;;;aBJHqe-cKrJi rlpoqeccax.(.rR r.{a.rbrx rrHTepBs;rots BpeMerrrr (oxo.,io I u).vra_3aHrice lBreHHe )toitieT I.te,,.riHTbrBaTbcrr !,tn 6o.luuru.x IiiirepBa.toB(:exG-la, Irecru)
Ea;iaHc pacxoAoB ApyrHX BHA'B roy. paccivrorpeHHbie BbrureypaBHeHlIfi Bo-tHoio 6a.qaHca f?q cnpaBeA.rTHBbr e o6il{elr BHIe n.,TffoAHFIoqrru;< fA3C, f3C-|AOC, HC li ;rpi.rHX BHroe f3y. Heo6xo:pr_Mo illltub B Kari-l.oM r{oHripeTHo}I cdTyqae yrIHTbrBaTb HX oco6eHHocrri.Tax, ;l.trs fA3C necoaveuleHHoro THtta
Qr,rEc (t ) : Q" (/). (7.18)
H.TII
3ro oElrfiqaeT, qro npH orcvrcTB'H xo.r.rocrbrx c6pocoe
Q.ec : Q*.0 : Qnp + Q". (T .lS1
il.tn f3c no BoAoroKy Qu-0 u Qn.u:Qnp, a ers" onpeAe.rrflercfl
Ha ocFroBe BbtpaXteF{Hfi
QH a (r) : Qn.u (l) -- Q,,,., (l) __ Q* (/) -- Qnr"" (/)
npri QfSE'[1/.r. (/)J > Ql.o (l);
af$' I H ,*(l)J npn aig: IH ,rr(l)] < Ql o {t); 
(7 ' 16)
Q.* ce p (l) : Q3 o (r) - AF3t' [l/.:c (r)J.
PasyrteeTcq' qro Bce cKa3aIiHoe orHoc'Tcrr K ycraHoBHBrreMycrrpex(fiMy pa6orrr foc, KorAa or{H Mory-T BbinoJrHflrb poJrb MeprrbrxcrBopoB r{a peKe +y ^orrpeAeJeFrHff Qro (l) . !,er?cruNuelouo, 
' 
e",Q rsc u Q*."0p s (7.18) *ory" 6orrl oipldn*Hbr Arrfl 3a!\aHHoro Hr{-
l.pr.1ii,.:1.5"H no H3BecrHbrrvr pex(HMa,vr f3c H lrx 6neQon. TorAaVnp -voxili:.9ipeAefiHTb Ha ocHoBe 6ararlcoBoro coorHorrreHHff (7.13) .Ilorpeturrocrr-r pacqera Qnp H.rnr Apyrux cocraBrrflIoutHx (7.1i) on-peAexfiloTcfl BI{,1orv per}'JlIipoBat{Hfi, nnoirlaAbrc BoAoxpari}rrHr.rla,rlnou{arblo soAoc6opiroft noBepxrtocrri, pacqeTHbrrr }rrrrepBaJroM, Toq-144
flcreplr Ii3 Bo-lorpaHri.;rriUa raKHX fA3C Bjir{r1oT B 4aHlrnrfr r{o-MerrT BpeN{eril{ To;lbKo rr? rr.t o6telr, iio rre r{a pacxoA. il,ruuuroI]Ilrii
"qe,l IIe co3-laeT noTepb IIou{Hocr}i, Tari KaK BbrTecHfleT oliperer,ieil_Hotit o6rrelr Bof br n )'poBetrb BoXbr B daccel:tHa.x noArrriltaeTcfl. OrrTaKifie BJHfler i{a o6rev Bo.{o-\paH}{.rrHqa, a tie Ha efo . pacxojl Bxatrrislfr MoMei{r.
A.ls fA3C c Hcr()ccrBeHHbryr
Qr,l:c(f) He Br'rnfleT ria r',ooae
Merrij, onpeAe,rrqrcruuftcg o6tevort
TOrritocTblo B BO;lOXpaHn"lHUIar a
AeT OnpeAe,,'tftTbcfl TaK X(e, KaK J
Pacxol Q-.0(l) raKHX |AOC 6r,,
Qrrsc(f) eule H AoflonttHTejibHyro npjrroqrrocrb B H]rxHee Bo,{o-Xpl lIIl.,'IltU{e .
A"'rx Fiacocnbrx pexlrvoB f-t3c a HC pacxo4 noAaqH BcerAa pa_Berl ToxbKo pacxoAy f3y, HCKJII'oqan paaHbro poAa rexHoi1or-HqecKr1e-norepli BoAbr Lr ee rporeqK' H3 aepxHero 6se$a n n"r**irni, MHr{yrra fp efa Tbr.
6alartc pacxoAoB fASC c ^acrclrggrBeHHbrlrg 6acce;rrralrn Mox{HonoJytlltrb c ToqHocrbro .Io l_Zo|r-r_u galaurrlrfi ,,,,r.p-uon ;p;;;;;;;:Bce cxa:aHrroe Bbrrrre o roc u fAoi-.;;;;;;.rrHBo rr Anx f3c-fAoc.EcrecrseHLrafl npHTorlrrocTb K nptfl"rro,* H Bo,r*roBbrM 3jreKTpo_cratlliHtlM oTc)'TcrByeT' I(polre Tofo, nJrl- BoJIHoBbrx 3.rreKTpocral{tlnl:roTcyTCTByeT H floHffTrie <pacxoA fOy>, TaK Kar( A"rrfl noryqerrHqs,rreK_rp03rreprHil HCnOJibsyeTCff rOJbKo H3MerierrHe ypourrefr niop, B AaH_rur,tfi nepHoA nperrerm. I-ra noc pac.xor ;;;;, (repe3 frrApoarperarbi,l0-64t0 t4s
(7. l3)
(7.r4)
f
I
I
I
II
Qrsc: {II
I\
I
)
,\

--- PAGE BREAK ---

a raKXie xorTocrbre c6poclr BoAbr ilpE 3aAaHHOM rpaQuxe Hafp-v3KH
onpeAeJlfllorcfl roJIbKo pex{HMaMH 6teQoe rr nponycxHoil cnoco6Ho-
crrlro czi\[iX ruApoafperaroe. flpH npflMo],r ryp6riusor,r nnrr o6parFro]r
HacocHoM pex(HMe_ n3_c_ _)rpoBeHb BoAbr e 6accer?He 2626 Bbriile i'poB-
Hn MOpq z* n pacxoA I'3y B ueJIoM He B,'rHfeT Fra y,poBeHb r\{opfl, ofi-
pe4elneulifi MapeorpaNrMor?. Ans o6parHoro ryp6auuoro Hrrn rpr-
MO|O HacocHofo pex(HM? z6ac{z*; pe}r{HM ypoeuefi e 6acceilFre 3a-
BHctrr roJIbKo oT o6'beMa Boltbl B rieM, a He oT Qnec B AaHHbrii vlo-
N,ICTIT BDCMCFII{.
Pai,ter 6anauca pacxodoa oco6euHD c/totceru dnn rcacrcadoe f AC.
Etn n.;rorHHr-rbrx f3C npaKrririecKH Becb Q"o(l) npoxoAHr rrepe3
CrBOp fli-IpOy3fia H nOTepH paCXOAa OIIpeAer'lflOTCfl To"rIbKo He3liepte-
THqeCKHMH KOMnOHeHTaMpi, T. e. Q*.n, Q"o, QO, Qx.c6p, Qr*.. Anq ,Ie-
pHBalIlloHHblx H clleuaHFIbIX f3C HMercT IleCTo -lonor'rHLITe.rrbtrbre no-
TepIl \leCTFrOfO npHTOria Ha yqacTKe oT fo.:roBrrofo y3fla Ao rrlrx(rrefo
6uerf a.
Oco6oe 3rraqeFru{e rJ'rfl KacKaAa f3C npHo6peTaeT Heo6xollr:vrocrb
yr{era BpeMeHH 4o6eraHHR BoJrHbr pacxo.ia iooo Mexily crBopaM}r
cvexirrbrx ftrApo3JTeKTpocTauqHr? ri Anfi Bcefo KacKaAa. Bpevn T4o6
COCTABJIflET HCCKOJ']bKO qACOB AJIq KACKA.(A ACPHBAI{}IOFIFIbIX T3C I.I
HecKorrlbKo cyroK IJIfl KacKaAa n,IOTHHHbIX H OCO6eHHO pjVCJiOBbtX
rH;rpo3reKTpocraFrr{Hr?, coopyx{eFnibrx Ha paBHHHHbrx peKax c MaJbr-
MH rH.r,paBitHqecfitilur ]'KiIoHalrH. 3ro onpeJ,e,'rffeT lreo6xo:ir)rocrb
paspa6ornlr cneqrraJibHEr.\ 1r.{eTof,,oB pacriera 6a.rauca pacxoJ,oB.{,i1fl
KacKafa pa3rrbrx f3C r.'rfl pa3Hbrx no A.trrre.:rbHCCTrr rrHTepBa;loB
B p elr eH tr.
vqer T.u,o6, paBHoro HecKo,'IbKHM ClrTKaM, 6oree Bcefo CKa3brBaeT.
cfr npH KparriocporiHbrx pelxrrMax f3C (cyrxli, nelelr). llpri rae6)
> I cyT MolxI.ro itpnHriMarb, r{To cyToriFrbre pe}fiHltbr f3C Kacr{aAa
83aHMHo HesaBHCHMbr B r.aHHbre cyrKrr. flp" uereJrbHoM per)'JrrHpoBa-
HHH yqeT T.so6(7 cyr o6ssare.rreu. B lJ-rlireJbFrbrx pacqeTax c HHTep-
BaJIaMH, paBHblMI.l AeI(aAe, MeCflUY, T;ro6 MOXiHO tle VqHTEIBaTb npl.I
M&,r-Ibll efo 3Haqei{HEx no cpaEFreHHIo c pacqeTHbtM }IilTepBa.loM Bpe-
I{ e}'It{.
Ec,rn norepr.r pacxoAa yqecrb B npHTorrr{ocr}r, To AJrr
n n,'IorrlrrFrbrx fOC npr{ Tqoo-40 6a.lanc pacxoAoB 6yler
cJle.lyrcU{u,lt o6p a 3oM ;
KacKaIa H3
Bbtf .r'ItiIeTb
flpu tsoo r-0 eltecro (7.18) ro,ryqliM
Q*.0, (/) : Qnpi (/) + Q". (/);
Q".0, (/) : Qn.or (i) *Qo.np, (l)* Q", (l) :
: Qup,(/) + Qo npz (r) + i 0", ,',,
I -r
)
-t
I
t
(7.20)
Qn.a,r(l) : Qn.6,,-r (t - "uxr-,) + Qu.,,0,, (f ) + Q"r, (l).
Hyrurepauun f3C e KacKaAe npHHflTa cBepxy BlrH3 rro reqeHHro
peKir. flpe4no,'raraeTcs, qro 6oxonar npHToqIIocrb nepecqHTarra LJT+
crBopa rruxtrrerli no reqeirHlo n3 AByx cMexiubrx f3C. PacxoA Kaxi-
Aofr f3C onpeAexnercfl no (7.13).
146
tLn
n (i\-n ti'' \r^ "'r ln /l\Vrr 6,r (I/ : V',pr {,ri -i A Vo ',p I (,1 | LJ yst \!,/.
l-, | -l
I'1s (7.19) n (7 .20) BriAruo, t{ro B I(acKar,e per{iH}{ rrrrx(Freri f 3C
cBfl3air, a rriiorla tr Bo Irrrorolr oilpeleJfleTCs pe;rirrlrolr eep.rireii no
TetleHr.rrc f lrf Po3;'te KTpocTaHqtilr. Pacqer 6a,ra Hca pacxotroB KacKa.la
npH 3araHrroIl pex{Hlvle BoAoroKa H Q"r (/) ueodxoAuvo BecrH cBepxy
BHH3 rro KacKaAy, a pacqer ypoeHerl (Hanopoe) crrHsy BBepx, Pac-
qeT co-\rKlryToro KacKara fl"jroTliHiibrx f3C c vqeTovr 6a.ralrca tvrou{-
I'locrefi B Ilerl B03Moxieri;'rH[uL, rirepaqnoHtrbr]r nyre]{. PaeolrKFryrbre
KacKal.bt .rto6t tx f3C Mox(Ho paccqHTbrBarb s ,rrc6oii noc.reroBa-
Tp'rhllr\'^Trf
Pacqer 6a,ralrca pacxoloB B KacKa-1e npii t:oo*0 c.irefl,eT npo-
!13Bof lirb c vqeTolt c!.Brtra Q,.,.o r(l) Bo BpeMeiiI{. Tax, A"rrr{ carrofi- Bepxneii f3C rreo6xoAlrlro HI{eTb ;iarttrbre o pe;r(H}tax, npeJ.ruecrB.v-
loullx vo)ieurv BpelteHrr t, carrori trr{x(rrefr f3C KacriaAa - Ha Mo-
Mer{T l- X raod r, A.rrfl eropoir f3C - Ha MoMeHT l- X rao6 t ri r. r.
!:l [:,
Ao (/- I ) -ir f 3C Ha rv{olrerrr BpeureuH f-r,coo n-r. Ecrecreeriuo. qro
3To 3HaqlITe"IIbHo )'C.,'IoxtFlfleT pacqeTbt 6anaHca pacxoAoB KaCKala.
CxasarrHoe cnpaBeAJ'rlrBo ri r.rrff ryp6uuiroro pex*rr{a KacKara
rA3C.
f,rn KacKaila ttacocllblx crllHtlglll 6es Bo,to.\pariH"iulula pacxo/lbr
BceX CTaltUxit paBttbl MexiAy co6Oir I{ oflpe;ie.:rflrgTcff flOAaqeil caiwoir
ttsxtte[r vcraHoBK[i. Ecnu Mex{Ay crarrr{HrrMtr HMeeTcfl iiaKorl-JrH60
aKK)'I.tyJHpf iou{uir 6accelirt HJH KaHaJr, T. e. }rHepqt{o}riioe 3Belro, To
e 6a"ratlce pacxoAoB TaKoro KacKaAa cJIeAyeT vqr{TbrBaTb rra.rrHr{r{e
Taoo nPH yCJIOBHH ero COflOCTaBI{MOCTH C paCqeTIIblM HtiTepBaflOi!.1.
flpuvelr Hylrepaqrrro FracocHor"r craHrlr.rr{ cHH3}' BBepx, TorAa' 6arrauc
paCxo.{a KaCKa.la MoX(FIo npe.qcraBHTb B CJreAyioUIeM BHAe. llyCrn
3aAaua noAaqa nepnorl HacocFrorl crar.rrlnH, r. e. Qrrcr (/). C"rrel-oea-
TCTbHO.
Qug (l) : Qrrcr (l - "^*..) * Q", (l):
QH6 (f) : Qr '.r (l - .oo;.) * Q,, (/);
(7.2r)
t47
i",'r'
!,,
Q*.u' (l) : Q*., (l) + Q", (f);
Q".u, (f) : Q". ar(t - r,roor) * Qu nu, (l) * Qr' (/); (7. r 9,1
l0n
Quc* (/) : Qrrcu-r (l - "oon,,) + Qor-, (l).

--- PAGE BREAK ---

._ ^ilpn H€lr{ere Ta6fi (e Dacqerax
{7.21) no,ryunn
Qncz (i; : Qircr (/) + Q", (l);
2
Qncs (t) : QHcz (l) + Q", (l) : Qacr (i ) + I Q", (t)'
l:l
n-l
Quo' (/) : Quc.,-r (t)* Qun-, (/) : QHcr (/) + I Q", (/).
l:l
L4s (7.21) w.. (7.22) cJ,'reryer crrox,Hafl 83arrliocBfl3b peiKHMoB na-
cocHbrx craHqHli e KacKare (rax xe Kar( H B KaCKa,l.e f3c). To x<e
caMoe orHocarcfl H K HacocHoMy pex(HMy KacKana fA3C.
Burure 6ur"ro cKa3aHo, r{To Boroxpilr{!i"THrrla fOy To,lbKo nepepac-
flpeAeflflioT croK Bo Bpe.veFIIi, He IreHflg ero a6co.qrcTHoro gria,{erras
(6es yqera rrorepb croxa) sa 3aAauuurlr u,HKJr perynHpoBaHHr. Oro
03Har{aeT, r{To pef,V"{HpoBaHHe cToKa CBfl3aHo C IIOflB.,'IeHHeM pejfiHM-
Hbix norepb 3HepfHH, norBef,eHuor? x f3c. vueHlrueHHe He3HepfeTir-rlecKHX ilorepb pacxoAa ffBJIfleTcfl aKTyalrbnor'r aa-ra,rerli, xoropan vro-
>Ker 6urrs perreHa esr6opovr onrHMarbHoro pe)Klrlra fov. 3ro raK
Ha3brBael'rbre _p€)KH.vHbre ncrTepH, o r(oToporx 6o,ree ilorpo6no noirf er
peqb B r,rl. 13 H 14.3lecu x(e c/IeLveT orMeTHTb, qro c,vqeTo)r oco-
6errHocrer'r rexHo,rorHqecKoro IHK;Ti npeo6pa30BaHHfl 3HeprHri pa3-
Hbr\{ti f3y naN6o"ltruui (riooQQHuHerrr Hcno.'rb3cBa}i}trr croKa 
' 
kw
HMeHf,r nrorriFrHu]e^ f3c (npH npoqlix paBFrbrx ycroaunx). Arrq .le-
pHBaI{HoHFIblx fOC Htlorla ou{}'rHMbr norepti'3HeprHH Ha MecrHo}.1
croKe. EcrecrBeHHo, rrro yK?eauuur? xoeQSHr{HeHr, Bbrpa}KarcL4sr-'r
OTHOrrreHlte croKa qepe3 r1'p6lrrrsr f3C x 6urTosolry croKy 3a 3a-raH-
tiuri uHKr peryJlHpoBaHHff, cytttecrBeHHo 3aBHcrir or Blira pervJilrpo-
BaHr{ff rHApo3JreKrpocraHr_iHH (ct,r. rl. l3):
, V rec lV d - lf/t,,..t - Fx . c5p - V/ no,
t(fr7 - -l;;---- .
(Qx,6
Pnc. 7.3.6a.lauc uanopon f3C
cxelra r5a.ranca HanopoB f3C c vqeTorr ee oitoduerrnoii )ro-l.eJH, pea-
"'rli3oBarftioir Fra pvrc. 7.1 [Ho]rep crBopa (ceuerItin) Ha puc. 7.3 coor-
BercrBVer Koutty coorBercrByroulero 3Tana pric. 7.1].
)'-.:'e.tuHaq 3Hepfmrr noToKa Bot,br 3it'r onpelerfreTcr rro \:paBHe-
Htrto 6epiry;l,ru AJttr KaiKtroro l-ro xapaKrepHoro crBopa, orrpeAejrfle-
Moro KaK f paHltlla 3TaIIOB MoieilH plrc. 7.i:
.1,'rHTeiIbHbrx pelKtiMoB) BMecro
.l Z-: Zq r:COflSt
tl
ali
AH tz
AUu!t)3
0.5
(7 .22)
z=
J
?n'.
(7.24)
(7.2s)
(7.26)
149
-tF6 - (7.23)
L ToqKH 3peIrHfl 3KoH0I{noro HCIroJIb3oBariHfl 3a.{aHHoro o6telta
3rrepfopecypcoB rran6o"'ree:QQer<Tr{BHbr nJlornHHbie f3c,{,,THre.,Tbrro_
lO pefYJHpOBai,Jl'|fl, nO3BoilfliOUIHe 3liaqtlTeJ'ibHO yMerlb[l]tTb W*.rap.
O.qHaKo 3TI{ f3C o6.r'laf,arcr Ir riaH6orlurnn HerarrrBHbrN.r BJTHfl}rHeM
H? Oxpyx1arcuyrc cpeA!' (saronrreHHe reppHropurl, npenflrcrBpre cBo_6olrroi? MHrp?rIHx npoxo.r,Hbix H no.,Tynpoxoruirx p",6 u r. A.),Hanop f AC-sTo nogaaarellb oHepeoe.uvocru Bodbr, AHa.ryoruq-
Hblr't rloKa3areJleM Ha TOC cryx(HT xaaopnfiHocrb alrepfeTuqecxoro
TonJrr-iBa. VxasaHsurfi sHeprerHqecxHrl rtoTeHrli{ar BoAbr He Mox{eT
6trro nb",rnocrurc npeo6pa30Barr B MexaHHqeci(yCI SHepfHro Bpauralo-
u{eircs ryp:6nrrbr, qacrb ero neug6ex<Ho repfleTcfl B npoqecce npeo6-
pa3oBaFIHfl 3Hepl'llH. FlenocpeAcrBeFrHo Hcno-rrb3yercfl Jiltrrrb pa6ovurl
FIanop, rrJrr{ Hanop ryp6rrnuoii ycrarroBKH, Hrlri tranop rrerro Hr.
Anq I't3yqelttiR MeroAoB pauHot{aJ'Ibnofo HcnoJib3oBaH}rrI rranopa
Bocnor'lb3yeMCfl lanarrcoBbrM MeroAOM. FIa pHc. T.J npeAcraqneua
148
rf,,e Zi - yIeJ]brlafl nOTellUIia.:lbilat{ 3HepfHfl nOilOXieilHfl, H3Mepfle}tafl
sbrcoroir pacnonox(eHltr .larrrroro irilrBoro ceqerrrir{ Boj1oroKa Haf He-
noropoii npuHnroir nrocKocrbro cpaBr{errHrr; p,l bg) - yAerbrrar{ no-
TeHUHa.iIbHaf 3tleprl.itl AaBJ]ellHtl B L{eHTpe TflXieCTH !.aHitOfO )KHBOTO
ceqeHHfl BOAOTOKa flpH pt- ]'le.[b]roM lre6srroquo]f AaBJieHr{H B VKa-
saHHoii roqKe H p - IIJrorHocrb ir{rrAKocri{i G;u;rl(2s) - yAe,rror{afl Kr{-
FreTHqecKaR 3r{epfHfr )KHAr(oCTH; O - 6eepaa,ueprrr,rfi xoeoQHr{HeHr
I(opirolxca g - ycKopeHHe ceo6oAiloro nareFrHfl.
Aln crsopoB c orKpbrroir eornofr noBepxirocrbio (pnc. 7.3, 1,2, J,
7\
lva
3-)'' - zi* ,, + +!19g 'tg
Pi -Pi^."-'l'...u 
"?s (ps)
n+ p il (pg) - Vzr,
rAe Y zi- ypoBeHr cso6olrroir nosepxHocrH BoAoroKa,
qv;
2
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i
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

V,{Hr1,rsaf , qTO HanOp 3aAaHHorO yr{aCTKa BOAOTOKa MeiriAy CTBO-
pa\{!i i tt il I esrpaxiaercr{ pa3Hocrbro yAe"IIbHbrx 3FIepruirt noroxa, tto-
"'I YH 3 elr
ACTaHosKA C tLaKCU*LaltbHo 8Os.t'LOutHoil n,touladAn LL sbLxodHo'11 7 Ce-
4eH1LLL 8 HLLSrcHe,tt 6aeQe c Ha.usbtcLueLi oT.tuteTKOiI' T, e.
H ,- I! u-Hu.o.r-A H s+:zrta,r.5-Lzn.o-LH za' (i 33)
II ,,,*r: .?iA - 3t1,
C yreToM orKpbtTbrx noBepxFrocTei.i
Taxltivt O6paaOv, HenoCpe)craettruo I NeXattuqeCKAn s+epeun EpCL-
uFHUn \Lr'r(L eUdpoaepezaTs npeBpau+aeTCn TO,nbKo tlacTb gde'zanoft
iiiprtttt sodoro'a H, us ecefi Bo3t't.oI*t.Hoir ]ttn ttctl'o'4b3o'aHLlfl' H0'
ultocTfte peKLt., ede pacrlon_oflteHa f 3C, Hp (pn.. 7 3).
" Mex<l,v crBopaMr.r 1-7 !Ioxil1o Bbtr,eJIHTb c,'leAylou{He BHAbI tIo-
repb I'larlopa: AHrz - B BepxHeM 6oeQe; AHzs - B X'epIIBaUHH;
LHro- u itaropHbtX BoloBol?X ti;1H BoAonpoBoAfiUIHX Coopyll(eHlitlX;
AH;o-e BO.looTBoIflU{riX Ilanopl'lblx coopyxielil'ltlx (*apaKTepHbI
A.rrf noJ,3e-\ftrbix f3c); AHor - B Illixillelr 6lec$e.
nepettliCJellilbie nOTepri 1{anOpa .l.eJflTCl fiA Te\liO";lOrliqeClitle Il
peXiu\1ribre, C oAI{Oil CTOpOtlbl, II Ha nOTepH nO.l,lHtle COOp)/iKelllIf ll
MeCTHbte ConpoTHBrTeHIifl - c IpyrOL'I. B KaqecTBe IIoTepb I'lanopa
ilo filI{He yql{TbtBarcTCfl noTepil B BOAonpHeMII}lKe foJ-lOBitOrO !'3.ila'
AepHBalIllli, Hanoptlblx BoJ.oBo.1,a\ II r' A'B KaqecrBe norepb ila
MecTrrbre COnpoTHB.[etl]1fi VqllTblBaioTCf noTepli Fla ]'.lapllbliI BXoJ'
npH ItpOXOiti.i.eltIllt MeCTflblX C\')KeHHil tt paCixHpellllil nOTOIia' I{3}le'
HellHIl cF(opocTl{ noToKa IIO IIanpaB'leHIilo Ii 3ttaqetlllio }I T"L'
Orrroctire..lbnoe B"rrrrflnHe KailiAoli II3 cocTaBJItlnuIIiX norepb lla-
nopa o (7.31) EaBl{CHT oT lio}lnoHOBKH rHApOTeXIirlqeCK}tX COopi'X(e-
uHli, ciloco6a pacnpeJ.eJettitq IIarp)'3KIi il{el{iry rili.poarperara\lli'
qtic.la It cocTaBa BKJIIOqelillblK fll.lpoarpefaToB, pexlll{a Hcno'1b3oBa-
rrHfl BO.l.oxpai{I{JHI]{a !l r. J'- I(OMnOttoaxa fll.I'porexlll{qeciil{x coopy-
){ietrHfi Bo i\{ilO|OI{ OilpeleilqeTCf I'ICIO;'Ib3VeNIblI'I HanOpOM H pO"iIbtO '
l-3c e Bo;loxo3flfrcreeiuoii cucretre. c erofr ro,{lilI3pellIlfl rHrlpos'?'leK-
TpocTaHullli nplil-ifro AeJII-iTb I'la Tpl
nopoIl Ao 25-30 rt, cpelHetianoplll
100 tt H BbtcoKollanopllble-c Han(
r{iracc}l0l'lKatll{It noI Ilanopo}{ ilotll
Ho){ 6.roxe), T. e. Hr\', llJIIi feo}ter
Hero H Hlixiliero 6ueooil, T. e. H r;c
Oco6eHHocrH 6a.naHca Hanopa pa3HblX fOC ilo ciloc-o6y xonqenr-
paqHH Hailopa. Pyc.,roBHe illl 3l(Ol{anoptible r3c, KaK IIpa-
BHJIO, llI{ercT 3llaqltTeilb}ible Bo,u.oxpaHHJ'lHlll3' qTO CBfl3aHO CO CTpoi{-
TCJIbCTBO}I f3C }TA BOAOTOKAX C MA"IbIM YI(JIOHOM AI{A PCKH iO' 3TO
npHBoAgT K 3ltaqllTe71bllbiM nOTepfllv{ llarlOpa 3a CqeT KpliBOil IOAnO-
p'u II cpa6orxlt BoAoxpaHH"r'IIItr1a npI'l- peryrHpoBai.lHii croKa' Cyutecr-
BeHnbt lt noTepH Hanopa B tll'Iiii,Heivt 6neQe, a TaKiKe B COpOyAepiKlIBa-
Iourr.{x coopt"*.ir;;;"fea. n_ot*pnI Mex(Ay crBopaMrr 2-4 (pHc'7'3)
He3llaqllreflbllbl, yqacroK 5-6, Kal( npaBI'1O' OTCl'rgltttt'
Pex<lryr,r pa6orr,r afperaroB raKllx f3c -no Itailopy npaKrHqecKH
6IH II O KOB iII.
I( norepqM B BepxueM 6r,ecpe AHr:_orl'loCflrcfll noTepH 3a Cqer
r(pliBoii notnop, (AHIIaMlttleCKoro o5levl) [Hnrrf .(rext.to;to[!lqe-
cKHe) ; norepri sa lu., cpa6orxii BoAoxpattrlJltlula AH.p"o (pexuv-
l5l
:(,,+;*;t) -(.,*,*
t\
Pi+t | *ui+l \
Tt.
Pg '29,l
(7.27)
l
I
I
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t!,,,*.: (Vz; -- Lr,+rl * 
" 
@i-u?*r). (7.28)
(i 2e)
(7.30)
flocxo,rrry pa3Hocrb cKopocTefi ui H ui+t, KaK IipaBH/'Io, 6stsaet
ire3irarilire,'rbFIoii A.iIfl 6nHsxo pacilor'iiox{etrHblx cTBopoB c orKpblTo}'r
ncBeD-\HOCTbio. i{oi{iHo 3a nLICarb
IJi, i+r=Yzi-Vz,+r.
flpuven caeAyroque onpeAeJIeHHfl AJIfl HaropoB yqacrKa peKH
f,;urHoir L, 'nctolb3yeMoro f3C. I-lps 3ToM AiIVHa yqacrKa o[pe.{ei-Ir-
eTCrr flpoTqx{er{Hocrbto peKH, Ha ecTecrBeHHoe cocroflHHe Koropofl
n lrrddr  nn^rr..r/arrrt6 fe/- /n- n-on^. / rn ^-on^o 7 nlf, nrJn 7 ?\Or.!rll1 lI L\/VyJlT\Lnn\- I J\r \wl \-roL/P<-1. j A\-f LrDvHCl , r L,rYr' Prru. t.vl.
V,racrox Ao crBopa / cooreercrByeT ecrecrBenllor{y cocroflHHIo Bo-
.l.oToiia.
flo:ee-{er{Frbrri Hanop i-ro crBopa npri Q,r.o:0 - ero pa3Hocrb
)'J,e.-rbrror:i 3rreprr{[i Bolbr e i-lt crBope ri B crBope 7 (cooreercrByeT
crlrerne c)'\oro ,lHa BoAorot(a), r. e. Hanop xapaKTeplt3yeT flpererb-
r{bre 3t{epreTHqecK!te Bo3MoiKHocrH AaHHofo cTBopa npH Hy,IIeBor'I
pacxo-r.e. B qacrHocrH, Hanop yqacrKa BoAoroKa Hp \{ox(eT 6otru on-
Pe:e.:reH ilo Qopn,v.le
Hpx V zr-Yz,.o(Q*.u .0) : Lrip,
rle Lp - I"'rHHa yqacrKa peKH co cpeAHHM yKiloFlov ,p.
;l"is pa6oraruu{ux f3C BcerAa HMe}or Mecro norepH Haropa, cBfi-
3aHIrbre c Heo6xoAHvocrblo 3HepreTHqecKl{x 3arpar Ha rpaHcnopr
Bo-lbr h- T)rp6utte, B Flel"r H or Hee.
Ey)ex Hasuaarb Hanopo'fi eu)pogsrta [3C) Hry, Lt,'tu Hrec,
pa3Hocrb yde,touotx sHepeuil aodoroKa fieut)g craopa,fiu 2 w 7. [lpu
3Tolr. B KaqecrBe crBopa 7 npHnrrMaeTcr crBop, coorBeTcrBytournli
naueucuelvr oTMeTKe HHx{r{ero 6neSa co cBo6o/tHofI floBepxHocrbto
(1.'rs peaKrHBHbtx ryp6nH), rorAa
IJ ,y : 1/i;o - LFI s, - Lzry - gz,t.a-- AFlsu. (7.3 r )
Hanopo.v aepeearHoeo 6norca Ha.6n, uttu Hr6ovrro, 6!/der HCL3btBarb
pa3Hocrb ydettouatx sHepettil nororca .velflAg crsop(l./v.u 3 u 7
tI u.a.r: Hl:A - LH ,, : zuan.6- AZu.o - AHrr, (7 '32)
f.il,e Zuan.6 - orMeTI{a ypoBHf BoALt B HanopuoM 6acceliue.
Flaxorrer\, Hanopo,tt rUp1ttuttoti AcraHoStcu, pa5oquv Hanopo.tt, H&-
ttopo,u eudpoaepeeaTa uttu HanOpo,tt HerTo fl, 6y0en HaSilBaTb po3-
Nocro ydettt nulx aHepeutl noroxa Bo sxodHo,lt 4 ce,rcnutt s r!/pOuHHAn
t50
I
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I
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

,i
l
r{ble) ; rorepr r-ra copoyAepxinBaiou{H.{ coopy}KeHHffx (CyC) A/Icvc
( p exltlt Ho -Tex.HO,Tof HqecKHe)
LH u.a: LH ,, - AHon* * Aff"ouo -i- AF/cvc.
florepx e HHX{HeM 6le$e onpeAe/IflIorcff rIoAbeMoM ypoBHff 3a
cqer rroryiKoB BoAbr rrepe3 ryp6HHbr f3C H xoJ.'rocrbrx c6pocon. IIpa
sroM Ha HHsKOHanOpHbrX f3c, HMercil{}ix 3AaHHe r3c COeMeuIeHHOTO
THfIa, B03MO>I(HO HeKOTOpOe yBerTHtleHlre Hr 3A CqeT XOJIOCTbIX C6pO-
coB Bolbt B flepHoAbt noIIoBoAbfl H rraBoAr(a H B03HHKHOBeHHf B cBfl-
3H c 3rHM aQQexra ali(eKrrHH B FrHlK,Fren 6reQe:
LH at: ArYH.o-AHr*.
(7.34)
(7.35)
C yueron cxa3aHHoro Hanop i-ro arperara 6y.ler cBfl3aH c HaIlo-
pon f3C rr norBeAerrrrbrMH HaropaMH cneAyrournuH coorHoueHHflIlII:
-x
t-r
li
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t.
ii
li
B (7 36) H (7.3i) rp€f,rro;12raercfl, rrro rr3Meperrnri ,vpoeHeir 2z.6
<, ^.1^tl <n.6 UPI dflflJUbd.ilbl b utrP.\ncrvl UDcWtr llUL"lc LUPtr) -{trP1t\nDdluLr{n.\
coop\r;r.'.eHHfr, o6utax !.,nn Bcex afpefaroB, LI B FIlix(HeM 6leSe B 3a-
r a ii Ho 
ll.ion1.13: J::,l,XXI'J;,?S;,, H a a rp era r a x F )'c., oBbix r oc rro.
rVT oT.lHqarbcfl KaK Ipyr or IpVra, TaK I-i or 1/p3,6: npti HIinilBli-
J,l'aJb!rbrx copo)'-lepj'hr.rBaroulHx coopviKerii.ifl.\ r-rr_lpoafper-aroB c pa3-
rcri creilelrbro r{x 3acoper-rFiocrrr, HeoArnia.KoBbrx pei{iH}{ax eolcc6po-
coB, ilepei(oce I'posrreii 6reQoe BJ,orb crBopa f3C H r. A. OlHaxo
:r.ra 5o-,rbrlrHricrBa c.:r)'qaeB, B ToM qric.re r{ rJIfi Me}heHHbtr peiKt'IvoB
f3C, Hanopat H, u Hr:,c noqrH o.tHIJaKoBbl.
florepi-i LHouu Ma.iio 3aBHCflT or peliirrva f3C ri .He npeBbtualor
I v .1.'rs 6oloruHFrcrBa ollrHoqsux f3C. floreps AIJcvc liror)rr Aocrit-
rerb B rrepHonbr no,'loBo:Ibfl H npH c.rta6ori oqHCrKe cyc J0-150/o
H r=c. I-loelrruer-rHe Harropa 3a cqeT sQ$exra 3x(eKI{HH lioxier vBe-
Jrirrr'rrb Ha irecKo.irbKo npoqeriroB Bbrpa6orxy f3C B IIepi'roJ.bI xo,ro-
crbrx c6pocoe.
OlrraKo Hau6o,ree 3r{aqHreJ,TbIIL,re pexurMHbre ltorepH Iianopa p]'c-
JoBbrx f3C nporrcxcrrrr sa cqer cpa6orxrr BepxHero 6uecpa I.t ilo-l'b-
eMa ypoBr.rfl riHXlHefo 6ne+a. Ha FrH3KOHanopHbrx 13C A.rll{reJlb}loro
per,v,rrrpoBaHlrf cror(a roJrbKo 3a cqeT cpa6orxlr rr Hano.IineHHfi Bo.1o-
xpaHHnHUra H" Molr(er H3MeriflTbcn na 30|6 u 6onee B TeqeHHe roAa.
Tax,.lerana3oH KoJre6auHr? f/r na Karurcror? f3C cocraBJlner or 10
Ao 20, rra Hoeo*r6npcxofi-or 11 lo 20, sa Caparoecxoit-or 6 ao
15 v. Koorb$uqlierir HcroJIb3oBaHIifl Hanopa peKIi
IJttp
f{ r;: H r j: H p-Lg rz--\rYo;;
lJ - l{ - l-l-li ri : ll rj : 1/ f3C : Za d - 2u.6.
LHi
(7.36)
(7 .371
flo
iI3MeHflTbCfl
-l - Llt'" + bht67
Hp
or 40 Ao 90%.
, lJ*iipr: 
i:
ilno
t52
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(7.38)
I
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IIIEII HflM 14 .
Hri*H' j:H"- '\Hr:-AHso- LIIot '
H ri : II rec - t11B--,:r : Zs 6- Z^.6- AH*o'
(7.3e)
(7..ic)
llorepa e Bo;loBoAzX 13C CoilocTaBll]'.lbI c noTepfMI{ B I'tll;{iile\'l
6sr.c!e II -l.OCTLirarcT liHOr1a iieCKOr''IbKIiX ),teTpoB- Hait6O"'iee 3tlaql.{-
Te":tbtiirr nCTepii rranopa 3a cLieT Cpa6oTi';1,i _.-:talIo"-iiteiillfi BoA0'\Dalili-
l HU-(a (:o iiccKoalbKtlX Aecf,rh;oB ,\f lplB) . KoEtf QHUI'ierlr HCIIo"lb30-
B?':!Hfl. Hariopa t,'rf npHn;toTlr!liibix f3C B CpeIHeM HeCKO"r-Ibl{O BblLue'
rre1r A;tH pycJoBbtx, 3a CqeT oO"rIbiuHX 3HaqeHIIi;i Hp. Alg EparcriOit
fOC c A.FI"or- 1,3 lvt, Al1.p"6:10 M, LfIl'"E" x2 \{ npH }{':ti\cl'l-
MarbHo\{ 3l{aqeHHrt Hr:106 lr ktt:0,87'
A,rq npHnxorrrHnbrx f3C Mor]'T I{}Ierb vecro c}'ulecrBell}lble pa3-
.ttirlrifl pel*niyots rHJ.poarperaroB nryt IIecll\'t\{erpHt{tloit rH;1pats"lliqe-
cKofr cxeMe nolBOJ.a BOAbt ri Ht{}1. fIo:rcrr1,'s oT.lHqlie oT p)'clcBbl.\
f3C noreplr r{anopa rra }-rracrrie }teix-t}'crBopoB 1-7 5i111\"r 3aBII-
CeTb lte TOJbKO OT OdU{erO pe}litt}la rll.lpO3,leKTpOCTailLt}iii, tlO 1l 0T
pex{HMoB orle.;Ibtiblx f}ifpolrp_efaToB- 
AepHBaUHollllble f3C, KaK npaBI'i"To, BblCOKOrlanopi{ble C
He6o,.'tbtUHIt Bo,1oxpallH.li.iUISM iIpH fo.IloBI'1Oil1 !3.il€ Coopylliettuir' A';rn
itHX rial{SoJIee XapaKTepHbl xorepli e .lePHBalIH?i H Bo.lCnpoBoJ'flUIII\
Coopy;*(eHltflx, r. e. AHzo (f.iq Hanopllblx oTBOAtIuIHX eoAogoJ,oe)'
florepH Hanopa B AepHBauHrl Mofvr cocrats,lflrb AO 5-8% Iii"to,
B HanopHbtx Bo;loBCIa.{ - -lo 8-1290 1/iio. TaxHv o6pa3oM' ilanc-
pr,r ,Y.ri f l ^.o: U H, nptt [{ r:.,C-- f{rv }{Of VT 3llaqHT€IIbFI.O OT.1-lliqaTb-
clt Apyr oT .1p,vfa, rrro lreo6xoir.ti.\1o yqrlTbiBaTb B pacqeTa.\:
H u.on i* H ^.on i: H p* LH r-LH zs-LH 67; (7'41 )
H,t: H ^.6,-,,-AH3a : H p-/\H n-LHzs-LHs+-LH ati ( '42)
H ri: H a.orr,- AH*o, - Zrt - 7tr.6- Allo"p - A'F/u",t' - AHcycr' (7'43)
AHanus (7.41)- (7.43) noKasbrBaer, qro .unff ;tepHBaUIlollt{blx
f3C B exl,e 6o.ryuureii creneHH, qeM Arfl nJIoTHI{Hblx, HeoOxoAHM }'qer
pel(HI,IIIh,tX noTepb ltanOpa npH pilCHeTe H1;. OcO6etrHo 3TO OTI-loCliT-
cfl ri trecH\{MeTDrtr{iibl}{ c\cMaM noABoIa BOAbI K afperaTaM f3c
AepuBaUI.tOilur,re f3C H\{eioT BblCoKHe 3liaqeH tt,a fzn 3s. Ctler 3tla-
qHre/tbltoro rtanop a Hp. Tax, ;,rR HrrrypCKoi{ frir=0,66 npll NIaKctl-
t!{a,tb}roM rranope fAC, paBrrov 410 M, I'r c.IteA.vloluH.\ 3llaqeilllRr 0c-
troBIIbrx norepb ltanop ai AHc?^o:90 ivt; Afll:f":43 M; AHi:; : 6 rt'
153

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Bce cKa3aHHoe orHoc?rJ{ocb K f3y c peaKrt'tBHbtMH ryp6unauu.
A;rs aKTHBFrbiti ryp6nn Frailop H, paccqHTbrBaeTCx I(aK pa3HocrL'
Ha.c.n H noTepb riailopa B BoAoBoAax rro ornolllellHlo t< oceeo]it JIIIFII.IH
cTp]'H B OAHOCO,TTJTOB!r_X fopH30HTaJrbFiblx H NIHOfOCOITJIOBbIX BepTH-
Ka"iIbHblx arperarax. Hanop MFroroconiioBbrx ropri3oFITa,rrbHbrx afpera-
ToB onpeAeirrreTCrr tlo orrrou]eHHIo K cpeArteBseelxeitHoti no pacxoAy
oTMeTKe p acflo,Toii{eHHf crpyli.
OcodeHuocru danauca Hanopa ApyrHX runoB f 3y. A,r q FI a c o c-
rrbtX CTauUttft B OT;-tHLII.te OT fl,llpO3,leKTpOcrattqttli Hanop Bblpa-
iKaercri yrenlrrort sHeprueir Borbr, nepe.:aitttott efi ttacocoM AJlfl 3a-
Larrnori BbrcoTbr nofbeida. 3ro 03lrarraeT, HTo l,.r-rf nepelleueHLItI o6l-
elia Bo;lbr oT orlreTlT 211.5 Ao ze.o rracocy rpe6yercn pa3BHTb riaflop
Hr,, 6o;ruruufi, qe-v reo\.terpriqecKar pa3t{IIqa yposnerl 6uecpoa, Ha pa3-
lrep fiorepb llailopa IIex(Ii; crBopartn 7 u 2 (puc. 7 3) B saBHcHMo-
crrr or cxeMbt II pexiHlta pa6orr't I-lC B cocraB floTeDb MofVT BKJto-
qaTbCfl H.ritI He BK"ttOqaTbCfl IlOTepll B tianOpltbi.\ BOLOBO-1aX AH+: H
LHis, a rani{e e CVC u 6leQax c orripotrofi soAHoft noBepxrlocrblo.
V,{acrox 3-2 A,lq HC npaKrIIqecKH orc}'rcTByeT.
Aafl nIi:KoHanopustx HC, pa6oratourIIX rto cxeil{e KaFIa'il- Ka II aJI,
(7.44)H Hg: Ze.6-2.il.6- H ni- H a j- const.
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Ze.d:\raf H Zu.6: Vaf , TO
BO Bpe){ell H, T. e.
Hgg: Ze.o-2u.6- H ni: H tti- \'a r.
f.rn cpe-r,ite- It BbicoKoHanoprli,rx IIC IIailopbl Hp6, Hn; u 17r11__pa3-
JrrqatoTCff Ire;{ify cO6oft Ha pas}Iep noTepb }{a yqaCrKaN LHrs LI
aHr., a raKirie 3aBHcflT or pe..{t}lMoB pa6orst afpefaToB:
H ut* H ni: Huc* LH ts+4H43:
- Za.d-Z*.0 *AHnor* Aff"oa.
,[rrn ff\3C Haliop B ryp6Hunolt pei{iHlte H. 6y4er MeHbrIe FIa-
nopa B HaCOCHOM pe]huMe Hn Ha 3l{aqeHl-le ABOI"ILiblx noTepb MeXiAy
crBop avv 2 u 7, r. e.
H ,;: H ,ri-ZL,H zt. (7.47l,
Pac,{er HaflopoB fASC B 3aBHct{},IoCrH oT peitittMoB ee pa6o'rut
c"le,IyeT npoBoAHTb no Qoplrynar{, coorBercTBytorlHM Hr- Anfl Typ-
6iirrnoro H H^- Aan HacocHoro pe)r{HMoB. CrasauHoe oTitocHrcfl K
f3C-fAOC, ll3c, a raKxie ,tlo6bt:lt f3y B cocraBe 3l{epreraqecKHx
KO)'l rlJ'ICKCOB.
B KacKaAe coMKHyrbtx f3y cneAyer npli pacqere'Hr
tr"qr.i ffH yqHTbiBarb noAfiop B FrHx(FreM 6seQe cMex(HbIX 3"rleKTpocraFI-
uur:r. Flannqse roAnopa B HHX(r-reM 6ueQe KacKa-q.a f3C yMel{bLilaer
Hanop BepXHet'I f3C-u yBeJI!{qHIlaer Hanop itttxuetlt, Als HC-Ua-
o6opor. B qenoM floAnop cyqecrBeHHo Br'IHfeT Ha pex(flMbI [IH3Ko-
uartoptrbrx ycTaHoBoK. flo4nop B HHX{lleM 6leQe Mox(er AocrHraTb
B rt It 6o.rree. Oco6eltno Ba)I{eH y,tet noAnopa B KacKaAe KoHTppery-
"4IrpyloUIIX f3C (uanpltMep, Caflito-LUyrueltcxaf n ltatllrlcKan, t{up'
i54
(7 45)
(7.16)
r,eitcxan H llhtar,rHI'lCKaf H Ap.) . florepN llaitopa, a cile1oBaTe"Ibl{o'
MOUIIIOCTIT B TaKOM KaCKaAe 3a crieT cpa6orxll FlLiiKIIefo Ma"{OfO BO-
,loXpaIiliill{Ua }'1of\:T 6ltrl CofloCTZlBtl}1bl c aQQexrort oT onrl{\1fi3a-
uHlr Bcefo KacKaAa.
Ha,rttqHe noAnopa B I{acKaAe coMKHyrbIX Pycroaltx f3C no3BoiIq-
eT yBeJIlrqHTb KO3QSHUHeI-{T IiCflO,'Ib3OBaHHfl FIailOpa JatlHOIO }/qaCT-
^^ p.*r (k11 xacxita 6rr6sox K l). _Cos1allHe collKilyroro KaCiiaAa
AepHBaqHottrtbtx f3C Ile B,r'IHf e T Ha kn I{aCKaAa, ilOCKOJIbKy OCHOBI{OiI
BHI nOrepb Flanopa oIIpe]ei]ffeTctl IiollcTpyKIIllf]1H .{epHBaufilI Il BO-
AOBOIOB.
7.4. EAJIAHC MOI4HOCTH H 3HEP.:HHT4APO3HEPTETHt{ECHHX yCTAHOBOK
6alaHc MouIHocrt{. fIpHee:eHrrbrir Bbrule al{aJIII3 cocraB"lftoulI{-\
6atallCOB paC.\O:ta H FIanOpa f3C n03BO.ryfleT OUeHI{Tb H 3tleOreTII-
qeCKrre nOKa3aTe.ltt )'qaCTKoB C\eMbl, ilpe-lCTaB.-lellilOil IIa pllC' 7'1,
T. e. rpoBeCr s 6a,xallC llO1t1tiocrll rtiAPo3JeKTpoCTailqllll'-
PaicyOtpti.\t CoCraBJf louIHe sToro 6anaHCa -1'IIfl ualt6O'ryee XapaK-
TepHO|O C.ry),qaq, Iior.la AHru:6 H IIanop,Hr-OnpeAe''tfeTCf pa3HO-
CTbto -VIe,-Ibt'tbtX 3lleprHti nO-r,ut B CTBOp ax 4 u 7' Ba'raliC IIOulllOCTit
6y':er npOBoJ,ltrbCff 6es YHera ABy3HaqLIbl,\ COCTaBJtIIOU{HX 6alattca
pu.*otu' (Q", Q', Qu*. ,i f p.), *-otopott 6,"ryr BJliflrb Ha 6arrttclt
sneprntt II cToKa. B nepBoll npli6,lHihiellHil IIe 61tleu VqHTblBaTb rlO-
Tepri Hanopa 3a CrleT J,HHzl)lIiqecHOfO o6leva AHt,,tr Il3-3a Ii'\ I{e3ila-
rrr.rre.rbirocrtt -1.-tr cxeMbl AepllBallHoiiHoli fq9, ilpe'l'crae'tettttcti tla
pri. 7.f I( creopy' / no.rBo,f Itrctt N'tou{ftocrb rVono:,' onpeJ.eJflerr an /10
u Qp, T. e.
Nono=:9,81H0Q0.- (7.48)
c Vqerolr npoBel,eFrFrofo Bbrue 6a;rauca pacxo.1a H Hailopa^f3C
1!.tolKHo 3ant{carb, rlro noABeAe}lllaf MouIHoCTb K arperaraM f3C npu
Q*..0p:0 6yleT paBHa Nrno.u H Onpe.l,er'IfeTCfi COOTIIOifieHHeM
/V:oo : g,8lQrecHo = lr/;"o - a/Y^*o - aM.p"o - aNn.o - dJVcvc _-
f-te
- Aff*r^-, .- A,Vqrz,
At.pro:9,8 I AH.p.6Qp; ArVo'o:9'81 AH"'oQp;
AA/cvc : 9,8lAH6ysQo; Mo*o : 9,8tAH*.oQo;
ANeo.(:9,8lAH"orQp; ANqrz:9,BlAQr2Hp'
yqeroM norepb B afpefare [ryp6una, peAyKrop (Iltt:\,it-- 
AN" [oJIe3r,rarr Mou{rrocTb r,ra 3ax{H}IaX reiiepaTopoB I JL,
(7.4e)
(7.50)
Torra c
Hep arop]
,, tl
/Vrac : I ,\r.i (H,i) : Nl'oo - Ll n,t,"i (H,i),
i:l i =l
fe aNur (H,) onpeAe.rrrrorcf xapaKreplicrHKa)1i{ iOrepb, 3aBIICfLUll-
MH Or pex(]llla afpefaTa B ueJIOM.
155

--- PAGE BREAK ---

cooreercrBeHHo KIIA f3c 
_ ilrec (2.5r)Troc: ,f_
KarKAaq cocraB,TrFouIafl 6anauca r,aoulnocreft AepHBairnoHuolYt
f3C oirpeAeJIqeTCs oAHHM, FIo t{au{e .t!{tlorHMH IiapaMeTpaMH pe}KHMa
ir HlreeT recHyro cBr3b c pelKHMoM f3C B l{eroiv-r. Bc.rueAcrBHe sroro
onrH)rHsaUltfl o6ti1ero KI-lA f3C flBJlnercfl c"rlorxuoit saAa.{ei't.
Bce cocraB,rrqroirlHe [orepb cBf3aubr Mexrr-v co6oi:r c,'to]KIlntt,ttl 6a-
raHCoBbrr,lli cooTHOurerrHrrMI{ H 3aBHCflT or oAHoro o6urero rtapaMeT-
pa - pacxoAa fOC, xoroputit onpe.Te.rfler pexril4 f3C B L(efloll. IIro-
bure .tp-yrHe 6aaoelte IIoKa3&re..,tt't rpe6)'rcr Arq p acqeTa lanauca
Moullrocrr.r lrrep auHoauol:i rtpouer,vpbt.
Oco6eHHocra lanauca Mou{FIocrH f3y ApyrHX rl{nos. Lla HC H
HacocFroro pexiH],ta fA3C np ar{rHqecKr.r corp aHsiorcfl re }Ke cocraB-
J.qrculire norepb ]roulHocrH, Lirc rr J,Jfl f3C ccorBeTCTB\'Iou{et-o BH.l.a.
I,lalreHqForcs rHtrrb 06o3iia.relnrq napal\IeTpoB: 3i.ecb peqb Hr.eT IIe
o no;lBe4eunoli, a o sa6upaelrorlr Ir3 3"IIeKTpltqecxoit cerl{ Mou{tiocrH
HacocFIL,IMIi arperaravn FIC H;II{ fA3C, He o noJle3noii aiiepfH}i, oT-
.laBaenori B ceTb. a o6 3Heprrilr, nepelaBaeMol"i xiLiAKocrl'1, ilepe){e-
urae.\roli c nr.rxiFlrix orlteroK lta BepxHHe.
Ha 6o.tsrunHcrne HC u |ASC qlicroro BHLa ilorepI{ pacxoJ,a
ilpaKTgqeCKIi orcvTcrByroT. B 3Tor{ C.{\rqae I(llA rt'tl,PaB.IMqecKoro
TDaKTa 61.-ler xapaKTepH3oBarbcrr rc.'rblio coorl{olueilt{e}'1 rlanopa H
efo norepb"
I.'r;r rraHSo.'ree o6ueir cxelibr n;rorilititoit )'craHoBKI.{ B cl{cre}1e Bc-
-to.\patrH"{Httle - Bo.1oxpaH]{J]HUIe frO"rle3rrafl MoLuHocTb, oTAaBaellafl
frcrcK\,, 61'.r,er paBHa
Mnc:9,81QucHgc:9,BlQsc (2".0-zn.a). 0 '52)
CoorseTcrBeHI'to MoIrIHocrb, 3a6Hpaerrafr H'3 cetn Aio", 6y.{er 6o"nlrue
no"{e3Hoft ltou{llocrH .Mnc Ha pa3Mep ilorepb tia HC, r- e.
ilou : 9,8i QHs (HYrt * Aff,,",, -F Affn.u * AH"o"* AH*" + AH") :
: A"Fic * Aff,,on * AV".o i- Aff.vc * Muoo + A/V" (7 53)
nD Ii
Hffi': zIlT -zll:H''
flpn etou B KaqecrBe AF/n"n H AH*.0 Gepyrcx
TOK OT lvfHHllMar'lbFIoro ypoBllfl BepxHefo 6neQa
ypoBHfl FrHilil{ero 6leQa coorBercrBeHHo.
KnA Hacoclioro uHKrtIa
Tluc: Nnc/tVn".
-6arrar{cbr Mor{rrocrg f3C-fAOC H f3y B cocraBe sHeproi(o}lfi-
JIeKCOB 3aBHCflT OT HX CXeMbI i{ peX(llMa pa6orbt.
" il,nn npHJnrBHbrx 3nenTpocrarrurri{ no]e_pH Mou{Hocrt'I or H3Meilellltfl
ypotslrfl ivropfl rie 3aBHcflr or peX{Hr'rafISC II onpeAeJlfflorctl no illapeo-
rparrr{e- Ocr{oBrrori BrrA noTepb,3aBIIcfltrll{x oT pex(HrYfl 3JIeKTpocral.i-
UHH, -.3To ngTepH 3a CqeT Ii3Metlellllfl ypOBrtn 6aCcefrua.
156
(7.54)
oTK,'IOrteiiHfl oTlIe-
H MAKCHMA.IIb}IOTO
(7.55)
B xacxale f3C IlorB;lfiorcff AoIIo'[llHTe'ilbLIbIe IIorepH Mou{HCCTI{'
fitm p a3CMI(uyTofo KaCKaAa n"lorHHFlbIX f 3C - 3ro I-le 3aBHCflLql{e
cT elo pei{itrl a rioTep}i 3a cqeT lleucno'lb3oBallltblx )-qacTlioB peK!l' B
CoMK1ryroM KacKaAe rex xe f3C B HHiliHevr 6le$e Kax(Aoii a'lenrpo-
cTal,luHK ITOflBJIfl ioTcq Aotlor'lllHTe,r-It,llbIe noTepw 3a cqeT noAncp a'
il,nn KacKaAa ;tepHBat(H0Hur,ix f3c neo6xoAtlN{o yqHTblBarb IoTe-
pr.r MOuIi{OCTLI H3-3a Iie}iCtloJIb3oBal{Htl MecTFIOfO CTcKa'
B c6ueu Brr{e KnA r(3CK2;13 f3C MOX(HO 3anLICarb (n,oH
Q,..c,-,p: Qu:0)
r- lf'ar./\/ -'J:<acti'-
ti r-
ql ,1.' noA
A'' ricl'tt3cL
i.:l I' -,-l
: -- \1.r-;v)177
Sl lno'l',/ | ,\ l:,4 |
LJ
fJC 
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Otipe-ie.:itieTCrr g 1i1t.\toulbio 3blpaxieliltii, npiiijeLei{ilbi-\ 3bl-
tlle, a Taxilie c ]qeToNI AOtIO;'iHI'ITeJ'Ibttblx noTepb Hanopa i{ pac-\oj'a B
KacKa.{e.
Il,q r.,aCKaAa HaCOCFIbIX CTaHUEii KnA OnpeAeJIfeTCg alla"'iOfliqH0
tn
{-i r'
l. ]V -^n ,
l) r.:L,r
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ilpii rta.luqt{it Xo"rIoCrbiX C6pocoB }{a oJ,!iilOtiHoii fOC Ii B Kaciia-
Ae o6ufa.r{ Kaprr.iH a 6anaHCa }rouriocrH }ie H3r{eilt{ercr, ilo cyu{ecr-
Ber{fto .VC.lo}hitttloTcq paCqeTbl CSCTaB.'lfitOU{HX 6a'lauca' Aono;nn-
Te.tbtro vc.,loxil{fleTcfl pacqeT pe}hH}'la KaCKaAa fAC C YqerOu Teo6 H
oT60poB ecAbl Ila HylKAbi HapO,l,HOfO XO3iItlCTBa'
Fa"nauc sHepr?11{ f 3C. I(ar ,virie OT!leLlaJ'lOCb, stteDrOeMI(CcTb TOII-
JrrrBa FIa T3C onpa:ta,oteTcf ero Ka.[oplll'lF{OCTbrc, a Ha f3C - llano-
t;;r. B cBfl3ri c 3rrtr{ 3Haqer*ifl KnA'scpoJlbsotsaHHfl rloilBeAeHHoii
MOU{FIocTg lt 3lteprrl}t Ila T3C }{a.iIO 3aBI-lcflT oT peX(llMa 3JIeKTp0-
CTat.t11ltIt H npaKTHqeCKH COBSaAarOT. KpOne TO;O, OCHOBllble [OTepH
MoUIHocT!{ I{ sHeprlll.t ria T3C oIpeAeIffiorCf CaMIIM TexIioJIorqr{eCKHM
uHK.:roll npeo6pa3oBall l.if 3HepfHH.
Ha f5C r(o3QQr.runelrrbr HcnoJrb3oBaHHs roABeAeHi'loft Moultlocrl{
H 3,leKTp03lleprfHII ]viofyT cyuecTBel{llo orJIl{qarbcfl 4p)'r or Apyfa no
pfly npt{tlLIi{: tta.,'tHtIHe 83aHMOCBtl3H PextHMoB f3C c BOIOxpaHH'lIH-
u1eM BO BpeMeilH, OrpaHHqeHl{OCTb HCnOJIb3yeMOro O6'uerVa 3HepfO-
pegypCoB (nO crotiy 3a I{HIi.1 PeryJIHpoBaI{Hfi), r{eno.rlrloTa t{cno"lb3O-
BaFrHfl 3lteproeMKoCTH BoAoToKa B UeJIoII (no Harlopy 3a cqeT cxeM
ero Co3.taHtttt IIa oAlll'lOqlloll f3C H B KacKage), I{aJ'IHttHe peX(HMHblx
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B cnnsH c 3Trilv{ r(o30OI.tr{HefrT HCI-ro"rrb3oBallHt{ nojlBell.erlHoll Molil-
nocrr-t f3C Moifier xapaKrepH30B?'trb cO6oii To.ilbKo s{tQel(rrlBIIoCrl)
HCnO.;ib3OBaunfl paCXoAa B AaHllbtii I'lOMellT I{a Aatllloii C.\eMe' I-lO revt
t57

--- PAGE BREAK ---

)I{e lrptrqHnaM AJrfl caMoi."i f3C 6o",ree nol(a3areJbIIbtM xB"rlgercfl Ko-
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noJHbrr"r Ir,liK"T pefyjiHpoBaFrHrI lper, ollpeAelxevru"i no cpop Mvile
anoJIeS-n 3;oA - d3e
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rlrH ii3-3a HeIlo,{Frofo ricI]o,'rb3oBaL{Hfl I]pH npoeKTIipoBarlHII noTel{ulla-
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pery.'nipoBaFrHr H Moryr 6uru oqeHb r{aJIbI, r{To yKa3btBaeT ua arpQex.
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repH e AePHBaut{ll II BO,{,OBOAaX/.
3uaqnreJrbrrbt H noreprr 3r-reprHH 3a cqer cpa6orKH-ita[oJIlletlufl
BOAOXpalrHnHrrIa H3-3a yBeJrHqerrHfi noTepb I.la_ TpaH3ltTlloll cToKe Ii
urux(eHHn KflA f3C. Ha uH3Korianoprinrx f3C c eoiroxpaHIlilHUraMrl
AJ.'IHTeJ1bHorO peryJll.tpoBallrIfl lc MOX(eT AOCTIITaTb 800/6, uro OnpcAe-
JrfleT Baxiltocrb la3rraqenrit onrHMaJIbnoro pex(HMa ltx pa60Tbl Bo
BpeMeltll 3& Iper.
158
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II: (7.65) C.1eJ.'r'er, qro J,Jfl 3a.r,arir-roro fp.. I(nI IICro,tb3oBallitfl
srrepfi-ilr peKrr onpeAeJlf eTCfl He TO.,lbKO TeKyUllt]1, llo Ii B3Belreilllbl\1
no pacxofy 3HaqeHHelr. llpH arou Bbtpa6ori'a Bo ivtltoroM otlpeAe,lr-
eTCfi CToKoM peKI.t 3a Tp", Ii ero florepflllti H3 BoAoxpaHH"rIHUIa t{ IIa
f3C. tlerr yerrbr.ue croK, Telr 6oirb[re 3HaquMocrb ornocHTe,;]b]tbtx no-
repb silepfriH 3a cqer cFrHi{ieirr-{f KnA f3C. KnA }lcnoJb3oBail}if
3rreprril peKl.r yrteubtuaeTCf Il npH pocre or6opoB Bo1bi l.nfl Bo.loxo-
3.fl licrBeir Ii brx Ue"1efi.
B orJ Hqlie or ren.'roBbr.\ 3;'re KTpocrairulrii rH.tpo3,teKTpocrattuliti
o6.rararor BbrcoKlilr KnA npeo6pa30BaHrrrr 3ireprun B ctsoe\{ Textlo'
ilor-riqecKolr qrrK"te irenocpe.lcTBelriro. EcJ rr na T3C ofl !1o;.KeT J.ocrtt-
rarb 42, ro ita f3C - 6o;iee 909t0. B ,r,epttBat{ttoitllblx CXevtaX tirsc
Molrier CIill;tiarbcfl Ao 70-80 % H3-3a norepb ttailop a; B KacKaAFIblx
cxeMax colrKHyrbix pycroBurx f3C 11l MolKer AocrHrarb 50-600/0.
!.",Tfl HC HJJH npH HacocnoM pex(rril'te fA3C, I(aK llpaBI'I,,'IO, 3ana-
ercfl o6u{Hr:i o6-be}{ noAa\H Wx sa epe}rfl f. B arou cryqae I(nA HC
Til- _'lHc-
ano-1e3
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A.rrs HC, pa6orarouler? ilprr
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NroiKHo orjpeAeJ lirb cre!.Yroil{Hrt o6paso.rt :
? ?noA SnoA
'tf : # *# ft : rjr3c licrnp'
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(7 6l)
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t59

--- PAGE BREAK ---

TaxHlr o6pasolt, H A.rrfl F{C qr'cw 3aBHCHr Or reKyu{efo vI BsBe-
uleHHofo no flc.qaqe 3iiaqeHHfl llHc.-- 
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poaro"unifr paauofo BHAa pefylHpoBaHllf . B ceqsli c 3TltM B KaqecT-
Be pacqer'ro,ro nlprolr'T^c"tregyeir 6parb caMbtii viarcllM?;'IbtIblt:t lt'ilH
HeCKOJIbKO OOJIurunfr nepHOA, COOTBeTCreyiOulUl'r CaltOit eltCOrOi'i CTe-
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oueHKa
i(nA Kact(aAa ire 6yAer AocraroqHo npaBIi'r'IbHo Orpax(arb 3QQeKrlIB-
HOCrb llciloJb3OBaHlif fHAp03IIepfopecl,.pcoB tat{Hofo peftiolla'
B ,{acrrrocru, B03}1o}r(Ho yBeJrflqeniie sorpa6orr<H fOC e xaxoi:t-To or-
pe3Ori Bpetleitt.i npn O6ufevr ero y\'leHbuieHliH 3a Becb UliK"I per)'ri'tpo-
i;;; 
"?-".,.'B pflre ci-ryqaeB nolo6Hnie Bapi.iaHrbr pelKriMa f3c rro-
ifr 6otto-onpaBlarrbi no.;I)-qeHI.Ie\t 6o;rr'rueii 3KOiJo\MII li3fepilieK fto
eceit ecf,oxosqilcraeHuoft cllcrelle'
rflABA B
3 H E P T ET H LI E C KH E X A P A i{T E P HCT W"Y'H T h fq, i] O A I. P E I' A T O E'
rki$poArFErATHblx sjloFt{3B H }AETSEbI t4x PACI{ET'X
8.1. OEUIHT nOIIO}}(El-;t'l9
B :arriloii f.:raBe J,aeTcf aHaiiHs oco6esuocrefi 3HepfeTHqecKHX Xa-
paKreprrcrHK r.Hrpo{pefaToB f3y, ocHoBHblMH 3.Ie^\{ei-lTa}1}{ KOTOpbIX
flBrfllorcs: /t"qr TaC - ryp6lina I{ reFleparop; Atlf HC - Hacoc !l
ABHf aTeIb; .1.;-if [A3C -"totrtoitiHo HailHqlle ABYX-, Tpex- I{iII'I LIeTbi-
pexMauJliHHbrx cxeM. B KaqecTBe ocHoslloit ltcxo.l'Hoit HHQopl{ar(LI14
npH 3TOM HCno,lb3ytoTCf xapaKTept{crlKli noTepb MOUIHOCTH VltrH pac-
XOAa B TeXFIOi'IOfHqeCKtlX 3JleMellraX f3V ^ rt"--ino 
f3C florepH ]{ou{HocrH B rHApoarperare ArV" paBHbI c}rM}Ie
a"uila"olX AlV" H'AlV., KaXiAatl I'I3 KOTOpL'lX 3aBHCHT OT MFIOr HX
O;;G.;. npr',.r, 
" 
6o"rioruHHCrBe :l]I:i.:B" 
3rH 3aB?IcHMocrrr \{oryr
Snrru npeAcraB,.'reHbi TOi'rbKo B BHAe Fief BHofi tpyuxituia' fIo:TolI]' AJ'ltl
HCC"']eloBaHHrr 3aBHCHVOCTefi AN" { AAI. oT ocHoBHblx nap aN{eTpoB
;;;;;;; ryp6uubr H reHeparopa e ycraF{oBHBuIeMCn pex{r{}le crieryer
Hcno.,,rb3oBarb 6afiaHcoeuifi MeroA. 06H'{Ho Ars ycraHoBllBLileroctl
pexi[lMapacCMaTpHBarcT-cnely}ol]I.iieocHoB}IbIei]oKa3aT8;-IH
r.t n a p a M e r t * r y p 6 pr u tr: lvl - pa3pHBaelrafl elo MotilHocrb,
noAEo:llIMaf K ferlepaTopy (N':i/'::li Q' - norpe6'r'Ifleltstit pac-
;;;-;;A; i H,_ Hanop Herro; '.,r - KflA; as-orKpbrrHe 1{ailpaBJ'If-
roirlefo annapaTa; q - yfoJl ycralioBKH lonacrefi Pa60qefo KOJIeCa;
Dr _AHaMerp pa6Ouero nolbcu ryp6urru; n - qacrora Bpau{eHI'Ifl;
/ls -_xo3QQHuueut 6utcrpoxoAllocrH' eir o6urq*oI(poub yKa3aHHbrx octroBriL{x napaMeTpoB H IIOKa3aTeJ]r
licnoJIb3yloTcfl H npoH3ts-OAIIble oT llHx: noTepH M.O[li'locTH liJlH 
pacxo-
Aa BoAbr ll ry;OHH6 (4M", AQr), y;ieJlbHbIe u au(r$epellql{aJiblible ilo-
I60
Ka3aTeJpI (q.,-''o,4"). B OT;'IHtlHe OT {rvA, 4r, A/V", AQt, 11" Ber'IHq}iFIbt
Nr, Hr, Q" nasuiearcr.cfl a6co.rroTIIbtMti noKa3aTe.'IflMH pe)"KI{Ma f!I-1-
poil'p O"ttii. Kaittt stii lrs 3rHx noxaaare.neii Hcilo"iIbsyercfl B p a3J!iLl-
Hbrx no Ha3HaqeHHIo pacqerax I{ aHaiIH3aX pex(}lMoB fHApoafpefaToB'
Tar, 7V, H Qr HCIIo,lb3yroTCfl B paCrleTaX 11O 6anaHCy MOIqtIoCTH H paC-
XoAa eoAbt ua f3C, H' 
"upaxrepli3yer 
3HepIoeMliocrb raxloii eAH-
HHqbr o6le.vta )fiHLKOCrn. Betuquiisr AiV, H AQ"' TaK )Ke KaIi H tlr, HC-
no",Ib3,vrorcff Ailn oUel-lKH ecpcperirHBFiocrll pelKI'lMa rliAp0arperara c
IIoKa3arerttMH tVr, Qr, Hr.
v,u, eJibrrbr e g o K a 3 a TeJ'I r.l _LapaKTepg3yioT t\'laTepHaJIOeM-
iiocTb TexHo,torliqecl(oio ilpo(eCCa f3C H Ce6eCToHMoCTb ero npoJ''VK-
Uiri{. Ann paCqeToB on1HNIa;rbtlbix peX(HNtoB rllApoarperaToB HCtIO;lb-
3\,lorcfl A l{ Q Qepe H i{ ri a fl bHble iloKas are'iIH'
A 6 C O,ri tO T H bl e fl O K a 3 a T e r'l H pei(Hlla TIOJiHOCTITIO ll O-{HO-
3iraqHO OnpeJ,e.ltlIOT Ii flpOllstsOfItbte oT llll\ nOKa3aTeJll' 3rtr nolia-
3aTeJlH .cBf3arrbt I,re;11Ay io6ort oqeFib C.,'IoiKFlbIMH 3aBHCHMocTfiMli, Xa-
pal(TePHblM+i- AJ-In ycTaHoBHBtuefocq I'l HeycTai'loBHBuelocfl peIKHMOB
Fr:Ft(N', Q., fIr, ao, q, Dr, /i) :0'
Aaq paAr{a.-lbrro-oceBirix rr KoBruoBbrx ryp6rffi t1 1B_l)^_ uell'er
t{CKJIiorrHTb e. flonoporrlo-.,'IoflSCTt{bie v AHaro}la'lbilble r}'pollllbt xa-
paKTepH3j*roTcq nflTblo paCqeTHbllvtH IepeI{eHtlbl}'l H" As, cp,.D 1, tL H O'.-
riorr H3 nepeMeHHbrx /Vr,'Qr li Hr; p?niSJIbH,o-oceeure ryp6HHbi xapaK-
Tep'3yrorcfl 46, Dt, fl a oAuoft t-i: ivt, Q', Hr llo yxasailFlbllv{ pacqer-
gbiM nepeMeHHbtlvl IIOXiIIO OIFI03Haql{O OnpeAer'lHTb KaK OCTaIIbtllie a6-
CO.:IIOTIIbIe nepeMeFIHble, TaK H npOH3BOJ.Hble OT iiHX' B TOI{ qliCJ'Ie }i
(nl. 3ro roeoptir 06 ycJioBHocrH Ae./IeHI{g nepe}{eHHblx Ha pacqer-
F{bte }{ =ruua11-nro,a OT FIHX. Blr6op nepeMetIHbIX OnpeAeJIfeTCg KOH-
r{peTHbIM Li yC.rl0BHfl M}i 3aIaqH-
Vz-ea lteBo3I{ol{iHocrli BocnpoH
THqeCKO}I BH.ne MOXIHO rllp€ACT&BJI
Htttt u) x a P a KreP fl cTH Ka M
npI,I ycJIoBHll nocroflHcrBa HeKOTOI
H peaJIH3yrorcfl xax Qytil(LIHH OAHC
TA6flHTIHOM BHAC.
CyurecrByeT HecKoJIL'Ko iIoAXoAi
BbIX XapaKTepHcTHK: IIO FIe3aBHCHI
poTHble, p acxoAf{ble, Mou{}Iocrl{ bie
paKTepHcrI{Ka onpeAeJIfleT Ha6op I
nocTofltlnblx 3llaqeHHflX Ht,' Dt, QQ,
pa6oune no KI-IA, pacxoAtlble no Q' u t' A'
oqeeHAellIIHe.II.oCTaToKyKa3a}IHofonoAXoAa-oTcyTcTBHeoAHo-
3HaqgocrH I lta3BailIlH XapaKTepHcrHKH' HanpHMep".?qoporHble__
oro !r M'(ri),,i"0'i;i,;i lr't"li pa6o'rrIe.-3ro tt qr(rvr) ' rt q'(Q')
I t-6410 
16l
p a6o-
HCKO.
r )'p-
(8 1)
;
I

--- PAGE BREAK ---

H T. A. flpanurrtuee 6r,rno 6sr yrasbrBarb IBe nepel{eFlllbte xaxAota
Sasoeofi xapaKrepHCrlli{I{ [HanpHNIep, palou3x I]o MoulHocrH,'r. e.
11.1tVt) r.iJrH pa6o,{ar no pacxoAy, r. e. Ilr(Q')].
Oaeosme xapaKTepHCTHKH lrelloJIHo orpax(aior eHepreTnr{ecKHe
xa.iecrBa ryp6lru. boree npe4nourtireJ-IbHbi c orofl TotIKI{ speHHfl
yHHBep CaJIbHbIe X a p a KT ep H CT H K H, OTpaX(ai,0lI{He 3aBHCll-
MoCTb napaMeTpoB ii noKa3aTe,Teft pex{Hlla Typ6ltult or AByX He3a-
BHCHrvrrix nepeN{e}rHbIX. Halt6olee ll]HpoKo I{3 HHX HcnoJlb3ytoTcfl Xa-
p a KT ep r.iCTH K I.l :'rl" (lVrHr) - H a nop Ho-hloultlocrti a fl 3Kcnnya raUHoHH a fl
lunorrra Ha3L,rBaeM af npocro 3KctlrlyarauHottlloli) , tl' (Q'ff.) - roa-
nopFro-pacxoAitaq 3KcII.riyaraUHoHHafl, Qt (rV.ff') - pacxo;1Hafl 3Kc-
nxyararlHoFlita r, q(ao, H') - KoM6ntlaTopHafl li AP.
B AaJrbHerirueu H3iTolKeHHH 6ylyr r{ciroilb3oBarbcq Qaaoelte ll
yH HB epca/'Ib HbI e xa p a IiTep lI crHKli.
A,rs rofo qro6lr vBfl3arb Mex(IV co5ofi pa3Jnqt.ibte noKa3are.nH
pexHMa ryp6rruli H no;'r)Hlirb Bo3Mox(liocTb npellcraBJIeHHr ltx B BIi-
Ae (pasoBbtX Ii,v-nHBepCaJbHbIX XapaKTepHcTLrK, paccMoTpHM MaTeMa-
TtrqecKlre Bbtpax.eriH.fi, oilDe.rerqioil{}re 6a.la Hc Mou{fiocrH B rHApo-
rvp 6 rr Fre.
I-lo;rBe.{eHFIati
HOf O nOTOKa B
u.-IH B NlBr
rAe H' paCcqHTbtBaercf IIO QOpuyilaM, IlDl'{tse4eHHbilvl e $ 7.3, C yqe-
TOM peX(II),toB o6opynoeaHHfl f3Ci H, I{ Q' OilpeAe,'IfltorcflJIa oCHo-
Be pacqeroB onrHMa.rrbHoro BrryrpHCTanuHoHHoro pexiHMa f3C (cnt.
fr. 9).
flo.ne3rtaff MOUIHoCTb Typ 6tlsot HJrH noLBeAerl-
Hafl MOil{FIOCTb K reHepaTOpy 5,Vler lleHbue lVrnor (ea eu-
qeroM norepb AN")
HJIH B OTHOCHTe;tbttL,tX eAlIriI.tqaX
r rr.:.: ArV. I - rlr
aiY : 
-: 
-;-.
rr T ,lT
flonHbte norepl'l Moultiocrl'l B Typ6aue
H3 TpeX OCiloBIIblx cocraB'rIfl Iolullx:
AN, - AlV,c +Ailrri +A/V"'''*.
3ileCn AIV'C - O6leiuUlte IOTepH, CBfl3aHF{ble C TeM' IITO r{aCTb
Cr{HraTb ;rrc6ute H3 paCnpOCTpatleHHblX B FIaCTOfltuee Bpe}Ifl npoH3-
BO.{HbrX froKa3areJiefi qrY: LI Qr.
VAe.llttsre pacxoAu BoAbt no ${oIIlHocrI{ B M3/(c'xBr)
nf'_-- Qt -- I
'1 1 ,v, g,Sllfry;'
wlru B u3/ (c.;\1Br)
102
n! A -
yr _ 
Hr\,
(8.8)
AiV" cocroflr
{
a
i
(B.e)
(8. l0)
(8. t zl
163
K rH.I,por)"p6Hi{e
xBr
Nrto^:9,8 I QtHr,
iVno'r - Q'H '
t lo2 
'
MOIUIIOCTb BOA-
(8 2)
Nt - M.nol - /Vrnon- JlVt'
Tax xax no"II H btti KnA ryp 6 u n li
1'r:
,Y, rvf,on - avt r A'V.
:l-
Nloo Nloo Nloo
ro BMecro (8.3) Mox(Ho 3anH.carb:
N1 : NrnoAq, - 9,8 I Q'H'I' : 9,8 lHt ( Q"o-AQt),
rA€ Qro-pacxoA BoAbI B Typ6HHe npH llr:1i
Ae": =o-Ti, .9,8I HT
cooteercrBeH I"lo
(8.3)
(8.4)
(8.5)
(8.6)
(8.7)
Viic,rurrul4 pacxoA Q,Y^ coorBeTcTByeT pacxo.ly BO;l5i Ha cAl{tInUY nupa6aru-
saeNtOli l!{O[lilOCTH, Qryt 3aBHct{T OT Harropa tr il3MeHneTCfl OT cOTeU ,lt3/(C'xBr)
Aaff uH3KoHanopHbtx f OC Ao HecKoJIbKlix eAItHtlq lr3/ (c' xBr) A,r'lf BblccK0Hanop-
ssrx f3C.
06paruan Benuqu1a gdenanoao pacxoda 7rYo xapaKrepusger sHepeeruqectgto
eilKocrb edunuqur pacxoda ao}at e rcBr'cf ,w3
(8.I l)
yAeabHble II0Ka3aTeJIll,
l" n u3/(t\lBr'u)
B npaxrttx€ 3ncnrfaraIHH f3C nprruelltltorcff U APyF]{e
cBr3aHrrile c supa6otroit stteprHII tr croKoM BoAbI 3a BpeMq
I-.n
'lT
t62
ArV,: Nloo(l -lr):1/, - 9,8 lH,aQ,,
I l*
q',t : + --,1{A'aooo,

--- PAGE BREAK ---

HJIII B OTHOCHTCJIbHbIX CAHHHIIAXHirlr B ,\1Br'u/,v3
CTCfl.
lIo;lHbte norePH M o trlH ocrH
feHHe f IIApOfeHeparopa.
CooreercrBeHHo KflA re s
vr3"1o'-:: -:-,I rr \V, dYA .3ooo,Yr
r,{,e IIZ,-s 113,3,-B ttBr'q.
B onTHMH3atiHOHtilbIX paCqeTaX Hcri0,'Ib3yiorcfl p a3IHqHble AHQQe-
peHur.iaJrbHbre noKa3are.rrri pa6ortt ryp6HH.. @opny,ru AJ]fl pacqera
3THX rrOKasaTeJreft c yqeToI,t oco6el{llocreft 3HepferllqecKHX xapaKTe-
pHCTHK ryp6Hti J,aull B S 8.2'' 
HopilaJrbHbrii pelKHM pa6orbl rHilporetleparop a
xapaKrepHsyercfl cneAyroulHMH OCI{oBI'lbl}lH napaMerpl"tJ; aKrHBHoil
Haip-Vsxilrl H Hanpfli{iertne\{ FIa ruHHax reHeparopa tV. t'l U', xoa$$n-
qHeFiTo\.{ MOLI{HoCTH cOStp, qaCTOTOiI Ir H Te}lIepaTypOil ,^OX'1aX(AaIO-
ulero 1.a3a HJIH )KHAKSCTH Ha BXoAe B fiiApofeHeplrop louu..' t{acrl
no.lBe4eFIHOil K reHepaTOpy MOUIHOCTIl iV.no: Hen36eliiHo B HeM Tepfl-
.1 \/ l-Yr
^ A/ .:.:. u ra r 'la
gl r ^o ;\,r nL a 
-ra
U 0 e n a ruote u 0 uS cp e p e H\uatlb HbLe flo td03 ar e n u e ud p o a e p e e ar a )voitc-
HO nO/LAquTb Ha ocHoSe Ltcno,nbSoBAHUn LIr'LU eeo xapaKTepucTuKu s
qerlo.ilt, urxu .yepaidTepucTurc r!/p1uHbL u eeHeparopa I oTde'4bHoCTLt'' 
f,eficrBHTeIbHO, c yqeTolvl 6ana uca Nlou{Hocrll B rHApoarperare
MoiKHo rIpoti3BoAHTb paCqeT qutA,4^rt Lr QuQ C,'leAyIOIqHM o6pa3ov:
npr Hr:coilSt H cos cP:const
luo:+-# +:q\Aqv,A;
q't:#-##:q{q,:
nplr Qu-- const u cos Q:coflSt
Q?:#-##:Q?Q,,
fAe QIA:{,vo(Nr) i 4rvo:Q,vA(fi.) ; 4rH:4rH (l'l-,)i 4ra -q'a(rv') H
Qr:Qr(/Vr) - coorBercrBeLIilo yAe.rbHble I auQQepelli-(Ha.rlbHble Xa-
paKrepHC rHKH ryp6Hriur LI rerr-eparopa. Onrt orpa)+taIor co6ofr Qax-
iuqecxuli 6aJartc Moulliocrll B Ka)*(-[,oM 3JeMellre rH.lpoarpefara'
OCO6elutOcTblO XapaKTepHCTHx, 3aTpyAHt{IOrr1en alta.[H3, fB'1ffeTCq
pa3llafl pa3MepHocrb A':Ifl r)'p0uust H reHeparopa'' 
B 3ToM crr!'uae 60.'1ee'npencraBHTeJbHbl 6e3pa3Mepllbie nOKa3aTe-
rH, XapaHTepH3ytouIHe ila Ka/+(AOM 3Tane npeOdpa3OBallllf 3lleprHl{
ria f3C florepH Ilo,LBeAellHoi{ MOU{HocTH. HanpH}1ep, ec;tn BlIeCTo,
Q" BBecrH Mriot, paBHylo 9,81QrH,, ro Q^v\ H Q^ 6yeyr 6espasuep-
rint". 3to yox(eT cyuIecrneHHo ynpocrHTb allaJlll3 .lto6blx sHepreTH'
qeciiax XapaxTepHcrHK arperara H f3C B Ue/loM. CeelesHe K oTHo-
CIITe'Ibubllvt IIOKa3aTe,lflM IIO3BO;'IHT COI]OCTaBl1flTb MeiliAy CO6Oft He
ToiIbKo pa3Hb,Ie arperarbl f3C, IIo H A3C II TOC'
EoliurugcrBo rr3 yKa3ar{r{brx riolo)HeHHit l.irrt ryp6IIH Ii rtlrlpore-
rteparopoB orl{octircs P _p_aBlgtl Yepe K. HaCocHblM H;rkr o6parNvt'tv
arperaiau FIC, f3C-fA3C, |ASC HaH fi3c''OcHoeHbre 
napaMeTpbr H noKasarelH pelKHMoB rtacocl"lblx HJIH 06-
parHMbtX arperaToB B IIacoclloM peH(IiMe Te Xie, qTo li lla ryp6nn'
i-Iec*onoxo .veusrcTcfl I-ta3BallHff: norpe6JItleMafl I{acocoM HJIH, Toq-
lIee, ABLIfareJIeM HacOCa MOil{HOCTb H3 CeTH Nn:N.qu, ilo!'aqa tlaco-
ca Qn, pa3BHBaeMbrii Hanop Hu. Ann o6paTIrMblx paA.HsJIb:
HO-OceBbIX rHApOMarrlHH B OTJIHIIHe OT Typ6HH HeBo3MOll{HO
rlJlaBHOe ri3MeHelll{e [oAariH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT Tpe6osaI]Hfi Hafpy3KH'
,[,ng oceBbrx H AHaf oHaJrbrrbrx o.6parf Mblx -ril Apo-
M a rI lI H 3roro orpaFIHqeHHfl Her, Beeyrcn pa3pa.6orxu o6parltltt'tx
ryp6urr C rroBopar{HBanUIHMHcq qaCTIMH JIoIIacTeli, C HenpepbIBHblM
pefyJlHpoBa II HeM,tloA?tlH.' -PaCCMOTpHM COCTaB,'IfllOUIHe 6anaHCa M OXItIOCTH
lr a coc It bl x a rp ef aT ax.
(8.221(8. 13)
(8.14)
(8.17)
(8 23)
(8 241
(8.251
AN, - Al/*.* + AN*., +A'Vro..
3lect Ai/*.*-rloTepH xoJrocTofo xo,(a feHepaTopa, cocTofluIHe H3
MCXAHHI{ECKI{X H BEHTHJIf UHOH}IbIX NOTCPb, A TAKX{C ilOTCPb B CTAJI}I;
AN*..- noreplr KoporKoro 3aMbrKaHHr; AMB.3- rlorepH Ha Bo36ylK-
B f eHeparope
U j I f
-' 
'w"A,'r
ollpnt
"""t"'
(8.15)
TOpa HC-
(8.16)
N" lV.:-'lr 
vnoA ,vrj" r
B KaqecrBe yAer-lbHblX IIoKa3areJel:i r
no.;Ib3yercfl oTHotileHHe NrnoA-Nr K N.:rV12, T' €'
Q la :i1rrno.r/Nr: I /il.) l,
HJIH efo O6paruafl BeJ'i14tIHHa
q{f: l/./I/l"o:1, ( l'
Srrt nOKa3aTeJIH olipeAeJlff toT aQ$exruBHocrb p a6orbl -rellep a rop a
C TOqKH 3peHHfl HCnOJ'Ib3OBaHHf HMH nOABe;,eHHOII MOLTIHOCTH'
IIon e3Hafl M ottlHocrb arP er ar a
Nr: N" : fy't"oA-Aff" : 9,8 I Qrff'r,",
:n.* "no :lu":.*H.c (8.5)_- (8 
?, ^.. :. , ^ . ,/Vr:N": 9,81 H' (Q,0-AQ") ,
iae Qr: Q"i Q.o-Q"o - pacIoA BoAbI B arperare IIpli Qa: 1i
Ao-: aM" - o"'*rln':AQ,+AQ,
'\8 g ,81 Hr I ,81F/r
CooreercrBeHHo
A.fi/, : Mr* Ay'y', : /Vloo( I -- 1") : N.
(8.18)
(8.1e)
(8.20)
I - ,a : g,BlHraQ", (8.21)
1"
tn':
L^
i
tlI
ii
{:
F
ff.th,l
-l
&:*'&,&.g
e,t
s
164
165

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fTO.,re3FIaf MOtUHOCTb, OT,l ao-a ey afl l.{aCOCOM }I(I{A-
r{OCTTI C lOAarIefI Q,, ilpIi pa3BI'lBae}{OI{ HaIIOpe I-lrr,
fAe Qr,ro r,, q|t - )rAci-Ibnble iloKa3a'l'eJIII Hacoca 11 ABI',lfareJlf;
ffn : g,g lQ"H" xBr : # &lBr.
fIorpe6.r-IseNIafl I{acocHL,l }{ arperaroM H3
M O 1{ H o C T b 6y,,ter 6Olurue ly'u ua noTepu AlVs.6, coCToRiiII{e
FIO ri3 AByX OCHOBiIbIX COCTaB"',IflIOU{HX (npnt ze.6:const H
: cOnSt) :
ffo" : !'{ ^:rV,,*ANn.c : lVn* AIV ""A+ AlVo'
lu: Sou i\,ru
AlrQQep etIU'H a,rlbtible I]oKa3 21T€;1 I{ lI a CoCtj bIX af pef a ToB B oTjl llqHe
oT Ty.p6r,rtrunrx 3aBHCtlT He ToJibKO OT fioKa3aTe';let:l peitiHMa cTailqllll
B ueiro),{ (H,:;;;it tn It Ha-$Qr I'l r' A')' rto Ii or BI'lAa cHcreMbl
fracoca. Fianplr],rep,.l.ilfl 0ceBblx ll AllafoilaJlbflbix o6paTi'illblx fll'1'pO-
ManrHrr, pefyiltrpytoulH-\ llafp!'3l(y fl":]aBHO OT 0 AO '',\rul''r fipu H6*-
-- const, ll0iKtlo 3anHCarb:
(8.261
^oTI-l
o6btq-
&H.O -
(8 27)
Q,, I
n: A -
Iut - 
rvn 9,81 HII
qt#: Nni M^u
IH
1 r.n'
(8.36t
(8.37)
18.,38r
f.[,e AMB'' florepH MourHocrH r-ia npeoAOJreHHe rrrx,paB.ri!{qecKHX co-
rlpoTIrBr'reH!rli - MecrHblx LI ilo A.rl]tle HafiopHbIX Bo.loBOAOB; ANu -
rroreprr ],loLLI,Hocrli B Hacoce (A'V") H B .lBHrare.re (Ato") .
Toila KnA H acocHoro a rp er ar a
^f
lvR iVo" - AiV, , a.v,
tVot
(8.28)
i6.30)
fAe Q,t:4,, (N") H Q ns:qo" (No")- CoorBercrBeHHo AllSQepeHI{}{aJIb-
]rble xapaKTeplicTHKl'l llacoca lI ABlifaTertl'
Tax xre Kai'H a,rn f3C, Y.l'e':rbHble H AHQQepeFII(Hulol:tt IIoKa-
3aTe.nH rracocrrrrlx sfpefaToB ;1Jtl )';1O6Crea llx alla'1l13a lt B3aIlMHOTO
conocraBJerrrro il*rt ty co6oir pajrrr,rx B!{J'oB arperaroB MoiKI{o cBe-
crH K 6espa3.vepirbtNl Be,1Ht{gttolu. Atf 3r-oro- B (B'35) II (B'38) cileA}'-
er BMecro Q', #;;;;t v-; paerrfro-b,81 Q"H"' B aron c":r)/trae f1:1e\t
ll\{eTb C"rIeA:truLrllte BblpaiKetltlfl '1":Ifl qn:*r lI Qn"
Qrrro- Qn:\, (8'39)
C vqerov H3;'rox(€Hnoro Bbr[Ie Mox(Ho 3allllcarb
A/, g,glQHH'
ffn" : "n' - - N^+ ^ff" : 9,81F/* (Q;n" + AQ"), (8.29)
ft1'la 'la
fIC Qrronr - flotaqa Hacoca np H lla: I ,
A A A,\t" A.\/rr + ,\.\'" BAQu: tr* : -rff : AQ,, + 4Q.".
CooreercrBeFIHO
Ay'y'" : A,ou - Al, : ,v- (+) : 9,81H*AQ': aN,, * &v"u, (8.31)
|la /
HJIH B OTIIOCHTCJIbTIbI-\ CI}IHHIIAX
T. e . Q^yo L| q a B oTrIoCHTe,,-lbFIbIX eAlIH}Iuax ,n.JIfl tIaCoCtIblX af pef aToB
6y:yr roJlHocrbro onpefl€;lrrbcn q'A l.r 9s'
B np oexrHofi r{ 3Kcilty arauH o riuofr np aKT'IKe I{cno';Ib3y}orcr c a Mble
pa3irH:rrltbre 3[iepferHqecKHe xapa*T.pHCT]IKH rllApoafpefaroB ]{ f3C
; 
";;;;i;. Eo..,, xe p accM orpe H r,r Qopu v-'r bl, cBtl3brBa rourlr e octloB IIbr e
a6co.,rrorirbre H y.r,e,rbfrbre noKa3arelr-r neiK,ty coSoii.FIg Ilx oclloBe
Molr{tro nonyqHTb MaTeMaTHqeCKHe BblpaiKe}lHff AJlfl I06blx Ap'VrHx
83alMoCBfl3arrIrbrx jtp,Vr c ApyroM naptMeTpOB i{ noKa3aTeJeil pe)KH-
MoB rHApoarpc;;ros'.'O6uruii sul Bcex ocHoBrlblx 3llepterHr{ecK}lx xa-
paKTepHCTHK, a BMecTe c IIHMiI ll ilpOH3BOAHbIX OT IIHX onpeAeiltleTCfi
ToJ]bKo3KcnepHMeI.ITaflb}lblMnyTeMIpHHccJIe.].oBaHHHMoAeJIbHbIxH
rraryp Hblx rHAp.oafpefar9B: -
3ttautle oco'6;;;;creii oduero BHAa yKa3aHHblx xapaxrepHcrllK Bo
MlrOrOlI OnpeAed,IfleT H KOppeKTIiocTb HCnOJIb3yeMofi 'B 
.pScqerax 
Ma-
TeMarHqecKoii IIoAeJIH rl{ApoarperaroB'' Orcto'l'a H ?QQeKrHBllocTb
Bcex onrHMH3aqHoilrrbrx pacqeroB B ue"iioM. llprlqelYl 111,noKa3blBa-
eT OnbtT gX npOBeAerlHR, Iratl6OJIee npaBllJIbl"lo OUellHBaTb aAeHBaT-
HOCrb npHlltlroli MareN{arHqecKoil toA^tl.]t^- fHApoafPefara MOx{IIO
TOJIbI(OCnOMOIqbIoBcexoclloBtllix3tlepfcTI'IqecKHX'\apaKTepllcTHH:
pa6OrlrrX H paCxoAIlblX, XapaKrepLIcTI'lK noTepb' yAe"Ibliblx Il AHtpQc-
petr[Harr]Hbtx .\apaKTepHcrHK. 
167
AM + - Ar\''" -
d rf
i r I(
NH- N"Q.: N"t'1n{r",
A' Ar NH NH g'8lQ,H*r
/v-._ly^_-':
AP4+rnYlt
,la ,tE'ljrB 'ljlB'll{
l-l^
T
(8.32t
a[pefare lv" H ffo":
(8-33)
(8.34)
C yuero*t 6alaitca Mou{llocrl{ B IlacoclloM
-/V" I!{oryT 6utrs pacct{liratlbl IIo Qopvlr-i3M
flp" 3TOM B llir H llrn yril[Tbl8aloTcf Te x(e BHAbI noTepb, qTO H A''Jn
Ty'pdrlHbl l1 reHeparopa- 
V,r,eJI b II bt e I{ A I{ 0 tb ep e II u H a n b H bI e noK a 3a re JI l{
HaCOcHorO arperaTa MOryT 6utr, IIOJIyrlgs6l Ha OCI{oBe 6a-
JIailCa MOUI|IOCTI{ B HeM nO CJIeAyoLI{HlvI BbtpaH(eHHIIM:
/1OnT ,\ nIt
166
q\o:#-##: q'^oq'A, (u. ssy

--- PAGE BREAK ---

8.?. SHEP|ETP{T{ECTi}d€ XAFAT{TEPHCTIlH}4 TYPFLIHHbIX ATPETATOE
B HaCTOfiUIee BpeMf He CyrqeCTByeT AocTaToqHO o6ocnOsaHuOfi
MeTOAIIKH aHaJ'IHTHqeCKOtO IT'peACTaB.{eHHf 3HepfeTHqeCKHX XapaKTe-
pHcTLIi{ rHApOafpefaToB. B cessH c 3T}iM OHH noJ'iyqaIOTCII KaK 9NIIIII-
pr.iqecKr{e Fra ocHoBe o6pa6orxH pe3y,TbraroB HarypHbIX I'I"IIH MoAeJIb-
ubrx HcnbrTaHHr? H o6ilaAaIoT otlpeAe,'IeHIIofi norpeurllocTbio.
Taw, nplr Frar-vpHbrx HcrrbrraFrHflx B 3aBIICHllocrti or MeToAa t{x
npoBeAelrHfl cpeAFIr{fl ol+(}tAaeMafl rorpetuFiocTb KnI 6y,u,er Fiaxo-
AHTbcq B ilpeAerrax 1,6-307'6. florpeui{ocrH ca}IHX MoAe,rlbtibIX l{cnbI-
raFiHii 3uaqnreflbHo MeHl,ille (no KnA B npeleilax 0,4-1%) Olria-
KO 3TO He 3r{aqHT, r{To raKyrc ToqHocrb 6ylyt I-iMeTb H xapaKTepH-
CTHKH HaTypHblX rliApoafpefaToB, no.xyqaeMble MeroAaMH TeopHH lio-
Ao6itfl H i\to,I8"r1lip oBa H Hff .
FIas6o;ree no,''IHoe I{ AocToBep[loe nPefcraa'1eHi'le o6 axot'toMllqlio-
crH pa6ornr rriApoarperara IaroT ero pa60,{}ie xapaKrept{crLlK11 H'iH
XapaKrepHCTHKH norepb Mou{HoCrH (pacxo4a no4u). flp" 3roM or HX
aIeKBaTHOCTH pea"rfbHoM.v* o6lexry Bo MI{oroM 3aBHCHT n sQQexTHB-
[rocrb D a6orbl BCefi f H.I,po3.,'IeKTpocraHVHH.
3QipercruBHbtM cnoio6or,r nb.tyveunn yKa3aHHbtx xapaKrepHCrHK
fB.,'IfreTCfl 6anaHCoBtIfi M eTol. I,IsMepeHrie H pacqeT oTAeJIbHbIX
COcTaBJIffIOuIHX nOTepb Aly'. eoSptOXiHbI B ripoqeCce HaTypHbIX HCIlbl-
rartHti reHeparopa, Ho 3To rp)/IHo ocyu{ecrBHTb AJIfi HarypHot? ri'p-
6rruui. 3rraqHTe.rrbHo Jrerqe Irox(no rr3l{epHTb BCe cocraBiIfltolrlHe IIo-
repl AiV, r{a MoJ,e.tbHoir ryp6urre. flo;iyueHHbie B pe3yJbrare r{cIIbi-
rarrnft xapaKTepHCTHl(H cocraBJflrourHx tlorepb ANt Moryr c.{)/xillrb
AHA.r{OfOil{ NPH H3YCCHHH 3HCPfCTHT{ECKHX XAPAKTCPHCTHK PCAJIbl-ibiX
ryp6HH, rroAbdHbrx Mo[er'rtrroir. I'luntiua cJIoBavH, Bce oco6eFillocrH
3HeDreTHqeCKHX xapaKrep HCrt'iK Mo.LeJlbHbIx ry'p6nu 6ye,'-'r np HC)'uIH
H i{arypHblH afperaTalv{ H Ha06opor.
B $ B.l 6ulO CKa3aHo, r{TO oCFioBHbIMI{ BH,l.aMH noTepb B rHApO'
ryp6ltrre fiBJtflIorCn o6beMHble, rlIApaBrHqeCKHe H MeXaHHqecKHe. Ha
pnc. A 1 noxa3ar-rbr B o6ueM BHAe KpHBble 3aBHCHMocreii norepb Morrl-
xoctrr B Typ6HHe, no-'IyqellHble 3Ko[ep]iMeHTa.,'IbHo EIlfl tuoAellnot?
troBopoTHo-JIonacrHoft ry-p6rrHr,r e AHana30rle pacxoroB or'Q;/t'tHtt-
: Q*.* Ao Qr'*.*c (fr/r/uaxc; .
MexaHHr{ecKHe lrorepu A/V*"* iuaJrbt H lloqrH He 3aBHcfr or pex(H-
r{a ryp6Hirnr. fu4panJIHriecKHe noTepH, B KoTOpbie H3-3a TpyAHocTH
HX' Bbr{eJleI{Hfl o6uquo BKJ,rroqarorcg I{ o6teltHbte, H3MeHnlorcfl no-
pa3HoMy npH H3MeHeHHH Har.p.V3XH. Tax, noTepH MoIqHOCTH B cnn-
,partnoli KaMepe, crarope ryp6lrHrt H HarIpaBJIffIouIeM anliapare
hgo.*, n.a lMeHtrranrcff c yBe.[Hrreuuet't Harpy3Kir. florepn Mou{Hocrl'I
B orcacblBarou{efi rpy6e Affot" H c BbIXoAsofi cKopocTblo tloroKa
AN"o,* yBerHrrHBarcTCfl c noBbruei-rHeM Qt' flo crefletlHoif 3aBHCHMo-
crH c. noKa3are.JTeM creneliH boJIbIrIe AByX.
CyuvrnpoBaHHeM Bcex BHAoB noTepb Ha puc. 8.1 nolyueila SaBH-
cgiuolrn AN"('Q',), a no Hefi C IIcrIoJIb3oBal.lHeM cooTHoLueuuit; nplf-
Be4errrrbrx B S b.f , suBucHMocrH '.,r(Q") u Nr' ('Qr') . Hau5onee c!l-
t4ecTBeilHbt,Htt ocodenuocrnxu Kpusbtx pttc. B.l ftlnfleTCn ux Henpe-
168
ANt
rPj
(t/
,1 nl-xsi rT
1
AAlt,
nl
laI
t'r
4*." B.tfoxc &',
Puc. 8.1. Ea,rattc :!rou{HocrH B .\tojle-lb-
neir noBoporHo-,ronacrHotl r1'p6uHe
Psc. 8.2. 3ueprertt,iecxtte .\apaF:repIl-
crHKH ttto.l,c.,ttttoil noBopoTtl0-noflacT-
Hoir 11'p6uuu
pbtBHoCTb, a Taretce Haltuque HeKoTopbtx o_CoAblx, Lttlu KpLLTuqecKux,'ToqeK, 
ede coorsercrsApu+ue noKasar€tttt )ocrueanr csoux npedenb-
HttL'Y unu xapaKTepHblx SHaqeHuti' jts rot{KH IIpHC'vurH pa3llblM xa-
paKTepHCTHKaM, qTo H ofipeAe,'IfieT HeO6xoAlltr'loCTb CoBMeCTFlofo Hc-
noJb3oBaHHfi nocjteAHH.x A,'rff aHarlI3a pex(PiN'lt{blx noKa3are.[eti Typ-
6rt.rrlr. I(pHrHuecKr{e roqKrr Jto",riKI-tbt cn,vxiHTb.u..rlfl npoBepKIi npaBtlJIb-
FiocTH nocTpoeH Hn pigauquuX xapaKTepHCrHK ryp6ttttt t-.
Ucnoau*tcn paCnonaeaTb u HgrteposaTb KPltTltttccKue ToqKtI no
rrrepe A7enuqeHun pacxo)a cnedgfluttLlu 06pa3o-tr: I -ToqKa Xo/tocToeo
xodai 2-,aunumg*t norepb uot4nocru; 3 - uorccultgnl KDn,; 4-
,Hotcc tL.uA il noneenort .MoulHocru. flolo6lroe p acnoJrox{el-Ine KpI{THqe-
cKlrx roqeK 3aKoHoMepHo H Onpenerflercn oco6eFlllocTtlMK npoUecca
npe96pa3oBaHllfl 3HeprHH a ryp6ilue, qro BblpaxiaeTCfi B BHIe ee
3H ep reTHqecKI'lx xa p a KTepll cTH K-
b "ou*. 
I Q^.**0; l/',:0; q,:0; AAi"+0, Aly'.* >oo. B ro'Ixe 2
Mr.rlrHMaJrbirofo 3Iraqerrlrr{ AocTHraeT BblnyKrafl xapaKTepi'lcTHKa
AN" (Q',), oco6er{Hocrbr.o Koropoit ffBJIflercfi .HltreHc}{BHoe yBerHqeHHe
rHApaBJ'IltqecKHX l-loTepb Ii, cJIeAoBaTeJIbHo, Aly'" npH yBeJIHg€FIHI{ Q/l'
XapaKrepHCrI{Ka //'' (Q") EJrfl MoAe,lltiofi ryp6lttlnt onpe,f,erlfler-
C'I BbIDAX(CIIIiCM
,, Ni : r/inoo - Ail, : 9,810i - a tr, (Ai). (8.40)
169

--- PAGE BREAK ---

A,rre6paHqecKar{ cyM}ra IIpflN{o'InHenHoir fr1noa(Q") Lt' BblnyKJloil
A,V;(Q,r)'saelrc",raocren', Aaer ocHoBalllle cAeiIzlrb 3aKrl-oqeHHe o roM'-o'to^ ' 
il,/ (Q',) - Bof I-Iyrafl KpHBafl c 3KCrpeMyMoM - il{aI(cHMyN{oNl
I TOqKe +.
Ha ocgoBallHa lIMercIqHXcq
MOIKUO nocTpoHTb 3aBHCIINIOCTb
Pnc. 8.3. Ocodr're peiKttMHble roqKrl IioAe,-lbltoft ANI,rroBoporHo-.ronacrsoft ryp6nHsr ;+;'
riro6bi HX pearF,Hafl npeAeJIbHaf Motlt- 9,81
Hocrb 6una MeHbue Iv{aKCHMaJIbHo Ao-
ilycrr.rMoft npH HanoPe H', T. e. MeFIb[le
M- n roqKe 4.
flepe.r Hc.iIeH Hbte 3a KOHO M ep Hocril
H3MeF{eH}lf 3HepfeTHqecKilx xapaKTepII-
CTIIK IIOBOpOTt{O-JIOnaCTFIbIX lvlOA0,'Ibl'lbl'\ ANr-
Typ 6HH c np a Be!,Jii B bl Ar'1tl H aryp H bl x
ryp6llr{ H ra}or Bo3Mo}KHocrb npoBepKl
KoppeKrHocri{ rtocrpoeHHr Jro6urx $a- ANt*
3OBblx lL'III ylJHEepca"lbl{blx xapaKTepIl-
CTH K. 9,81
Odt4ud sud rpasoeotx (nunetinou ) c
xopaKrepucrLrK HorapHbl.u ry p6un 6gder
xapaKrepl{crnK N',(Q'r) n A/V'r(Q")- 
':
rl" (Q'r) rIo BbiPalKeHHro
NI
'tt :+ =='lr 
t 
" 
noA
i\ t
Aff'
1^
A/'noA,'I
(8.4i)
VIz (8.41) c.negl'er, qro q" (Q") - BorItyrafl Kp HBar' HMeioil{ar
NraKCliMyNI B TOqKe J.
fioraxelr, uro ToqKa J nexiur ivlexiAy T^OqKaN{ m 2 W 4. Anfl' 3TOf O
cHaqa,-Ia fiepeCTpoHM IIojlyqeHHbIe Ha pHC. 8.1 xapaKTepHCTl{KH B 3a.
BHCIi\Iocrlt or A"r (Plrc. 8 2)".."rru 
pnc. a z npeACJal,Jeya 3aBHcHMOCTL, A/V"* (N,,), KoTopafl, TaK
iKe KaK H KpHBa; aNr(rV"), eltnyxla' ''o CBOHM XapaKTeptlbtM TOq-
KaM 83a HtvIOO6p arua 3a BHCHMOI
AiV'*(N',) 6o;ree noilora, qeM 1"t
AVr* H rlr. Hs rienPePblBHo'crn H B
IIOCTH CBfl3H N't H Q/r CleAYeT' qT(
TOJbKO Ha ilHCXO.(f u{eft sernH 3TO['
EttcrPoe YBefiHr{eHHe AIV' nPai
KnA r,rrp6uHbl BHaqa.'ie AocrHraer
yMellbuiellliiO N/1 Ilplt yBe'IHqei'lHi{
To.IlbKO Ha HlicxoAfil{ei{ qacrH KplI-
flpnueu B ToqKe 4 Aer?creHTerbHo
YeT H3 OTPHqarelbHoro 3HaqeHHfl
aBee roqxs 3.
'ua AN"(Q") B roqKe-2 H MaKcI'I-
diorcfl IIo 3HaKy BTOpori npoH3BOA'
i 3HaKa eropoft npoH3BOAHOH alvr
no Q'r oIrPeAeJlfer AocTH]KeHHe MHHHMyMa ANt B ToqKe 2'
BroqxeS6ygyrcoBIIaAaTbKaCaTeJIbHbIeKXapaKTepI{CTHKaM
A^/iaii, nnri,frii, Q', (N'r) H npf Mas' nponeAeuuan H3 Haqana
:KOOpAHHaT K 3TOf'I TOqKe'
B roqKe 3 coBnaAator no a6conrorHoMy 3HaqeHHIo auQQepeHuu-
z.,tbHbre II yAeJIbHHe noKa3areJI-H- Typ.6lHbI' Koropble Anfl MoAenbHo-
.ro arpefara tIHCreHHo paBHhI (9,81;l;)-r nPn Hr:1 u'
B ro.rre 2 c ,.aHHHMyMou AtVt A'$qlepenr(sallHblfl floKa3arerb Mo-
l.n""on typ6n,"or 6ylet paBeH 9'Bi-t npH
dANr _ 0.
dN,,
orl+eru*L odHo3HaLtHocTb Bcex rcpu|blx, nocTpoeHHbtx HA puc' B'l
u g.J, eae Hesa*rtcrt.trori nepeileHHoti ns/tfrercfl'pacxod. I(porue roro'
aaeAyeT HanoMHlrrb, qTo ryp6tutttt ila f3C O6ltqso nr'i6rlpalOTCfl TaK'
170
oHo.ltoeuqeH su0A ,wode.QbHb[x, npu 3a]re'
He ac,nosuf. tt1:const HA COOTSeTCTSAtoU+ee eilg SHsueHue Hr:const
@pl n:const)' Q" Ha Q.r, N'1 Ha N, u r- d.
A.rq pa.(HaJrbrio-oceBbrN Typ6HH B oT,'IHrIHe or noBoporHo-JIorlacr-
Hbrx xapar(TepHo Ha"rrHqHe oAHor? H.ttH HecKoJIbKHX 3oFI c "'lIoKaJIbHblM
noBbruJeFiHeM ilorepb MouIHocrH H CIJHIKeHIIeM KnA O6lncssercs
3To lar.,rHr{r{eM pexgaMoB c rroBbtuleguol't BH6pauHeii H KaBHTaUHefi,
r(oTopble cooTBeTCTB)'toT Mar'IblI{ Haf py3Ka M H_ p2Cnonox{eitbl ,I,o Toq-
xu 3' (psc 8.4). B ErHx 3otrax pa6oqi{e n_o {nA xaplTTgHcrHKIi
pa.tHaltbHo-oCeBbtX r.r'p6tlu HMeloT nepern6. CHuxellHe KnA 3Aecb
MolheT AOCTHraTr, 2-30/o H 6o,'ree.
FIarrHque neperli6a rra 11"(il') npu Ht:ss65f BeAer K noflBJIeHHlO
HecKo.rrbKHX oKCrpeMyMoB ua x,puesix A,V'(ry') {.AQ'(l/') (rouxn 2',
2" H 2"' Ha pHc. 8.+;. B erHx x(e roqKax Qr(d:) HMelOr KacareJlb-
Hble, Ii2pla'I",l€,lbtlble npnuofi 1lr: l, rAe .ly'"*o'o'-n/..
AuQ$epeHuHa.rrbHaff xapaKrepHcrHKa paAtailttto-oceeori ryp6N-
rrbr npn Hr:const raKiKe HMeeT CBOI{ ocO6eHHocT}1, Hanp:iMep HMeer
o.t,r{gaKOBbie 3FIaqeHHs AnQQepeHUHa.rIbHblx nOKa3aTeneli B ToqKa.\
2', 2" H 2"', cro cJeAyeT H3 BblpalKel.lntl
Q?,u:#-#('*#) -#
B roqxe J luQ$epeHuiianuumir noKa3areJrb FHApOarpefara PaBeil
102lHr Ir Ho ocHosaHHH a'HarH3a BbIpax(eHnfl
(8.42)
(8.43)4fru:=-#-#( ,'-t"#)
AuQQepeHI{HarIbHbIe xapaxrepIgTy.KH q"-q (Q) 6yxyr oHpeAe-
rrflrbcfi^Kari o6parHrde QyuxunH SruQ'(ff) -
P a cclrrorp "r,t 
6o.ttee 
-no.u-p 
o6uo oco 6ell H ocTH ronyqeH Hff AHQQep ell-
UrraJtbrrbrx XapaKTepltCTt{l( ryp6urrtrt (Ultorga Hx }lasblBarOT X a p a K-
Tep l{cTll Ka M H oTlI oc II Te,:I b 1I bI X n p H p o c rou).
L7l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

4qr
Nt
/or
ANrt
Ntn
qr
+
t2l
,i) Nr d)
Puc. 8.5. O6rrtttit RII{ ocHoBHL'IX 3Hep
xaDaKrepticTHK rl'iApoteHCparopa ^-A"Ifl pa3rlbL(
suiqeHnfi cos q (- - cos tP:0,54;
;;; ;: i ; 
- 
a,\i",' Ailu, a.vrp, [M"o,, atV"' AMo -
11OTepI{ B CTaIH, BeHTHT']flIII{OHHlile' Ha TpeHHe' Ha
so:6yx;r.enHe .reueparoPa, B MeAI4, e 4eirtnSep-
uux o6ltorrax)
A".rq pacqera 9Q"v q:K.qYtnAYercn
nsrpaxeuHe (8.42) Htrlt (B'43) ' BxoAq-
uHe B HLIX ilpoH3BOAHbIe Mofyr 6utrr
paccr{[ITaHbl N{eTOAOl!'t KOI{eqrlblx npHpa-
urenlrir no xapaKTepllcrHKapr AIV'(tV') H
n-(/V'). Tax KaK Airn noBoporHo-J'Iona-
crHbIX H ,[I{afoFla.lbHbIX Ti'p6HH Kp'liBafl
f 0.,. (,\ ,) MoHoroHHo Bo3Pacrarcuraff'
; 
'xpunin 
QrYo HMeer BIr,1 napa6o'''Ibl
c 3KCTpeMyMoM-N{HHHMyMOM B roqKe 3
(pHc. 8.4,a), To, cJleroBare'''IbHo, JIeBee
iiu*" 3 qrto) fQ.x, a nPaBee - Hao6o-
por Ta' x{e 3aKotloMepr{ocrb 6y'l'er
cnDaBeIJIHBa H .X,Jn paJ'Ha'Xbllo-oceBblx
ryp6uH (Pnc 8.4,6).- 
i-lpeacraBJeHHe pacc\lorpeHHblx xa-
palirepHCTHK B 3aBt{cHi\{ocT'H OT Qt He
I{3N{eH I-iT HX O6Ulero BIIAa' 3a HCIi'r'Ito-
qeHI{el{ ilHuIb roft oco6eHHOCTH, qro Bce
oHH 
' 
6y.n,yr oAHo3HaqHb{r{H (p"t' 8' l
H 83).
3 Hep rerH qecKHe x a P,a KT e-
pHcrHKH f HApof eHeparopoB B
OT"lHI{HE OT XAPAKTCPIICTIII{ TYP6LIH I'IO-
ryr 6utrn noryqeHbl 6ataHcoBbIM Mero-
Aort rI !.irfr Aei'rcreyroureri r3C'
Ha pHc. 8.5 ilpeAcraeJleHbi 3aBHcH'
MOCTII noTepb iv{ou{Hocrli B r}{Aporet{e-
parope B 'Ao.flflx KnA ArIfi ocHoBHblx
cocraBJiflrourux Aff.-
Oco6ennocrbto 1.(N.) B Pa6oqe't.
duanaeoHe eeo HaepAsov (ue nenee U,b Nr
}uanasot+ u3.ileHeHur 4r, rcoti npaeurto,
OrcrcAa H MaJIbII? AHaIIa3oH I{3MeHeHHf
N
lrx
-:yA,lr
,vf o*
uotr) flaltflercfl oqena aanwil'
He npesatuant4ttil. l-folo'
H ApyfHX noKa3areJlefi pe-
Al'1cr
ANrp
/
n9A
'l
' ,,)i
.'!.)tyr
1r
/uz
J ta r(T
/
IN,
lQr
Q,,
n9A'tT
Nr
,llA
tlAt*utlr 4
/02
Ha.'Qr/02
Ha
NT
N1
noBopoTHo -JtoIIacT-
dN'lrN
Puc. 8.4. O6uruft en4 ocHoBHblx -3HeDrerHqecKrx xapaKrepncrrK
nofi (a) ,, puonrnJ*ilo.."on tip6xu'(6) npn l/':const
-r/
B rH&CTOfuIee BpeMfl HaH6onee
eQrn-(N') flpit H1--const' Vz-sa I
MocrH Qr or N' Pactler BeAercfl'!
II0CTBe QQrr,t HCnOJIb3OBaTb OTHOiII'
yileroM norPeixHocrn Q'(t/') B 2-
byL*t e Aeisrxu Pa3 6ollure, urc
3H C sTHM pel{oMeHAyercfi npHMo}Ij
TO.q,H, CHI{}KaIOIl{He sTy norpetuHocrb' HanpHMep', HcnoJlb3OBalIHe B
pacqera x QrnQ xapaKrepHcrH;*n.iru'1, AN'(/V,) HrlH AQr(N')' Ko-
TopbleAaFoTSHaIIHTeJIbHoMeHbI.lIyFonofpeuHocTb,qeMpacXoAHbIe
xapaKTepl{cTHKH.
172
x(fi Ma fHApofeFlepaTOpa.-"'-'iiu 
;;; B.b npeacraBrenbt H ApyrHe sHeprerHtrecKHe xapaKrepH-
CTHKHfH.l.poreHepaTopa,fiocTpoeHHbleHaociloBeHcIioJIb3oBaHHf
ib.ili 
-r'Tgf 
Sl H 3HairHrr xapaKrepa KpHBof{ t.(N.). AuQ6epeHL(H-
aJrbHarI XapaKTepHcTHKa fllAporellepaTOpa lv{o}KeT 6r'trn nooTpOeHa c
r{ciroJrb3oBa.r{Heilr cne!,yrculix Bbtpa"retrtiir (npr, cos Q:const) :
lr0
(8.44)
173
ANr,
NRF
I,U U//
d,vloo | | N d\r \
8,-- * --+(t-ou'ff)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

dvloo 1 | dAiv.
Qr:-iU; =r-r dNr'
l,iv,: 
". (#J : AN,arv"''.
f cn o6p arHofi QYHxlr4eft 11. (lV.) ,
,* (N,) npli N,+.V."o" uenp9Pry.qH.o
.) 
'_- 
* .lru"t{e. KP u aan AN. (N') '
of a H VIOHOTOHl'lo Bo3p acTaeT, npH-
/r.) , 'ran Ka K Toqlia M aKcHMYI!1a
a3oHe flarp-Y3or o6ntqllo FIe 'qocru-
faeTcti.
florpeurHocTb no,lyqaeMblx. xapaKTeptlcrHK fHApofeHepaTopa' KaK
np aBH.ito, He nPeBbItrraeT 0,5- 1% '
HaocitoBallHHHMelourHXCrxapaKrepHCrHKryp6nusltt"{l9t:::
paTopa HecIo}KHo c Hc[o,rlb3osauHeM ypaBHeHHg, 6alaHca MoIuHocTeH
ia.tgl iloryqHrb xapaKrepHcrHKH rH'qPoarperara B ueJI0M'
O6nrnli BHA Bcex 3HeprerHqecxHx iapaxrepHcrHK arperara 6yler
onper.eJlnrbcfl HMeHHo ryp6HHHblMH xapaKrepHCrHKaMH'
flpr.r nsnecrHHx xapaKrepl{crHKax BoAoBoAoa' ryp6uHb{ H reHeparopa Ha ocHoBe
6a.{aHcoeoro MeToAa MOI+iHO paccqt(Tarb II 3HeprerHqecK}{e xapaKTep}icTHKtl arpefar-
uoro 6loxa B uenoM, BKlio98r H HanopHbls ga{oBoru' O6ulrir B}t'l' xaPaKTepHcrHK
6loxa e pa6oueir 3OHe H3MeHeHlltl llarp,v3oK 6yaer sHSrlOflle€H arperaTHbIM '\aPahi-
TepHcTHKav. flpx arou ,VfA H /Va.on cBfl3aHbl c N.noo cneAylout'MH coorHollle-
HHflMTI:
HJIH
rAe
rAe
(8"45)
(8.16)
(8.47i
(8.48)
(8.4e)
(8.s0)
AN^*
ex.x
u1,3
ttz
ff61
N".6,,r : ,Vl,"o:Nf#, -AM*o : N!"{ntiton,
Nf#" :9'8lQrH''eri
AHuoo:9,81 Q, AH"o^;
Nloo
Jluuuu o?PaluqeH'us: Ncr. 'trl
@-no ?ehe1amcPgf @ - no mgPlune
Pnc. 8.6. 06nrrrir BHA ocHoBHbIX 3Hc-prerHqecKHx xaPaKrepHcruK rHApoarperara
noBoporuo-.ronacrnoir ryp6nuoft npH ff'-\rar
lqllggljqreg rylgserq-
nPlI cos q:const, Hl{.blMH cnoBa{'H
rvlacr : Nlou npw, H^;z ru!;
'rEO;], -
AlnoAt'8.6r
Haxclseq paccl{OTpIIM, KaK H3MeHflTCR SileprerltuecK*e XapaKTepHcTHKll arpera-
Ta npH I/r:v65. MexaHH'IecKHe norepH 3Aecb npaKTEqecKH He H3MeHflTcs' C yrenu-
treHxe-v f/,6yAyr H3MeHflTbcfl Jlnulb rtlApaBnllqecKne noTePH B arperare (pnc' 8'6)-
3rO ausoeer yMeHbueHne KflA II cMeu{eHIIe ero MaKcHMyil{a npn pocTe-H. e soHy
MeHbutHX Harpy3oK. cOOteercTneHlto H3MellRTCfl H BCe ocTaJlbltHe xaPaKrepllcTllKt{
*^o[i:|t-TJj, 
'rro npH Hr:yat 6yayr H3lte*tirbcR 'nltu,b xapaKrepHcrHKlt ryp6rr-
Hu. flpu srolr nponu.*ru, cnoco6ttocrr ryp6Hui* l{ ee MOUlHOcrr 6yayt roBbtulaTb-
cg c yBenr{qeH}reM f/r, ronAa KaK nPeAeJIbHafl MOlllttocTb reHepaTOpa 6yaer tteH3Mell-
+roii. !4-a--y5g].a*9I-qlo-.,B.BaAsl-roHaTjte--p-a-c-e'e-Ll19-f-q--n"ajr-o'-p-aJLO-*MjII 
H"o^
gJITr:r,lgg'gtg_uLrltluaahHol,)'.*3-HLleyy-to-,-H--r=!-a1-!pJI- 
Koropeg-glALoilpqrar-
t74
(8. 5r )
NX'K'(H,) npn F/" < HY
Noo^*r(H^) npu HolHeN uaabrcaercn clflsaunofr' no
Ad""". (Hu1 :PoYct |'r"xaKc (Ha) ' (8.52)
!::::rygly.- r3l9l*y-r -18-6ip,egy-q-{y*Ha-o-cHoBaHHH-texrrnKo-3t<oHoMI{qecKnx-"pac'
jelo-B] j-99Iqef-qEy-el- KaK -rlpa8Hno,. Q"=Q""''It' 86:soxo*" fi Q:qrYax9'
flpeSenuuafl MouluocTb noBopoTIIo-JIonacrHblX H AHarolla,'bltbt'\ ryp6rtH npll
H 
"1Hpn 
6y,u,el orpaHnqllBarbcfl HX npotlycKHofi cnoco6ttocrblo . Antl AaHHOTO tl ''
t71IIU
rVfu*" (Hu)
Pasnuqa xeutdg NoY" Lt
ilsno p g rtot4locrbto AN"'*r"
MO)Sier a6oraru c
€. N":.lV"Yc-

--- PAGE BREAK ---

J
0"a_
' 6 II&KC
:wL
B"s
n MOKC
wL
cos9=C0nst
)/n
U,IT
, , t4cKC
,iq_ D^
i /8''i 
/et
t8+
,rn
,, Nl'Lil-ln
,,7
r r MOKCng-
N
u"
a
n trts.<cq,Q- joq*
Dqr
H11H2(H3
Hr=HI i
nl
N;.' NA
ucT
tr a.
Pnc. 8.7. Pacxo:tuue xapaKrepxcrlr-
KH tHApoarperaTa
r r Ml{H
a r 14 l.l. I'r,YC
, I MUft
ntr
,Vf. NC
8.8. Sxcn,ryaratluoHble xapaKrept{cruKH fHApoaFpefara
o-o=
11a
,.,',4i
ttC
,5) ^r UCT,IA Na
Ip,,--qrq!t- 3Haqe H It 9 Q.nP:1HJ-a{.x - tL < H L'qHtlitraerES c }: M€ I rt'r I I eil Hev
q er ee ilt o ;+i H o n p Ha,J-r Il iK e tl tr o n poH 3 B*OJ'H-r.1.19.- Q-O,P"i-l-""'
H^. Pac'
(8-s)
H[un
Pnc.
It
,tf
E
?i
V- t::
*'
$
lttr
t!
F.fr
t^-
Bt:
G
it
{{
Ji
u
iT
}rit
rAe QanpeA H Q""*c - npeAerbHHe Pacxo
- -[pg:f n!Ho--B.ri!6p-a$-u{q - 4e-Tiil aAa€
:conSt (orPu"no.i*'t l"t iVp@-ilI-I
5a*33leJF- SIL9Iara'
i1it*- oio1enuocrefi eud poazpeeara norg-
sieiucu*iocru npe1ctalurb e KoopduHarox
O6St,iuO HaHOCfTCf H3OJIHHHH f/a:COflSt'
ie cb:const il q:const' Anfi npHnnorHH-
3KcnnyaraqHoHHblx xapaKTePHCTHKax yKa-
3BOAHTCs c yrleroM 6a'nasca [loLIIHOCTe]"I
(s 8.1)
3ueprernqecliHeXapaKTepHCTHKHarpefaToBcaKTHBHbIMHKoB.
ilIoBbIMH TypSHHaMI,l Bo MHoroM 6y.n.yr aHa.'lorH.IHbI xapaKTepHCTHKaM
t76
t
i
I
I
I
I
I
'l
I
i
I
;
'
I
t
I
noBopOTHo-,TonaCTHblx H AIIarOllaJlbl.lbIX Typ6HH. il,ng 3TIIX arpefaToB
6o.rytuoe 3Har{ellne npHo6peTarcr HMeHHO XapaKTepHcTHKH arperaT-
Horo 6loxa, -rAe yrireHbl norepHl Affgor' A.Y; H Affr' .[.onn AN"or"E
AN".o, HHOTAa MOX(eT rlpeBblularb cyMr'ly A{l H aNr' Ans KOBtlloBblx
ryp6n'rr i{e HrpaeT oco6or:t poaH }I3ilteHeHHE H, v Ha'oa'
8.3. 3HEPTET'{qECHHE XAPAHTEPT{CTHH}{ HACOCHbIX ATPETATOE
3HeprernqecKne XapaKTepI{CTHKH HaCOcHbIX arperaTots MOryT 6ltru
noIyrieHbl, TaK )Ke KaK H AJrfr. Typ6HHHblX ycTairoBoK, Ha OCHOBe Mo-
AeJlbFiblx HnH IIaTypHbIX HCIIbIT?HHft.
Hau6onee npocrbl no 'cBoeilIy BIlAy 3HeptergqegKHe xap-aKTepHCTH-
KH o6p arL{MbIx paAHa,TbFIo-oCeBblX r}IApoM arIHH I'I qeHlp*6:e)KHblX 1la
cocoB (pnc. 8-9), pa3JlHqaIou(HXcfl no 6bIcrpoXoAHocrH. IaK, Antl rH-
xoxoArrbrx arpeiaron (puc. 8.9,6) npH rrs:40*€0 o6f unw, npeAHa-
3HagenHbtx Ha 6OluluHe rlailOpbl H MaJIble flOAaqH, 3aBHCliMOCTb
H"tC"l HMeer 3KcrpeMyM'MaKCHllIyl\{ no Hr' Ans HopMaJlbHblx no
t2-6410
ll t

--- PAGE BREAK ---

H6.,7lcL,i'/x5,N'.r H6,T!a,Nag,lr.r Puc. 8.1 l. 3xcnrrYaraqHoHi{as
xapaKrepHcrltKa o6P arHN(ofo
oceBol-o arperara
1o nr: C0nst
?:const
4N,
ABH
Nn,
Nas
") 
8a rt)
Pnc. 8.9. OcHoaHbie aHeprernqecKHe xapaKrepficrlIKH Ueurpo6exHux
Hnorp
f,,',.p (ftnrrp)
.>^- obr.c Pa,/.nq
7^
lf,,:COflStn
1o
5 Nao
NH
0
VcroiiqHeue Pejfittr{bl pa6otu Hacocuoro arperara
Hnorp : Zs.E-Z x.6*AHno" p,
G,rr
HACOCO B
| - rnnaL
.lH-LUlrJL
Dn= C0nSt
^tn/Y61sH
AN^ .
A0r0
Psc. 8.10.
1a
i1I
I
I
I
l
I
l
il
i
;J
A.u
A0x
AN
G.x
6urcrpoxo.q,HocrHarperaroR(n":80-:15006/*rHH)3KCrpeMyM-lIaK'
cH\{}'rr liMercr KpHBbIe {"(Q*) }l NA"(QI) Ha Puc' 8'9,4'
Oco6ennocrbto arux o6 parunom eLLdpotwawu+ fll.tnercn Bo7.ilto7tt-
Hocrb gcrotittu7ori pa6oroi'TonbKo B oduo,+t pegt[uile np.u sadanuoti
xapoKTepuCTuKe ceTtt, T. e. 3aBIicHN'toCTI{ Ha[opa noTpe6nTeflfi Hnotp
or noAar{H Qu. Hanop Hnorp orpeAe.,'Iffercf no QopMyJIe
(8.54) l,/ag
lf
,YH
Puc. 8.12. Ocnontlue 3HcPrerl{-
qecKne xapaKrePHcrHKH o6ParH'
MOro oceBoro arpefara npH
Rx:coflst H 9:const
%z
$,81Ht'
qa(s,stH){
Hls
Pnc. Ll3. Ocltoattblc 3tlcprerH-
qecxlte xapaKrcpHcrllKll o6paru'
MOFO AHafoHarbHoro arperaTa
nDH Hr:COnSt; fis:COI-lSt
rAe AHnorp:AHnotp(Q") - norepn Harlopa B HafiopHbIX noABorflurHx
-rr orBoAflrqHx Bo.l,oBo(ax (puc. 8.10) ' 
sblx euo-A crotiquaoui peficluL pa1orot od paru.ttux pa)Ltortbvo-oce
po,nauluH lol,ltoflce H TATLbKO npU T!rygrl sHaqeHuu Q* rcoeda
Hnotp(Q") _ Ho(Q't), roqfia a Ha puc.8--10. ITptt'teil sror peuctt't't' d&'
,ffe npu paeeniieb'Hno* u H* ilo1rcer 6trcd rortbrco Ha Hucnodanryefi'
ttacru KpltsoLi H"('Q"). flpu noflaAaHHH , roqKu a Ha BocxoAflI]lylo
BerBb H* (Qo) Bo3Moxetl Heycroit'{Hesrft pex(HM o6parnuoil-rulpoua-
rrrr{rrrrr (nounax<), KorAa uacoc 6y4er nepHoAHr{ecKH Ha6Hparb H
c6pactrnarb ,rto xoJtocrofo xoAa cBoIo Harpy3Ky. HenpepblBHoe pery-
178
+
0
N;,lad2&^
0epaHUqeHUfl:
H dc0cg
d0ues ne/tP
Hr,"--zg.6-zn f,=const

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fr!
ial
rt
t!
fi
I
lr
t:
JTHpoBariHe 11oAaqH .tnn o6parauoir paA?{aJIbHo-ocesoii rt{ApoMairil{Hbi
BO3MOi{ir{O "THrub C ytlgtOt I'I3tvIeHel{Hf' 2e.6,2s.6, A TaKX(e B.pe3yIbTa-
re H3MeHeHHff qacrorbr Bpau{eHafl H;II{ Apocce"TlipoBaFIHfl (yMeLIbLue-
nun) Harop a Hrr.
C roqxn 3peHHfl Bo3lro?KHocreft sQSexrilBHoro perydTHpoBaI{Hfl Ha-
rpy3l(H.6olee nepcrreKTLrBtrbt oceBble r-r AHafoHar.tt'HbIe Hacocbl HJIH
o6p arnltble rHApoarP erarbl.
_ C) | t --^
B KaqecTBe npHMepa Ha pHC. U.l I ilpe.T,cTaB"rieHa 3KCnlyaTaUHOtt'
Hafl XapaKrepHCTHKa oCeBOro Hacoca, a Ha _pac-. 8,12 - Qasoeute xa-
paKTepHCTHKLi npH nH: const H Q:_Const. OcodeHH1CTbto ux fl'7/yfl'eT-
{tr ro, t[To npu Qn:0 ,uouqttocra ffo, docrueaer Hercoropoeo HctKCtL-
.ildAJLbH,O|O 3H&LeHI)ft, 0 3ATe,fl npU !SettTLleHULL Qo OttA HeCKO/LbKO CHLt'
ilCaerCf.. Kpone roeo, Ha HH(Q**) LLMenrCn dee ttucnadanqtte serBLt,
HO TO.tLbKO OdHA LIJ HLIX, U,WercUlAn nypyjonuqecKyrt XApAKrep, fl7't'1'
eTCf. pa6oueil (tacrbn eroil xa.paKTepLICrL;KLL (npaaee rottKLl 6 ua
puc. 8.i,2).
Anq oceBbix HacocoB MolKeT liMeTb MeCTo ToqKa 4-Er<c'rpeMlr!1
JIeBee ToqKH 3, rAe l":11.""Kt, 3aBHCHMocTb ArVa(Qr) HMeeT 3KCTpe-
MyM-MHHHMyM B roqKe 2. Enfr, KpHBbrx lVo"(Q*) H N^"(Q:') 3ro o3ga-
qaeT rIapzJIJIeJIbHocrb KacareJIbHbIX K HHM B ToqKe 2' 3xcrpeuyMa-
MI.{HuMyMa'B Tot{Ke 5 LocrgfaeT rVo"(Q"), 3lecb x(e paBHfleTcfi 'Hy.rlIo
dN -o
H Qw: :=q fipH nH:COnSt H q:const. flo a6cO,'IIOTHOI'I BeJIIIL]Ii-
aQ.n
H{H OCTaeTCf BCerla }Iei{b[Ie Qrrt\:Ato"/Q*'
3nep.ernir{ecKi{e xapaKTepHcrHKH HacocHoro pexiHMa o6paTH}loii
AHaroHa.,rbtioit rHApoMaurl'lHbl (perc.B.l3) rpH H*:const H rt':
-const 6yrr-vr o6,'rartaru HeKoropbrMrl oco6erinoctxltlt, B ToM r{HCile
MHorosKcrpeMarlbHocrbto AN* (Q") H q* (rV') .
rflABA 9
sHEPTETH qECKHE XAPAKTEPT{CTIdHFI
rHflPOSHEPrETFiqECHHX yCTAHOBOH H METOEbI HX pACI{ETA
9.{. OEIqHE nOnOX{EHHS
falpos.neKrpocraHLI,Hfl KaK Xo3paCqeTHoe npeArpHflrl{e crpeMHT-
cfl ,HflE6Onee paI{HoH?.r-lbHo AJIff Ce6f HCnOiIb3oBaTL, Orpal{HrIeHilbIe no
o6teuy H per.iraMeHrHpoBaFrHbre Bo BpeMeHLI 3anacbl rHAp03Heprope-
cypcoB. flpu 3roM f3C oAHoBpeMeHHo c ApyrHMH 3JIeKrpocrarlI1lIfl-
MH yqacTByer B rroKpblTfiH O6u1eft Harpy3KH 3HeprocHCreMbI.
3rn o6cro_rrreJrbcrBa 3acraBnffror paccMarpEBarb 3aAarly OIITHMH'
3arIHH pex(HMa fOC KaK 06u{ecHcreMHyto, Hepa3pbIBHo 'cB13aHIlylo c
oco6eHHOcTfrMH BCefo 3J'leKTpOsHepreTHqecKoro npoH3BOACTBa.
Vqurtreas HepapxHro yilpaBJreHHfl B 3neKTp03FIeprerHKe, yI(a3aH-
Hyro 3aAaqy Moxlro ycJroBHo pa3Ae/lHTb Ha HecKoJIbKO pacqeTllblx
3TanoB, B3a H MOCBrr3a Hr{irtx ilepeMe}ilrblMLI BO Bpert{ejll'I^H B np0cTp aH -
cTBe: pacqeT orITHMaJIbHoto AJIHTeJIbHoTo peX(Eila f3C; pacqeT KpaT-
180
Kocporil{Oro DexHh{a fOC; PacqeT or1Tg]'laJlbfloro BHyrpHCraHqHoHHO-
fo DeHiHMa ocHoBFIOf O OoOpyAoB Alt'll',I f3C'^" 
Ti;;;;;;;3rana paccMorpenbl B rn. 13_1 14. 3,recb ocraHoBHlI-
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rr 6a,raucoeoro ycrtoBltfl (9 9). Taruu o6pasov, gln (zo*l)-ro ypaB-
HeHrrn nepelleHHurx IN,, [I l(f)] FIMeeM z0+L !-paBHeHHii. Ecrrt sri{
ypaBHeHHfl HecOBMeCTHbt H HMeeTCfl peuieHHe IICXOIH0iI 3aAarlH, TO
ouo Syaer coorBercrBoBarb raKx{e pene}inio (9-15) '
_ IlocxolbKy npu Hai:[-[^i:const pe]KHr\IbI arperaroB He3aBIicHMbt
Apyr or Apyra, ro ycrloBHe (9.18) npHo6peraer BIIA:
2o, eo(t )
sz-)
i-o
# : o(i: I ,2,..., z'),
H- i.(r) +#- o (i : 1, 2,..., zo),
Q,vuxuuefr III, r. e.
O-
3geco
HJIII
rAe
-^+
dQat dQ.,
irVrr diVar
I
ru", (t)l + uI =) min.e.r" (i ) + r g1 
[rurac 
(/) - (s 15)
(e. r8)
| [- 
zo'so(t) 
,wqu ,,.
ut : +l Tl r'; (ffXI'(r)- N oi(t))' sign (il|i" (/)- N,' (r))*2L#,
so,5o(/ ) I
+ U T; (ff.i (/) - /VX?*' (/))' sign (N,, (r) - /VXi.'(f )) I , (9.16y
i:0 J
fAe [r; yr Ti (l:1, 5, , z0) - nocToflHHble MHOXHTeIH (alrnnpu-
qecKHe) ; sign (furrn (x)-i (*) ) - sign ti - SyHxqIin-cHrHarypa, oilpe-
J.C"-I fi C}t A fl COOTHO I.II EFI Hfl }I Ii
t 1 npn u70;
signu=fo ;; ,(o (e.17)
Heo6xo..r,HMoe ycJ-toBHe 3KcrpeMyMa (9.i5) Moxtlo uaitrtt peueHH-
elt voaBHeH,Hg
itV ,"o
dQ*"
(e.le)
(e.20)
(e.21)
: 2"(t),
jQ"i 
- u=?lr - rri (,vll" - iloi) sign (t/JI' -A/",) *d/fr; 
- 
drV.;
* t, (ff"i - NX?*") sign (rV,, - /f]l*").
VpanueHue (9.20) orpax{aer paBeHcrBo AHQQepeHuilaJlbHblx noKa-
3arenefi pex{HMoB r}rApoarperaTa npH ycJIoBH}i 3aAaHHtl H I{clIoJIb3o-
BaHHq paHee IIpHHfTblx o6o3Har{eHHil B cJIeAyIOilIeM BHAe:
186
(s.22)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

6ylyr MHHlltuIa"tbHblit{Ii. TorAa UeJ'IeBafl QyuxUtln ilpI'lMeT BIIA:
(D : at/rcc (/)+r(r) f O.* (/)- "'!t" Qu,
L ,:1
r.rr -l r ltl
OtY a.6nl c/-f .va.6n2
An r)fisYal v Y e?
M/".6., (Q") :
+UlJmin, (9.27j
: t(/):
daN;"c (e.28)dQr-sc
(e.31)
rpe6yercfi
3alaHlloM A'r-sc HafiTH On-
Mox(er 6t tri' ocYu{ecTBJIe}{o
189
(4]
fle ru -ruTpaouan rlyHxuHa, BBeAeHHaf AJlrr yqera ofpaHHqeHHLI rH-
na HepaBeHCTB. OnyCXan ilOAp06l{ble lvlaTeMaTI{qeCKlIe BbIK;'taAKH'
MO)KHO 3a[HCaTb, qTO OTITHMz,'IbHOe paCnpeAeJIeH]Ie Qrsc nO i{puTe-
pHro (9.27) 4.,rn f3C c 6noquofi cxevrofi noABoAa BoAb'l I( rrl,rpoafpe-
raraM 6y.qer coorBercrBoBarb cJIeAylou{elvly ycJ'ioBHio:
da,v;.6-z
dQ,..
PHc. 9.3. Pacxorlttar .\apaKrepli-
crHKa f3C flpH pa3ubr)i cnoco-
5ax pacnpeAe-:reHIrti Haf py3riil
Pnc. 9.4. (Jntttva"roua-s Pacxoi-
Hefl xapa!(replrcTHKa J,BY.\afpe-
fllTlioii I J(-
0i3L. Ha pHC. 9.3 npeAcr aBIeHbt B o6ueM BHAg pacxoAFiblc xapaKre:
prrcrHKg AByxarperarHofi f3C ,fnq onrl4MaJlbHoro (AF3t) H HeoIIrHMaJib-
HbIx (Qr:s) cnoco6oe pacnpe!,e,r'IeHl{n ffrsc. Kax BHAHo, npn 3aAaHHoI'{
npoll3BoJtbHor,t 3itaqeHHH Qrec orlrHMaJlbHaf Xepal(repHCrHKa QiS (iircc)
O6eCneqUBaeT no,lyqeHlle CaI{OfO n'1?KCll}lzilbHoro 3HaqeHHf ffrec H3 BCeX
BO3i\rOX{HbtK, T. e. pegaeTcq 3aAaqa, O6parUafl nOCTaBJIeHHO|{. BC'nel-
cTBue 3TOfo B AaJrbHefiueu 6yaer paccMaTpllBaTbcfl B 3aBHCHIIOCTH OT
y.u.o5crBa rtoqcHeHnr QrcnuecKoro cNlbIcJIa 3aAaqn I npnltan H"IB o6par-
Hafl e-e nocrai{oBKa-
Ha pgc. 9.4 nyrau BBeAeHHff Aoro.riuurerbnofi KoopArlHarbl noncHe-
HO, qTO AFSL(ffrec) flB.{neTcf reoMeTpl{qecKHf'I f\IecTotvl TOqeK, cooTBeT-
K HepaBeHcrBy HanopoB Ha pa3HbIX afperaTax^
An" noflyqeHHfl peuieHr.tfl npH Hreclt) :Ha.6t(l) :const Becb-
Ma 3OSeKTHBHO I{CnoIb3OBaTb xapaKTepHcTlIK}I noTepb MOIII.HOCTH B
sneMeHiax f3C npfi O6parHoil nocrarloBKe 3aAar{H, T. e' IIpH 3aAaH-
HoM rpa$Hxe Qp36 if).
n'cri Ha f-3C HMer,orcfl arperarbr c 6loquofi rllApaBrHr{ecKoft
cxeMoil iioAnoAa BoAbI X HHIVI u pasuuYq xapaKTepHcTHKaMH BOAoBo-;
AoB Al/BoolAg"oai(Q",), rAe A6ror: kQ^"'. florepu Mog{rlocrH B Bo-
AOBOAax iraccvllrltBalorcs no sopMyre
ANsoA:9,8lQaAHqoA:9,8lftq""'rt. (9'26)
O.f esuAr{o, onrHManbHblvI paonpeAeJle}IHeM ' Qrec npH H afin:
':ConSt 6yAer raKoe, KorAa cyrrauapHble.noTepl{ lvtoul}IocTH Ha fOC
188
rAe Al/. u,'I - AN.,;.](Qn;)-xapaKTep;.rcTilKrr Il0re.pb llou{HoCrll I] flt;lDo-
arperarFIoM 6aOxe C yqeTOIu orpaHHqeHHii no Qr,- Ottll CoorBercrBy-
r{CT O6lrqUnrU iIOTepf M AlVu.Un (Qrt), B351 TbI}1 nplr !ti-->oo H Yf-+oo
(pHc. 9.5,4) :
-co npli Qa<Qf"";
Ail,.., (Qu) rprl Ql"" < Q" < QIU*"; (9.29)
f oc norr Qa > Q:^"' .
XapaxrepLrcTHKlr oTHocHrenbHbrx npltpocToB ArV. u- no Q", T. e.
qr.o., (Q) , o,oryt 6nrru paccrlrrrarrbr no- al/a.0, (Q") npli H r.on: coilst
MeroAou KoHerlHbrx npHpan{eHltl-"t. Ha pnc. 9.5,6 noKa3a}I? iloCileAoBz-
TeirbHocTb pacqETa 4".0r(Qr) Ha ocHoBe 6a.naHca I\{olIlHoCTH B arpe'
rart{oN{ 6"noxe ro @oPMYre
Qa.a-, L%.0, (Q.) : 't" u, : dA:v*o + ci+5 : L.-t^(Q,) + q" (Q")' (9'30)t - 
de^ dQ" ' dQ"
I,Is QopM!;-Ibt (9.30) cJIeAyer, rlro AJ'Ir. noayrleHHq gu-0" (Qr) Heo6-
xoAHMO cyMMHpOBarb opAHHarbl quoo (Qo) H q" (Q") AJrfr KaIKAO|O
3rraqeHHfl Qa.
I-loc.ne pacqera gr.o.r(Qr) AJIfl Kax<Aoro 6loxa npoUeCC noHCKa pe-
uenHr (9.27) ?H?.,'IorHeeH Cnyqarc perueHHfl npflMoi{ 3aAaqH, pac'
cMorpeHHoMy Ha pHc. 9.2.
lJolyuHe raKgr{ oopaso;rt onrgillaJlbHyIo xapaKre pncrllKy ANFSL (Qrac)'
ee Hecfloxllo nepecqnrarb B pacxoAHylo NFSE(Qtec) c HcnoJIb30BaHLIeM
6alarica ilIoultlocrei'i B arperarublx 6norcax:
/vF:E (Qrac) - tri3t (Qrec) - A,VF3A (Qrscf :
-,- 9,8 I l/u.6.,Qrec - ANF3L (Qr3c)'
I.Ae Ha.o;r - 3aAaHHag BeJIHtiltHa.
Ec.nn A.ng no,'Iyqel{Hofi 3aBHCHIYtocrH
HafirH petrleHIi€ npflMol-i 3aAaqH, r. e. npH
THMaJIbHylo Hafpy3Ky arperaroB, To oHo
/i F5l (Q.ac)
. .i JL

--- PAGE BREAK ---

flc'6;r= const
ANaoa
PHc: 9-5. 3nepreravecrne xapat(repllcrl{'
KH [OTepb MoUliiocrll fHApOafpefarHoro
6.nora (a) H AHQSepeHqnaJlbHbte xapaK-
repr{crHKH (,5)
ANo-
Sa.f,r
dNXa', zA.6
0_)
Pac. 9.6. Pacqeruue ckeuu
rbr K arperara-rt f3C:
a-8- Bapl{a!{TbI c\e\I
ni 8)
TIOABOAa BO-
3 TaKOfi IIOC,,'IeAOBarenbHocTH :
M.ec ---, QFSI (r/rec) -* ## (0F5i I : -tt3 :
- da{a o 's - e:i" --* Q:i" - ff., (Q:i') * il., (Q:;").
dQ.,
flpelno"rOx(uM, r{To cXeMa IIOABOAa Bo.l,bt K arperaTaM f3C He
5ro.{Hag (prrc. 9.6). ,[,;is Bapl'iaHra cxe\{bl, IlpHBeAeilLloro FIa
plrc. 9.6,4, Bo3Mo)+(HbI ABa cayuax. flepnniri 9lyqafi, KorAa Ha f3C
O,tHFI BoAoBoA H ABa pa3tlblx rgApoafperaTa. Torla cHaqa71a Heo6xo-
InMo nocTpoHTb XapaKrept{cTI'IKy tloTepb AiVuort Ha yqaCTKe Or Ze.6
Aaqe.
Asa;torHr{Ho CaeAyer nocrynltTb n ilpH BapliaHTe cXeMbI Ha
puc. 9.6,6. Anq BapIlaHra cXeMbI, lpHBeAerlHoro Ha pHC. 9.6,4, H€'
o6xO,qprnno CH?{?r-I? BbIAeJI}lTb noTepu Hanopa Ha yqacTI(e Ze.6 - Ct,
.T. e. [DaKTHqecKH CBeCTI{ 3aAaIIy K BapHaHTy, npHBeAeHHOMy Ha
pHC. 9.6,6, a sareM K Bapnanry Ha pHc. 9'6,4- 
f3C RnnodulHfi cfiyqafr pacqera eHeprerlrqecKHx xapaKreTIlrHK
BaAaqH I npH nepeneHHbrx Bo BpeMeHI{ Haropax fAC H arperaro8
[r. e. Hrec (l) :var]. OuenuAuo, tiTo 3Aecb pex(llMbl ^ afperaroB
6y,qyt B3at.lMocBfl3aHbI, TaK KaK npH nlo6oM II3vreHeHltH Qsl Hs dQ"i
oArroBpeMeFrrto il3NleHfTcf rroTepl{ HaIIopa B cooTBeTcTByIOUFIX 3JIe-
190
.?o(Hn)
NleHTaX f3c B 3aBr.rcHMocTH oT ee TLifla, (pycnoeat{' rIJ]oTHFfttafl' AepH-
BarlHOIIrrzrl). 3rO 03HaqaeT, qTO npH OrlTllivll'l3aqllll BllyTpilCTaHi{Horl-
'rlrx pex(tti\.{oB f3C B ee eHepreinqecxorl XapaKTepHCTi'IKe I-leo6xo-
Ar{MO yr*rTbrBaTb HsMeHeHr4e HanopoB oT H3MeHeHHfi pe}KHMa Ka}KAOfr-}
a fpefaTa.^ 
cyu{ecrnyer raKxie H 83aHMOCBflsb pex(i,tMoB f3c BO BpeMeHl{,
r{ro ipe6yei HcrroJrb3oBaHHfl B pacqerax HHrerp a.[btibIX KpHrepHeB'
BH!.a (9.1)_(9.4) nnr< (9.14) B 3aBHCHMocrlI or 3aAar{H.
Btiure.6tr.rlO CKa3aHO, tiro OCHOBHafl 3aAaqa H O6paTHaf 83al{MO-
CBff3aHbI II B3aIiMO3aMeHfleMbi, T. e' pe[IeHHe Ailfl OAtlOfi 3a4'aqr MO]ti-
Ho HCrro.rrl,3oBarb r1rfl, peueHIiff' 83atIMOo6paruoi:r 3a1aq6. B cBfl3ll'
C 3TIIM AFIA,/']H3 METOAHKII ilOTYI{CTIHfl 3HCP|CTHqCCKHX XAPAKTCPHCT'II{
f3c B O6UIelr C.,'ryqae A,'rf 3aAaqg I 6yler,t npoB3AHTb Ha npgMepe
O6parHOri 3aIarlll, fle B IiaqeCTBe OIIpeAe''ltrrcUlefo napaN'leTpa IIC-
no.rb3yerctl pac.\oL f3C Qiec.
TpL6l,erin Haiirtl onrn1laJrltultli ycraHoBl{Blllhiicfl pexiuM f3C 33
T-i*-io rrp' zs.6:ze,.6azu.6:?*.60 14 HgBecTHoM cToKe qepe3 crBop
no KptlrepHIo (9.14) (3rec-* max) nPH 3aIaHHbix 3Heprernr{ecKHx
xapaKrepttcrnKax Kail(Aoro 3rana npeo6pa3oBaHIIfl 3HeprHH Anf f3C
lV rec - l" 'v.^.- f '. "'i:" 0,, ,,t tlt : o.J Qtt" (t)dt : 17 P36 - .J 1io ts r:o
(e.32y
B KaqecrBe nepeMeHHbrx lapaMerpoB npHi\{e}t Q'i(/) . flocraBJ-leH-
Haf 3a]aqa oTHocIiTCq K I\.1aCCy BapHauHoHHbIX c H3onepI{MeTpltqec-
Kr{Mll vciloBHf Mtl B npeAIIoJIOXieHHH yqeTa B yKa3aHHblx 3HepreTHqec-
Ki{x -\apaKTepHCTHKaX OrpaHHqeHllfi THna HepaBeHCrB' .'
3riirpevyu (9.14) Aocrliraercf Ha re\ xie 3ncrpeM a.rlffx, tITo Il
!=1" 
-"t'\ 
. ': rir 1r,. "i.t.S'"nr" 
r"'"i"-rtr'/'f,i'
'"l'tl'' f r' 
' " ' 'l ""i - 67*t '.'i 'u
:tt)idt - F (t) ct ) nax. (9.33)
HMEC MCCTO, CCflH I-1, 2,
. . . , zo ----:sricrpeMaJLr; T. e. B.itoJrb HHX 6yAer BbInoJlHflTbcfl yc{o^BJig
giirlpu -_ Heo6xoAI{.voe YC.'IoBHe 3Kcrpel\{yMa Q}'urUuoHaila (9'33) :
Fe^,-fioo;,:o; i-
' FQui: kFe'^r:#,
Ai.n ycraHoBHBuerocq pex{HMa (9.34)
ff 1p36:o; i-
19 4.et.r-t ' t
n' - dQat
\aj dt
3aflHtUeM:
\, 2,..., f ,
.(e.34)
(9.35),
(e.36)
(e.37)
191
HJI II
a'Irq, (Q"i): "' : 4fecQ'" (Qo..) : Lr=c: coilSt'

--- PAGE BREAK ---

VIs Sopr,r1,';ru (9,37) cJIeA)'er, qro orlrl4MaJlnuttti pelt(IiM paoornt
f3C coorneicrByer nocrosHuot't Harpy3Ke r,ApoarpefaToB, pacupe-
AeJIeHHOIi B COOTBercrBriH c r,rx au$QepeH[]1ar,'rbHbrMH [oKa3are,'rflMH,
yqHTbrBarctllliMLI OCO6eHFISCTH Bcero TeXHOJIOTHT{SCI(Op9 IIpOqeCCa npe-
"o6pusouuHLIs 3HePi-IiH Ha f3.^C:'Ecnn 
BMecro 
'croxa 
no (9.32) Ha f 3c 3aAaH pelKHM IIOIIyCKOB, ro
BMecro (9.36) vr (9'37) nonyutlM coorBercrBeHHo
!,ocraroqtIoCTb tlo1yqeHHti yc/lOBliil O6ecneq'HBaeTcfi rpe6oeaHnr'
MH BorH),rocrir ;1rrSQepeH{H?.,'IbHblx xapaKrepHcTHK q.t!cO. (Qt)'
flonyueuuan 3HepreraqecKafi XapaKrepHcrHKa fOC B Ide/IoM Mo-
)rieT HCnOJIb3OBaTbCfl npH OIITHIVIH3aIII4H pexil{MOB 3HeprOCHCTeDIbI. Ha
ee ocrroBe vroxiFio rroJryqr.rrb ",-rro6bie noiia3areJlH pexiHlla l3C H npeA-
craBHTb 3TH QynxqaoHaJIbHbIe 3aBHCI{MOCTH B 
"Iio6OM 
BI{Ae, B TOM
qHcr're H rpaoHr{ecKoM.
3aprerllu, ,{ro Bbrpax{eHHe (9.40) cnpaBeAJrHBo AJIff JIn6bIX f3C
H OTflHqaeTCfl HaJIHqHelv1 TOrO rIilH I'lHOrO 3Tana TeXHOJIOTHqeCKOIO
npoqecca. O6r{as qacTb ErIfl, BceX f3C - AHQOeperlUHaJlbHble Xa-
paKTepHcTHKV. fHApoafpefaToB I]pH 3aAaHHOM Ha[Ope Ha HHX, T. e.
q:[ (H ^)" Vqer Aorro"rHnrei-rbHLrx norepb BbI3oBer yBeruqeHne cyM-
MapHbix rrorepb u yMeHbuei{He luQQepeHr{HaJibHoro noKa3areJlfl
f3c q{rcq(Qrec), r. e. yxyArieHHe sHepferHriecKHX xapaKrepHc'
rur f3C B r{e"rroM tpr z0:coflst (p"c. g7).
fTolyueHHue lri$$eperiunaJbHbre xaparirepircrnKi-I f3C ].roi{.lHo t{c-
no"iib3oBarb 11 A,tfi ilcitlenr-ir ilpr-\rol't 3aAaqri. A"[n 3Toro HeoSxoAnuo
HafirH flrco(^Vrc,s) xax BerHqHHy, o6parnvio gfecq(Qr:c). [Ipil ercll pac-
Uer y'y';36 IIIOXIHO BeCTH HTepaqHOHHbli\I nyTeNI C HCIIO"T-Ib3OBaHHe}1 B Ka-
qecTBe nepelreHHor'r Qp36. B orAe"lrHbrX c;'t!9arix Bo3ltoiliHo npeAcraBJ'Ie-
HIIe gF:." (Mrac) u B rpa$HqecKoM BuAe.
3aAaqa I A.nc c.'tyqas, KorAa He Bb'rnoJrHflrorcc AocraroqHHe ycnogHfl gKcrperly-
ilra paccftrarpHBaeMoro KpHTepHc onrHnaJlbHocrH. 3ror c-'ty,tait ocodeHso xaDalirepeH
A.'Iq EblCOKOHaI]OptlL'tX pafl]aJbH0-OCeBb,lx rHi.pOafperaTOB.
3ra:alaqa ff8,1r{ercr{ rtejroqircJenrroji.:.a;xe npir 3a.l.aHHo}r tntc.te pa6oranull.r
arperaroB n !{o;{er 6uru HaH6o.ree:QSenrriBHo peuieHa ueroAaMtt A}tl{avttqecKoro
nporparrullpoBeHlrfi r{,Tu BerBeir lr rpaunu. .il,rq noBblueHrtr roqltocrtl pacqeroB cne-
.{,yer rro.rb3oBarbcR xapaKTep}rcr}rKa-\ur norepb MourHocrn AA'" Hi-IIt pac.\oi,a AQ"
B arpefarax.
3aAaqa 2. Onrnmnsaqils BHyrpHcraHIIHoHHbIx pelKHMoB fAC B
r.IeJroM. Oua coorBercrB.yeT noHCKy onrlrMaJrbHoro qlIcJIa H cocraBa
pa6oraroulHx nrrApoafpefaroB npH 3aAaHHoM cnoco6e pacilpeAefleHHfl
MOLT.IHOCTH HirH paCXOAa MeX(Ay HHMI{.
Burue 6ulo noKa3aHo, qro yqer norepb MouinocrH B 3iteMeHTa-\
'TexHonofHqecKoro npoqecca f3c cBoAlrrcfl JRITIIb K BHeceHHto nonpa-
BOK B XapaKTeprrcTHKlr rHApoarpgraToB. B ces:H c 3TI{rvr paccMoTpHM
oco6eHHocrn peiueHnrr gana.r.l 2 4ns Han6onee npocroro H HarnsA-
HOrO CJryqar, KofAa rpe6yercfl onTHMaJrbHhrM o6pasou PacrpeAeJrHTb
i/rgc (i) no KpHrepHrc (9.8) npn .F/2;(f) : H^iU):coilst. PacnpeAe-
JreHHe Harpy3K!{ AJrfi Ka}KAO|O 3aAaHHO|O BapHaHTa qr{CJra rr COCTaBa
afpefaroB npoH3BeAeM no (9.24). I-IpeanoJrolKHM, qTo BKJrroqeHHe-or-
KJIioqelrI{e afperaToB npoHCXo"l[rr MfHoBeHHo, T. e. nycKoBbIe noTepfi
pacxoAa paBFrbr Hyflro.
flyctr Ha I'3C ycranoBileHbr rprr pa3Hbrx no xapaKrepr.IcruKaM
arperara c oAnHaKoeoir ycraHoBneFrr{oir MotqHocrlro lVovc'. IIps srorvl
BO3MOXiHbI pa3rrrrrlrbre BaprraHT6r 83al.rMHoro pacnonox{eHHR a6co-
JIrorHbrx u 4uclrQepeHquaJrbr{brx xapaKTepHc'frrK a,rperaroB. Ocrauo-
BllMcfl JIHulb Ira Halr6o,ree npeACTaBHTeJIbltoM, c HailJel't roqKil 3peHHff,
(e.38)
(e 3e)
(e.40 )
Pacqer
3HeprlitI IIa
BAHIIEM NOC
,t{ecq^ (Q.) cxeAyer
f3C no xaPaKrePrcrH
ne.e'!'rculHx rupa ;*ieHuti :
a ( 'vl"A -
dffrsc - 
\- "
dQat dQ'
npori3 3oLiiT
KaM noTepb
n\
{-l .rr \), Alv; I
/-ttl I
J-r /
.
I
b c vqerolt 6a.taHca r{oulHocrn tI
MOIII.HOCTH H.III{ paCXOAA C HCnOJ'ib3O-
a;noA fl .
: t;;^ - $ d^'vd -
102 U dQai
i=1
HNOArr
rnrtlvz
- tr qi;\ (Qr)
cJrY
: ql:cq (Qr:c)'
rAe qia\ (Qi) _4n@eperrU,aJrbHbre noKatraTeJrn 3TanoB TexHororasecKoro npoUecca
f 3c.
4,rs B'ny*Jrbrx xapa*rep'cTHK Ar-^{' (a'l 4uQ$epeuUnarl bHan xapaKrepl{crllKa
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(e.3e).
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: q:.\^(Qrec)--* Nrut - glsc q (Qtec)'
{e.40)
192 l3-6,110 193

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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(pnc. 9.8).
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rHApOarperaToB HepaIIHOHaJIeH B AHana3OHe lVrec OT lVrrtant AO
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M|HOBeHHO. Lns yrleTa lananca pacxoAoB afpefaToB MoxHo npeA-
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nycKa afpefara pacxoA H norepH f3c MeHflorcfl or rot{KH A AO h
rro nHHef{Hony 3aKoHy (pnc. 9.9). 3ro oesaqaer, qTo B 3oHe 0M sHa-
qerrHe 9;36 n0crofHHo.
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paKrepr{crrrKr{ f3c.
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13* 195

--- PAGE BREAK ---

9rac
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196
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arperarari 6y;r,er paBeH
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Aocrrirarb 0,5-5 o/0.
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197

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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anU):Q,,z(/) : :Qn,(l) :Qvc(t)-I(l), (9.52)
dffo" dQHc
rAe 4n : lQ: Ann pacrpeAerieHr{ti QHc(/) tL Qu: 7ffi A.4n pacrlpe-
AerleHIifl i/Hc (l).
!,ocraroqHocrb no.{yqeHnbrx ycJroBHfi 6yler cnpaBerrHBa roJibKo
A"rrfl pa6ouefi 3oHbr Harpy3oK o6parair,tutx AptaroHaJIbHbIX tI oceBbIK
rfiAp otvt aIrrHH.
Bur6op onrriuaJrbt{oi-o qHcJia H cocraBa pa6orarottrHx arperaroB
HC npoIt3BoAHTCs, rai( xte KaK H Anfl fOC, no xapal(TepHcrliKal{
norepb B arperaTax. 3rrr x(e xapaKTepHCTuKII oilpeAerqlor H ToqKIt
Brir IoqeHHfi -oTKJIIOqeH Ii fi a f pef aToB.
B Kaqecree flpr{il{epA }{a pHC. Ll2,a npericraB.,,TeHbt xapal(re.pllcrll-
KII :r{aJloarperarHoti (z-3)-l-ic HJI14 }tacoc}loro pexillMa f*\3C c
o6parnuuluir oceBbrMr.i rlrApoMafirHnaMI.r npu t'ts:const II H"i(t) :
199
I
/.^
J: J QHc(l) dt) max.
fq
(e.50)
(e.51)
lJ . = rnni!' ,tl
n -nnnql-,'H-ue"rL

--- PAGE BREAK ---

: flol(t) :const H 3aAaHuoM Herpep_brBrrolr rpa0uxe Hnc(t) . Ha
pIIC. 9.I2,6 floKa3aH o6qriii BH!. g^ (Mri.) nnn 3".rer(TpocraFrr{tili c o6-
paTLI11bII{l{ {l.I2fOH8;'IbHbIMH r}tApOMarrjHi{aMH, r,i}IeiOUIrrMH HeCI(OabKc
apy'roit BHA, qervr Arq oceBbrx rHApoMaultrH.
Ecna B TorjKe BKJrroqeHHfl cJreAyioqero arperaTa norepu A,rV* ll,rlr
Qs6 ll3MeHflIorcfi cxaqxoo6pa3uo, To Ha xapaKTeptrcruKe orHocrrTeJrb-
rlofo rrpHpocra craHqHH Heo6xoAtrtr yr{eT 3Toro o6crosre,rrbcrBa, TaK
x{e KaK H Anq f3C.
9.3. 3HEPTETHIIECHF{E XAPAKTE?IICTHKI/I f 3Y
C O.qHHAltOBhlM!,i ArpEfATAtdH
floctaHoexa o6qeir 3a.qaqH ortTriM]i3aqHfi BHyrprrcraHqnoHHbr;r
pexirnvroB f3y 3,r,ecb rro;'rHocrbro coB[aAaer c onlrcansofi B $ g.2.
EflrHcreeHHbrlr, Ho cytqecrBeHHbtli or;urqireM 6v,ler oAHHaKoBocrb
sireprertrqecxrix xapaKTepricrrrK rrifpoarperaroB. B Eror,r cr).qae pac_
nPeAenenlte Harpy3I(H HIyH pacxora f3y ilreirir!' BKJrroqeHnbrlrrr ai-
pgraTaMH .il.oJli{iHo BcerAa npoHCXOj(PITb paBHOMepHo. 3ror TprrBt{arb-
Hufi BbIBoA creAY€T H3 aHaJIH3a Heo6xo.{nrvrbrx y'ciroeHfi onrrrMa.ribiro-
CTH PACNPCACJICH}ICM TIA|PY3KH HJTH PAC.\OAA H O.IHHAKOBOCTII XAPAK.
TepHcTHKH rlrlpoafpefaToB, T. €.
//:!J : Nr=clf. (9.53)
cocrae BK"rloqeHHoro o6opyaoBaHHr 6es yqeTa cpartropa HaAelr(-
HOCTH He B,THfieT Ha gKOHOI,tr.tqHOCTb pe){tHMa.
A"rs raKIIx f3C Becb:!{a yro6rro npefcraBi'reHrre rrx srreprer6qec-
Knx .\apaKTeplrcrtrK B rpa$HvecKoM BrrAe Ailr pz3,,1IrHHbrx yc,ronlrii
pa6orsr: rprr H ^,(l) - Hai(l) :const, f{r=, (i) : H u.at (/i:const
TIT T.
-^IaccMorpliM oco6euuocru sHepnerlrsecxnx xapaKTepncrrrK AJrtI JU c Hauoo.ryee npocrofo cnyqar, 4l:(): H^i$). B xa,{ecrBe np}r.Mepa paccil{orpHM rvairo-arper-arHyro f3c (z:3). Eyr." crfirrarb 3a-
AaHHbrM rpaQlrx l/rac(l), rpu sToM He 6yAelr yqrrrr,rBarb orpaHlr-I{eHHfl no qHc"ny nycKoB-ocraHoBoK afperaroB }{ Ilorepsu AQn.
Heo6xortHMocrb nvcKa-ocraHoBKH arperaTa, Kaii rr pun.a, 6yle_lr
oilpeAeJiflrb tlo pa6oua,u xapaKrepl{crgKaM HJrLr xapixrepflcrnKa}r
rroTepb.
xapai(repHcrrrK AMa (/V") H Q. (i/") coorBercrBeirHo wa 2 H B. Taxllivr
o6pasou, rrc6ofi "{ys, [poBeAeHiirlli H3 Haqana KoopAHHar, Aonxie]rfiepeceKarb xapaKTepHCTHKH norepb w pacxoAHbre z0:2 !r z0-8.B ro'{rax, opAll}tarbf H a6cquccu Koropbrx nponopqHpHaJrbHbr ]rex{Ayco6oir:
AMrecl I A/V;-s6.,: ArVpr.r: ly'reci :ffr:cz: /Vrac:: I : 2 :3;
Qr;cr :Qrac:: Qrec.r : y'y'rscr : ffrscr: rVpu* : I :2:3.
200
Pa6o.{aq xapar(repir.icTHiia oAnoro rnApoarperara npu s_} qz:3 61'Ier nepeMerrlarbcn no ropHgoHTaJrH, r. e. fiptr Tr3ci :
* l.scr: ?ir3ce coorBercrByrotqr{e H}r N{oudHocrr{ 6yeyr orHocr{Tbcff
/y'recr :A/rsCz tffrecs : I : 2 :3.
To xe caMoe 6yaer rpoHcxoArrrb H c xapar(repHcrrrxr.rri qlj.(tr).
orciorla oqeBru.eH BbrB{A; npH nocrofl}rHoM Harrope arperaroB MaK-cHrvla.;IbHoe 3Haqetttie Kll{ npH yBe.11Hr{eHHr{ ,rurc,,rb pa6brarorqnx ar-peraroB lie H3\.reHqercfi.3ro o3Haqaer, qro r),{, npoeeAeHFrtrfi H3HaqaJIa KOopAHHaT r{epe3 TOqKy {a:MZKC, AOIIX(eH KaCaTbCfl xapaK_
TepHCTITK AA'r;c(Mrec),^ z7_1, 2, 3. To'xie caMoe MoiKrro cKa3aTbH npo xapaKrepucrnKn Qrsc(ffr:c)
Toqir"lt BI{.,'rioqeHlrs 2-ro il B-ro ri-r{paflpperaroB oIpeAe.r.Ifliorcfl KaKflepeceqeHrie xapaKrepucrr.rK norepb A.rrr s_1, z_2 yt z_2, z_gcoorBercrBeHrio. Perueuueivt 3aAaqH flBJrfiercff To qI{cJro BKrroqeHHblxI'IlApoarperaroB, rioropoe -{LH_ saAaHHor,.{ iVr:c o6ecne,rusaer rvfHHX_vtyM AAtr:c r{ il{ar(cr{il(yM IInf fOC; *u _p*.. 
-g.13 
o, 
-/\r;.;: 
O ;;TorrKl a z0:1, ot a,il,o b za:2 H earelr zo'- 3.
Bc"ryercrnHe roro tITo Affrsc(ffr'cc) rir\{eer B ror{Kax BKJTroqe}r'.qc/reAyrorqero arperara ir3JroM, ro g,_r. (//r-ec) B orirx x(e ToqKax H3_
lvlelltiloTctt cxa'Ixoo6pa3ilo (plrc. 9.13). Caulr )r(e XapaKrepricrHKlr
I 4'rs c
AQrsc
Hc.=csnSt
ANTOT'"
(Jrrl-f'
AQnc
Ilruc
0rec
-4
-T
,oJ'
' HAKC
I
7r3c N
g'rdr"
Pac. 9.13. 3Hepre;riqccK;rc xapaKrepH-
crHKn f3C c o.r,trHarioBblrr !r ru.lpoarpe-
naTaN{H npii onTH}{a..ibHor{ BKI[or]eHHH
[.,1fl H":6gps[
Psc. 9.14. 3uepreru:iccilre xaparireDr{-
crnKri f3C c o;lHHrrioBbrI{r{ .*airo-
a rp eraTa !r{il npH HcOnTIl }ra,'ibHO}r BK.qto_geHIit{ I."tfl ffa:ColSt
a ^ r,l''ldKC
i\ \ \
\\.-)
201

--- PAGE BREAK ---

I
grec(ffpc) (z-1, 2, 3) nepeMell{alorcff, KaK I'I pa6oqge, npli yBe-
.rrHqeHlit.i qHCJIa Bl{rioqeHHbix rHApoafpefaroB IIo fopll3oHTa,{Li.
Orvreruu oAHy Bax(Hyro oco6eHHocrb paccMorpeHFIbIX xapat{repnc-
THK: rrpH yBeJiHqeHr,rH qHcra BKflTOqeFIFIbIX fllAp0afperaToB KalKAbIiI
nocneAyrcu1ufi BKJ'uoqaercfl npn 6olnureu KnA 3ro o6'ancnnercfl
3HaqHTeJrbHbrM yMeHb[IeHHeM IOJIO|OCTII padOUnX H paCXOAHbIX Xa-
paKTepHCTHK, a raKlKe xapaKTepHcrlIK norepb f3c. orcioAa cJleAyer,
rrTo yfor HaKJroHa xapaKTepHCTHKtr rroTepb H./,1H pacxoAHbrx xapaKTe-
p,HCTHK K ocH y'y'rec ilpH BK,'IioqeHLII:l 2-ro H 3-ro rHApoarpefaroB
yMerrbiuaercr (Kng pacrer) . Crer:,crBrieM sroro fln.,'Irercr yil,reHblrle-
HHe tto a6corrorHoi{y sHaqeHHro cKaqKa Ha xapaKTepHcrHI(e orHocH-
TeJrbHbrx rrpHpocroe fOC npu yBeJrHqeHHrr qucJra pa6orarcIr{Hx rriApo-
arperaroB. Ec,rrr coeAHHHTb Melr(Ay co6ofi Bce BepxHHe !I HtijKHHe
TOTIHII 3ABIICHMOCTH qrSC(ffrAC), TO IiO-'I\/qCFII-IbIC IiPHBbIC AB H CT,
AoJrx(Hbr npH npaBHirbHoM HK rrocrpoeHr{rr c6;tit;i<arbcr iIo vlepe yBe-
nHr{eHHfl Nrec.
PaccuorpeHHafl KaprnHa 6yeer HMerb Lrecro rrpH onrnMaJbHohl
Iio A//rec HJIH 1.u" BKJIToqeHHH rHApoarperaToB.
Ha pnc. L14 npeAcTaBJreH clyuair,-KorAa onrHMaJrbHoe BKJIroqeHHe
HeBo3Mox{Ho H3-3a orpaHnrreHarl tro iVrrtar". Bx"rroqeuiae 2-ro t{ 3-ro
raApoarperaroB 3,{,ecb npor{cxoAuT He B ToqKax a u b, KaK Ha
pHc. 9.13, a J'IeBee LIX rtpH ly'rnarcc H 2iV"rtaric.
CleAcrerteN,r 3roro ffe,,,'tflrorcfi cKaqKrr AMgsc, rir=c,Qr:c lt gf-j. e rou-
Kax BK.{ioqeHr{r 2-ro rr 3-ro rLrApoarperaroB. Xapaxrepr{cTHI(a oTHocrl-
Te,r-lbHbrx npHpocroe f3C B 3THX x(e roqKax fi\,Ieer <<croJ[6oo6pasuoo>
tr3i\reHeHHe groc, pacqeT KoTopofo npolr3BoAr{Tcfl cofJIacHo cxe\re, pac-
c.il'rorpenHoft e $ 9.2 H na puc. 9.9. 3uaqeHr4fl qrcc B roqKax orr(r'roHe-
HHfi rnApoarperaroB c yBeJlr{qeHfierr z 6y;ryr yueHbularbcrl B cBr3rI
c WeHbueHI{eM a6co.nrcrsoro 3HaqeHl-rfl cKaqKoB Ha Affrac(l/rec).
Ectectneuuo, .ITO tlocrpoeHHbre 3HepferHriecKHe xapaKTepHcrHKrr
fOC Ao.[x{Hbr 6urn rio,/'IHocrbio coritacoBaHbr Apyr c ApyroM. I-ipo-
Beprry STofo HeTpyAHo BbrrroJrHHTb c r{croJrb3oBaHneu oco6brx pe?KHM-
HbIX TOqEK.
iltero,q, rr a xo){iAe n r{fl To qeK BK"T Ioq eH Hfl af p enaro B, ilpeACT a B.r e n rt rtrl
Ha pHc. 9.13, eQserrnnen flHuJb AItfl il{aJroarpefarHbtx fAC. Ec.nu
paccMarpnBarorcrr MHoroarperarHbie fOC, To B oror{ cryqae irytlure
HaxoAlrTb Tor{KH BK"irrcqeHHq arperaroB Ha ocHoBe cJreAyForrILIx coo6-
pa>xeunft. B roqxe nepexoAa or z K (z*1)-*y arperary Nrec ocra-
eTCfl rrelr:uenHofi, H3MeHfleTcfl JIHUJb lIarpy3Ka rialKAoro arperara B
OTACJIbHOCTLI, T. C.
N u"z : ff"{r+rl (. * 1) : l/rEc,
N ^, : Nreclz; N o(r+,) : ilrec lQ * l).
Be;rr.iqriurt l{^1,1 I{ l/21211y HZ ocHoBe (9.54) HaxoAflrcfl B c/reAyro-
u{e}r coorHoujerrHH Apyf c ApyfoM:
A/ - ir z
"a(z*r) 
-j"az-
-11
(e.5s)
(9.5,r)
T. e. npH pocre qLrcra BKJrr.oqeHHbrx afpefaroB Hafpy3Ka HX 6yle,r
yMeHb[rarbcq tio cpaBHeHHro c uarpyexor? arpefaroB Ao BKJTroqeHHs
cJleAylou{ero arpefaTa. Tax, ilp1t z:l Nuz:0,5tV*1, npt{ z-2 ly'r3:
-2l31Vu:, IlpLr Z-3 .Vn+:3/4!,{us H T. 4. I4cnolb3oBaFI[{e CoorHoue-
Hllfi (9.54) no3BoJirer rtaxoAllrb Tor{KH BKJIroqeHr.rR arpefaroB c rro-
Nrorrlbro pa6oveft xapaKrep'HCrHKrr oAHoro afpefara . Ann srofo He-
o6xo,],ltuo ;llllub flepecrporirb ! a(z*l) rrpr'r 7: I B HoBbre Kpr-{Bbre,
cBfl3btBarcuIHe co6ofr i/a(z*l) c I,/^, c yr.reroM (9,54) . To'{xLr ilepece-
r{eHLIfl HX c pa6ouefr xapaKTepticruxorl oAHOro arperara r{ onpeAeJTrrror
co6oir lt.tll 'Vr1"-;1i, t{.rti A/.. B Toqtia-\ nepexoAa or o-r,}tofo qticJla af-
perarcB K rp)'folri, (prrc. 9.15).
To.{i{o raK )I\e ivroiriHo nat?rtt KoopArrHarbl ToqeK BI(JrroqeHlrff arpe-
raToB r{ I]o xapaKTeprrcTi{Ke noTepb.
PacclrorpnM Teflepl o6qni:r B]iA ocHoBHbrx 3HeprernqecKtrx xapaK-
T€pHCTIIK fOC c oAtiHaKoBbtMti arperaralrr.i Aafl HecKoirbKnx :uaqerixfi
H a nopoB:
HJ: Hilf : H ,1 H)'; Hi3t' : H,> Hy .
vlg aHa.rrrr3a, npoBeAerrHoro B rJr. 8, cneAyer, qro nprl yMeHbue-
HHH HanOpOB pa6ovrre xapaKTepHCTtrKH ar.pefaroB, riaK npaBrrJro,
cABHfalorcfl flo 3Haqetnuo na]taKc B cropoFly efo yMeFIbLUeHnfi B 30Hy
ilIeHbuitx Hafpy3ot(. C.,'Ie,(crBireivt 3Toro flBrrflercq ro, r{To 6eg y'ueri
orpaHH'IeHltir pexiHMa KoopAIIHarbr roqeK BK.ryrcqeHHfi arperaroB npH
yMellbueHltll Hanopa raK)Ke nepeMerrlarorcfl B 30Hy il{eHbuIrrx 3Haqe.
ruuir. ,IIuHrru BKJIioqeHlrfl npri 3roNr Ha Qrec(Alrsi) AoJrx*rbl 6nrn
rAe
202 203

--- PAGE BREAK ---

&rt.
tI JL
q --^
Afl.rc
48 rsc
AN,
AQ
u nQKC',4
nP
lrl
ng
I
Qsc,
Qri,:c u MUH2 3+ No,
Psc. 9.15. Pacqel r(oopAHHar roqeK
onTHM a"lbH or0 B KJIrcqeHHff-OTKr-ItOr{eH Hs
afperaToB |IO pa6oqefi xaparrepHcrHKe
Nuc r N r.^.ic
HIUH
florepH Nror.rrHocra B tsoAonpoBoArulxx coopyxeHHffx rgc 1roxrHo yqerb nyre.\.r
BHeceHHfl nonpaBoK B eHepfernr{ecKae xapaKTeprIcrHKH np4 Hu:coflst. !,.nx sroro
caeAyer BHaqane norrlHTb xapaKTepHcrrfKH Bcex norepb Anfl pa3Horo qHcra BKnro-qeHHb{x afperaroB (nyrev HX cyvMlpoBaHnff npn ,VfeC:const) H 3are}r no H}tM
onpeAenHTb ToriKH BKnroqeHHfl arpefaToB.
,{rr yuera H3ueHe*rrn zs.a(Qrec) nn$ Qx.c6p - o 
" ze.6:qonst(ffF3t - const)
Mc)IilIo BocnoJlb3oBaTbcfi cJle/lyroqHM aflrop:4Tlfoj\t Anfl n*otasnofi pycnoBoi{ I-3C, rle
Hur + Hrgc n ArV*a ---+ 0.
flpu 2".6: coflst 3HaqeHfie f/a(//r3c) Molxer 6uru uafiAeuo Eprr HcnoJrb3oBar{}r}r
pacxoAHbrx xapaKreprcfl.rx I'3C gm AAra*(ffred -
flpu Qp36:0 sna.tewu.e H^: HflS. TorAa, 3a4aBaflcb Qrec: /, Haxo4lru po
ea.o(QH.o) 3HaqeHHe za.a(A), a cneAoBarer'rbHo, w Hr(A). Ha pacxo4Hori xapaxTe.
percTHKe l3C onpeaeJlfieu ABa 3gaqennq Hanopog, il$riAy KoroprJlrir HaxoAL-Tcff ttaU).
Toraac}'qeToi\1tpop.rrya.ryggefiHoittIttTepfIoJlFtlllt'iloXt|oHaijrirrVp"6(zo'o,l).
204
tlu*uu oepattuqeHur: 4rsc
A-no eeHepanoly; @-no ngpfue
Pnc. 9.18. 3xcn,ryarar{HoHHar xaDaK-
TepHcrHKa f3C c oAHHaKoBr{^vH arDe-
TATAMII
Pr.rc. 9.I9. 3neprerHqecKne xapaKrcprr-
crHKH HacocHoro pex(Hlra fA3C c o,t,H-
HaKoBhrIlH oceBbtyH (a) rr AHaroHa.Tb-
HbrMrr (6) arperaralrH
Paccivcrpee Becb Bo3Aroxsufi Aqana3oH Qr3c, fiocrpourr{ ep3q(,Vrcc, ee.6).. Tosrn,
nepexoAa ct z K (z f l)-ry arperary Ha psc. 9. 16 onpeAetfirorcrr KaK nepeceqeH*e
Qprs(i/rccze.o) c .THHHEMH nepexoAa Ha Q1-3q(i/p3c, fi^).
flplr Ha,riivr{rr xoirocrsrx c6pocoB pacrrer Qrec (ffrg c, zs.6) aHarorHqe' pac-cMorpeHHoHy ai'lropttrlvly, Ho K Qtgc cneAyer ao6aeHrs Q"..op Anq pac{iera zx.c.Vqer Q,-.ap ttau6oaee ]nAo6elt npll rtanHqHH rJanopHbrx xapaKTepHcrHK f3C (cvr.f,'r. ll). Pac.roAxue l{ Apyrue .\apaKreprrcrHKH foc c yqeTo,\r B Hrx e.r.cop, KzlKnpasHno, He cTpoflrcff.
PacxoAsue -\apaKTepucrr{Ku f3C, rocrpoeHubre AJrfl ,"tl[o : const n zf,uf.::coflst, _o6uquo HaHocsTcfl Ha sxcflnyarailnoHHbre xapaKrepn"aa"n*n l3C n cJlyxarsepxneft u ilnxHeri rpauuuefi npenerrbHbrx pexrfMoB pa60rar f3c no Haflopy H MOut,irocru (puc. 9.18).
Fcirtt pexlt'ltu f3c orpaHHqeHH ,,oKaKr{M-,TH6o ycloeHrM AJrfl MaJrbrx Ha.py3oK,To npH yqere ts lrenoM Bcex paccMorpellHblx orpaHr'rqeHHfi ua aKcnnyaraquorilroli
xapaKrepKcrnxe.norlyqaercq 301{a AonycrHMbrx pexiu,vbe pa60ru f3c (pric. g.lg)-
' SHeprerHqec*He -xapaKrepHcrHKlr Hc H rAoc c oAr{HaKoBhrMHarperaraM*. B ryp6HHHoM pextyq fAac He 6yler r.rM;;;'HrrKaKHxoco6eHHocreir no cpaBHeHr{ro c_f3c, KpoMe rofo qro Hanop H2.6n HZfAOc HecoBMerqeHHoro rH''a gyaer'sae'cerr He croJrbKo or ernoc,cKorrbKo or ft6(t) w 2t1.6(t). 3saqeHue x<e Qr.rec olr." 
"rn"oro 
noLl{ roA (Qr.rsc).BHA 3ireprerrrqecKrx xapaKrepliti,tn '-iast 
B rvD_
.NucrN r^zc
,,llun
6) l{tc, Nrnc
6)
Ps_c. 9.17. llocrpoeHHe sKcrrryarauHog-
HoH xapaKrepHCrHKH fOC c oAHHaKo_
86IMH arperaTatifH
Nr:c
Pnc. 916. 3HeprerHqecxue xapaxrepHclr-
rcs f3C c oAHHaKoBbrlrE arpeiararru npu
fleperreHHoM Hanope
ll
F.J
ti.$i
:i
:1,
tl
"*t9l
=l
.#i
ilr
I
{
x
,;i
,i
;l
Hol,
Hzlt
zo.d= i'lai<c (
)it
:,;ii 5
trili
-o- z
ZUD

--- PAGE BREAK ---

6nsgolr pex{r.rMe 65r;ter aHa.[orr{rreH paccMorpeHHbIM BbI[Ie Arr IIro-
rlrHHbrx fAC.
Cnasaurioe orHocarcr H r ryp6nnHoMy pelKHMy n3C nnn fOC -
|AOC. 3naqare"nbHbrMr{ oco6enHocrflMn 6yayr o6naAatr JIHtub HC
HJrH HacocHbre peilir.IMbl fA3C.
Ans o6parur'rr,rx paAHaJibHo-oceBblX afperarcB, pa6oraroqlix Ha
6o.qr,urne soAoxpaHuJIHIqa, Ho 6yle'r ilpaKTHrIecKH nocroqHeH. Per"u"-
JrHpoBaHpre rtoAaqr{ Mo}Ker ocyqecrBJrflTbcf JIHlnb qHc,'IoM pa6oraio-
u{HX arperaroB. SneprerHrlecKHe xapaKTepHCTHKLI B 3ToM cnyvae 6y-
Ayr npeAcraBJIeFIbI MHox{ecrBoM Tor{eK (//H., Qnc) npfi z:var. SrLi
rorrKlr Jrex(ar Ha oAuorl npnlrori, coeAuusmu{eii HX c Harla.i'IoM Koop-
AHHar. Ecnu zro u z'.0 H3MeHflIorcfl Bo BpelteIIH tt iio pacxogy HC,
ro xapaKTepHCrHKa HC 6yrer npeACraB,TeHa B BHAe orpe3KoB Kpti-
Bbrx, coorBercTByroqlrx z- var.
n -- ^^^^A.'rfl ooparrrl,tbrx A[rafoHar.lbHblx u oceBbrx rr,lApor,tauIHH nocrpoe-
Hrre xapaKreprcrnr< HC HIrn HacocHoro peiKlrva fA3C AoJrx(Ho npo-
HCXoAltTb aHaIOrHr{Ho paCcMoTpeHHbINI BbIuJe Cv'I}I{Afl}I ,{,.r'Ifl f3C. Hs-
MeHlrrcfl Jrnrrrb BHerrrHrrfi, eHA 3THX xapaKTepHcrHK.
Ha pHc. 9.19,a npeAcraBrreHbr ocHoBHbIe sHeprerHqecKHe xapaK-
repHcrHKH HC c rpeNlfl oAHHaKoBbIMH oceBbnvtn HacocaMa npII pg_3'
Hblx 3HaqeHl{ffx H ^:const: oT fI*ntxu - H I Ao H r*u*t: 77 r. Ha
prrc. 9.19,6 npeAcraBJreHbr anSSepeHr.{HaJrbHble xapaKrepHcrrlKrI HC
c Tpe!1f oAHHaKoBbIluH AHafoHaJIbHbrilrr{ Hacocauu. !,ln 3TIIX afpefa-
TOB OCTa,'rbHbre XapaKTepHcrHKH L,nfl pa6oueir 3oHbI npaKTHr{ecKH
aHaJofHqHbI oceBblIl afDefaTaM-
rIABA IO
HA NOPHbIE XAPAKTEPHCTIIKH
rHgpo3HEPrETHr{ECKtlx yCTAHOBOK
H METOgbl HX PACLIETA
r0.1. o6Lt{}'tE nono}HEHHtl
ilod uanopHbtlttt xs.paKrepucruKailu f3C tloHuit.atuT salucuttocrb
Hanopo Ha i-n eudpoaepeear€ Hui n/tLL Hanopa H& '1rtorce QAC)
Hrec or pacxoda ao}ot I HufltHea 6uele Qn.o. Arq coMKHyrbIX Kac-
KaAOB Han0p 3aBHCr.rr H Or zs;6 noAfiHparorqeft f3c. HanopHne xapaK-
TepHCTHKH CTpOflTCfl npr.r ycJIoBHH 3aAaHI{O|O nOABeAeHHOTO Han0pa
HJlH ypoBHf noAoxPaHHJII'Iula AaHHol'I f3C, r- E. za,6:const'
Ocb6enHocrbro rexHoJrorHrrecKoro rpoqecca f3C flBJIflercfl ro,
3TO|O, CyUIeCTBeHHOe 3l.laqeHLIe flpll onpeAeneHlll.l oIITI{rv'taJIbllbIX pe-
i+iHMoB'fOC Hryreer yqer xapaKTepa 3aBI.tct{Mocrn IIanopoB or pacxo-
206
AoB fOC H xo./'rocrnrx c6pocon, a raKx{e oT ypoBHr BepxHero 6ne$a,roAnopa H MHoTHX Apyrnx Saxropon.Oqeer.rAl-io, He rpe6yer AoKa3are"rlbcrB To o6croqreJlbcrBo, rrro
Harop Ha fHApoafpefare lr f3c. 6yaer B sHaqHre,rlrsorl Mepe onpeAe-flqrbcfl peiKHMoM ocHoBlloro o6opyaoBaHHfl f3C. flpamHvecKH sroo3Haqaer, rITo saAaHHyrc Harpy3Ky lVrsc MolKHo rroKpbrTb pa3flHq_HbIMH cnoco6altll c roqKa 3peHufl ilorepb [oABeAeHuor? urourHocrg ]r",,rH. pacxoAa.
Hara6olee )Kellae*,tsui pe;rlrM c rvr'HHrvryNroru yKa3aHHbix norepb i\rox'oo6ecneqltrr 't]/TeNl rIoAAepxiaHi{r MaKCH}raJrbHoro Bo3Mo}riHoro Hanopa
Hu tlnn IJrec npH 3HalreRrrrrx QFSA H IF5l, o6ecneqHBarou{rix 3a;1arrHyro
Haf py3r(y ffrec. vee,raqesile Qr:c rro cpaBHeHliro c orlTr.iNra.rlbHbr]1 FreH3-
,6,9ryo_1oBi'reqer sa co6ofi cH'ixt.rine Hu run^ irn,;-il;;; c Hrrr\rH rlnrr/-{ I JL, T. e. 3TO Bbr3oBer fioBbrureHrre noTi]pb Ha r3C.
Hanop ffu ocodeHHo cBfl3aH c i$Senrr-rBHocrbro BHyTpr{craHu}ioH-HO|O pei(HMa AepHBauHoHHbrx f3C, Hil{erctl{Hx CJrOX(Hylo'c*.lry ror_BOAa BOAhr K rrlApoafpefaraM.
Harruqlre Haroprrbrx xapaKrep'crHK roc [osBor-fleT 6oree Kop-peKTHO Ha3Haqarb BFrvrpHcrauqroHuufi pex(r4r!{ o60pyAouaHHfl rr pe_x(HNrbr 3neKrpocraHr{sfr B ueJroM B 3HepfOCHCTeMe. fl6iaelHee cBfl3aHoc Bo3MolKHocrblo rlorB;l0HHfl cBfl3aHuoi-r LrorqHocrH f3C fio HaIIopynprr 11'14r!, a raliliie orpaHriqessoli rponycKHoir cnoco6Hocrg ar-peraroB f3c rpr'i Kall<Aol{ sHaqefiHrl nu19p1. fIpH 
"unnun,, Heycra-FIOBHBLUCIOCfl IB}iX(CH[Ifl BOIbI B SSCSAX f3C OfHO3HAqHOCTb HAIOP.I{bl'x.xapaKTepHCT}lK reprercfl r{ r{x rpeAcraBJeHHe B rpaQuuecxoluRlrxe FIe Bcefr.a paqr{oHar'rbrro. B :ron c",'I}{3e rreo6xoAl,"b n,anoJ,rb30_BAIiHC HX N{ATC}IATHqCCKOii iUOACIU, KOTOPAfi, TAK iXC KAK H AJI. YC'A-HOBHBLLIEfOCff PCiI{IIMA, NPAKTHqCCKH PC,'ACT 3AAAqY ONTHMH3AI{HRBHyTpHCTaHI{HOHHoro pexillMa f3C, T. e. AJrfl 3aAaHHofo 3Har{eHtrrI
Qrsc H"'rer i/r:c oflpeAerfer raxol'r pex(Hri{ ^o60pyaoB.a'Hfl rrp}izz.6:const, r{oroporfi o6ecner{irBaer noKpbrr'e a;.';;o;-firrc npHMHHHM Z;TbHOM 3IIaL{eHriH AAiar..
flon1'ueHuore B 3roj\r pacqe Te 3Ha,reHnq H^ vltr Hp:c^H 6yrry, BN{ec_re c Q;3s orpetrernrb HarropHyro xapaKrepn."r*y' f5i:"o;?prrr,,ro*,0-crrf npegBrrAeHrtri rofo, KaK 6yler n3r\Ierrrrrbcrr H^ unu ff.r. B 3aBricri-
ryfi{ofo[I 3aBHCHr r.1 assexrnnHocrb
bre _xapaKTepHCTHKH HecoBNleuleH-
3Aecr ua H-^ H l-lrec BJrHser He
x{ H M br ; a H a n o r H,r H br e oco 6 e u no""" ;o#J#'ar5att" tff 
, ; ffii|t#t#*t, l,l.lloEroMy A.rrq [oAo6Hblx ycra*oBoK HeJrbsfl rrpeAcraB'Tb Ha[opHbrexapaKrepHCrHKrI B BI'iAe - H"{Q.:c) unw H^ar(erec), u rouo6*oAHMoyt{llrblBaTb II rpeAbIAvu{Hir pexnlr pa6or no oOrsenof 
'nonya*a 
B rrnxt-nufi 6se$. HnorAa Fraroprrbre xapaKrepHcrHKri fA'ac ;;;y, npeA_CT.A BJI'{TbC fl M A KC II Nt A JI b [{ bI M I I M [I I.I}I M A JT b I I bI lVI H A I-I O P A M II.' AualoruqHbnv{r{ oco6euHocrgt!{H o6laAaror g jranoprrbre .\apatire,
PIICTIIKII HACOCUOiI CTAHqHIi II IIACOCI{O[O PEX{HUA fA3C
207

--- PAGE BREAK ---

'3.
i,l
tt
FJ
tr
I'
J
I.t:
I
i;
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{0.2. FIAI"!OPHbIE. XAPAHTEPHCTI{HH r3C
V,{ursreaff xapaiflep KpHBbrx zu:6(e*.u)_a 4Hroo(e,*.0) H npHHHMasZg.6:gsn5f, HanopHyrc xaplKrepHcraKy'faq np6li.iuJ"* u BHAe,noKa3aHHotvr Ha pHc. i0.1. Ec.rria noTepH AH"o|: (e".0) AocraroqHoBeJIIlKll, To Hx cneAyer yqecrh^ B .FIanopHoii xapaKTepHcraKe nr,IorliH-Hor? f3C, TaK x{e KaK u L,zn.a(e".0). ^
_llnopFraff xapar{rep'cr}iKa fgc 3aBHCiir or NrHorHx Qaxropoe;HaIIpnMeP, r,[Ir. MHorHx_pex CCCP, saMep3aioqlix sail{ofi, B xapaKTe-pHcrHI(e fI^(Q".o) Heo6xoAHMo ytIHTbIBarb neAoBbre ycnoBHq. Vqer3HIr{Hrrx ycronai?, TaK )Ke KaK H A,Hroo, cHHx(aeT H^ nb^ AauHoiu ex.o(pllc. l0-l) . Enn rolxHbrx peK, 3apacraroulnx rreroM, yqeT 3roro rB-lerins agarorHqeH yr{eTy neAoBbrx ycaoenir.
3altErHo BrIHsel H? H^(Q".u) petxut" cpa6orKa-HarroJrHeHHfi Boao-xpaHH':IHI]{a f3C- .IIr.o6as cpa6orra BeAer x y*e"oureHHro pacnorrara-
eMofo Haropa. 7]er?creur€.r1bHo, BMecro_ (10.i) vox<Ho ,un".rro 
-
H.(Q,,.u) : Hrec(Q,,0) : Hiio---=h"e^a-Lrr.u(Q* o).
cliil{ecrBeHFro 3aBr.rcHT or 2s.6. llo.nyveirHbre 3Har{eFrHr iu"Ti5. MoryrcJ-IyxiHTb opI{eFirHpoM Ann rjpoBepr(H 3HepfeTriqecKtix noxasaTenert
AAIILIO|O CTBODA.
EcnH lla HarlopHble xapaKTepacrul(H f3C Har{ecra JTHHHH orDa-HHqeFrHfl r\{orqHocrr{ I]o feHeparopy H ryp6nue H MHHHMaJrbFio io_IlycrllMble 3Haq€HHf Qrec, To nojjyqHM noJIe LI3r/reHeHHfl HanopoB
Ha ,u,aHuoit f3C B ycraHoBHBiIIeMCtI peir{r'rMe, Koropoe cJryx(HT ocHo-
eoi'i .{flfl nor6opa ryp6aHuoro o6opyrroBaHr{fi foc no HfgE H
HfSt' {p^"^. 10.3,4). C rtoMottlblo roryqeHHoro no"rrfl H3MeHeHHr
HanopoB fOC Moir(Ho or-rpeAeJrarb H ^ nin Hrec lr np6 HajrHlrgrr
Qx.co o.
AeftcrBriTe u-rbHo, nycTb norpe6yercn A"rtfl KaKoro_To za.6i: const
(yllo /-2".a<Hny) rr 3aAaHuoro Q" u,>QTl-,t'saiiru ff"i, erEc rr e,.cop.Hanop rY.i rtoiKer 6siro safilen no (10.1) llrn ro HaropHoii xapar(repric-rHKe f3C. 3arev ofipeAeJlrercrr np' roJTyqeHHoNr 3HaqeHpr^'H^',-il;
Ae"{bHar rponycKHaq cnoco6H0crb fAC Ail:t (l-{^,) n Aaxee Qx cepi KaK
pa3Hrirla lrex'Ay Q".o H 0f3[: (pnc. 10.3, a).
. Halr1u^rie Q.*.cop BC.(er K H3tJeHeHHCI [i xapaKTepHcrlrr(H ff_ru(.",u, Q".u)(pHc. 10.3, 6). flpeaeilbHaq no Hanopy r!,rou{Hocrb npF( 3roilr ilb.r,yvaercn
B roLrKe npu Q;36 : OFSL. (H ^,). .[,a.nee rrrer ro.:ibKo ,u-n,*"o,u.Hir. fr*,3a ctleT Toro, qTo cHl{}KaeTcfl H^;, ? BN{ecTe c HLr}t il ersc (h ^,).
["rln noebr[reHHfl p&cro;Tsraevoir r]o Hanopy MorrlHocra f3C B re_pHo,q,bl xo",Tocrbr.\ c6pocos lr'rs HH3KoHanopHux pycnoBbrx coBMerqeH_Hblx f3C HCnonb3yerct{ Bo3MoxiHocrb noBbrLUeHr{rr Hanopa 3a cqersQQexra s;KeKr{HH (pnc. 10.3,o), /io.3t(Hr^) norr 3roM yBerir.rr{HBaercfi
Ha Aff,* : 9,8 IrtruJH,* (QF'E + Ae (AIl,*)), rAe eF:c -- pacxoA IOC
npu AH ..* : Q.
Ha prrc- 10.4 noxasaHa HaropHafl xapaKreprrcrrrKa f occ noAflopolvt B HHXiFIelt 6o-9Se. [IoxEJIeHHe roAnopa vMerrbrua.er N"'" (Q*-o) Ha noTepH AMnoon, rlponopt{HoFraJrbHbre [rorepflLr
4Hnoon, Koropbre oIpe{e.,'rflrorcrr KaK pa3HHqa ilrexAy 3HaqeHHrlrrr H"6es yuera H c yqeroM noArropa.
I,is-sa rBy3HaqHocTH xpuaol:r cBr3r{ Hr{x(Frero 6reSa B nepHo,4hrno.,'roBo.tbff Hapyuraercfl oAHo3HaqHocrFr H^(e".a) rr N"rr(e".ui. gro
BE.4ET K NOqBTCHHIO AHHAiVIHqECKHX FIANOPHbIX IAPAKTCPIICTHKfoc, noKa3aHHbrx ria pHC. 10.5 e BHAe saraco,"ocrefr_ff.* (Q'r.u, ij,iy'rec (Q".0, l). Crarr,iecr{He_ xapaKTepr.rcrrrK}r AnE }/cTar{oBHBurerocrrpex(HMa Ha ropr x{e pHCyHxe o6osriaqerrbr :epes |I?ec(en.o), zfo(e__o) r.rtrft. (Q u).
Ec'rlt Ha HanopHoit xapaKTept{cTHKe yqecrb ^ HeycTa'oBl{BirJeecfi
ABi-litiellHe BoAbI AJrfi cyToqtrblx pelr(tir{oB, To 3aBHCpr.r,rocrn A^ o, i-r,Q,,.0 6yrer errie 6o,ree croxuorr (puc. io ol. rlpn i"*- ,orn,or,.*,
c,tyvati, KofAa QI:['(l) coorBercrByer B 4ei:rcrerrrerrbr{ocrr{ Kar(
6o.lnutirir, rar( rr r{errbrul.rii iranop no cpaBrreFrirro c H?.
t4-64 l0
Kax ea4uo, H ^ wrut Hrec 3aBr.rcrrT ToJtbKo
7 _- r.nncf .-8.o
torzLi
5 = c0nSt
lzr-tt
o*=o)
&xiL o,-r kr:r)
xa pa r(TepHcT|It,.a D ".c.13c
or Q*.0 trilH Qrec rp?r
_^ Ha pHC. 10.2 noKa3aHbr HaftopFrbre . xapaKTepHcraKri pyc,rrosoiif3C, ilocrpoeHHbte no (10.2) A.irfl^za.o:HfiV , ," u:y,UO. OrH sa_BHCHMocTH orlpeAe,lflror co6or:i Becb eo3Moj{(Fibri"r AHaita3orr pacfioJra-
TACMbIX T{ANOPOB AAHgOiT f3C T,NN YCTAFIOBHBIIICTOCfi PC}KHMA.
C noMoulbro rranopntrx xapar(TepHcrxK tro e".o "o*ino "e roJrrbKoorIpeAeJTI{Tb H^ HitH Hrec, Ho H oqeHHTb upe{ea6uyrc Molr{Hocrb
f3C B AaHHoM crBope, r. e. ff;u: l/ST. rpr{ 2".6-const. llpe-,
AeJrbHafl ti{ourHocrb HMeer Mecro e rto6oM CTBOpe npII Her(oropoM
Q*.o B crrr| BbtrrlK.'1ocrH xapaKrepHcrtrxpt H^(Qr.u), rrpHqeM ^;tif"
(10.2)
n-{{lt-o
Hano-
f3c
lZr.i t
'l zn6.
Q,+6
Pnc. -l 0.1. I-ianoprran
Jronor{ u lr:lrona nop lloii
208
Puc: 10.2. .[.uana3orr Hs.verreHnff
poB py'cloeoir rrH3r(oHa nopnori
A,'tri ycTaHoBI{BtUH.\Cfl peiiiHMou
@,o)
zr,r {0*r = o)
209

--- PAGE BREAK ---

JHnoan,
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t1o dn op
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Plrc. I0.4. I'qer nojlilopa B rrafiopribr\
repr{crr{Kax pyc,loBoir r3c
''I JLt
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1, n0d
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s r0
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n Fd(c
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Ho{0,6) npu 266
um
I JL
co
"H.C
xa p a KTe-
naBo!,Ka
"3 t
rVcr3,
lYr;c
AUuttlx.
Qfii
Puc. 10.3. Vqgr ofpaHrrqeHHrj
pycnoBoir f3C e HanopHE{.\
TriqecKHX XapaKrepHCTHKax
", Qt6
o)
pexHMOB
H 3Hepre-
Psc. 10.5. AanauaqecKr{e Ha[opHbre
pHcrHr(r{ pycnoBori f3c e nepnol
, llpn HarHriHH Bcero cneKTpa 3HeprerHqecKrrx xapaKTepr{crriK foc(crr. r.n. g) Hecrro)Kuo ronyrrHrb H saBrrcHrvro;;; fi;(//-#" noropu"c yqeroM'bx.rlro,reuHfl-orKJrrorreHHff ruApoarperaToB 6yler KycorrHo_rJraAr{ofr KpHBOfi.
Tar<nu o6pasopr, AJrfi rr/roTHHI{EIx Hrr3xoga[opHbrx H cpeAgeHanop-Hbrx fOC sHar{e'He F" ay*;aruunno 3aBHcrrr or en.a, zn.a, roArropa,neAoBbrx ycJr0BHri, HeycraHoBr.rBurer,ocfl ABHXieHlrx'n-bse$a* f3c lrApyll'x Qarropoe H Moxier H3MeHflTbcfi B srraq'TerbHbrx rrpe;renaxKaK B reqel{He cyrol( (ueae"rru) H3-3a IIepaBHor{epHocrli rpaQrrKirMrsc(l)' TaK H B TeqeHHe ce3oHa Hs-3a cpadorr(!{-Ha,,oirHer*{r{ BoAo.xpal'iH'rII{u{a' CneAcreHeN{ 3Toro flBJtfitorcfl cyu{ecrBerrHhre }{3Me}re}rHr{210
'; 
//116 'cr6)
n-4
R---
gqxT i
= const
\[J
8" r(t)
t4' 'r3c )
&H.0
<._-\ lrilr(a';)
,/:
--a-rorrt) _ .ta 1.0 lulg-3 t '7
Pnc. 10.6. !,nHauauecxue HaflopHbre
xapaKrepHcrr.rKH pyc,roeofi f3C c yve-
TOM HeyCTaHOBHBtuefOCfl ABHit(eHLIfl
BoAL,r B Hlr>KHeM 6neQe
,tH1,oa
, ,co no0
I rr2n--{--
I
I
l.--
t1
t
Qx.6 i Qu.t
Pac. 10.7. Hanopnar xapaKrepHcrHKa
nlornsnoft f3C
I
I
BCeX 3HepferrrqecKt{x xapaKrepHCTHK f3c (Cn. fvJ. 9) , r{oropbre He-
o6xoAlrMo yqr{Tb{Barb B pacqerax.
Hanopnue xapaxTepHcTHKH npHnnorHHHbrx fAC. Ans nprrnnorirH-
Hbix f3C rHna 6parcxoir, Kpacuoflpci{ofi, Hypexcrioii H apyrux Heo6-
xoAtrtr );qer norepb Hanopa B HanopHbr.\ BoroBo!,ax. llocronbKy npH
BK"rtrcrieHIItt Kair.iAoro HoBoro BoAoBoAa npoHcxoAlIT cKaqKoo6pa3Hoe
n3MeHerrlte AHBon (Qrsc), 3ro H3MeHfier r{ xapaKTep npueoir
t/' (Qn u).
npeACTaB.,TfleT CO6Ofi KyCOqrrO-fJraAr(yio 3aBricr.iMocrb c pa3pHBaMH
l--to poAa. A;rr 3rnx fOC /VIif" AocrHraercfl npn oqeHb 6o,rylruux
Qn.o, HaltHofo 6olr,ur rix, qerr peaJIbHo Bo3Mox{Hoe HX 3HaqerrHe.
3aer'tcltltocTb /VcrE(Q.r., z".o) nivreer ct(aqr(oo6pa3HbIi'I xapaKTep, Tor-Aa
K?K A/p3s(Q.:c, zu.a) H arvrr(Qrsc, zu.o) riprr onrnil,raiIbFIoM BKrroqeHHr{
rllApoarperaroB nperepneBaroT Jir.(rub H3Jroi\r B ToqKax BKfltoqeHHfl
(prrc. 10.8).
illn KolrneHCaqH[r cKaqKoo6pa3Horo rroBbrtrreriHfi Haltopa npH
Bri",'rIorr€HrrI.r Kax{Aofo c.ireAyroulero fHApoarperara 6y4er flpor.rcxoAr.rrb
rarioe xie cKaqKoo6pa3Hoe yMerrbuleHtre I(nA f3c B arux rorrKax.
Ann npurrrorurrsorri I-3C xapar{repHcrrrKr.r t/, (Q".0) rr Hu.on(Q".0)
pa3IIrtlarOTCtt. HanOp I{ ".o^ BCerAa , Bbrrfie, rteNr H o. HS-Sa 3TOrO
Ilo3Mo){illbl ll olfiH6KIi nptt pacqerax Ae]icTBnre,trbr(brx 3Harterrrrft iva H
Nrac no ylia3allliblx{ xapalirepllcrltlialvl Isanr,tLueFILte 3r.rarrelrrrfl iuorq-
14+ 2l l
Ha.6n , ilcrt
Z6 6 = cons t
zr.tQnl)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

l/o(Qr.?)
(trt- (Q r.o)
Trfi=msx
=J I," @,.hj \\ HocrH ro xpuaori Haai(Q".u)J.
*| | | \ _%:!y_n3--sa n*yn.ri-rrorepb
Ho*dn) Z ani Pac. 10.8. Hanoplrbre oHeprerrrqecK'eHai4cro 26.6 =const xapaK-repHtrHriH nnorauHofr fOC nprr
Ze.6:COnSt
'a.oa(Q 
n.5,\
, Ec,'ra "cio'6*0, ro tlpeACTaB.ryeHrre HarropHoir xapaxrepHCTrrriH Kac_KanA e rpaouuecKoM BHAe KpaHr-re cJrox(r{o.
LKA3AI]HOC BbIIIIC OTIIOCIIJOCb I{ CJIYqAT YCTAHOBKII HA f3C OT-HOTHrrHbrx f HApOafpef aTOB. o,lUaXO npr, pa3HOTrrrrHox,r o60pytosa_HHH BHA Hanop_HbIX XapaKrepHcrHr{ cynlecrneFrHo He H3MeHHTCfl. klz_M€H€HHflr 6yly, Kacarbcfl ^HWb lraremaia.{e_cxofi rv'oAe.rrH 3aAaLrHoI]THMH3aI.{HlIBHyTpHCTaHqI{oHHbIXpexiflMoBf3y.
10.3. HANOPHbIE XAPAHTEPHCTHKH rA'C, HC H N3C
I.ns fA3C
AerrbHo n iln,roa?ii:;3 :,'T;'.:"."::;"?ii?#i:,il:,?,1:l"il,, o.ii_
par{repHCrHKH B 6O,rnruarrcree cnyqaeB y}Ke He yoryr 6uro flpel-craBJTeHbr r(aK saBHCrrMocrn Ha HjrH fIu.an o. A.or" ii,, |AOCHecoBr{euleHHOfo THila c trcKyccTBeHHbr}rH so.{o.\p aHHjrHI.I{aMH r,ra_Jloro o6ten a Hanopbr H ^ rr H ^.on g;p;;rr"rorcfl B ocHoBHorr pe-)KHMolur cpa6orxa-HarroJrrreHufl 6acieftuor^ieac--uo- ui."i""", u Hepac,v.oAoM Qra.:c B AaHHbrft uonaeur.
Hurrur cJ'roBaMH' H^ r{ Ha.oa Aitr 6.rro,rHor? cxeivrbr fAOc Heco-BMelr{euHoro THila c oAHrraKoBbrMH rHApoarperaTaNrri MoryT 6srrsHafiIeuu no cneAyrou{Htvr {-ropr,rynalr:
I
I
I
i
i
:l
I
1
I
,f
E
CL
X9.:IT no xpusori H a.ai(e".u) J .
HanOpa B BOAOBOA&X;H CBff3aH_
Horo c Hefi cHH)KeHHx KIII rer_
za6(Q,.6=0) f 
pof 
iit'- ?': -Mox(er Aocrrlrarb2-3 olo H 6oaee.
T,:c|ffiTrlc=maxQn.6Bcesoslto}KHbIeHa[opbIAJIfl
rrpHrr,rorHHnor? f3C rpe.qcrae_
Jrflrorcq B BHAe HeKoropoir. o6na_
";;;;;,;io""io.z0=3 \ 'ra nnnoyr"'r^,,,,* -^--:-- 
-r.. J -
ilrtc
Te orpaHnueuar? pex(rrr{a pa6o-
rbi f3C.
5--'; Hanopuue xapaKrepucrHKH
lAilno* AepHBaqHoHHbrx fAC. Ens Ae_
n , A 6olsue,v_ pacxox{AeHnr{ rrex.ty"=J -,rfll)lll,J- 17a-6a tr H^' Hanopu H^.an H H;"
^dlllllllUtU- HaMiroro nuue ff.. I-loreprl na-
nopa 3a cqer HHX(Hero 6teda
T*c=max f-11 AepHBar{HoHHbrx f3C rie-
3HaqI{Te,{bHbI no cpaBHeHHro c
- LHeo!. tt LHo"o, cobraB",,rffror{H_qrtd
rr.q er - o c o 6 o ro r p y A ; p; ;;;; ; ;;;-'; 
-il,;;iff;r" 
i,';1fri r" 
-i:,P.o cr a B -
H^.a,(f) : flrn:c (f) : ?, aG) - z,.ai),
z".o (t):2s.6 ( Hr.o (t) ) ; zn.o (t) :2n.6 V..u (t) )
V".uU): 7".0 :
t
tl,.u(t) : V no+ J e.o, g (t) dt;
to
H ^(t) :_f[ ^.6',(r) + LH *^(emsc (r)).
-u Mg Ao l0-150/o Hii,o (cvr. r,r. g).,4nq rreKoropbrx BHAoe KacKaAoB foc H HX pex(HMoB Bo3MolK_fio [ocTDOeHHe Ha''opHoft.'x apaKTepHCTHKH KacK aAaff*(Q*).' Haadonee npocro sro Mgx(Ho^cAenar! A,n foc, pa6o-TalorrrHx ilo BoAoroKy nprr jnoo x0'c Qrir'J-arr,r:..:a.rcn: Q(/-:1, 2, --., n__qsc,,ro igc'B KacKaAe). A-no noryqeriHs uanopHor.r'xapaKrepHCrHKH KacKaAa 3Aecb ueo6xoAll"l noro.oBarbcfi nogrrueru{roABeAeriHoro Hairopa K KacKaAy H Bb,rqHTaTb H3 Hero BCe BHAbrrlorepb Ar-fi KalKAoro 3HaqeHafl Qirc; : e*.I-Ipnr HaJrHrrHH HanopHori xapaKTepHcrHKH KacKaAa fie npetrcraB-
( r0.5)
fAe
rrpH
t
f
J Qraec (t) it; ( r0.6)
(t0.7)
( r 0.B)
npH
/V*:KrQ*/1" (e*)
H- (Q^) : Hnon fr orr*r (Q*).
/:l
( r 0.3)
( 10..i)
oTrroclrTcfi K Hacocr{oMy pei*([rMy
a B (10.7):jrjqdopor. e;,pu;J-,IX pe)I(H,uoe fA3C.
ocyrqecTBHTb TOJIbKO rrpH BBeAeHHTMe Tofo, neo6xoAaruo B Kaqecre(BaTbcfl He Qre3g, a t.
{orro.[rr€HH€ BepxHero 6neQa HAeT
,,fepuoa BpeMeirH T. 3ro no3Bo-(l) Lt z".a(t) Ailrr r{a}KAoro 3r{a-rbr ggpxrJero !r FrHx(rrero 6accei?-
/ . FIa prrc. l0.g nonrrr,,or srH
212
2r3

--- PAGE BREAK ---

z 6.6 (tt [.t)
zs.6(Qt)
Q7= C0nst
Qr=const
Q2=clfisl
2r.6fty.6)
zr.6(Q,t)
l/ -t'H,0t,
- H-O
Hai
Ha.6,t
Tgpduatttd pex{uH t Hacocatri Pexun
Plrc. 10.9. HanopHue xapaKrepncrHKr.r |ASC HecoBueu{eHHoro rr{na npr{
Q f,1SC: const.
3aBrlCHI{ocTIi A,'Ifl TelTzlTt EIrfl Typ6HHHoro rr HacoCHOro pexiH-
MoB fA3C. C yqerolt rioJlytiglllto,* saBHcHMocreft Hec.ryox{Ho no-
CTpOHTb H H ^.on: H a.6n (/, Q") .
Alg )'CJTIOBI{fl, KOfAa Q":Qr.a,ec:COflSt, noTepH L,Huot 6yLyr
/x.?*' vx.d
TaKx{e ttocroflHHblru]r. Bcrre4crsne
3TO|O Ha OTrHqaiOTCfl OT H3_6n iI?
Ai/"o^, r{To It roxa3auo Ha
plrc. 10.9,6.
Taxoro )Ke BHAa xapaKrepH-
cTHr$r s QyuxuriH Bpeil.reHH 3aprrAa-
pa3pflAa |ASC Mox(Ho rrocrpoHrb
H AJrf nepeMeHHofo Bo BpeMer-rH,
Ho 3aAaHHOfo pelKHilta rA3C.
B Hrix h{o}KHo yqecrb H 3aBHCrr-
Mocrb AH"oo(Q-A3c). Bo ecex Apy-
rux Cnyqaf X AlIfr pacqeTa H ^.on
HJLfl H^ CJreAyeT nOJrb3OBarbcfi
Qopr"ry.rraruH ( 10.5) ( 10.8) .
floi',tuuo paccMorper{Hrrrx Bbrure
rranoprrbrx xapaKrepr'rcrHK f A3C
(puc. 10.9) urrpoKoe pacnpocrpa-
IICIIHC B NDOCKTIiOiI .II 3KCNJiVA.
TaI{TIOIiFIOI:I npaKTHKe IIO,il}LrH,TH 3aBHCHMOCTU HTTt:c, H^ H H, oT
ypoeuefi !r.;rlr o6teNroe BoAbr B 6accertuax rr{ApoaKKyMyjrr.ipynLqHX
s,leKrpocraHLlHii. B oco6eHHocrtI 3To orHocHTCfl K fA3C FiecoBivre-
uleHFro[o THr]a.
B KaqecrBe H,,'rr'tlocrpar{HH I-ra pHc. 10.i0 [peAcTaB"rreFrbr B o6u{e,lr
BHfe saBncHlrocrt H^(l/'), HrsecU) u H,(V), rAe
Hrnc (V) : zu.e (V)- z*.a(V)i (!0.9)
H 
"(V) 
- H raec (Y) + AH,or; ( 10. l0)
H,(V):t'{r,{ec(Y)- LH*r, (l0.ll)
r.r,e 7 - no;re3Hbrfr o6rerr Borbr B BoAoxpaHHJ'rHrue. Ha p[rc. 10.10
nplIItflTO, !-TO V:Vs.6 klilH V:Vn.o.
Oco6-vro. Baj+\uocrb riprrodpeTaer rteo6.\ofrrltocrb !'Lr€Ta pa3"trrrrrrrr
H" H H, (panHoro ABoiltHbrM noreprrM Harropa B BoAonpoBorflu{lrx
coopyx{eHnflx) npH Bbl6ope H o6ocuoeaHarr [aparv{erpoB ocHoBHoro
3rreprernqecKoro o6opyloe aHHr fASC H f 3C-f A3C, ocFrau{errFibr.\
o6paruuttttit afperaraMli. YxasarrHoe pd3.r1H9He, 3 TaKX(e cooTr{orue-
IIIIe AHana30lIoB H3Mellelll'Ifl B I{eJloN{, YAo6go ilpeAcraei'IfTb B BHjie
saBHClIMocrel'l 11. l{ ry" or Qrrcc). Ha"nlique cyu{ecrBerrHori pa3r{Hubr
\rex\ly 3llaqetlllffllll H, H H* tle r[o3Bo;TfleT 6ee npwlflTtrfl cnequa.Tb-
tlblx Nlep o.1l{HaKoBo :cpQexrHnuo HCro.IIb3oBarb o6parulrrrii arperar
e ryp6rru{Ho}{ ti riacocrrbrx pexlrMax.
Alq f3C-fA3c B KacKaAe rrprr cyror{Ho}r 3apflAe tso3NroiKfro,tlro zs.6 I{ zu.6 6yeyr il3MelifiTbcfl ne3HaLIHTerbiio. HanprrNrep, Ajrflo6parrrvuix rrr;lpoarpefaroB, Koropbie r{oryT 6srrr ycTarioB.,'reHbr Ha
f3C r"4ttrerbHoro perI"{ripoBaHHfl B r(acKa.4a.\ (Bonxcro-liai\{cKHft,'-
!,Henpoectiuft Ii Ap.). B sroM cflyqae Airfl pel6Hilf a pa3pflAa fA3C
HanopHbre xapaKTepHCTriiil{ aHa.rrorHqr{br o6r,rquuivr f 3c. tr nn Ha-
C_OCHOrO pe)fillNfa npH Ze.6:COnSt H Z,.6:COnSt 3HaqeHLirr Ha11Opa
H^ Nlox{Ho IIPeICTaBHTb 3aBricffu{Hil{ oT Qrrr:c Ha ocHoBe c.rreJyrc-
ueFo Bbrpa)KeHHf :
H "(t):zs.6(t) 
-2".u(l) +AilHc (t) ,
+
II
I
t;li
it
It
I
l
;7 Hd KC
' 6.d
y t{HH' 6.6'
(10.12)
II rAe zB.d(t)-i, o(/) - H rec(l) :const, a aHs6(/) : affrrc(Qr.r:c (l)).
Hanopnote .tapaKTepucruKr.t HacocHbl.y crau4uti u rAac I Ha-co c Ho r1't p eficu.,+{e aHarloe uqH bL.
E nn KacKaAoB rrH3KorranopHbrx f aC-|AOC AJrrireJrbHoro pery-
.,'IIIpOBaHl{fl C KaiICyJIbHbI}1ll rtlApOarpefaTaii{U H^ Irpat(Tr,rr{ecKH nO-
c-TofHeH B pelKHMe Cyror{trofo 3apfAa H paBer{ pa3Hocrri ypoBHeft
6neQoa.
rr HHHt x.5
Psc. 10,10. I-lanopusre .\apaKreplrcrlr-
KH fA3C HecoBMculcrnroro rr{na r^nno6ulcro cJryrrar
214
Q3 = ConSi
Qj> Q2> Q 7
H/7tr.6
(r (v,1.6)
lt rttc(v ^.6)
H7U,a-6)
9tc

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Pacqer Haropa Ailfl rrpflivlOfo 'rypSauuoro n o6pari{ofo iracoc-
HOfO peir(irMoB rv{ox(Ho gporl3BoAHTb rlo QOprury,ralr:
tln,tlo.H it
rAe z=.0(l) :2e.6(v*.0(/)) -ypoBeHb BoAbr B BoAoxpa'r.r,'rHU{e
t
V ".u$) : V,, + J enr. tt) dt
+
3Hart
u*1- o6parrronlr HacocHo111r p€x(Hrvry.
I;i:r o6parHoro ryp6lruuoro H npsMoro HacocHoro pexiHturoB Ha-Iropbr sa fl3C trror(Ho paccqHrarn no Qopuyrravr:
H'nJt * (/) : 2,, (t) - Za 6(lz".u (t)); (10. 15)
(10.16)
a 6oeSax
p acqeTax
Vr.alt):V"rt
MOtqHOCTtT pr 3HepfI{H, IlpH 3ailaHHbrx rpaQnxa.r orAarltr ilo N.{ou],-
HocTlr, pacxoAy Lrrr{ pex(Hr{a\,r 6necpon tto orN{eTr(a\.r.
3ru ' pacqeTbt cJlox{[Iee, '.re]r BoAoxo3trficrselrr,rore, Lr3-3a c"rox(-
rlocrH HX Lrarer.la'rlrqecKHX norerieft, cBf 3biBarou{!{x Me}KJy CO6Orl
Hanop, pacxoA H r\,roulHocrb f3y c pex{HMoM cpa6orxH-Hafio".1Her{r.rfl
BOI.OXP AHHJIHIIIA, - KACI{AAHOCTI.i IICIIOTb3OBAHHfl BOAOTOI(A, PIUOTOO6.
pa3rtt rlrrroB f3y ro cnoco6v cosAaHHfl Franopa ri pefy.lrrpoBaHr.rf
cToKa lI APyrnru rIpHr{HFiaM.
1'.2. PACqET CPA6OTK'.i.HANONHEHH'I BOAOXPAHHJI}{I.q r3C
.Eggg+o_sn_fic1e_gyqlqe pacqerb{. 3ala,{eir 3rir-x pacqeroB flBrfiercfl
npoBepKa Bo3Mox(HocrH o6ecneqesus rpe6oeasrrfr yqacr1ryrrioB BXC
z".o(t):a*r( I/" (l) ) :2a.6(V"o-Ay" (l) ) ,
f"AYu(f) : I Qo(t)c\t;
t6
Q" (l) :Qa.o (l) - [Q,,0 (l)-
-aQnn, (t) _AQo,*. (l)l .
(10.is)
II3C:
(r0. 11)
t
,,{
j Q.n:c (t) d t.
ro
-^ Iprr^HaJrLrrr,r*r HeycraHoBrBrrlerocfl ABHX{eHHfl BoAbr
f3C, f3C-fAOC ri 
- 
ll3C ero c.?-reAyer yqr{rbrBarb BH^.o.t U,trf Hu.
IJIABA I1
OCHOBbI A{ETOgOB PACI{ETA BOgOXO3qfiCTEEHHOTO
t4 BOflHOSHEpTETHT{ECKOTO PEIKHMA
THAFOSHEpTETHT|E cxFlx ycTAt-t oBoK
r1.f. oEu{HE nono}KEHxtr
B npoexruoft it 3Kcn.[yaTaqliotruol-t np'axrrixe 3r{aqHTe!,IbHoe Me-cro 3at{tiMaror raK Ha3brBaei\,tbte BoAoxo3fliicreeurtute u BoAHognep_
feTHqecxHe p&c{eTbr;
3rll pacqerbt 6asupyrorca Ha eAllnofi MeroAHqecxoi'r ocHoBe BHe
3aBI{C11}IOCTI{ OT COAepXiaHIifl CaMOTO pacqeTa, rrpOBOAHlrOrO B yCJIO-
BHfl-\ 3KCrr"'lf srauHlt H"r'rr{ npoeKTHpoBaHHfi f 3y. Or rioppeKTHocrri
rlPoBe.leHIifl sTHX pacqeroB, ril{eloil{trx B ceoefi ocHoBe r}r H.rytiHHyiO i\taTeMaTliqecliyrc MOAe"4b, BO lvlHorOlvt 3aBnCtrT sQ$eXruBHOcTb
llcnoilb3oBaHHn rllAp03HepropecypCoB B HapoArio1,a,xosfl1icree. -:,,,
Bogoxossficlnensste pacqe'rbr cBff3aHbi c onpeAe,rreHHeiu 6anaH-
coBbu{ coorHorrieunii no pacxoAy (o6revry) no4ui n salaHHbix crBo_
rrbrx 3treprerlrqecr(r{x napail.leTpoB pe)K}ii\{oB f3y, T. e. Hairopa,
216
:tf
rAe
(r1.r)
(r r .2)
(1r3)
2t7

--- PAGE BREAK ---

C yqeroNr
BlrAe:
( i 1.3) Nrox{Ho rrpeAcraBHrb (1 1.1) B CJreAyiou{eil{ Ils gucxperHoii nocratroBr(H 3aAaqlr Lrcr{oryrbre 3Fraqerrr.rfl
Sutrr paccLrr.rraHbr no rfopnyae
L
HOII BbIITC.
W n.c'i \{Of }i T
H"TIIJ
z".o (t) :za.o{i/eo- flV ^.o (f ) -
- (W ^v (l) -A Zno. (i ) -A Ysxc (r) I );
V"(t): Vuo-( lV ".o (/) - [ W ,r(t) -
-A 7,,o' (l) - A Tsxc (/) I )
( il.4)
(r 1.5)
iIi
I
i
l.
lV,,.r,i -- I {Q"0, * Q"i -- AQn*i - AQexci ) Lt i,
/1 6V ei V'Ji -- V'ii
at:-
' -n/ Ni Ali
(r 1.7)
(r r.8)
pacqeT 3aBrrcrr\rocreir
I( IIOfl B"rreHI.trc ItTepa-
Bce q.rei-rbr (1 1.5) .nrr6o 3aAaribr (i,/.0) , Jr.160 Moryr 6rrrn pac-
ct{l'irai{bi II}Telr{ I{l-trerpHpoBaFIHfl 3aBt{CLi}Iocrett Q,..o (l) , Qno (/) ,a-Q""' (/) H AQu*c (/) Bo BpeMer{r'i. Ha"ruqae orpar{rrqeHnri no
I/" ii.;tlI orrIeTKa,rr 6oeQoB iv{o){ter iloB.ilHflTb ro"ilbKo Ha AoilycruMocrb
3aillituoro pexiltua orf,aqu Q".o (l) .
Arq qtrc,r-reHHoro peuerjrirr ( I 1.5) rreprro-L T:t*-to pa36irBaer_
cr Ha k n o6u{eu c,r1}rr&e HepatsHbr.\ trHTepBaJoB BpeilreHtr, B npe-
Ae.ilax KoTOpbix ilpHllH,\,rarcTCf nocrofiHHbrt{rr 3HaqeHHrr pacxolloB
H OTlreToK Hirx(Hero 6ueQa. TorAa i.ia KoHeq i-ro rrHTepBa.'ia Bpelre-
HII Al/ni OI-ipeAent.tTCtl
L
1r rl Srv ni : !'ao _- 4IQr.a,-(Q'0, - AQ,,or, - AQile)J lli.
;- |
llprr Hai'iriqrirr trorepb Boj(L,r ua HCnapeHIre Q,,.n:e,,.n (/, F") H
"'trloo6pa3oBaHrre Q..:Qr, (1, F", lln), 3rraqeHr-re Koropbtx oflpeAe_
"{fleTCr ilcKor'{btNI perilr}roM cpa6orr<ti-HaitoJHeHlIff BoAoxpaHr.i.{HU{a,
pacrleT V"(t),vc.Tox{Hrrercfl norrB.i-reHrreM HTepailirouuoft npoqe4l,prr
no L/B B KalKAor.r i-lr pacqerHoirr lrHTepBa.te.
Pacqer 6asoeoi:r 3aIaLrH Ailn KacKaAa BoAoxpaHr{Jr{u{ npoH3Bo-
AHTctt cBepxy Brrlr3 rlo BoAoroKy c ricnoJrb3oBaHtreNI 6a"'iaHCoBbrx
coorHoirreHr.irl no pacxoAy B KacKaAe (cu. $ 7.2) . B HeKoropbrx
c.ilyqafix B KactiaAe BoroxpaHHrHU{ BoAoxo3rficrnessoro Ha3rraqeHHn
paccllarptiBaeilloro 6accetlua noqBrrercrr Heo6xo4rMocrb o6ecne.{e-
lirif saAaFiHofo rpa$rixa orAarrrl rlo pacxoAy (o6tervry) BoAbr B 3a-
;1aitllol\1 crBope. Q]",Kt{HoHa,:IbHafl Mo,ie,ql no,Io6uoio 6accel'iria Nro-
218
rnA
B or.'rlrLrlie or 6a:oeoir 3araqLi BBeAeHr.re B
Q',.n:Q'.n(/, F') rr Q"(1, F", h.-,) rre flpHBeAer
uuoFrtrori npouefvpbr B r(a;*(^torr i-r{ r{rirepBaJe.
(1 1.6)
Pacqer pe;ftu\ra KacKaIa BoAoxpaLrri,lnLq r.rq o6p arrroir
C.;ICI!'ET NPOH3BOAHTb TAK?KC CBCPXY BHH3 NO BOJ.OTOKY.
3a;iaqrr
B pea,rbrrbix ycjloBHfl,\ BoAoxo3flricreer-rHore pacqerbl nprr 3aIaH-
uoit or-Taqe no pacxoAy tt.lrH o5'beMa\{ BoAbr HaMrroro cro}riHee r{3-3a
ueo6xo4ut{ocrll yqera il{Ho)*(ecrBa AoflorHHTeirbHbix yc;roarrflt Ir onpa-
HiiqeFIul't pex<nlta BoAoxpaHtrJHU{. 3ro uoxer itpHBecrH r( rrofiB"letrnro
-l.ono.lHsre.irbt{btx nrepauuoinlbtx npoi{e.{,yp B pacrrerax- Oj(riar,o rre-
To-toilorttqecKII ocrloBbr pacqeroB 6yayr coorBeTCTBoBarb onricar{irbt}r
n $ 7.3 n B ^larruoir frsBe .
BoAuoeHeprer'{t{ecKHe pacqerbr f 3 C. B or"rrurlire or eoroso:qii-
crBel{liblx pacqeroB, 6a:ripytolllII.\ctr Ita 6aLailcax pacxola ir.rrr cro-
i{4, nl)ll npoBeAel{HI.r BOJ,H03HepfeT}i(recKrrx pacqeToB Bo3Hr{KaeT r-re-
o6xoAuMocrb J,ono,TIlnre,:IbHo vr{r.rrbrBarr,6a;iar{cbr Hailopa, NIou{uocTrl
H sHepf urr 13c. EcrecreeHuo, rtro 3ro pacurrpffer o6.lac'r o cyue-
crBoBaitltf pacqeToB H 3HaqrITe,rIbfro !rx ycr'Iox{uRer. B cBfl3u c 3TtIrl
He IIpercraB.tfleTCr B03Nlo)KHL'rlr IaTb o6rqee peileHtie Bce\ BOf,rio-
sHepferHqecKHX 3aAalr ;t,rn f3c pa3Hbrx rr-rnoB no cI]oco61' cos;lanrrR
franopa rr BH;Iy pefydTHpoBaHHf cToKa.
B ro )'Ke BIlevfl Ir3 BCero ltttoroo6pa3rrff 3aAarr, Bo3nriKaroulrix
npll npoBeJelllill .1to6u.r tso^lll03lrepreTHqecKIix pacqeToB, Ito;firro Bbt-
AeJttrb rpu ocHoBiibie, flB,1ftou{rrecfl 6asonbr}.rH. I( 3Tr,rrt 3aAaqa}I
ItolKIlo oTllecTtt cIeAylouIiIe: pactle'f napaMeTpoB BoAr{03Lrepr-eTflLte-
cKofo pe){irii\ra 13c npi{ 3ararilio}r rpaQrixe orAaqlr no pacroAy
Q".o(l), aKrttBHoft irloutnoc-rn lVrsc (/) HJIH nplr H3BecrHoNr ypoBFreBoN{
pelKr.rlf e BoAoxpaHr{rrr.iu{a z".o(t) unn vr(t).
B ocuoBe BoAI{o3uepreTHqecKrr^\ pacqeToB .,rex(ar r{rre i\{ aTrrrre-
cKrle l{oAei-rH Texr{orofr{Ltecriofo npouecca f3c, paccMo'rpeF{Hofo B
r"1. 7-ll.3rli NtoAe.rH Aaitie A/rn Aerepi\,ruiFrrrposaHrrorl lrrrcpopr{au1H
X a p a KTep H3yloTcfl CJ'lOHi tlocrblo B3a liMoCBfi 3etl naP aNreTpOB rr nepei\reH-
I-lbrx ri I{.\ r{eJ-irrrtefruocrsrc.
B octtoeuoNr 3To 3aBncHi\toc'rrr HelBrroro Bprila (crr. r,rr. B) ; B prrle
c,l!''ttaeB Ipoueccbt onHCbu]arorcx ;1ucpc]epeuqrrt.ilbnrrr!rrr ypaBr{er{rrfl}rrr
I -ro rr 2-ro nopflllr(a. IToalorry ro'rb o6Lqee peuetr r.te j(,,T fi BCe\
3a;l;ttl BO;lltO3ll€PTeTIIqeCKOI-o paCtleTa fOC IteBO3r!o)*(rrO. B CBrr3rr
c 3'rtJIl pacclro'rillrlt Ilart6ortee rltnt((utbte c,r'Iyrrarr.
i
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219

--- PAGE BREAK ---

L4s $opvry,rsr ( 1 1. l6) c.r€!fer, qro 3HaqeFrr.ie peiKHMa v.p^o(t)no3BoJrrieT ilo.irFiocTbro H OAHO3r{aqHo onpeAerTHTb BCe ocHoBFrbre BoA_Ho3HepferHqecKHe rroKa3aTer'IH pex(rrNra 13c Bo BpeMerrH (cHl.,rn,)Ke pasAeJr, Ceq3auurrfi c BoAoxosnftcreeHHbrMH pacqerailli). 3rono3Bo"rtfler cQoprrry,rrHpoBarb c,TeAyroqyrc ocHoBHyro 3aAaqy pacrleroBBoAilo3FIeprert{qeciioro peii(Hilla o4nuouuofi pycloeofi fOi ArrHreJrb-
paccLrHTaTb pell(HN{ pa6ortr Botro_
T:tx-to (oaHu wnn 6o,,ree *,.i"_
FIaqaflbFIOM COCTOffHHII efo 2e.60:
alre fOC lio axrueHofi Moirrirocrtr
rerrr Li eci*re xa p a rirep Hcrrr Krr 'X.'fo":;::,ili;I.|'.r1?,T,tti53 -i.ili!-
BIIBUIill"lcfl, T. e. rrpaBOMeplrbr 3aBHCHMO CTH Zs.6:zr.o(V") rr,Jrl Zss::2e.6 (V rp^a) IIit r{ hro29, ^ltrr.o ( 2.0,6) 11 z,.a:Z*.a(0..;) . 
- 
pacclr ar-pttBeerc.q p)'cJoBan fOC c orrrHaKoBbrivrlr rr{Ap_oarperaTaNrui rtpHorcyrcrBlln norepb Hailopa B BoAoBoAax, T. e.h^i_!lJai_Hr*\:2a.6-za'6' fIpe4nonaf aForcfl TaKiI(e orlTrri\{aJIbHb,rupI qflcro HcocTaB BKr'iroqe'Hbrx fH4poafperaToB, T. e. 4"i:?rec : COItSt. norepiipacxona--B ^BepxHeilr 6rese yqrerrbr B rpaQaxe Q"o (r) ; 3aAaFiHaRorAaqa fOC no axrusnofi uou{uocrrr lr.i.d) ;oo;;A;;uy., Aony_Tat-ruHr.r no ycrzHoB.ilennofi rvtorq_Ho{ T paa6ur Ha pflx HepaBr{brx-1, 2, k) xaxAnrfi. B npe_:r flocroqHHbrMr{ 3HaqeHHfi 1y'p36 rr
n tnl, n:ln:{t cpa6orx' BoAoxpaHIrJIH'{a npHH'Maercs, r{ro
Vx.c6p(// -u. L yqeToM BCeX nptrHfTbrx.ycloenir H AOnyqeHHft MolK_Ho nileAcraBHrb ( I L9) - ( I i. I6) cneAyrcu{nlr o6pa:o", 
'
I'f
I'l
I
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fre
rprr
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Q* o(l):
A"rsc (/ ) : g, B I "5" 
n^i U)Q., (r ) H ^, (f) ,
n^i(t):I, (Q"; (l) , H ai(r));
H^,(t) = Hrsc (t): z".a(t)-z,.a|)
z".o (t) :za.6LV.p^o (t) , Q"o (l) , El;
z*.0(t) :2u.6 (Q,.0 (l) , z,.o * (l) , )t) ;
(1 I.e)
(11.t0)
(11.11)
(1r.t2)
(l l.l3)
(11.14)
(i1.15)
I'l
I
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1
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;l
ri'l
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go,$
Qrsc(l) + Q.*."rp (t) : .4 e", (/)+e.*.":p (/) : e"" (r) * e" (l);
I:U
e" (l) : o'ffur'l :v,p^a(t),
T. e. B o6u{ent Br:tAe
220
ly'rac (l) : 9,811.u. (/) Q.ec (l)Hr3c (f ),
ere c (r) : /e, (r) : re (ftf!l)
4.ec (i ) : ra(Q. (l), fl ^(t));
H rec(l) : z,.a(lr"p"s(f)) - z".o (e".0 (/));
Q".u (l) - Qno CIJ Q" (4 : Qrec (f ;,
A/rec: i/rsc (Vqr^s, V"p^G, t).
I.Ae
T. e.
ffr:c (/)
(rr.17)
(il.18)
(r1.ls)
( 11.20)
(l l.2t)
(|t.221
( I 1.23)
221
tr'lcxoltoe 3HaqeHRe vrp^o(t) cBfl3arro c I{rec(t) ne,i.rr.rrrefiuurr4tt(icpepeH{H3"r'rbr{bllr- ypaolielrireu. nepBoro rroprrAKa . tnx fiolyt1s11""ero npelcraBrrt{ (l I.l T) _ ( I l.2l ) B^ crieAyr,rl.n, BHAe:
e-ft\ _ dV"poa?)
dt 9,8 I tr.c (r1 ri.r.lrl Q,o (l).

--- PAGE BREAK ---

PasAenulr nepel{enHbre
H nDaeofi qacra:
, - Lo
B (11.23) H B03blrelr nHrerpalrrbr ero nesort
Mrsc (l)
9,8[1;"g tl)Hr"C (t)
_n s6np dv"pua. (1 1.24)\-r(r) )
_n \\cnpr l
/
rvp3g;
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8,J1fl
cDa6t
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Lt;:S-|s Ll Vgps6:Vcpa6 i nl
Qno BMecTo (1 i.24)
( l 1.26)
(tr.27)
(r 1.30)
9,811a*r.F/p34(Vcp"6, V"p^a' t)
-1
.tl/ /r19q\uV cpa6t, \r r.rLl/
fAe 7cpa6 i ri II V.pua i ri - 3aAaHHOe 3HaqeHlle Cpa6OTI{H BOIOXpaHIt-
JIlllqa B Haqaile r-ro HHTepBaJra H HcKor{oe 3HaqeHr.le efo coorBeT-
CTBCHHO.
Jf axe npH cAeJraHHbrx
TeIbHO 7"p.6i* 3aTpyAHeHO
Hr=c : Hrsc (Vrp^a, Vrp^a,
tirer.r paBHoNtepHorl cpa6oTKy
Aonyir{eHHflx peueH}re (l1.25) orrrocrr-
H3-3a cJlox(Hoft cBfl3II Hrec c V.*6, u6o
t). Bne4enr eule oAHo AonyqeHue - npr.r-
BoAoXpaHHnHilIa B TerIeHHe Af;
VcpaSix - Vcpa1ia
: const.
3ro osFlarlaer nocToflHcrBo Qr3g; H Q".6;, T. e.
Qrsci: Qr:.or : Q*;*Qr, : coflst.
Q",
TorAa B (11.25) Mox(Ho.trpHilflrb, tlro Fit 6yaer 3aBrrcerb roJrb-
KO OT OAHOfi nepeMeHHofi l/cpa6 i x, H pacqeT ero MOX(HO rrpolr3BO-
AHTb nO CJ]eAyIOUIHTv{ H3BeCTHbrN.r QOpr'rynatW Aflq nHHe['rHO|O HJ[r
ilapa6oflHqecKoro xapaKTepa 3aBHCHMocrrr h.p^o(7"pro) coorBercr-
BCHHO:
F/.*, :V".a-V*.a: zy.6o,- 0,5ft.p.6i* - z*.6(Qr.u,); ( I 1.28)
H r*, :iu.a- +.u : Ja.6o -0,3Sftaadiii-2".0(Q".oi), (1 1.29)
rAe h.p^6 t n:hcpa6; r ( Vcpao i *) - cpa6orKa ypoBrifl BoAoxpaHuJInula
B i-il.r trFrrepBaJre BpeMeHlr.
VqHtuteafl cKa3aHHoe, BMecro (11.25) ero)KHo 3arr{carb
ffrsc i
il
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t9,Sllrtar H r:.c ( /cpoorr)
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222
Ltt dV 
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:
223
rAe
F(Y.p.ci*) :|""' tfSt',, 
' -Q,,p,l-':
[ 9,811.r" , Hrec(/cpuoi) ""t'_]
: [Qrec (Lti, Vcpa6;*, y'y'raci, urocr, Quo,)- Q,,o,J-t :
: [Qr; (Ltt, V"r^ar*, Mrec r, 1,r?cr, Qnr,)]-t. (lt.3l)
rne iy'p36 i H NFl* - 3aAaHHoe rr o6ecneqrrBaeN{oe_ _(pacverHoe) cpa-6orxoii BoroxpaHli.lttula 3Har{eHHfl MorriHocrH fOC'aooir.tcreeHHo.
floncx peueHriH (l 1.32) , yAoB"'rerBopffrourero ( I l.3l ) , Mox{HonpeACTaBilrb c"ler)'lou{HM o6pascivr: Tpe6yercrr HairrH TaKoe 3Haqe-HHe vcpa6 i x r,JIt{ 3aAaHHbrx Y:y^u, *, iv.rc,, Qno, B ;-*-irnrapBa!..re,qro6br )/AoBirerBopn"rocb ( il.32) c yu.to*t 1ti.5r I o,i..'rlHo, qro
3TO peueHHe MOt+ff{o HafrTH nyl
HaJrfiqrilr 3aBiicHi\{ocTH F_F (v.r^
Ettg noJ'ryqeHnfl rtocreAHef{ He
HHe cJ[eAyrouefi 3aAaqlr: rpe6yeTcf
Hbrx 3HaqeHr.rfi zs.6i: consf (np" y
AJIfl 1.* i : COttSt rr Qnp, : COnSt.
floc-rieAoBaTe,rrbirocrb AaHHoro HTepar{HoHHoro pacqeTa; saAaeMcflnpor{38o.,'rbHbrMri 3rraqeHr.rffMH Qrecr; B AHana3oHe oT HyJIfi AOqHt',; 3aren.t orpeAe.qrreili za.6ii(er36r;) rr AaJree Hreci'i r.r, cJreAoBa-
TeJIbHo, iVF*r. To 3HaLIeHt.te Qrac i;, .. Koropo€ 6_v1er yAoBneTgop'rb(11.32), ffBrrrcrr perrrer{Lrelr rccrae.neHFror'r 3aAaqri no noHc^y r:F1l-*.,jnpII Qnp, : CoISt.
Ha,ra.llre sroi{ 3aBHcHMocrr{ rro3BoJrfle HafirH peuegHe (11.30) _
v.o^u ix. llo,ryqerrHoe Arfl i-ro HHTepBa,la 7cpa6 i x npHHriMaeTcff paB-I{bINI 7cpa6(;*r)H I'i onrrcaultrtfi npouecc noucKa peueHr{fl rroBTOpfleTCffAO nOCJ{eAHefo ft-ro uurepBaJra.
EcrecrneuHo, qro ltoAo6uurfi aJIropHTfvr perxeHHr r{efiecoo6pa3HoHCnO.r"rb30Barb Ha 3BM B pacqerax, rpe6yrclltHX rroBbrueHHofi TOq-*IOCTL', HANPHMCP B YCJIOBH'IX 4CCPUqUTA BOAHbIX PECYPCOB.B KarrecrBe oco6eirHocrel-I no.qyqetiroro peureHr.rrl cneAyer orMe-Ttlrb uelltner:rsrrfi xapai(Tep eannclrrvrocrei{ F:F(V.o"o i *l'Ans HH3_I(oHailopI'lblx f3C, tlro rpe6yer npt{ HX trHC.rreurroM ririrerpHpoBasHg
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(r I .32)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

,(auo: Z6.6ip1 , zaSLk
Qnpt ;,,!p.o ( v.pr,) ; z, o ( Q r.il,,ilii[; r! 
iou
tlt = va{ ( z, o *)i lr{t (, u.ou,)
+
O6;= u4/ (dtt)
0{.t, = 0or} qnr,
I
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I
aff.: ( (,,rr)
+
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t qnPL
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noL
= Za6o
- tzaa
,tQ
oi at'='o ^at t=i z
[za6=riz66-45 [2.g6=Zt]:65
d)
Pnc. 11.1. A,rropurvu peueHHr ocHoBHbrx BoAHo3HepferuqecKl-\ saAaq:
a - 6asficnaq 3aAarra; 6-z - Bo;luogHeprerusecxHil pacqer pycaoeo* f3C npa sa.{.auHrrx rpa-gxriax Q*..(ll: 2,.6G) rr rVg.36 (l).
Mox(Ho cqHTarb .rynuefislni xapaKTep xplinoft F -F ( Vcpro i x) r.r HC-
rIoJIb3oBarb B pacqerax ivreroA 'rpanequfi.
Vrp^o ix MO)KHO HCilOJb3OBaTh'BCefO OAUU H\IH ABa- AHana3oHa 3Ha-
qeHHft pa36HBKrr F(7.p"0; *).
Ecar.i [pIiHI{]\,rarb, qro f (l/.p"0 i *) JrHHefiHa B AonycrHMoM Arra-
na3oHe sHaqeHHfi Vrp^a i x; ro HHrerpar npaeoft qacru (11.30) Molr(-
Ho BbIr{HCJTHTb c Aocraro.{Hori creneHbro ror{Hocru no QopMyre
Ycpa6dx
V cpalirc - Vcpa6in
dz66=0,5.d'266 d266= 2t)'266 =f/.r4t/
Cmon i= i+/
floAcranHs (11.34) B (11.33), rIoJIyqHM, qro HcKoMoe 3HaqeHHe
vrp^o i x AOJr)KHO .O6eCneqHTb pe[reHHe cJleAyloulefo HeffBHoro arte6-
paHqeCKOrO ypaBHeHHfl c AByMfi HeH3BeCTl{bIMH: Q.ect* H Vcpaoix
Qr*r : Onpi * 8u, : Q"ot* Ar, (1 1.3s)
Hays/7e 4uruta no L
t;.l
I
t =/
I
I
t
,4aao : Ati i Nrsct i QupL i
i = /,2,..., k ; zano ) zrc 4i i Za.6 (Arr-)
Havarto u:.fno ,o ,
f
t=/ l
IY'Zofuu = 26.60
Z0.6Lk=26,61r-t26.6
a)
+
Ycpa6r'H
- Qnpi Qreci-_Qnpi
rAe Qrec i(Vcp^str., //reci), BbtqHcrnercfl c y'qeTolr .,'IItHein{oro xapaKTepa
a3illelleHHfl Qr:rc(y"pooi*, l/rsc,) no SopMyre
Qrect(Ycpuoi*, lVreci) : Gsc i(z|.a, iVreci) :
: 0,5[Qrec,u (y"pooin, Nraci) *Qrac,x (7cpa6;x,,V.ecr)].
afi
BsrpaxeHue (l1.35) coorBercrByer o6uuHorrry ycnoBnlo 6araHca
pacxoAoB B crBope, H peueHHe ero Mox(eT 6urr peanH3oBaHo KaK
rpaQoaHa{HraqecSnM; TqK H IIHcJIeHHbIM MeroAoM. flpuuer'l flepBb{fi
H3 HHX Hcnor63yefcq B oCHOBHOM AJIfl BbIflCHeHHfl CBfl3H napaMer-
cI(a3aTL H O CJIyqae, KOrAa H3BeCTI-IbIMH fBJIflrOTcfi peXiIrMbI nonyc-
ioe B nHxHHfi 6recp, r. e. Q".o(r;. Torla us (11.35i nox{Ho,rrarirn
Q,(i) H Aarree V"p^o(t), z,.o(V"pao(r)) H ffrsc(l).
Af . - , ( I 1.33)
(r r .3+)
6aructan
cadava
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6aeucuac
radava
,t
Peuteaue &ts
t-eo uumqdana
i=i+/
224 l5-64 r 0 225

--- PAGE BREAK ---

I,{repaqnouuuft npoqecc noricKa Vcpa6 i r Tpe6yercfl .rrurur, B sa-
Aaqe, rAe 3aAaHHbrMH rBJtrirorcfl 3riarleHr.rq enp; H l/rec;. AuanH3 Tpex
OCI{OBHbIX PACCN{OTPEHHbIX 3ALA{ IIO3BO.IIflCT CAC"TIATb BbIBOA O TOM}r{To B Kax{Aofi H3 HHX HMeerctl rleKoropafl o6x{afl 6asgci{afi qacTb -
pacqer napaMerp?p Bo.AHoeFreprerrir{ecKoro pex{HMa foc, r. e. e"(l),
Qrec(l), Hiec(/),'/Vroc(/) rpri H3BecrHbrx 3HaqeHHflx e"0,, zn.6 i n H
zs.6 i n B KaX{AOU l-r\{ pIHTepBaJre BpeMeHH.
B KaqecrBe unnrocrpiqau Hi pHc. I L l rpeAcraB.reHbr 6"rrox-
c;(eivibi a.il-ropHTMoB qerblpex 3aAaq BoAHo3HepfeTHqecKHX pacqeToB.
tt nocJletrHHX Tpex ocHoBl-tbrx 3ar,aqa.x B BHAe QyrrxuuoHaJrbHoropacqeTHoro MoAyJIg Hcnod'Ib3yercq 6a:rrcHaff 3aAaqa, ttpeAcTaB,i,IeHltafl
r{a pHC. 11.1,a.
Ens npHnrTorHHHbrx H AepHBar{HoHHbrx f3c ilpH npoBeAeHurr
BOrHO3HepreTHqecKHX pacqeroB c/reAyer BBOAHTb rroTeptr Harropa B
AepHBaUHH H BO.4OrrpoBoArrrrdr,rx coopyx{eHHflx. I-ipH yqere nepeueH_noro KIIA f3C 3To Mo)Ker npt{BecrH K rroflB.,TeHHro AorroflHrirerbr{brxHrepai{HoHribrx pacqeroB no Hanopy (crvr. r.rr. l0).
Ha.ryaqlte KacKaAa He H3MeHrir rIocJIeAoBare.rrbHocTb DacqeroB
.qnE orAe.,'rbHoft f3C. OAuaxo nsaHilroerHnHHe peixHMoB f3C'B coMK-
HyroM KacKaAe norpe6yer Ilrepaquousofi rpolreAypbl B pacqerax.
flper oroivr EJrfl 3aAaHHoro rpaQnxa orAaun xax4ofi f3C ro hlour-
HocrH pacr{er cJreAyer Becru c BepxHefi cryneur KacKaAa, 3aAaBaffcb
HeKoropbrM pelKHMoM HHlKeJIex{arrrHX fOC.
B pa30MKHyroM KacKaAe pelxeHHe HaxoAl.rrcfl 6es HTepat{HoH-
HOfO npoqecca c HCrroJrb3oBaHHeM o6ltqustx 6a.[aHcoe I]o pacxoAy
KacKaAa (cu. rn. 7).
4 ,, ^ -^-,,,,.1rld./luI nYnDIIYI UUpCtJU$r IttrAJ lLn ya.\-Y.f.rDr Acrur\aAd r rv rrPrr .fo-
AaHHbrx pelKHMax z".at(t), V"p^ot(t) Hrtrl Q",(f) . il,nn 3aAaHHbIX rpa-
Saxoe Q".ol (/) pacr{er cr'IeAyer Har{HHarb c suxseft f 3C KacKaAa.
AonoeHHTeJrbHbte rpyAHocrH Bbrr{HCJrHTe"rrbHoro xapaKTepa BHocHT
yqer BpeMeHr{ Ao6erauafl pacxoAa lvle}KAy crBopaMI{. Erqe oAHa Hre-
P3(nOUnas npoueAypa norpeoyercfl npH yqere Ilorepb BoAbr It3
BOIOXpaHHJTHTTI.
Oco6o or\{errr\,r ueo6xoArr}rocrb HcIIo.rIb3oBaHHfl B pacqerax F.nr
pa3Hbrx no 4illrrerbHocrH lrnrepBarToB Ltt (uac, cyrKu, AeKaAa, NIe-
cfltI, roe) coorBercrByloulrrx MareMaTHqecKHX uoAe.neit 6seQon H
BoAonpoBoAffrrIHX coopyxeHufi (u'r. r.n. l3 n l4).
0zpatuveaue
Haya,qo
Hr"n 2 H
ilrsct = frn' zrgc.(r^o -rr.o (Arrr.)
Htgci < H!
0zpatuvetue no mgpfu,re
flqqgrtl q,urrtq no I
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flaao :,vl!! ;,r! ; htr i zoa ; z,o ft,r) lauo :,vl:: ; H{ ; 266,, i zsrtir
Znp i zat ( taa) ; z*a(0,6)
I
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a, = oilEa ('ua,,)
laao t Nl:; ; i/{ ; zoa;-x ; zaozt' }
ltt iLnpt; zm ( /at) i zra (Q,a)
IY
o, = ai\'cd (taatr)
oz= oi'rL' ktar^)
II_t
Q recr'- q5 (01* Qz)
II
_ _f
Qat = Qnp;- Creci
'l
I
?
|Vnoon -- d6; ' 4t;
II'f
V, -- Vt (z 7,1,*)
Vz= {o (za6a)
tt raFi = 266 -^Zx6 (afff')
noed r- \
Uz= 4 ns (z66Lk)
I
II
f
Qrsc=0,5(8t*Qz)
I
I
t
86 -Qnp-Qrrc
I+
Vr = .V6 (z a1,rx)
v7= Va (za1,u)
I
I
t
lVd= \ - Vz
.t
I
A+ J dYt"
Qa
-1 €H
Peu4eaue tadayu:
aTiir;Hriuiilig'ru
,)
Plrc. 11.2. AaropHrltu petxenlrI xaparirepHHx saAaq.BoAHosHeprerrlrecKlrx
a - pBcqer npe4e,rt6lrbl.x lrouluocrefl 13C nprr saAaHHbr.\ au.6:const; 6 _ ra4ata pacrrcra Bpe-ryp6rrrte s ret{eparopl', a - 38,0,4q0 npoBepKn Bo3Mo)+(fiocrfi ooffB.rer{Hn e".c6p , Ano anurur,"*
226
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' 227

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Vqer xoJlocTbtx c6pocoe Ha f3C npHBoAHr K rroffBJreHgrc Hre-p.airnorrHbrx rpor(e4fp 
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228
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229

--- PAGE BREAK ---

; floAcras'r'{ (11.37)-(ll.4t) B (lt.A6), (ll.4B)_(l( I 1.42). flo.nyunr,r
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230
(r t.52)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

'a.) 3
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933

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234 235

--- PAGE BREAK ---

6ee peryJrupoBaHuff- B qe,rrorlr c yqeroM H on pex(HM 3THX
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Hyru t{acrb roAa 3Aecb Bo3Mox{Hbr xoirocrue c6pocbr BoAbr. flpu 3Torr{
MolqHocrb f3C 6y4er onpeAe/rrrbcq cxervrofi co3AaHHr Harropa !r
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nJrn AeptrBar{tionHbrx f3c; qepe3 BoAoc6pocbr B Hrrx<Hrlfi 6teQ AJrf
n.ryorttt+ioit f3C. Ans nrc6oft cxeMbr co3AaHHfl Harropa HMeror N,recro
.loreprr ero 3a cqer HHxHefo 6teQz, r. e; AtV*.6(Qr.o) u A?r.a(e*.u).
Ec"rrrr..nponycK Q*..0p opraHu3oBaH r{epe3 AepHBauHro H HanopHniri
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qecxort sQQexruBFIocrH cxeivtbl. B nepuoAbr rrporycKa MaKCHMarbHbrx
pacxoAoB, KorAa Hafiop Mo]KeT 6nrru MeHbtIIe Ho*, Bo3Mox{Ho no-
flBJreHHe cBrr3aHuofi tto Hattopy MorrlHocrH /VcBn3 (Hrr.)
(ptuc. 12.l). 3ro BbI3bIBaer AonorHHreJrbHbre norepri MoulHocrH r{
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Psc. 12.2. Oco6esuocru
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croKa. B pearTbHblx ycJIoBHflx 3Tor o6relr MoxeT 6nirt HecKoJrbKo
MeHbuIe uJII{ 6olnrue. Ha"[H.{He Aaii{e tie6oluruoro BoAoxpaH}inHrqa
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ltHs Frarropa, xoropmfi, KaK rrpaBHJro, ile6o"nlruoft. B cBfl3H C 3THM
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JIeHHIo HeKOTOpbrx oco6eltgocrefi 3HepreTHr{ecKOro rr eo4oxosgficr-
BeHrloro HcnOJIbsoBaHHff noAo6sux 13C. fIo,.icHHvr 9To rDadsqecxa
lia p wc. 12.2- flyc'm Ans H3BecrHofi oruerxli HrIy B 
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fgc cyroqHoro peryrrrrpoBar.rHfi yBeflHr{HBaercfl ao trir[. B 06111erur
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TOpOe BpeMtI cyroli npoHCXoAHT rraKonJreHrre ecrecrBelrHoro cTor(a
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236 237

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Fia3blBaeMblri MollrHocrHbrir scjlcpexr fOC, KorAa l/Fb% )'VFeoc, r{ yryri-
ruarorcf yc"rroBHfl pa6orli T3C H A3C B cHcreil{e 3a cqer BbrpaB-
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creitlbl. EcTecrBeHFIo, t{To IIpII 3ToM npeAftonaraeTCf oiITHMar'IbHbIM
BII):TptlcTal'ltltlotttittilt pe;tilIN{ [ICflo,tbsoBar.rrrfl o6opy';oeauils. B ltepr.Io-
Abr rraBoAKa HrrH no.iroBoAbfl, KorAa Q"o>Qilst, f3C cyrorrHoro pe-
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yqacrBylor B ero peryJlHpoBaHrra. B 3To Bpel.rfl orrH He Moryr Hecrtr
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tuenHio p a cnor'I araenoli il,IoulHocrH.
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6aunx,r,r ypoeHeir BepxHero H FiHlKHero 6neQoe, oruuqanurliN,rcfl or
ecrecrBeHHoro xoAa yponuefi BoAororia. PacclrorpriM 3To Ha puc. 12.2,
frpe;lno.iraf afl, rrro rpaQrixH orAaqH no MorlHocrtr f 3C 6es pef y-
.rIrrpoBaFrr.rff H cyrorlL{ofo pefyJrHpoBaH}rfl ITponopuHoFiarbHbi rpaQu-
B coorBercrBi-rH c rpaQrrr<olvr, npeAcraBJreHHbrM B ra6l. 12,1.' Hs rpaQuxoe puc. 12.2 ei.r4uo, riro cpeAHecyroqHaff orMerr(a
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ileFIHeM 3i;o H, crreAoBareJrbHo, eceft nupa6orxH fOC cyror{Horo
T a 6n a:qa 12.1. PexHmu padorur I-3C cyrouHoro pery.'rnponaHHq
Bper.ra peryJt tipoBaHHfl
flapauerp
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HbIe cyrKH, a raK)*(e H 3a foA B r{er'lorvl, oAgaro noAo6Hoe yN4eHb-
IUeHHe cyrouuoft Bbtpa6orI(H Mox{er 6lrrl KoN,rtteHcripoBar{o ilpH:
pocroi\,r roAoBort ntrpa6orxn 3a cqeT coi(pau{eHllfl .V*.cop.
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3roivl AHaIa30H Qaxruuecxttx xole6anrrir ypoeHeir Frr{}KHero 6neQa
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Harpy3oK zt:t' o6lt.tlto HecKoirbKo NreHbute cBoero Ntar\cHi\{aJ,rbrroro
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rue, qeM l"'ts f3C 6es peryr'rrilloBaFurfl.
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a AJ'trr foAoBoro .al;? < pi;oo, r. e. xoa.p-$ilqueHr Hc[oJrb3oBaui.{rr 3i;o
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rreB3BerreHHofo Harropa B reqeHrie roAa. c yuerorr {12.2) 3a foA
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239

--- PAGE BREAK ---

pe3epBa cHCreMbI 6es ex<ecyrovuoft cpa6orxa:EsrroJrHeHnf BoAoxpa-
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6oeananr\.rH HeAe.rrbHbIX rpaQHKoB Harpy3KLI. C noNronibro HeAexbHoro
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cyToK, HeAe.rtH; Bo-BTopbIX, geo6xoAHMocrb HCno.qb3oB arrlrfl B pac-
qeTax ivlaTelrtaTHqeCI{HX ttoAe.neft 6neQoe, yqHTbrBaroultix HaJIHLrr.re B
IIILX HeyCTaTIOBFIBIIefOCfl ABHX{eHHfl BOAbr; B-TpeTbHX, CyqeCTBerrHorfi
Arrana3oLr H3MeHeriHf ypoBHer? 6necfoB B rerleHHe i cyr (uegera) npH
HeH3)letltlblx cpeAHeMecflqHblX HaIIOpaX, nocKo,'IbKy I{HK;'I pefyJlHpo-
BATI II'I 3JI.CCb IICBCJII.IK.
3rlr rH.{poy3.rlbr !rl{ercT 3HaqnreJlbrrbre o6relrrl xoJlocrbix c6pocoe
B reqefrHe foAa, T. e. 6o;isurne iloreprr 3l;^.
fAOC HeAenbHoro perynHpoBaHns. PexrrlrHsre oco6eHriocrs ra-
I\HX fA3C xapaKTepH3yllf,Tcfl B03Mo){{Hocrrrvnr nepepacnpeAeJ'reHrifl
Harpy3t(l'I B TeqeHHe HeIeJ-IlI, a TaI()Ke HCIIOJTb3OBaFIl{fl fASC KaK
HaAex(Horo oneparllBHoro pe3epBa 3HeprocilcreMbr. CxaeaHuoe Bbrure
o pexHI{ax ypoerieft r{ HaflopoB Bbrcor(oHailopHbrx f3c cnpaBeA.
JIIIBo I{ Airfl fA3C, Ho ilpr{ gToM Ao.rt}KHbr yrlgTbrBarbcfl cneilri$H-
rrecKHe xapar(TepHCrr{Kn rix 6neQoe
12.3. r3C C BOAOXPAHHnHU{AMI"{ fi,nHTEJlbHOrO pEryMpOBAHtlfl
Heo6xolHMocrb B AJrHTeJrbHoM peryJrHpoBaFrHH croKa onpeAe-
:'rf€rcfl HenpepbrBribn\{ pocroM norpeouocreft B BoAe Bo BpeN{erJH,
nocxoJrbKy B trexeuHul-'i ilepHoA 3TH norpe6Hocru Moryr npeBbrruarb
Qo"' (f) . B orJIHqHe or I(parKocpoLrHoro pery/rHpoBaHHrr uHcpoplra-
t{Hti, Heo6xoAar'lafl AJIfi pacqeToB ArHTeJrbHoro pefyJrHpoBaHHfi croKa,
o6','13r1a€r 3HaLIHTeiIbHo 6o.,ruuieil HeonpeAererfgocrbro, rITo neo6xo-
AHMo yr{urbrBarb npr.r ynpaBJreFrHH fOC.
fi"rr4rerblroe perynripoBaHHe flosBoJifler pa3Meuarb Ha f3c pa3-
Hble BllAbl pe3epBa 3iieprOCHCTeMbI, B TOI\'1 ttl{CJIe' Harpy3o,iFIutfi H
anapufiuurir. flo UuKJIy pelyJrr{pogaHHrr H peuaeivrbnll 3aAaqaM pa3-
JIHqaIOT ABa BHAa A.IIHTe,lbuOfO perynHp0BaHHfi cToKa - roAHqrJoe
(cesouuoe) rr rvlHoroJrerr.ree.
folrrqHoe (cesonHoe) peryJlHpoBaHHe croKa ocyu{ecrB,lner 6olu-
uafl qacrb sxcnJryarupyeMbrx fOC Fra Bolre, flrienpe, O6n, Auy-
242
Aapbe, Baxure H Apyrllx pel{ax CCCP. OrHocnre.ntritrii o6r,ervr ro-
4o6urrx BoAoxpaHH"[Hrrl HaxoAI]TCfl B npeAer'rax or 0,1 (nHor4a or
0,04) Ao 0,2-0,3. I-lp" 3roM qetr{ 6onnue rrsNrer{qHBocrb croKa Bo
BpeivreHH, TeM 6orrlrur.ir? o6telr BoAoxp&HH.rHU{& rpe6yercfr Ann ero
pefyilripoBaHHfl. Kax IpaBHr']0, BOAOXpaHr,rr'IHU{a Ar'rHTe.rIbHofo pefy-
XpSHH"rlHU{2 Ao ce3oFllloro o6leua cHLIiKaer 3aperyrTLrpoBasruurir pac-
XoA AO Qtapz H BeIeT Ii fioftB",t€itHrO XOIOCTbTX cdpocOe.^
flpH ognHaxoBbtx oruerriax Hny roAH{iHoe (cesoHuoe) peryJ.rrrDoBa-
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kiio <kii'. Haltlque roAHuHoro (ceacuuoro) perylnpoBaHLrfl vBeirffrru-
Baer A'i& ti o6ecneqeftt{ocrb orAaqa f3C B rer{eHrie AJrHTe,rtbFroro Bpe-
I\1CHI,i.
Pexri.rt r.o.lc6rrur.r BoIo.\pzr{ri;1r{u{ 6,v'4er xapai(TepH30BaTbcrr cy-
ulecrBeHflblllli lio"re6alttifluu }'poater? Bepxrrero 6recpa B TerreHrre
ce3oFIa, rora II nccroxruubtvti )fpoBrrflutr BepxHero 6teQa B TeqeFIHe
cyrot(, nefeJr-r. f.i1166ttoo cpa6oltia eoloxpaHH.,rrHUI A.rrr.ire.r-rbFroro
peryiil-lpoBal{l{r \loit(er nprrBecrr.{ r( cHHti(eHHro Hanopa lrrrx(e l1o"
Lt yMeFrbr.rrei{Hro pacno"laraerror'r MoulHocrH fOC. OcoderrHo olo xa_
paKTeplro ilJ']rr HH3rioiianoilrir,r.r f3c. A.nq AepHBauHOHHL,TX f3c r.iHo_
rAa cyu{ecrBeHr{oe 3ilarreirHe npilo6peraror norepH Hanopa B Aeptl_
BaI{ll}t }l Llanoprlblx BojloBo;f?X, oco6euHo npH 6o,'Irilllix rnl'6rriax
cp a 6orxH Bo.,Ioxp a rr H.[ r.iu].
MnoronerHee peryJr'poBaHHe croKa. Ifax,rr peryillipqBaHr.rfl 3Aecb
Ivlox(eT AJillTbcff rlecKorbKo "rter. I,ls6trroqHufi croK MHoroBolHbtx
.ileT HaKatt'{liBaerct{ B BoAorpaHHJrlture i{ cpa6arlteaercfl B ilraJio-
BoAFrbre roAbr (puc. 12.6) . Cpe.ruufi ypoBerrb Bepxrrero 6secpa :rjlecb
orftocHTe.[bFio uaruueirnrurrr? H3 Bcex BosMoxHbrx BHAOB pefy"[trpo_
Bal{lifl CTOKa. C,re4Ctstlel'r 3TOrO tiBflfltOTCf 3HaqHTeIb[Ibte noTepg
3HeprHH tla Tpatt3nrilo\'t cror{e npH oqeHb eucoxor? o6ecneqerrrrocrri
3HeprerHr{ecr{HX H BoAoxo3rrftcrseHHsrx noxaearefiefi f OC. AocrH_faercf 3To 6onurulrun o6telraun BoAoxpaHHJrHuI, A.rif r{oropbix
BvMH'p-0,5 x 6olee B 3aBLICI.TN{ocrlr or H3MeHrrHtsocrli cror(a tro foraM
I{ B TeqeHr'Ie foAa. I(ax fipaBH.,to, oAHoBpeMeHHo C ivrHoroJreTHHM
peryr'IHpoBaI{Hei\I ocyiIIecTBilffioTCfl I{ ApyrHe BHAbI peryJr}{poBar{Hf
croKa - roAI'Itltloe (cesonnoe), KpaTKocpoqrroe. B cnnsH c 3rHirr Arq
MFIOfOJIeTHefO pefyJlI{poBar{Hrr cnpaBeAJIHBbr re )Ke pe}Kr.rNlr{bre oco-
6enttoctu, Koropbte 6atnn paccuorpeHbr Bbr[re. Hs-sa 
'bonluioro 
rHa-
na3oHa cpa6orxr.r BoAo.\paHri,qrrUa BosMox(Lia AJn{TejrbHarr pa6ora
f3C c Fianopa[III Mettbtue I!rn H, cJ'reAoEare.rbrro, co cr.igxerrrrofi
p acnov'l ara e profi N{o r_t{t Iocrb lo.
Arn eoroxogrficrBerrrroro per|;'rHpoBauurr
l6*
xapaKrepr"ra or{eHKa pe-
243
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uanopy) r{ npr{rosHocrrr K (i+l)-ri fOC (cnnss no pacxo4y).
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244
245

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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249

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OIlTll\{d;'IbllOCTI{ Cnei.VeT CtltlTaTb.\llll{H}'l!'M paCXOna 3HepfOnOTeHqHana.
fA3C xparKocporrHoro perynHpoBaHHfl. Kax npaBH.lo, fA3C HCflor-rb3fror Bbt-
coKrre uanopH, Koropb{e He3Haqrrerbi{o H3i\ienrrForcrr B reqenue I cyr (Henun) }I
A,'1 fl ]{}tx.\aparirepHbl ge6ollurrre o6rerru BoAo.\paHrl;ruu1.3ro no3Bo;-rfl€T }rcnonb3o-
BaTb B pacqeraI. KpaTKocpoqHb{x pe){r{.liloB cTaTHrtecKi.re Kpl(Bhre cBrr3t{ o6reuoe }I
yponHefi 6re$os. 3uepre'ru,recKoc o6op5'Aoeaune H BoAonpoBoArulne coopy)+ieHI{rr
npeACTaBnsIOTCff TeXHOjlotHqeCKIIli{l{ H.'Ilt MfHOBeHHE{MH IapaKTepHCTIIKa}llI.
B pacqerax HacocHb{x pex.[{]v{oB c.reAyer yqr{TuBarb oco6euuocrH ycraHoB,'IeH-
Horo o6opyiloBaHHfl. Tax, 4;rn o6parttuux paAHaJIbHo-oceBbrx arperaroB B HacocI{oM
pe;fiHlre Bo3Mo)+(Ha peanH3ar{}{fl TonbKo AByx suaqeugft Moul}Iocr}r - nonHoro Hnrl
HyneBoro. HesHaqfire.rrbHoe rt3MeHeHHe nolsoir MourHocrrr Bo3$rolxr{o r{3-3a napxa,i-iufi
ypooHefr 6reSoe.
Aan fA3C o6utero BrrAa AononHHTe,'ibHo ueo6xoAuuo yqrrrbrBarb H3MeHeHHe
npHroquocrH H ypoBrieri 6reQa Bo BpelreuH.
fASC AnurerbHoro perynHpoBaHHn n f3C-fA3C. f,.rn raKlrx I-3V e reqeHHe
I cyr (xeae,'ru) Hanopbr Mo){rilo npnnr{MaTb nocrotr}rHbruu. Crox qepe3 IASC o[pe-
Ae.IIfleTCtl Ha ocHOBaHlil{ pacqeToB LJIHT€r'lbHtdx pex(HMOB.
A,'rq HacKaAoB f3C-fA3C cnpaBeAnHBH H3JroxeHHHe BHHe nor'roxeHHfr. Arrfl
f3V cooreercrByrou,rrx rHna H eflAa perynnpoBaHHfl croxa.
llpn,nnaxue gneKrpocraHqHH HMetor [.ranb{e Hanopbr R He3HaqHrelruufi rtHK.T
peryxHpoBatrfl,,(uecxoalxo eacon), B reqeHqe Koroporo cyurecrBeHgo H3Menrnorcfl
KaK Hanopbr, TaK H per+inMbr sreKrpocraHt1nn (ryp6nHHufi u HacocHurl).
Eee cqeunanbubrx MeponpHflTufi olrrodaccefiHoBue fl3C orpaHuqeHHo yqacrByror
B perynHpoBaurru udrpy3Kn sHeprocncreuu, pa6oralor B ocHoBr{olt s 6asucHoM pe-
)KHMe. OcnoaHoir rpHrepuir onrnMa.'rbHocrH - MaKcHMyM nupa6orxx n3C.
B xaqecrse xapaKTepncrHKr( Mops. Hcflonb3yercff MapeorpaMMa, 6acceftna - cra-
ruqecKarr KpHBarr cBfl3H ero o6re:rtoa n yponueit. 3ueprerlrqecxoe o6opyAonarnre
n p eAcTa Bn sercq M rilo Belltrbr Mlt x a p aKreprlcrHKa M rI.
HacocHue craHtlHH o6ur,rtto pa6oram tlo 3aAaHHoruy rpa(tHKy no/larrrr
Ac,lrror co6ori 6a3ncu1'to uarpy3Ky 3rteprocrtcreMbl
r{ onpe-
251

--- PAGE BREAK ---

' Pacqer pe>Knilta pa6oru HC c'rre4yer
crHI(al,{ BoAoupoBoAtudHX coopyx<euuft lt
ero rexHoJrornqecKHX oco6enuocrefi.
Eclu HacocHa.B craHqux pa6oraer ir crrcreMe KaHan - KaHaJI, To ee Hanop no'
croffH€H:,{,lr cucreMbl BoAoxpaHHJIpIuIe- BoAoxpaHlInHIr{e e sanhcdr'rocrn ot egda
perynHpoBarrHfi, rranopa H -orHocliTeJlbHoro oo'beMa BoAoxpaHHnHII{ cneAyeT yq
Barb H3MeHeH!{e yponHefi 6reQoe tio craruqecKHM HnH AI'IHaM[IqecKlIM xapaKrePH-
CTHKA M,
OcHoeFrofi xpurepafi pa6oru HC e cucreMe - MHHHMyrvt norpb6"rrseuofi 3HeprHH
11pH 3aAaHUOltt O6leiue TIJIH rpaQuxe noAatlH Bo BpeN{eHH.
Halsqxe perynHpyrourero o6teva 6uecpos no3BoJIser Hc[oJIb3oBarl HC B Kar{e-
crBe norpe6nre.rx-peryJlflropa rpa$Hra Harpy3Kl{.
13.2. PACT{ETbI KPATHOCPOqHbIX PE}I{HMOB TgC
PaCqer onTHMaJIbHOro cyTor{Horo pe}KIiMa COBpeMeH'Hofi 3Hepr6'
CHCTE}IbI B O6UICM CJTYI{AC BCCbMA CJIO}KEH. B CBfl3H C 3THIYI HAI{HCM
aHailH3 o6ufeft 3aLaqH C iTpoCTetturero cJIyqafl, a 3areM o6o6rqHM IIo-
Iyr{eHHbre .pe3yJrbrarbr H npoaHa/IH3HpyeM BJIHflHHe pas"r'lHr{Hblx $ax-
TOpOB r{a rroKa3are/Iri pe)KHMoB f3y.^ 
3aAa'{a orrrnMr{3ar{HH KparKocpotlHbtx pex(HMoB oAHHoqHofi I'3C
(npocreirurrli cJlyqail) MareMarnqecKH MolKer 6strs rpeACrFB{eHa,
cJreAyloulHrI o6p a3oM. fl"q#tra.Toa{yrculH}I o6piaov .. 4"fpottta Qaogt]tt
3lraHa xoriueHrpnpoBaH,Hafi 3HeprocHcreNIa c oAHofi ninotsnnof,l wf
H H3BeCTHbTX pelKHMaX 3JreKTpOCraHqHii Ha HaqaJrO ts tr KOHeq /r. paC-
cMarpHBaervibrx cyToK. I-leo6xoluvro raKlKe o6ecneqnrl BbirroJrHeFrHe
3aAaHHbIX orpaHHqeHHft pex{HMoB f3C H T3C BfiIa
riponsaolHrb no- MTHoBeHHbIM xapaKrepH-
euepreravecnoro o6opy4oeaHHfl c yqeroM
MFS (l) <ffru" (/) s lril3b' (r); ( 13.4i
tVTSLi (i ) < /Vraci (/) S
MdKU /l\
TsCi \' /.
llpegnonox(HM, r{To Bce 3aBHCHIvIocTH, HCrioJIb3yeMbIe B pacr{eTax,
BKrIoqan H P"(t), HerrpepbrBHbr H ABaxiAbr 4nQrQepeHr{HpyeMbL TorAa
NOCTAB"TIEFIHYrc 3AAAI{Y MOX(HO OTFICCTH K fPAHHIIHbIM BAPHAqHOHHbiM
3aAaqaM c H3orrepHMerpHqecKHMrr yc/roBHr{MH BHr,a (13.3) npH Ha-
.rruqHH HeroJroHoMHbrx ypaBHeHHft cessn BHAa (13,2) H'orpaun,{euuft
rrna HepaBeHcrB (13.4) H (13.5)
B 3ToII c.[y112e Mo]KHo cr{HTarb, r{ro 3KCTp €vy14 (i 3.1) Aocrura-
eT.cfl Ha Tex iKe SKcTpeMaJrfix, r{To H 3KCTpeuSrv cJieAyiou{efo Bblpa-
X(CHH'I:
o- (Mreci (l)) + t (i) v (l) + lr:cQr:c (f ) +
*ulro(l)+ F (a, lJ, t)dt =) min, (13.6)
rAe 1,(t), 2rsC - HeorlpeAe"'IeHHble HeTpplBllaJ'IbHble IuHOX(I,IreJtlI I[ ar-
paFIX(a; lIIrec\t), LUrcciO- urpaSuue QyHr<unu, BBeAeHirbie B ue-
neByrc QyHxqnro F Aln yrieTa-ofpar-rHqenxrlr tHna HepaBeHcrB.
HgeecrHo, qro MHHHM,yM (13.i) 6yLer HMerb MecTo, ec.'tH
i/rsc(f) H Nroci(/), i:1, 2,...,m fBrtfrorcn 3Kcrpeil{aJlgMrlr
T. e. BAoJIb Etr.ix 5rl'AeT Bbrno/r_Frrrbcg H3BecrHoe ypaBHeHr-{e 3ii"nepa-
seo6xoAuMoe ycrroBHe 3KCrpeMyMa clyuxuuoHerra ( 13.6)
f3C H HecKoi-ibKtiMn T3C (A3C pa6oraior 6es pery/lHpoBaI{Hfl Molr1-
HOCTH), T. e. c,ryuali, KOfAa noTepflMli B JIHHHH 3neKTpo[epeAaqr H
pacnpeAenurenlnoft cerH Mox(Ho npeneqpecb. I'I3BecrHbI nocroqnHstfi
cocraB BrJrroqeHHoro o6opy4onaHnfl T3C B TeqeHlie I cyr H ero -3Hep-
reTgqecKHe xapaKrepHcrHKH. Ans f3C 3aAaHbI 3HepreTHqecKHe -xa'
paxrepucTuKn, nocrpoeuuHe 6es yqera IIycKoBbIX ilorepb pacXQAa'H
npH HeH3MeHFIoM B reqeHHe CyroK Harlope fHApoarperaroB. A.rys' on-
peAefleHrrocrH npHMeM, qro Bce rHApoatplfarblj4HHaKoBbi.' ' 
Tpe6yercfl Hifiru raKne pex5uutr f3C n T3C B -reqeHHe 1 clr,
r. e. 
^ i/;oc(f), Mt:rci $), i: l, 2,. .., /Tt, Kolopble o6ecileq'Bar' 6bI
l,rngnUanbr{bll"{ paCXOA yCJIOBHO1O TOnJIHBa B CHCTeMe -
m-
IBr (A/reci Wat gmin
I:l
,' ibll' ycnoBgI'i 6alaHca' aKtllsnslx Mouluocreft
" - :''. m.
:) i:l
gaLanuoM o6beMe croKa.qepe3 f3C- sa i cyr'i ,'::' 
'-.
t
ir "
tvrec-) Qrsc(f)df :()
ta
m I t--
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ltq )
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dtrn
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( 13.7)
( r3.8)
tis rt
( 13.2)
.i
I
I
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at[o-;
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d,Vrsci
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(r3.e)
(r3.3)
Pacxpoer* ypaBHeHun (13.7) n (13.8)
F".* J :L r,; ,ec: {.rec ## --. r (0 +
253252

--- PAGE BREAK ---

,lUrec n d dQrac
- au=. 
- /"r3c dt dN rx 
:
F"r'", --- -!- F fr rr.1:
(13.10)
(r3. 11)
( 13.13)
( r3. 14)
(13.15)
H
C yuerorur (13.15) MoifiHo nocrpoHrb 3j^elrerHqecKy
a KTqp H cTI.rKy aKBHBa,'IeHrHoli T3C 3FI ep rocH
Aar'Iee UCflOJib3OBaTb ee B paCr{eTaX
' btscr(t) : ... : breo,'(/) : br," (frr*(l)) : 1(l).
Ha ocnoBaHHH cKasaHHoro npeACraBlIM ('13.15) c yqeroM
,r*u (l/rn" (l))
H paccMorprlM oco6eurtocrn
CTCME.
aMAKCu.]Ka
^Ml{H
YT3C
ro xa*
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( r3. 17)
(13 i7)
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(13.20)
- -::i- - 1,(t)
dNru, '
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breci: ;n; ; bisci
dQrec , d
QrEc: T,V.r.-i Qrec - - 
dt
brrri : b'r=ci f'breci* b ui; t
qiec : lrs.* Q rn* Q *r* J
flpoar-raJIHsHpyeM Bo3Moi*(HoCrb ilo,rlyqeHHfl perUeH_Hff ypaeneuuft
{ 13.10) H (13.1 t; . ttNcno HeH3BecrHbtx paBFIo 3m*5; 2m+2 - r{HCJ'Io
rrocroffilHbtx HIirerpHpoBaHHf ; m!l - rIHcJo paCqeTHbIX HeH3BeCT-
Hbtx ff.e" Ii 1y'136;, lrec H f,(f). HHcno ypaeHeHHil raKlKe paBHo
3m*t mlI - riuclo ypaerreHrarl 3fi"rrepa; 2m*2 -'tuclo rpaHHrl-
Hbrx ycrroeHir H ypaBuesriri cBfi3ri (13.2) n (13.3) .
!{rrtr.ulr c.iToBaMH, ecr,IH pacc}rarpr{BaeMbte ypaBHeHHfl HecoBMecr-
Hbr, a oipaHHqeHHr{ He flB"rIflIOTCf nporHBopeqarqHMH Apyf Apyfy' To
De[re]{He 3aAaqg }roireT 6strn safiAeHo, ecnH oHo cytuecrByer.- 
Heo6.t,odtr,ttore lJcrto7un onTu-MartbHozo pacnpe)eleHun arcruau'ort
HeepAsrcLr aHepeoclLcTe.tr.bL JiloaAr 6ono npedcraaneHbL B aHalrltrLrqe-
cKo.*L aud e cttedgrct4u,w o6 p asotut:
bi:c, (l) : biecz(/) = ... : biec^(t) : lrec qiec (t) : L(t), ( 13.12)
r.['e
B CICAVIOUICM BI,IAC:
i a l^l-^^//\\----.?//\: ^f3C 9fOC V Y i :u 1r ).1 - ve V I
onTHMa"'ibubtx pelKHMoB fOC B 3FieprocH-
flpe4nonox(HN,t, qTo qHCJIo BK.IItoqel{HbtX ilOA Harp}€Ky al'peraToB.
f3C B Ter{eHHe CVTOK nOCTOf HHO -!t lrec 3aAaHa" TOr;f,a yC,riOBHe
(13.17) AItf ,rro6or'r Harpy3KH 3HeproCHcreMbI A 6yLer cooTBercrBo-
BaTb nepeCeileHHrc br*" (ffr*") ri :rQcpepeFII{Hanlrlor't XapaKTep}'{cTIIKH
f 3C Qr^r(Nrx), )'N'tHox(euuoii tla i.r" (rouxa o Ha pHc' i3'1)'
B roqxe o pacxoA ycaoBHoro TOn.IIHBa B cHCTel,re_6yAer cavtltti lvlllttH-
ua,rrHttft .8o0. Jlto6oe oTK/LoHeHLLe oT //'*" H ff|r. eeder K no'q.B-
lleHun pefltLlrHbLx noTepb S SHepeOCLtCT€iL€ ABp"*.
fipn rr3MeHettlrII IIarpy3Kti 3tteprocgcreMbl Ao Pr:C Arltt
Lrec: const 3r{epreTHqecKaq xapaKTepHcrHKa f 3C cvclqaeTctl
napaJIJIeJIbHo cauori ce6e, nepeceKan br*u(,M'*u) e noeoit rouxe fr
(pHc. l3.l )
Vz (13.17) $usuu.ecrcuti cilbtc/L lrec ttotttHo uHTeprtpeTuposaTb
KaK ronr,tuBHAn ecptpexruBnocrb rcawdort eduruutqoL pacxodu oodtt ua
f 3C, r. e. Lr=c no1a3brcaeT, HQCKO/11KO g.HeHbuILffCn pacvod rOn'
rlulo ua TOC npu lls.ettuqeH.uLl pacxo)a eodot f 3C na I n3f c npu co-
6ttrcdenuu 6anattca .ttouquocreil aHepeocucreilbL. IeircreHTerbHo, Ha ;
ocrroB aHHH ( 13.17) HMeel{
Lrsc: br,rlQru.= dBr*uf dQrec' ( l3.le),
3saqeuHe 2"-:c B pacqerax o6uqrro ofrpeAeJlfleTcf HTepal{HoHHblM
nyreM raK, qro6u o6ecneqnrn BbtnoJIHeHtte ycnoBHfl (13.3) . t{erur
6o.rlurue lYrx, 3a I cyr, reu MeHbille lrsc, n rrao6opor.
B KatrecrBe lIJrJrrccrpauflH fia pHc. 13.2 nor(a3atIbt rpaQnrn pa6o-
ror f3C rrpn pa3uux 1.p36-or ft5[ Ao XfSc, paccqnrbtBaetublx no Qop-
IvI VJIA IVI
UDi
utf 'l..f i
Eclu npHl:rrrb BCe lipoqeccbr B oHeprocHcreMe ycTaHoBHBIITHMHCff,
a,n,u$Qep.*rU"unbuble XapaxrepI{cTHKH arperaToB H 3rteKrpocraHqafi
c yqero.v rurpaSHutx QyHr<unft 3aAarb npn p,r-+oo E' T'->oo (cu'
rrl. 9), ro (13.12) npltuer BHA
&"r", (/) :,','r, i brr*: [x,qgc(t) = I(t)'
HnorAa (13.15) 6olee yAo6Ho 3anHcarb cJieAylo
brecr(l)- br'3a,t(f) :0, i - 1,2,"', rni
brecr (i ) - lrac qrsc (i ) : 0, '
rAe &rscl - ortlocllre.nsnstit npHpocr 6alancHpytoulefi
cTaHUHH (s.Uecl TAC-1), npeAHa3gaqerttloti Ann noKpblrgtt
BO|O H3MellellEff IIarpy3KH B 3llepfocHcrer{e.
254
I-lpH'tF# B MaKcni\ryivre Hafpy3KH ece T3C pa6orarcr c rpeAeJlbHoit
MourHocrrro //]'ff". Eclu /VX,ff'> 4'"*", ro Wrcc(r|3ff) = 0 H Mp6(f):
: [r. EcrH l/l',ff'<Pfun', ro fOC pa6oraer B ilHKe rpa$ura Harpy3Kt{
no BbtHyxAeHHoilry peX(HMy, onpeAeflrreMot{y ycJIOBllnlVIH 6anaHca l\'{ou{-
rrocTH B sHepfoctlcTei\re:
( 13.2r)
255
6Mt{E
. IIHH -3KB . ,r MaKC
4f3C: t L|SC :
,MaKC
Yr3c
IIl
'l
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( 13.16)
sJreKTpO-
BHenfl:"n. N.ac(rf5t', t) : P"(/) - N!,?X'

--- PAGE BREAK ---

trrrc 9rsc
Pnc. 13.1, OurnMaJIbHoe pacnpeAeJle-
HHe HarPy3KH Mex(Ay f3c u T3C npn
3aAaHHIJX 3HaqeHHfX lJc H AlgC
MaxcutlaJIbHa.q pa6oqas ilIollrHocrb f3C npH 3roM paBHa
A/ffi1 :Py'*'-lv:'is'. (13.22)
Paeriocrt Nffif H /iFA% cocraBl4r Bpau{arc.1'wftcn pe3epB 3Hepro-
CHCTelvlbI.
I-lpH |F5t l'JL pa6oTaeT c ]'IaKCH\{aJIb:{1-1 ts'J3MU)r\htL)it r\
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. MAKC
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(pnc . t3.2,a).
HHIKe lFJi se
au 3KB ff:*a
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BJlvlne.T Ha peli(HNlbl I-3C npr H u: const'
I-lpn uairteHeHrl.i 2rec or lil3f Ao 1il3t pacrer crerleHb y'iacrttn l3C
B OrrTH[{aJlbl]oli pacflpeAeJleHt{H Hafpy3KII 3Heproc.lfcTe}lbl; OAHOBperleHHO
!B€"r1Her-tBaercfl L{ ItF-1"c (puc. 13.2,6\'
llo pe3yJrbTaTa).r onTrilvpr3arlHoHHbIX pacqeToB npH pa3HbIX lrr
rvror{.Ho rrocrpolrrb 3aBHcHvlocri.r B"(lrac) swrec(xrec) (pnc- l3-3). Oco-
6eHHocru 3THX KpHBbL\ 3aKJIIOqaeTcf B ToiY-1, I{TO OHli H}IercT floqTll 
"IH-
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pnc. i3.3). B erotl 3oHe ;tlo6oe H3illeHeHi'Ie lVrtc BeA3r K Ilponopquo-
HailbHoi\ty H3rleHeHIIiO 8.. --a^.-
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3HaqeHHt'r lrEc, 6,rrrsrHx r fi53 l{r'-tl{ fFAf, a{iipexrl'lBHocrb l\lerola pac-
npeAeJIeHttn Hafpy3KI{ B 3HeprocllcTeMe cKa3biBaeTcfi Hai\lHOrO i\leHbiile'
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v rr, (rrm)
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256:
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r7-64r0 257

--- PAGE BREAK ---

)KrrMy tVrec(/) (nju^._13.2,6). B ariax cJryqaflx Arfl HH3KoHanopHbrx H
cpeAiterlanopHblx f3C ueo6xoAalao vqHTbrBarb HeycraHoBHBueecfl
ABllllieHHe BoAbl B ill{,^l\Helr 6ue$e H BHocriTb cooTBercrBViotuHe H3Me-
HeFi_qfl s ;lnQ,QepeHr{HarbHyrc xapaKrepHCri{Ky f3C (cn. $ 9.3)
Vqer AuHaiviaqecxux IpoqeccoB B 6re$ai noTpe6ver HecKo,,'rbr{o
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neprroAbr noA'beMa lrafpy3Krl ri yMerrbrrjHTb r{afpy3r(y B IIepHoAbr
crl a 4a.
[Jr rulort'tHIIr,rx f3C c,qnriirFrL,rivrr.{ Bo:loBoraMH u AepHBar{HoHrrbrx
f3C r'r-iHTe.rtbFIofo peryilapoBaLrltr pacqeT onru,\{airbiloro cvroqrioro
pexilllla MoxtHo npoBo.lHTb rlpH ilocror{TJHOM ff ^.on B TeqeriHe i c1rr,
YqHTL,IBA'T 3TO B AHQQCPEHITHAJIbHbIX XAPAI{TCP[ICTHKAX f3C.
L"rn unsKoHanopHbIX f3C KparKocporiHOro peryirHpoB aHHn Aorroir-
r.rlireJbFro norpe6yercfl yqer HsMeHeHlifl ypoBrrefi BepxHefo 6nesa B
Terieitrie I cyr, T. e . fiepe]reHr,toro ll rac rI Ha.
B coepeMeHrrr,rx |c;1oBr.r.flx l"rrs T3C xapatiTepHo Fr3;iligLre orpaFIr.r-
qellHoro pacxoAa Ton.;rHBa B Teqenlie l cyr.3ro ue ro3Bo,rrqeT crpo-
ltrb 3KBIIBa,rIeHTribte xapaKTepHCTLrKH T3C 3apaHee r{ ycJrox(HreT pe-
l1IerrHe 3a.],aqH.
HanpHMep, ecrlL{. na TOC c Ho.ilLepanu or
TOTIH bt[i pACxOd TO nrlu,O
;* i/+ Nt Nz f'll ;;,l;x6 ' I jL
Pac. 13.4. BiIHFHHe rIePeNIeHHofo
qHc,'ra BK,rtoqeHt{blx afpefaroB t3C
Ha pel+(tJMbi pa6orr'r 3FIeprc)ctlcrel{id
Prrc. 13.5. Cnpn\1'leHHblc ;{apaiirc-
pHcrnru f3C
A;rn nor,'ryqeFIHq oAH03tlaqHOro pege1iHf o6uqttO npI'{MellfeTCfl
Cnpfl 1t.rreHHaf fHOQepeIIUrlaibHafl Xap^aK.repHcrliKa f3C' l''ln aroro
flpoBoArr rop'3oHraJrbtr);rc nrroto eb 1pilc 13.5) raK, qro6bl tl'r'lo-
;t;;3;-" s', oor.1r.r paBrrbr uei(.ty co6orl.3ro osrraqaeT, LIro lla pac-
xorlHoii xapa-t;;;;;r;^. fgC coorBercrBytourili ):tracroK AB 6yrer
Ta li){ie np f Mo"II Li H eii H bi}1.
llo;ryjueHH,v; KpllB)rto OABC ucno'ru3yry3 ts onrll\lH3auuoullblx
pacqerax. B crr.;r), fop'soriratiorrocti q.u.(/vrec) B 3o ne ABc BCe
H3Mer{erri.rfl Harpy3ii}i B 3HeprocrJCTe}le 6yAyr B oCHoBHoM BoCrtpllllH-
MaTbCflf3CBIIl-IoTb,].o.]'ocTIij+(eHHfl3HaqeHtIf,VF3t.|l-]").
Ar-rs HcKJrcqerrHfl IlHOro3llaqHOCTH (HeonpeIeIeHHocTll) peuettur
nu 
'3'BM 
np" Qrec: Qt yqacroK AB npeAcraB.;Iflnr B BHAe llaK"r]oH-
tour{ollllo, 
HcnoJrbsoBaHHe cnprnreHHoi:t KpHB.}'I' Qrec(lvrec) Mo-
x(er npHBecTII K HeKOTOpoMy nepepacxoAy T0ni'iIIBa B 3Hepfocl{cTeMe'
O.qHaKo 3uaqeHIIe ero o6srttto HaCTo.ribKO Ilailo, tlTO Hlf npele6pera'
ror. I-lp*r cnpfiMiTerruH AHOQepenUnalluoft xapaKrepIICrHKH fOC He-
O6XOInUO y! Nruteari, ee OCO6eHHOCTH, OIIp€J€;'IfieMble IIeOnTIiM aJ'Ib-
lIblII BKJ'l rOqeH HeM f H-r.pOarpef aTOB'
florepH pacxoAoB rra nycK-ocraHoBKy afpefaroe f3C, tax xie KaK
H pa3HOTI{nHOcTb O6opyAO-eaHrig, OTHOCHTeJIbHO MaJIO BJIHflror ila o6-
qHft n ra.U, cn p fl NI''l ell H o 11 x a p a KT ep H cr LI K H'
3Haqllre.nblro cJroxiHee pelullTb 3a,{aqy 112;16H1[€iIH5I OnTHMa"[bHo-'
ro rrncra r{ cocraBa BKrtoqeHtloro o6opy.ioBaliHr Ha T3C' 3lecu FIe-
o6xoAnuo )ttHTblBarb norepH Ton"r
HOCTb CaMofo nycKa H OfpaHHqeHI'l
fpy3KH. Kpove roro, ltaAo raK){ie
MOillHocTH B CeTll, Bbl3BallHoe I1€pi
pocra rluHfl rl H ll3-3a nycKa -ocra IIoi
salaqa nstoopa cocraBa BK.Ilrcqetll
Jree na T3C cralioBIITCtl o6ulect'tc
r7* 259
Nr:c
r^ nc-J'
3
?)!rilr:
J
n^
Bto", - \ B,-"1 
t I
I
.o
lM.eci (.t)]dt: 0r (l) : 0, (13"23)
ro ueoS.todu.+toe !croBUe ottrrt.rLar,LbHoeo pacnpedeneHufl. HaeplJ3KLL s
gHe peocucTe.He ttileer s tt)
brecr (f) : ... : breco,-r-r (/) : Lrx,,rr-, blsc^-, (l): ...
...8 lrscorbrec,n(/): LrecQrec(f) : L(t). (r 3.24)
[4s-sa cJIoxiHocTLI B3au]rocBr3eir pex(HrroB 3reKTpocTaHr{Hfi B sHep-
rOCI'lCIsIIe 3HaqeHll| lrec vr 1"^reCi, CO_OTBeTCTBVIOU{I.Ie BbI[OJltleHHIO yCJIO-
BKr? (13.23) no T3C H (13.24) no f3C, uoryr 6rrro HaftAeHbr rorrbKo
B paccuoTpeHrrbrx cnyqaffx rrpe,(noJraraJrHcb nocTosHHbtMtr cocraB
H rrHc.''ro BKJrroqeHHbrx afpefar,oB f3c. oqHaxo AJrfl fHApo3JleKrpo-
trasqul:r, KaK sro rioKa3aHo B rJr. 9, [oAAep]KaHHe rlocrofflrHoro qHC-
Jra BKJrroqeHHbrx fHApoafpetaroB npH H3MeHeHHH Harpy3r(H 13c He-
gallHoHarbHo, nocl(oirbKy 3To BJreqeT sa co60r1 iloTepH MouIHocTH.
Au$SepeHIlHaJIbuafl xapalffepHcrrrKa f3C, yqHTbrBarou{afl nepeMerr-
Froe qHcJro BK,'rloqelrrrbrx fHApoarpefaToB, 6yaer HMerb nHJroo6pa3Hbrji
BHA (cur. pHC. 9-13) . PeayJlbraroM sroro fiB.tIfleTcr MHoii(ecrBeHHocrb
peueHNi'r npH onpeAe,TeitHH lreodxoAHMbrx yc,roelrr:r onrrrMaJlbHoro
pacnpelererrHfl Harpy3KH B srreprocr{crelre (pnc. 13.4).
258
fr

--- PAGE BREAK ---

pacrreTa HaHBbifoAiier?uiero pex{HMa pa6orlt Bcex
CHCTCMbI COBMECTHO.
O6uree .perueHr,re raxoir 3aAaqH MoIKHO IloJIlIqHTb roJlbxo t{pIcJIeH-
HbiMrr IferoAaMH. flpuHUnn IIoAXoAaix peureHnrc H.ero $usuuecxul't
cMbtc,,T Mox{Ho nofl€HHTb TaK x{e, KaK H B aHaJlornqHoil 3aAar{e Arfl
HO. TIVCTb H3BCCTCH COCTAB
Heo6xolHrvrbre ycJroBtifl orrTHMaJjbllofo pacI]peAeJIeHHfl aKTHBHbIX
Harpv3oli B cHcTelle npHMyr BHA:
bftc(t\ (1 - of,
2",rtcQrec(/)(i -
(f)) - bp' (t)(l - "!, (l)) =)
(13.27)
";r (l)) - bpt i/)(1 -oFr.o(l))+
A,,rs LonyCrllrvroii 3OFIbt oHH Moryr 6ltru npeACTaB.r-IeHbI B CJIeAyru-
tlleM BHT.C:
3JieKTp ocrasupii'r
\
nrin. J
TO|O trilH HHO|O afpefaTa T3C npuonuxeHHo lviolKHo npoBepHTb no
CJI€41r161qeMy H3BeCTHOlvly ycJrOBHro H3 r'r' 9'
OcraHoBKa i-ro anpeiaia T3C, pa6orasruero c I{^i:Nutb'n"): Pa-
IIHoHaJbHa C ToIIKII speFIHn 3KoHoMI{H Tofitttla, ec.rin bi(N") 6o;tu-
rue &u*"(fft". -N^). Anq nycKa i-ro ryp6oarperara Ao,rIxHo BbI-
fiO,rlriffTbCfl yCJIOBlie br^t] bti'
AHa.rss coorFroureHns br*" 
" 
b{f no3Bo"Trer uatirlt oIITIIMa,{tltoti'l
CocraB pa6oraroulero o6opy.{oeaillif T3C e ,1rc6oi? NloMeHr Bper'leHH.
Anq ycKopeHHff iroHCKa pe[reuHrr r.{ox(Ho 3apaHee paH}l(IIpoBaTb arpe-
rarbr TAC B rloprAI(e y6ltsaHux b|i-
Karc noxa3brBaeT onbrr paCveroe cyror{Hbix pex(HMoB srleprocH'
creM, HMeHHo 3aAaqa nu6opa onrHMa,'IbHofo cocraBa pa6orarou{ero
o6opyroBaHHr TAC Mox{eT Aarb MaKcHMa;iuuntft gKoHoNInuecxHft :Q-
Qexr nO CpaBHettHto, HaIIpHMep, C 3aAaqeit pac[peAeJlellHfl rlarpy3i(H
B 3ueprocricreMe (aHa.rlorHfl C 3aAaqaMH, paCcMoTpeHFIblMrr e r.ii. 9).
PeureHlie paCCN,toTpeuHoil 3aAaqu C-VnIeCTBeHHo ycnoxiHHTcfl, ec.ilH
]f qecrb rieo6xoAHMocrb nl-ctia orK.{ioqet.t Hbtx arpef aroB B yrpeHl'lee
BpeMg npH yBe,'IHr{eHHH Hafpy3Klr, a TaHX(e co6IrcAeHHq 3aLaHHoro
ypOBHff HaAex{HocTu 3.''IeIiTpOCHa6xeHHq (ua,ruutln pe3epBoB B CH-
creMe)
06o6rqHr'l noJIyqeHHL,te pe3ynbTaTbi 4",'If IIpocTeHIIIero crtyr{aF' pa'
6Orui o,q,uofi f3C B KoHIIeHTpHpoBaHHOfi 3HeprocucreMe Ha 6o"iee
CJIOiKHL'tre.
PacfipeAeaeHHe aKTI{BHbIX Harp)r3ox B ?Hepro-
CHcTeMe oAuot? f3C rIJIH |ASC rpH 3aAaHHol'l cxeMe
.III{HHH aJIeI(Tp.oilepeAarIH. B SToM cnyqae ycJIOBHe 6anan-
ca : Harpygbx' e oHeprocHcreMe 3allHruercff" B BHAe
Sm
XPr(/)-ffrec(l)- )rV'eci(4+AP"(/) : 9(l) - 0, i13.251
T:l i:l
r4e Pu(t) -Harpy3Ka T-ro y3na 3HeprocHcreMbil; APs-ngrepn MoIq-
HocTH B JII{HHflx sJIeKTpO[epeAaqH, ,paccsnTblBae]Ible no SOpuyne
BK.rrrcrreHHoro o6opylon attfr, T3C H fOC B repHoA MaKcHMyMa Ha-
rpy3Kr{ cgcreMu. I-ipH rrioHu)KeilHH P. qe,recoo6pa3Flocrb orKrloqeHxf;
( 13.28)
rAe o'ri rl o|ecp- orHccqTe ;-lbHble nplitlocrbl noreps arrtiauoflt MolJ{Ho-
cTH B JlltHtifx 3.Tel(TDOnepeAaqll:
tlelur 6onr,gre oi- urtH ofr"o
trpLIHHM aTb p accMaTp llBaeMaq
, daPc rr?gQt
li^^^: - *:. \t'-t'zrlL -rLl- nlV ^..^
3na,tenttn 6Ppi Lt o'rr", noKaSbLBQtor, HacKo'nbKo t13'lteHfl'lorc'1
nOTepLI OKTuBHoLi .ntOt4uOCTu B ./tuHufLx, 3]reKTpOnepeAAqu npLt ASenU-
tteHr.tLr (y,ttentrutenuu) Haepa3ilu i-ti T3C unu'f 3C u rcarc sCnedCTEu"e
gToeo nepepacnpedcnnnrci ncroKtt itottlHocTLt I JLI[HLtfrx ,'xeKTpone'
3anriueM (13.28) B cnelylou{eM BH'r'e:
btic i (f) fti (l) : L'rzcgrac (f ) ftr:c (l) - b,(l) ftr (l)' ( 1 3'30)
rAe lz,, k;is il l?r-iloflpaBoq';ble Ko3$$HutteHTbi;
lz i (t) : ( I - oP", (l))-';
ft.:c (/) : [ 1 - ofs." (l)]-';
,t,(f):[-oPpr(l)l-'.
( 13.32)
, Telr,l l\{ellbtuyrc Hafpy3Ky 6yAeT BOc-
j-n T3C rrrrH f3C-
261
I ,r3 3r)
I
L{ncreHsute 3}{atleHl4fl of,- H ofa."" I'IeHbue 1, T' e' ki} I H frrcs)
> l. TaxUr,t O6paaoLt, yqeT noTeDb B cerflX )tBeJiH{uT brzct I't 7rec'
't
I-lpu Sroit 3JIeKrpocraHqHH, )'43.{eHHble oT ocH^BFblX y3"rloB HarpysKrl'
6ye,yr HIteTb, Kal{ r(paBHJIO,'6olltrtne 3HaqeHHfl OTHOcllTeflbHbIX npHpo-
croB norepb " 
..tr,i.'-4"; TaKllx 3JIet(rpocTarlqlfi o'r=., JIHHer"lHo 3a-
BHCqT Or HafPy3l$i
o dAP.n r2'Vn"
orecP : dvrec :--w-
( 13.26)
3lect ra_ aI(TIIBHoe conpornBJrenrre o-ro ygacTKa, Ona, nnHiln 3JIeKT-
ponepeAaqn, qepe3 Koropyrc nponycxaercx noroK aKrHBHofi Nr, MBr,
H peaKTHBHoir 0r, Meap, Morrlrrocrn npH nocrofll'tlloM HEIIpfi.tK€l{HH
Ur, xB.
260

--- PAGE BREAK ---

PacnpeAe"'iel{He Harpy3KH B sHeprocHcreMe
C HCCKOJIbKH},IH f3C LIIIH IA3C, HCH^\ICrcU{HMH ME}IiAY
co6oil rttAp aBJIHrlecxo l.i cB r{3 H. 3ro o3FraqaeT rroflBJreHne
Aonor'II-IfiTe.rlbHbIX ypaBHeHiti? efiAa (13.27), paBlrbrx r{Hcfly fOC:
l"rect Qrect(t) kr (t)- bLU) 4(t\+ (r3.33)
3a.qaqa onrHMrr3ar{H}r cyroqHoro pex{firvra rrpH
Hail:,1.LrHtl B sHepf ocHcreMe KacKar,a f3c suaqure"nuHo
oc"loxillffeTCfl, oco6euHo IlpH Harlrl{HH f3C c Ma,r-ibrMH 3FIaqetrHff}rH
x.q.o6 MexAy crBopaMr,t. 4.rrg raKofo Kacr(a.qa ueodxof,HMo B Qrect
yr{HTHBarb rHApa.BjlHqecKyro cBff3b cMex{Hbrx 13c (noanop v -(to5
Me){i-Iy crBopavli). ,Iln6oe 3HaqeHHe pacxoAa f asiror:r /-fi f3C 6y.ler
cKa3biBarbcfl ira risMeHeHHH norropa Ha (/- l) -ri f 3C qepe3 Tso6 l_r.
HarHqlte rll-rpae.rl{qe'cxofi cBfl3r-t B KacKa.re norpe6yeT H Hs}ieHeHl.rfl
pacqeTlibtx IIepeMet{itbt.\. 3:eco Mol*iHo HCno.irbsoBaTb o6aevtr Bofbi B
BoAoxpaHH.,.rHUrax f3C HJrH pacxoAbr fOC. B oroM cnyuae yrpoua-
eTCff pacqeT orHocHreirbHbrx npHpocroB MorrlHocrn f3c B KacKare.
Heo6xolH\'{bIe ycJoBIifl orrrHMz;'rbHocrH pex(HMoB f3C B crrcreMe
6y.ryr a H a"r'rorHqHbr ( 13.33) , rAe Qreci flpH ycJroBriH riocrofiHcrBa
pacxofoB Bcex ocra,,llbHbt.\ f3c B Kacr(afe H H3BeCTHbIX Tro6z H
T,ro6 J-r Cne;IyeT paCCqHTbIBaTb no Sopvy,re
Q r=c r: ?'I*"t* - ifacl-t ' dr\ittt' ' d'vp' 6141
dQrsc, - da#-+;q;#+=C;;' (13'3+)
t{en 6onbirr€ T,rog Mex{.rly crBopaMH H qeM 6o,ree rny6oxoe peryJrH-
poBarrne HMercT f3C KacKa;ta, TeM MeHbure 6yaer HX B3aH${Hoe BjTHff-
HHe Apyr Ha .4pyra e cyrouHofi 3alaqe. B pac,rerax KpaTKocpor{Hbrx
pelKHM,oB KacKaAoB f3C AnHTeJIbHoro pery.THpoBaHHr c 6oltLulillr
r.qo6 (Bolxtcxo-KavrcxHli, fiHenposcxnfi,- AurapcriHfr) KaiKIaq f3C
KacKaIa Mo){ieT paccMarpuBarbcfl KaK H3on}rpoBaHHas 6es cBff3g no
pex(HMy c ApyrHMH siier(TpocraHr{HffMH.
B.nnnr{He rr3MeHeHHfl pex(riMa f3Q H fA3C Ha [oKa3are,rH 3Hep-
reTHr{ecKoir :QcpeKTHBHOCTH_-C_HCTeMbr 6y,ler yMeHbulartcq npli 1,'veieorpaHHqeunfi co cropoHb'r BXC, npH yMeHbureHHpr o6tevoB BoAbr,,npo-
xoitrtlleri qepe3 ryp6nHm f3y rr clrHiKeHHrr yAenbrroro Beca HX B
CiICTCM C.
Po.rlr' foc u .fA3c r(aK peryrrflropoB lrarpy3Ku 6yler yBerurrH-
q{Tb_cfl no lvlepe BBojla rIoBbtX IipynHbIX TeIIJIroBbt.x 6noxoa rra T3C lr
A.3.C. llpt:I9M ocHoBHoe sHa.IeuHe 6yaer HMerb He <(rorrJrHBHbr!-r
aQQexr> f3y, a HX BJtHflHHe Ha Ha,u,ex(Hocrb H )KHnyqgsrb 3Heprocrr-
creMbr. B sroM cnyqae He6orrluue f3y 6y.u,yr B ocHoeHolr uo,non-
Hrrb poJIb pesepBa aHepfocHcreMbr. B pacflpereJrer-rH]r xre cyrouuori
HarpvsKrr 6ynyr yqacrBoBarb Kpynrrbre 3JreKTpocrarrr{Hlr c 6olnurHurr
peryJrHpyroulHM H BoAoxp a rrHrHrqa M H.
C I{3Me}leHHeM xpHTep}rff onTHMaJrbirocrH }r3MeHHTcrr rr BHjr He-
o6.xorrlr,turx yc,ronxr:r pauHoHaJrbHoro pacnpeAeJreHr.rfl rrarpy3Kr.r B
3rIeprocHCTeMe. Olnaxo noAXoI H MeToAbr peuelrHn raxoitr 3a.[.aqri
61tryr arra,rrortiqnbr pacclrorperrrrbrM Bbrure.
262
{3.3. pACr{ETbt HPATftOCpOT{HbtX pE}+il4iAOB fA3C H r3y
flPyrHx THnoB
Paccr,torpHlr 3araqy onTuMaJrbHoro pacnpeAeiterrHfl rrarp)'3Ki,i B
KouqeiirplrpoBansol'r aHeprocHCTeMe c oi(Btrs?,,T€trrFior:r TOC Tr fAOC
FIecotsIleu{eHHoro r}rIIa c o6parHMEIMH oceBbrMH LrjrH IrHaroHaJrbirbrMrH
B KaqecrBe KpHrepHff onrHlra,'rbHocrri npHN{eM (13.1); orpai.rHqeHHfl
(i3.1), (i3.5) yilreM n,yre\{ Blr:loii3MenerrHfl rircfQepeHr{rra/rbr-rbrx xa-
paKTepucrl{K I{acoct{brx H rirp6rrrrr-ririx arperaroB TaK, Kari 3To cAeaa-
IIo B f.;I.9.6yAeI'I .la,Tee cqlireTrr peiriHlrbr SHeproc!icreMbr ycrar-roBrrts-
[n{i\,rr]cfl, s Pr(t) - HeilpepbreHorl cp.vrixrlueii.
fl1'cru e'reqeHlie I c1,-r f-\3C I paa pa6oraer B pex(HMe 3apfifa,
o6ecneqitBafl rlofaqv B Bep\riee Bo]oxpaFIH.:trrure 3aAarirrofo o6relra
Bo^l br lVrsec. 3aiei,r s pe.r,rrrre pu:p",ra 3Tor o6r,err Bo.r,br noJFro-
crbto cpa6arbtBaeTCr{, T. e. i'paBrrer-rHr [i3oneprr]teTplirrecnir.r 1-c.rionnli
nrq fA3C npr{M1:1 su
rle tn u /, - qr.rc,ro qacoB Da6orur fA3C B
pexifi)rax.
Vc,rosHq 6a;laltca N{ou{HocTeri l,.rq rex H{e
( 13.35)
( 13.36)
Fracocuolr ri ri'pSutruolr
pei*(H !r oB
( r3.37)
( r 3.38)
I'g
u,,/H f ".t
rv lrec - J Qrec (i ) dt : g.
n
t'T
\ Q..*r. (t)rlt -- lVF.r:c - 0,
J ''
0
I
?,,(l) - P.(l)+l/Froc (t) -- Iilrr.,(t):0;
i:l
m
9, (t) = P"(r)-Ai l.rec ({) - Xfftr., (l) : 0.
;-l
t-r
I{e,resaa Srrltxuufi npH 3ro}{ HMeer Brrl '
(D - B" + 1,, (l) 1l,, (l) + X, (l) ?, (l) - lnQ.esc (l) * l.Qraec (l) :) min.
( r3.3s)
I-lpu.rteu B KaqecrBe pacqerHbrx nepeNreH r{brx ffrrci (l), A,FEec (/),
fflnac (l).
Hcno,.rr,gyfr. Elrr peueHHfl 3aAar{H ycnoBHn Sirnepa, roryqaeM B br-
palKeHiJe AJIfi O nTr{ MaJIbrr0_r,o^ _ p a cnpeAe JTeHHR Ha-
rpyri<u B 3ueprocuire.\re c |AOC:
ryp6rrrrHsrfipex(HM
b'rect (l) : brecz(l): ...: breo, (f) : b*"(Nrnu(l)) :
( 13.40)
265
: J"r glesc (/) : L (r);

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ne*g , , NrA3c
r MOKC
A rR:c
. MOKC
4 rn:c
r Ml,.LH
A rR:c
iVrn:c
n \ nt4UH
rc/ rc
N:xg
PHc. 13.6. Pacqer onrnMa,rlbrroro
pexinN{a |AOC B HacocHor\{ pe-
,KH\{e
li i- qec Plic. 13.7. Hacocnrre DelKHr{br
fA3C c nocroflHHblrin r{ nepe-
veHHbrM qHC,-roM paSoraricil{rrx
arpeiaToB
P.rN
HacocHbrii pexHM
brect(f): brt62(i): ...: breco,(f) :6r^r(ilro(l)) :
: &,.u(N,o(f)) : -'l"^9rnec (/): 7^(t)'
3HarreHufr lrr g i." nocrorHHbr B TeqeHEe paccllarpHBaeil{brx cyror(.
ousHqecxlifi cMblcJr lr ariaJrofHqeH lreci ?"n .tapanrepusaer routuE'
trgto afuQeKTusHocrb I 'u3 eodbl, saKo4usae.*Iort s eepxHee sodoxpq-
HurrLr.t4e. Arq pelKriMa 3apflAa |AOC HnH HC roJ'ItyqaeM
6,*u (ff.o (/)) - L*Q\rc.(f) ) min. ( 13.42)
Tar rax gFaec(i/rnec)-y6uearcuafl KpHBafl, ro yciroBtlto (13.42)
6y,u,er coo-rsercrBoBarb braKcardaJrbndfl sarpy3Ka fAffi B HacocHoM pe-
x{Is{e (um HC) yueroM 3aAaHHoro-o6reua UZFAsc (pnc. 13.6). I-lpH eror'r
Mr{Hr{r{4"{bnuft o6reu 3axar{HBae},,Ioft BoAbr WFAH (pnc. 13.7; a) sa Bpe-
ua tr 6y,u,er coorBercTBoBarb pe)fiHryly TPC, onpeAeirrerloNJy KaK
rVrec(/) : PI'" (r) -F ruF;5H (t) : const.
[*lpoue>xyroqt{o}ry 3HaqeHr{to WFrcc Mex'iAy WFi53 a I'Zfloi'{" 6y4er
coorBercrBoBarb pelKLrM fA3C, noKa3aHHbIfi H& pr11g. 13.7,q.
Ec.nl.r B peX(Hr,te 3apflAa yqecTb B03MOX{HOCTb peryflHpoBarlHfi qHC-
Jra BKJrroqeHHbIX arperaroB, To Harpy3Ka |AOC 6ynet MeHfrbcs cxaq-
Koo6pa3Ho (pnc. l'3.7,a).'flpH srotvl 6y.Uyr HMerb Mecro pex(HMHbIe
Ma./'IbHbIlI KilA B JIrc6oM pelKuh{e. Bonpoc o Bbl6ope pex(rrM a 3apn[a
BO3MOXHbIX iIO.N{ox(eT 6lrrt peilteH ToiibKo c noMoxrblo oueHKH BCex
C,'ICACTB]IiT OT N:UCIiCHfifl PC}KHMOB fA3C.
B HeKoropbrx cr'r)'r{tffx onruMH3arIrifl c}troqttoro pe}KHMa 3rlepro-
cHCTelrbr c f3V Bo3Mo)fiFra c HCIIoJIb3oBat'tHeI,t raK Hagsteae\4oli HH-
rerp ari,nofr 1r.,1 ri alailH3Iip,vrcu{eit xpHeofi rpaQnxa rlarp,v-3KIi.
U ctoett.ttcn Hosbtlorb uHTeepattanoit rcpuooti HaepAIKLL Bolt[cLt'
,liocTb CllTotrHaLi. eotpa6oTKu SHepeuu SHepeoCuCTe.ubt 3, oT r+lotl7Ho-
cru P, tt.Lu 3aBLICLtttoCTb nurcoaoil SHepeLILI 3n,,* oT nuKolort ttLOu,Ho'
Qop rtyre
3,u,* : 3nn* 1r\in"n; I (ffn,,*) dNnnn. (r3.45)
llocrpoenHafl KpHBafl MolKeT 6lrrn HCnolb3oBalIa H AJIfi pacr{eTa
npr 3aAaHuN iV. or 0 Ao P.nta^t.' 
flo;ryueHHafl I(pHBafl 3no* (Mnn*) HMeer ABa XapaKrepHblX yqacT-
Ka: B 3OHe Harpy3oK or 0 Ao P""nn oHa.rlllHefiHa, B 3oHe Hafpy3oK
Br,rue P.vnr Bb,InyI(JIa H HMeeT napa6onu,iecKaft BHd. 3Ta KplIBafi IIo-
3Bo.rrfler onpene;flTb cyror{Ht{fi p-exun rrp6ofi 3JIeKTPocraHqHH tipH
ee pa3l,reuleHHlt B rpaQHKe Harpy3KH B ElIAe HexoTopoi? 3oribl, orP4-
uttqengol"r ilo Mou{HocrI{ ropl{3oHTaJIbHbikIH JIHI{HffMH.
fI5,crl, rranpr{Mep, 3aAaHa MaKcHMaJIbHafl pa6ouan MoII{Hocrt I-Ft
f 3C ,\ir 11 ee c)/roqHar Bbtpadorxa 3r Ens onpeAeJIeFIHocrH
'Yrilr'
ffnu*
f
I
d)n\
( 13.41)
( r3 43)
n
.o
D
3*"lV"p
:t
:i
..i ,r,.'r' J
J.]
..,I
',{
,-l-' I
.t't
,[,ln ,rraxcrii\,raJlbHoro o6beMa tf}i#' 6yAeru rhrerb (puc. 13.7 ,6)
rVrsc (l) : P" (l) + ffFA56" (l) : const.
Pnc. 13.8. Pacqcr c)'rotttlbt.\ pe'
xrrMoB fOC lr fA3C no uttre'
rpanlxofi xplreoft Harpy3t(tt
-JZ
,*M
'/
N2 N1
tu
^)4uxrE
2il
( r 3.41) 0 Z+ -3c
265

--- PAGE BREAK ---

nycrb 3L-3r(Nr)-3t(A/r), a l{t-//r-rV'. Torla perueFIHe}I 32,Ia-
tiH Syler 30Ha rpa0HKa Harpy3KH, pa3MeirleHHafl MeiKly rcprisoFi-
TaJIbIiblN{II ;1HHHfl}IH, COOTBeTCTByIOUIHMH nHKOBbIM MOU-lHOCTf }{ Nz H
/V1. 3ro 03FraqaeT, qro npflMoyroJrbr-rbrr? rpeyro.,TbutiK abc c KareTa-
MH 3t H Nt coBMecrlircg c rpeyroJIbHHt<ottt o/b'c' Ha HHTerpaJibFlorl
Kp HBOI{.
Han6o.ree uHpoKo Irrlrerpa"rlbHaq KpriBar{ Harpy3KH HCito,'rb3yeT-
cE npH npoexTpipoBa+trl f3C H iAOC, npHqeM orJIHqHe nor'rvqeFrFro-
fo ilo Iler't pex(HMa fOC HIIH fA3C or onrtlMa.[b]roro re]t lrelibue,
qeM 6o"rnue orpauuueulrft HaKiraifbrBaeTCr rra HX pex{a}rbr [i qe]r
I,r eHbue yjIe"'r r,rr r,r i'i Bec 3THX 3.ir e KTp o cra rr qnir e 3rrep ro cH CTeI{ e.
flpaeonepHocrb HCno,'rb3oBaFrlrfl HHTefpa"TbHoir r<paeoi:i i.xfl pac-
qeToB CyTorrHbrx pexir-rMoB no,LTBepiiiAaeTCfl H c,TeAyrouItII,I [0,(oiKeHLi-
eM. llpelno;roxclM, r{TO B KaqecrBe ti3ofleprir,teTpi.rqecKoro ]'c.ToBtrr
pa6orbr fOC u;ru fASC eyecro (13.3) 3a-laHo
9.ac - //rec (t) dt : 0 . ( r 3.46)
t Oflla HeOOXOAHMOe yc,'lOBHe OITHMaT'IbllOfO paCilp€[e;10HIifl IIa-
rp,y3xri B 3Freprocr{creMe AJifl Typ6HHHoro pexH}ra ripHMer Brr.4
br*" (N,*" (/) ) : lr: l. (l) : coflSt,
t-J] A.BA 14
PACT{ETH ANHTEJIbHbIX PE}K}4}dOS
rhgpoSHEptETl'{qEcHHX yCTAHOEOH
{4.r. o6u-ll{E nofloifiEHHq
a.I,aqa onTHMH3aqHH ArHTeJibllofo pelliH
foCr.tcretvle Ii, C,iteAoBaTeilbflo, BCeil 3Hepfocl'IcTeMbI B I{CJIoM npt'iHUH-
nlla,'IbtlO }/I3.r-IO OT,,llitIl0TCtt OT 3aAaql'i, paCCMOTpeHLIOl"l B fiI. 13' Aerl-
crBHTe.,'ibFIC, JIo6yfo 3aIaqy onrllMH3aUIill AJIHTe,'Ibllofo peXiliMa lvloiKHo
npe-1craBlirb B Tot:t i{{e iIoCTaHoBKe, KaK H AiIn CyToK c yBe'rlHqeH-
lrb6,r pecr{erubr}{ riirrepBaroM f, I{o npH 3ToM 3Ha'-IIITe"rlb}'{o Bo3pacra-
eT pa3}/repHocTb 3aJ,aqt.i; ee peueHHe cTaHoBI{TCI{ B03VlOXiFIblM ro;-lbKo
rra coBpe.\rerrHbr.\ 3BiU c 6sicrpoAeficrBHeM B ltHJ;lHottbl oIeD aqllr'l B
ceriviriv c iieorpatiliLlettirrrrM o6'bevror.r fta!tflTIL Pea.,l!{3au}tfl flo-Lo6Hol:{
3a Iaq H oc!'uecTB.:lf eTcfl ToilbKo B p acqeTax, ilpec.'lej.i'rou{HX p eueHHe
TeopeTHr{ecK}rx npo6;'leMrlblx BoIIpocoB.
B npaKTHKe 3Kcit"tyarar{H}r 3FreprocHCTeM orpa}KaeTCfi cilox(HB-
uafcff IIepapxHqecF(af cTpyKT\/pa y|IpaBJ'IeHHff ]iX pexiHMaN{H, yt{H-
TblBaloluafl H oco6eHIiocrH 3a.1aql{ AitF- 6orrsutoro flepvo'.a Bpe-
lleHt{ I
Ielicretire.irbt{o, onrnMli3at{Hr -1"'utre;lbHbtx pex\HMoB B orJtliqHe
orKparKocpoqitoiionruMll3al{HIittMeeTc"Ie'1}Itou{HeocoSeHIIocrHl
6o,rtutt'ro nofpe[rF{ocrb ri,cxoAHoi.'t HgQopMaqHl.t; Heo6xoJ.}iMocrb yqe-
Ta ce3otrrrbtr ri3)tenerrrifi rpaQr*,a Harp)'3Kn H 6i,troeoft npltrotlFlocrtl;
n3Metrelilre xapaKTepucrrrK rrlix(ttero 6uoSa 3t'tr'{oii tt.rII'i JleTo}'{ Bc.lex-
cTBge ;t€JOBbtx,\'C"tOBHli H.,'ltt 3apaCTallHf Bo,{oToKoB paCTeHHR}{H;
l.t3ir{eire}rHe {HCr3 l{ cocraBa o6opyroaatrfl. Ha 3J'IeKTpocraHIrHffx i
Bcrel.crBtre pelroHra; 3HaqHreirbFruie rpe6oBaHI{fl K pex(HMy f3V co
croponbt yqacrHttKoB BXC (orparillqeHHf no orMerKaM BepxHero H
HHiKHero 6teQou no )'cnoBHffM cy.l,oxo.l,cTBa, ceJ-lbcKoro X03fllicTBa,
nDoltbuurTeHHoro H KoMMyHanbHoio Bo.a,ocHa6xeHun H T. A ). Cnequ-
/.
QHuecxHe Tpe6oB'aHtfl npeA'bfB/lfloTcfl Lt no oxpalle oKp.vx(arcu1eH
cperbr. Oco6ure c,Tox{trocrn B pacqerbr BI{oct'tr Heo6xoAHMocrb KoMiI-
JieKCHOTO HCITOJTb3OBaHHtI ofpallHqetlilblx 3aIIaCOB npeCtlOri BOAbt Ha
3elr;re B ycJtoBHfix rrenpepbrBtroro yBenHqeHHn norpe6[tocreF't B Iiefi.
He veHee croxieH r{ yqeT BeporrrrrocrHoro H HeottpeAeneHlloro xapaK-
Tepa lrcxoAHo!'t HHQopMaullH.
B pacqeTax Ar.rfiTerbHbrx pexiHMoB B orrltt{tte or pacqeToB Kpar-
xocpbunux pex(I{MoB lleo6xo,r,tt}Io yqHTblBaTb H To, tITo f3C c BoAo-
XpaHH.lIHuIaMH nepep?Crtp€J,e.rlflior _I_o BpeMeHH 6utronor't croK peK H,
CJIeAOBaTeJIbHo, stleprHto peKH 3 p(W ")3Ha.{Hre,TbHoe BJrHflirHe Ha onrHMaJIbHoe Hcno/lb3oBaHHe 3Hepro-
pecypcoB 3a nnHrenbFibrfr nepuo4 I Mox{eT oKa3arb ruAPaBJlHqecKar
futlo f3y B Kact{aAe (yuer rro6 II tloAnopa or HHXeJIex{auIHX fOC)'
Ha eSpexrnBHocrH A.rrHreJrbrlbrx pex(HMoB fOC cKa3blBaForcfl
3traqHTe":rbHbte Kofle6arrHr{ HanopoB H3-3a cpa60rKt{-HafloJItlellHr Bo-
AoxpaHHi'tl{ul. B srHX YC"noBtlflx (e oT,qrlqHe or TOC) HMeer MecTq
3a!.aqa c noc"nerefrcreuev, a HMenrro npelKAeBpeMettttatt cpa6orKa
267
T
II
0
a -l,Ifl HaCOCiTOfO
(13.47)
(r 3.48)b,*' (N,*" (/) ) : -1.n - 1." (l) : const,
T. e. Hau6onee onrHMaJIbHbr'ryl ffBJrfleTCfi peixHll T3C c MaKcHMZT'IbHo
nocToffHHoi{ MorrlHocTbro B TeqeHHe I cyr c yqeToM ofpaHrrqennft pe-
>KHMoB f3C n T3C, qro H peaJrH3yercr Ha rrHrerpa,'rbriol'r KpHBoi{Ha-
rP]'eKH.
Pextuvst sapffAa |AOC raKx(e Mox(Ho ofipe{€.r'IflTb no HHTerpaJIb-
troi? npuaorYr, cBri3brBarouefi Mex(Ay co6ofi nJroulajlb irpoBarra fpaqbH-
Ka HarpysKH 3np ,c coorBeTCTByroueft eir Hcno,'rb3,veMoii MolriHocrbFo
iy'np (pnc. 13.8). Arq nocrpoeHlrfl yKa3aHHoi.r HHrerpa./rbrrotl xptie_ofi
3aAalorcfl nocrofllrrioil vourrocrbro T3C, paenoli cyMMe P."u* H /Vnp,
H onpeAeJrrrror 3np rro Qopvy,re
)unp I (/V,o) flN nv.J'o0
(13.4e)
Pac.Ier pex{HMa {^Faec(l) no J,'o(ff.') npoBoAr-trcr .{,flJlt}€ raK xe,
KaK H AJIfl pexiuva f3C, paccMorpeirHoro Bbrrile. OArraxo 3Aecb 3aAa-
Iorcr ,'o/H;." - /Vii[t vr 3e^p:3,,0. Kpo,ue roro, pex{H}r |AOC 6-y.uet nepe-
I\!eHHblM Bo BperlteHLI npH oipaHI.rqeHrlofr Mo:rlHoCrrl iy'rnec. MouttlocTb
TOC l"rra pelr(p{nra sapflAa crreAyer paccLlHrbrBarb KaK cyr\nry Pc(t) H
i/reec (l), rrailrgeuHor.'r no tm (//,,0).
266

--- PAGE BREAK ---

BoAoxpaHfirrfiula ylreHbrxrir Bbrpa6orrcy. f3C il3-3a cHHxieirr{fl Hano-
pa; 3aAep).r{Ka cpa6orr<lr uplt 6orlruo'u noJroBojlbe BeAeT K xo,rocrbrM
c6po'caM BoAbr H norepfiM noABe'4errnoir 3Heprgr'i .?T:o (iW^r). I'lilst-
MH C"I-IOBaIvIH, noflB"rlfl iOTCfl AOIIOJIHliTeIbHbIe noTepLI SHeprHH, Ofipe.le-
JIfleMbie pelKHMaMH IIe ToJlbKo o6opyloaaHLifl, iro H BoAoxparirrrr{u{.
B cegsH c 3THM BbIflB",TfieTCfl ocnotsHoe coAepll(aHHe 3aAaqH yn-
p aBAeHHfl AJIHTe.rlbllblM H pelKHMaMlI , OTJTHqaIOU{eHCfl OT Ha3Ha-
l'IpLItJo T/nnTtla\nn/'\tTLfI-Tr\. 2t1all 4 rJ\tAl-lLr/1 nAIrtOLlT-lA Cqiallrt nn no^rrA^vr(Illl l\ycr lr\vLyv_lllurr\ Jq;\qa, q !lIYt!llltV ywU!rIIMqAqlIl llU yaU:U-
ry 6anarrca eHeprHH B cncreMe H croKa r-ra f3C. flpH erolr, ecrecr-
BeHHo, n,pelfio/raraercfl peureuriorl 3aAaqa KparKoopoqHofi
orrrnlrH3auHn,'pea,rnsyrouler:r 6alarrc MouIHocrII Bo BpeMeHH.
CxasairFloe Bbnue, a raKX(e Ap,yrHe coo6paifierrr{fl onpeAenf ior He-
o6xoAutrocrb HCIIoT'Ib3oBaHHfl B ynp&Br'i€HHH AJIHTe.rrbHbrMH pex(HMa-
vn f3C c BoAoxpaHHJTHuraMH Mero-noB arperHpotsaHHfl H AeKoMno-
3 Hrlrili.
Mero: af pef I{poBanrrr 3aK,'IrcqaeTcfl B To}r, riro BCe
3reKTpHqecKHe CTaHr{HH rrpeACTaBrffrOTCf CpeAHeHHTepBarbHbr}1H HJttl
pe)KHMHbiMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH, KOTOpbie CBfl3brBarOT HHTerpalbHbre
SHepfeTHqecKlle noKa3aTe.rIH 3a ofrpeAer.leHHbie HHTepBaiibr BoeMeHH,
npHHHMaeMbre o6srqHo paBHbrMH I AeraAe, fiilH I uec. 3ri.i xapaKre-
pHCTHKH MOfyT OTJHqaTbcf OT TeXHOTtIOf HqeCKHX HJIH MfHOBeHHbiX
3HepreruqecKHx xapar(repHcrHK f3y (cu. rn. 8, l0). flpH nx pacqe-
Te H fiOCTpoeHHH C,l'leIyeT yqHTblBaTb aJrfopHTill onpeAeJ'IeHIitl napa-
llerpoB pex{H}ra oirexTpocraHrIHH, a raK}Ke npHHflTbre Sasonue Ko-
opAHHarbr tA crpyiirypy ynpaB;-r€HHf 3HeprocHcrelror:r ('norpo6Hee-
cM. $ 14.3) .
Merol A eK o M n o 3 tr r{ H H 3&Kr'rror{&ercff B HTepaqHoHHo}I pe-
lUeHHH 3a4aqH OnTHMH3ar{HH A,IIHTenbHbrX pextHMOB npH Bbt,(e,.reHHH
B nepBooqepeAHylo 3aAaqy 6araHca nupa6orxn axrHeuorl 3HeprHH
3HeprocHCTeMbr-
- Oqenxa aQQexrHBHocrH noryqaeMoro peuerrHfl cJrox(Ha r{3-3a Be-
ponrHocrHoro H HeonpeAeJreHHoro xapaKTepa ncxorsor? nuSopMauHH
H MHororleneBono Hc[oJrb3oBaHHfl BoAHbrx pecypcoB. OlsaKo He3aBH-
cHMo or rvreToAoB pacqera H rrocraHoBKH 3araqH pa3rrbre f3y 6y.lyr
nPeAcraBJIeHbI e ser"r o[peAeneHHblMH 3HepfeTHqecKHrvrH xapaKTepH-
cTHKaMH H nOKa3aTeJIfl.\{H. 3arOHOl'repria 6.v"eer H B3aHMOcBfl3b pa3-
Hblx HpHrepHeR Melxry co6ofi.
PissecrHo, qTo A.IIfl oUeHKH 3HepreTHqecKHX norcaaare.ryefi f3y
o6ut.rHo npHHHMaForcfl HeKoropbie cpeAHHe rro BoAHocrII )'cJioBHfl.
Sror rIoAXoA npHHflr B AaHHg4-rnaBe npH aHanHqe 3HepreTHqecKHx
xapaKTepHCrHK rloKa3areneir I3V. B ocsoBHolf paccMaTpHBaercfl oA-
HOL{eJreBafl 3aAaqa c 3HepfeTHqecKHMH KpHTepHflMH OnTHMa"{bHOCTH.
Tpedonatrtfl, rpyrrx yqacrHHKoB BXC K pelKHMy f3C yqurbrBarorcs
B BHAe orpaHnqeuufi. AHarasHpyeTcr BJlufflri{e 3THX orpaHnsenHfi na
pelr{HM f3y H Bo3MO}KHocrH ero H3MeireHHf rrpH BBeXeHHH MHoroqe-
J]eBbrx KpHTepHeB.
{d.2. SHEPTETi,ITIECHHE XAFAHTEPHCTHKH TgY B PACI{ETAX
.qJlHTEJlbHbtx PE)fi tlMOE
Ocuoeuaq 3aAaqa A"rtHTeJIbHofo n.ilaHHpoBaHLIf Srteprocl{creu c f3V, xaK 6ulo
OTIIeqeHO BbIIIIe,3aK!'llOgaeTCfl B OflTHlv{ar'IbHON{ paC[peAeJIeHHt{ BO BpeNIeHll Orp&HlI.
qeHHblX 3HeprOpecypcoB AJIff npHHfTol'O KpHTepllfi OnTHNIanbHoC'tH, T. e. Onpe;l,eneHHs
Han6oree pacnpocrpa,r.r,*orni o,r,Ho(eneBbiM Kpr.rrepnervr oQrleKTI.rBHocrH pa6ortr
gFleprocucTelru c f3V fiBr'rfleTCfl ilrt{uHM}-tvt u3Aepl*(eri Hc A !,rtr qacrr'roro ci-YH3n -
MtrHr.iMyM pacxoAa )'cnoBHoro rorrJrliBa B" sa fiepHon I. OcHoeHbre 3HeprerttqecKtte
rroKa3areJrH Bcex 3.teKTpocrauuufi 3HepfocncreMbi 3a xaa<.u,srfi pac,rerusrri nHTepBa./1
BpeMerrn Lti, i:1,2, ..., ft npr'1craB.'Iflrorcr B BHAe cpeAHer{HTepBaflbl{bix lrJ'lu HHTe-
rp 3r-IbHblX nOxagare;eit
3ric, Hau ,Vp..c, 3ruci rrJr;r ;V13gy, Hf^ct, Qatcr.
.l.rH f3C, pa6orarcu{H.x ria rr3o.ttrpoBaHHyro Harp}'3K}', F(pitrepneir onrtl),taJIb}{o-
crH yio;{ier 6sirl lraxcn}(yM Bbrpa6orr:a 3nexTpo3uepn.rH 3a neplio.q, i" tt-'ttt }tttttti}i}:.\l
pacxol.a'no.{eeaeHHoir 3JreurpooHepfHH npH Bbrilo-rHeHutr 6araHcoeoro }'c.1oBHtt
(14.2). Kprrrepuri rraxcnr,vna rurpa6orrn fOC Mo;*(er npHMeltrrbcfl H nptt Apyrlt-\
ycJroBHfix, nanprMep s AeQr.rqrirul{x no eupa6orre 3neKTpo3rieprnrr 3Heprocucre}fax
HnH npH Ma"'lOM yIerlbHOM eece f3C.
Mare:rrarxqecKafl nocraHoBKa paccMarpueaeuori 3axaqti B qacrHoM c,qlqae !to-
xer 6urr npeacraB.leHa cneAytoutit-u o6pasov.
Tpe6yerca nafirri rartoir pe;dHv f3C, T3C u A3C 3a nept{oA T= l*-to, Itoro'
puir o6ecne'ru,r 6u .vlirlrlryu B.:
k
B. : X u, (.?;) --+ min;
i:l
?i : 3ct- Srac - 3t.ci - 3rcci * A3.r : g
npH 3aAaHHh{x orpaHrrqeH}rflx
.ii'""{f;(ii""*.,
.r1xilH=-{r(.fi* " *t,
f,le B KaqecTBe Ei il rr MoryT 6Hru npnHqTbl pa3nHqHLile
3sfrcreeHHue noKa3areau I-3C, T3C H A3C.
B .qanHori 3aAaqe Hauaauuoe (els) n rcoueuuoe (al*)
o6u,{Ho 6ugarcr H3BecrHH. I'lHor,u,a 3aAaHHe KoHeqHoro
f3C ua H3onepHMerpHqecKoe ycJroBse BHAa:
h
lPrsc
t:l
Cqnrarorcr H3BecrrrbrMrr: rnaporpaQ rpuroquocru K crBopy nepxHef, f3C H 6o-
KoBaq npHroquocrb MexAy crBopaMH; rpaQnx Harpy3KH 3t{eprocucreMu H norepH
sltepnHn B rrHHr{ex 3neKTponepeAar{H; xapaKrepHcrnKn 6ue(ron BoAonpoBoAflu{Hx co-
opyxceuHri; cpe.u,Her{nrepBarbrrbre suegirernuecKne xapaKrepHcrHKH T3C, fOC n A3C.
Ecall nepnoA 7" paa6ur Ha oAHuaKoBbre no npoAon){(HTeilbHocrn HurepBanbl Bpe-
uenlr Alr, i:1,2, ..., k, To BMecro IIHTerpaabtlin.x noKa3a're,refi 9, Vf , B cneAyer
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(14.r)
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(14.5)) s.*,r.
I:l
269

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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norpeS,reuuoir S tep rl orAaHHoii 3",.p B 3Heprocticrelle [..". ypaBIteHIie ( 14.2) ] .
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271270
( r4.6)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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272
(14.e)
r 8-64 l0 273

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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274
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l8* 275

--- PAGE BREAK ---

II
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

Conocrae;'Ie HH€ ypaeHeur.rii (14.18) H (14.15) IIoKa3blBaer, qro
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278
I

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B HaCTOflIIIee BpeMn eilIe He BCe TeOpeTHrIeCKHe nOnoX(eHHff, H3JIOXCH-
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HHff cooptrynHpoBaHbr Ha ocHoBe cHcTeMHoro aHaJIH3a 3aAaq, crofl-
Ha rrpHpoAHyFo H npoH3BOACrBeHHyrO CHCTeMbT BecbMa ou{yTHMOe BJII',I-
nnHe. Hlrenuo arHM o6croqrenbcrBoM o_6yc.non,reuo BHHMaHH€ K Bon-
rrpocaM KoHrpOJIt{ H oxpaHbl npHpoAHofi CpenU, Bo3HHKaIOU{TrM n'pu
peanr{3ar{Hn sTHX rrpoeKToB. B.[HqHHe )I(e gHepreTHrlecKofi H BoAoxo-
. ssficrseHsofi cHcTeM Ha npoH3BoAcTBeHHyIo cHcTeMy onpeAenfieT crpa'
TerHlo HX onepex{arcqefo pa3BHTHrr no oTHOIIIeHHI"O I( ApyrHM .oTpac-
JrrrM xo3ffftctseHHoft AesrelbHQcrH.
funpoaueprernrrecKr{e ycraHoBKH KaK pa3 ToT BUA Tex}IHqecKHx
ycrporicrB' Koropufi s paauofi Mepe BKrroqaercfi tt B SHeprerHqecKylo,
n B BoAoxo3ffiicreeHHyro cHcreMbr. floarouy paccMorpeHHe BotlpocoB
HcnoJrb3oBaHI{fl f3V sHe HX cBfl3u c o6enun 6o;tturultl't cHcreMaMH
(33C n BXC) He npeAcraBrrflercrr Bo3MolKHbIM, 3ro B cBoto oqepeAb
rpe6yer cHcreMHono [oAXoAa K onpeAexeHHro napaMerpoB I'I pex(ll-
280
Moe f3V Ha ocHoBe o6qereoperuqecKllx Konllenuul't 6onlursx Hepap-
X[IqCCKHX CHCTCM.
Heo6xOlHMocTb HcnoJIb3oBaHHf a1lilapaTa TeopI{H 6o'nlurnX llepap-
yKa3brBaeT Ha Heo6xoAltMocTb cHCTeMHoTO tIoAXoAa K peIIIeHI'Irc cyry-
bo ilpaKrnqecKnx 3aAaq. Muorne ,u,eficrnyrcune B HacrosilI.:,-:!::Y:
;;.;;;; ; ;p;;tr*no rrocrpoeunn 3Hepreinqecxoft n noagxosqftctneH'
uoft cxcreM JIIIIIIb Tenepb [oryr{aror cBoe reoperal{ecKoe o6ocHosaHne'
llOarot,ry oIIbIT, HaxOnleuustfi B npoqecce pa3BHTlIfl CHCTeM 3Hepre-
THKH H BOAHOTO XO3qfiCrna, AOJIIKeH HaKaIJIHBaTbC-fi H OCMbICJIHBaTb-
Cf, TaK KaK 6eS 3TorO HeBo3MOIKHO npaBHJIbHO oqeHI{BaTb IIyTH
y[paBJIfleMofo pa3BHTHtl 3THX CHCTeM-- 'OlHaxo 
uaxon,reguuir onbrr HlIegr KaK noJloiliHTeJIbHyto, TaI{ ll
orpHI{areitbHyFo cTop6Hy. OrptlqareJlbHoe ero soeAeftCreue Ha pa3'
BHrHe cKa3blBaercn B 
""4" $op*rtlpoBaHHff ilpHBbIr{HbIX o6qenpnHn'
TbrX CXeM, TpyAHO npucflOca6lHeaertlrtx K AeflTeIbHocTH >KHROTO Op'
raHHsMa npOH3BOAcTBeHHOiI CHcTeMtiI, KOTOpble cO BpeMeHeM HaqI{Ha-
ror 6urn topuosou ee pa3BHrHq. fIOeToMy lro6ofi onbtr 1OAJIeIKI{T He
npOCTO OcMttcJIeHHfo, a OCMbIcJIeHHIO KpHTH-qeoKOMy,- tpe61'et cOOT'
BercrBytoqero reoperHqecKofo o6o6ufeHilq. TarHr'l o6pasolt Soplltt-
pyercf Hepa3pbtBHal cBR3b reopnu H npal(rHKI'I, o6beKTH::I9 cyrlecr-
By1oqarl B cpele O6lexroe H 3HepreTHKH, H BOAHOTO XO3gticTBa'- 
Onnr sx-n,ryaraql{H sHepferllqecKHX cHcreM HarJI'flAHo noxa3bl'
BaeT npo.r,yKTIIBHocTb HCrIOIb3OBaHHfl. IIO[IflTHff HepapxLlqHocTlI cHc-
reu. flpuqHHa 3Toro 3aKnloqaeTcq B ToM, t{To AaHHOe noHflTHe oTpa-
x(aeT o6texrlreHo cyulecTByrou{ee cnoficreo HepapxHqHOcTH tlocTpoe'
HHfl qHepfocucreM. floHqrue HepapxnqHocrl{ rrlHpoKo npHMeHfeTCfl
npn AncnerqepcKoM y[PaBneHaH 3Hepl'ocHcreMa]tH- Tax, 4ttcnerudp-
cKoe ynpaBrreHHe ocyilIecrB.rrf ercfi B npHHffrOJ:r_ q pr3ff 3 a I{ H o rl-
n o fi ir 6 p a p x I-I H reppuropnarlbHoro runa: E3C CCCP - o6leAH-
HeHHbre sHeprocllcTeMbl -_ pafioHFlble 3HepfocHcTeMb[ - SiIeKTpocTaH-
rlHH, nOAcTaHUHH H 3XeKTpOceTeBble _ paftOHbI - arperaTbl 3JIeKTpO-.
craHqnir H annaparypa no1crairr{Hft. OpraHnsaqHoHHafl Hepapxufl no'
3Boirffer peanu3oBaTb npHHIIHn iln$opuauHossofi paspeullMocru
ynpaBJ'IeHHff H CO3AaeT ycJloBlifi AJIq ocyrl\ecTBneHHfi caMocTofiTeflb-
HbIx Aeflrcreutt t"apt*OLeKToB np6 AqSTHIKeHHH IIMH co6ctseHHofi
qeJrg, KoopAnHupoeaunofi c rno6anluofi ueJlblo cxcreMbl 3HeprerHKH.
llpn oneparHBHoivr ynpaBJreHHH pelr(HMOM 33C, OdecneqHBalouleivr
co6.nrbaegHe 6anaHca reHepaqnn a norpe6JleHur sneKTpnrlecroft MouI'
HocTH B KaXAbtfi MoMeHr BpeMeHH, cyqecTByeT HepapXHn CuTy-
a rI H o H HO f O T'H II a, yCTaHaBII'IBalOu{afl cooTBeTcTBHe MeX(Ay Te-
KyUI,Ht{ cOCTonHHeM o6lerra H anrOpHTMoM y'11paBneHHfl -IlM B pa3'
rHriHbtX cHTyaIIHflX: B HopMarbHoM, yr.nx(enenuoM, asapufiHoM II tto-
cneaBapHfi uot'l pex{HM ax 33C.
O6eoneqentte xOna$oprntlx ycnOBHi{ O[epar]IBHo'ro ynpaBJreH]ltl
cBfl3alro c TaK Ha3blBaeMbIM ropH3oHTOM npeABqAeHHf, K0-
topuri o6ecne,iHBagTcq 3a cLIeT nporHosa KOHeqHoro (ua 3aAauuutii
281
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neptioA BpetvleHi.l) cocronHun 3HepfoclicTei\,lu H peuleHgfi saAaq n,Ia-
HHpOBaHprff orrTHMaJrbHofo nepexoAa B Hefo I{3 TeKylqefo cocToflHHfl
sHeproci{creMbr. floerolrv g npaKTH'I{e yrtpaB,TeHtIfl 3HeprocncreMar{H
frpHMeHfleTCff F p e N,t e H H a fi H e p a p xH fi, BK"ilrcqaroulaf 'T&KHe
ypoBlrlr: nepcneKrrlBHoe (Ha 10 u 6o"uee ,rer), Ao,{rocpot{Hoe H;IH re'
KVrrIee (Ha nteCst1, KBap'TaJI, fOA, pfA JIeT), KpaTKocporiHoe (Ha CyTKH,
HeAeJrlo), onepaTHBHoe (ira qa,c, ubcxo.noxo uacoe) ltJIaHHpoBaHHe n
oneparHBHoe !ilpaB.,'r€HLiB (aeAeHne peiiitiiviS B xax<Ai,iili lviorvieHT Bpe-
tvt ett lt )
C yqeroM rJraBeHcrsyroueir poJrH oneparuBHoro ynpaBJIeHHf B
Opfaijlr3aUlltl AefiTeJ'IbI{OCTH 3HeprOCHCTeivl,3af,aq}i ilJIaHHpOBaFIHfl npH-
o6peraror oco6yrc Bax<lrocrb. Onu ilpeAHa3Har{eHbt Afiq o6ecneqeHHq
nocTynar€,r-rbHofo pa3BHTHfl 3HepfeTHqeCKOi'i OTpaCJIH XO3fll?CTBa, CO-
fJ.rac-vloT IIe,"rH Lr pecypcbr 3HepfocrrcTeM Ha pa3aHqHbIX BpeMeHH6lx
irHTepBS;.rflx. IlpH 3ToM ulripoxo ricfio"rrb3)'ercfl nptiurrnttl B TeopHH rI
npal{TllIie COLiHs"i-IIICTHI{€cKOrO nl'IaHHpOBaHHfl }leTOA M a T e p H a'l.I b-
HbtX 6a",raHCOB, B KOTOpbIX B nocneAHee BpeMq 3Haq'HTeIbHOe
Mecro 3aHliM aer lailauc nnSopMau.fioHHbIX iloroKoB. TaKnrvr o6pa3oM,
co6crBeHHar tl€.rb nJraHHpoB aHlrfl. Qopuynnpyercr KaK docrutrcenue
1attauca pecApcos LL npodAKros TexHo/toeuqectoeo npoLlecca npu Co-
1nndenuu sadannux norca7uTe/teil KottecrBl, npodgrcra. llpn 3rol'{
TeXlroJroruqecxuili ttpoUeCc 3Heproo6'beKToB pa3nl{qHblx ypOeuefi op'
f aHnsaqitoHHol't nepapxnn cyqecrBeHrio pa3rllqeu H rpe6yer pa3/lnq-
Hbrx ciloco6os ero onHcaHHf (rexHonorHqecKH.\ r'rolerreli).
PacnpeJe.,leHtie QyHxUHir ynpaB,'teHltti \{eXiAy petuatoUIHMII 3JIe'
MeHratvtr pa3Hbrx opraHrr3auHoHrrbrx ypoBHei"i Ha raxAoli cryneHlt
BpelrelrHoii HepapxHH Qopltltpyercfl MoAenblo ynpaBneHHfl.
BsalrL{ocBr3b orpacneBbrx [oAcHcreM .npoH3BoAcrBeHHofi cucreMlt
o6eine,{lrBaercfl Ha ypoBHe SopuxpoBaHHfl Hx BHeUIHHX IIeJIefi, e pe-
3yirbrare qefo AocTHraercg KoopAHHarIHf co6cTBeHHbIx ue.neft KalI(-
AOI.O 3Jre\leHTa IIpOH3BOACTBeHHOfi CnCreVSt.
Oco6oe 3Har{eHi{e qeJreBaff KoopA}rHaL\Hfl, npno6peraeT B cHCTeMax,
rrpe,{.paCnoJroiKeHHbIX K 4e@Hilary pecypcoB, B KoTOpbIX Bo3HHKaFoT
roucp.nFrKTbr, rropo)r(AeHHbre _pa3rHr{HeM co6crBeHHbIK (eJIet:t cHCTeM.
Taxlre B3anMoorHoureHan xapaKTepHbr AJrfl oHepr€THqecKoI:I H BoAo-
xOgqt'tcreellHol'I cHCTeM B yCnOBHfiX pacryu{ero leQnqnra BoAHbIX pe-
cypcoB. OcyonutrM 3,'reMeHTol{, o6reAnut{tou{IIM B eAHHbIfi rexHolorn-
qeCKHfi npoqecc npeo6paeoBaHns MexaHnqecnoft gHeprHH BoAbi B
3fiexTptrqecKvro r{ Hao6opor, flBfiqercq f3y pa3nr{r{Horo Ha3HarIeHHff H
Tatra. llosrolnty HN{eHHo B paMKaX sroro KJIacca 3HeprerHqecKnx yqia'
HoBoK npuxoAHrcff IlcKarb pa3pelrieHne nporttsoper{H}i Me}KAy _33C 1
BXC. floeror*ry npu eudope pexralta pa6orbil, HanpHMep, fOC Heo6
xo,{,HMo npoBoAHTr, cooTBeTcTByIOluee cofr'IacoBaHHe c OpfaHaMH
lnpaB"rreHin BXC coorBercrByloil{ero ypoeHx. H Hao6opor, npn BbI-
6ope pexrHMa BoAonoAaqH HacocHbrMH craHut{rvH Heo6xoAHMo co-
r-nacoBar{}te c cooTBercTByrorr{HM opfaHoM ynpaBneH}Iff SHepfOcHCTe-
MOr-"t, I{aK nocTaBtlllt,KoM 3,'IeKTpo3Frepr}1r{ H BOAOnOJIb3OBaTeJIeNf .
CnedoaarenbHo, HaxocttdeHue pasllulHoto rcoilnpohtucca, noSlo/tt!'
nuleeo .tLaKcut[AlrbHo ydoettereopurb narpe1nocru gHepeeru.qecKoil u
282
eodoxoenrtcraenuort cucreu, BosfitoclcHo lLulltb B To,H cJtAqae, Koe)a e
pacnopnctteHuLL JtttL(a, npuHLt.Marculeeo peLueHun., 6yder tteo6xodu*toLli
o6'oen sruanuti Kl.K o (tarcrtL'tecKort cocrorrHLtL: dett B pacctLarpulae-
htbtx cL{.cr€}tax, TaK u o SaKoHax SgaLtrwodeftcrSufl grLr.x cLcT7tt'1, o6'a-
e d un e ttna-Lx coor I er cr B A n L4e fi r e o p ue fi .
t
I IpeACTaBJIeHHe O TeOpeTHqeCKHX oCHoBaX IIoCTpOeHHfi CHCTCi\'I
yrrpaBJreHHff yiKe AaHo paHee (clr. rJr. . llogrony AaHrIafl r"rtaBa tto-
cBfiilIeFia ofi[ICaHHIO 3Hepf erHqecl{oH Ll
CflOCO608 )rrlp&B"r10Hllf I'IMH C n03HqHIi
H CC DA3BlITHfl.
Dn rn 1,n ?dirn*oarrtr^it ^rrnTA\tuuAvn uJ,nrru r D\-nfrvll !trL r uiYrt
frpaKTrrKH cefoAHfluHefo AHrI
r5.2. AHCnETqEPCKO€ vnPABflEHHE 3nEHTpO3HEprETHI{ECKOtl CHCTE}{OB
EAuHas sHeprocucreMa B Hacrorrqee BpeMfl npeAcraerrrreT co6ofi
Becb!ra c.'ro;+rHrrir o6rexr vnpaB",rerrHs. CnoxHocru ynpaBJreHlrfl o6t'-
ciroB";reHa raKayH oco6elr HocrrIr H 3;'IeKTpolHeprerHKrr, Ka K HenpepbrB-
HOCTb npOrr3BOACTBa 3,leKTpo3HepfrrH, CTpOrOe COOTBeTCTBHe fettepa-
IIHH H, rroTpe6;ieuux 3JreKTpo3HeplrrH B Ka)KAEIfi MoMeHT BpeilreHti,
MaculTa6br reppHTopHH, ua Koropofi pa3MeuleHbr 3HeprernqecKue o6r-
eKTbI n, r{To oco6eHHo Bax(Ho, cnox{Hocrb ocnoBHori saAaqu yttpaB.re-
HLrfl-AocrrixeHHfl 3KorroMrrqecKoro onrtrMyMa Lilfl E3C B r{e.{oM c
yqeroM rpe6onaHnil uaAe>riHocrri 3Heprocrra6xeHHq rr KaqecrBa 3JeK-
Tp03HeprHri.
I-lapar.re.irbHafl pa6ora 3HeprocHcreM rr sHeproo6teAlrHeHHri oc,v-
ilIecrB,'Irercr flo cBr3fiN{ cloxiuor'r xoncpnrypaqrrn. Ha,ru.rrre c.qa6urx
caqseri \{ex(J,v 3Heproclrcre}raMrr H cHrbHbrx caR3eir, pa6oratourrx c
orpaHHqeHHb,rH[I 3anacaMrr i1H iraM ]t qec Kor'i rr cTaTH q ec rco l't
y cro fi q H B ocrH, o6yc"rroe,rHBaeT Heo6xo:lalrocrb HgrtpepbrBi{ofo
Koltrponfl pex(HMoB pa6oru MelKcrrcreMHbrx,runlrir sneKTponepeAaqh,
Ilarpy3Ka Koropbrx Moixer tsrre3arHo H 6lrcrpo Bo3pacrr; cBoeBpeMeH-
HOrO BblfBr'IeHHfi MOMeHTOB OTKJrfOqeHHf lrtrHr.iir, COnpoBoHiAatotlIHXCH
orlacHblMH Ha6pocaraN axrueHoir MorqHocrH H neperpy3xorYt ocraBiile-
rocr B pa6ore o6opyaoeaHHr, BbrffB"teHHrr MoMeHToB HapyueHnr yc.
roitqHvocrlt tI xapaKTepa Bo3r-iHKrrrero npr.r 3ToM IrapyuieHrrH cxeMbr.
B coorBercrBHrl c npnunroir repMrrnororuerl .6ylerrl Ha3braarb
HopManbHbJM ToT pexiHM pa6oru, nptr KoropoM o6ecneqrrBaercr
BbrnoJrHenHe rpe6oeaHHli t, HaAelKHocrtr H KaqecrBy gJreKTpo3rreprrrrr.
Pexnlt, B xoropufi sHeproclrcreMa Bbrrryx(AeHHo nepelxJra rrs Hop-
MaJIbHoro H cyn{ecrBoBaH}ie Koroporo Aon}I(Ho 6url orpaHlrqeHo, no-
cKoi]bKy llapyuleHa qacrb KpHTeprreB HaAelKHocTH HrH HaqecTBa 3neK-
TpoSHeprHH (orr.rroileHHe qarroTbr or HoMHHaJrbHoro 3HaqeHHfi, BbIxoA
Harpn;xeHHfl 3a Aor-rycrHybre rrpeAeJrbr, neperpy3Ka o6op1'loBaFrHfl,
cHHX(eHr{e ypoBHfr HaAex(HocrH H Ap.), Ha3brBaercfi y r ff N( e Jr e H.
H bI lI (l,xyAureHHuv). 3ror pexiHM o6ol,{lro co3,qaeT noBbrurenrryrc
onacHocrb aeapufiHux uapyruerrHir, B pnAe cflyqaeB npeAuecrByer
aBapr{ irrrovy.
A e a p H l'r tl u fi peir{tdM, rroAr'reixau1uir 6ucrpeliuleir JrlrKBHAaurr!r,
MOX(eT BO3HilKt{yTb I pe3yJtbTare nepexoAa or yTflx{eJ'te}tHoro peiiilrMa
(nanp!tMep, IlapyueHlre ycrofiqrrBocrrr nprr nocreroBareJrbHoM yBerH-
283

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qeHHH rrepeAaBaeMoft M0II{HOCTH) HJtvl BHe3a[HO - npH [peArUeCTBy-
rolller{ HopMaJIbHoM pe}KHMe (uanpuuep, KoporKoe sausrraHne).
Ilo c,Te a B a p u fi u u fi peiKi{M, B Koropblfi 3HeprocacreMa nepe-
xoArrr i{3-aBapuftHoro (o6sIuHo B pe3yrlbrare 4el"icrenn penefiHo-ft sa-
rrllrrbr H aBToMaTHKH), qacro rBJIfiercfl yrrx(eJleHHbIM H Heo6xoAHMo
THMOro, T, e. HopMaJIbHorO, pe)KHMa. B HeKmopbIX CJIyr{aflX, Han'p6-
Mep, npH ycne[IHoM aBTOMaTHqeCKOM nOBTOpHOM BKJIIOqeHHH, OCy-
rqecrBJiflercfl HenocpeAcrBeHHblrt aeroil{arHqecKHft nepexoA or aeapnli-
Hofo peii(nMa K HopManbHoMy.
OcHoeHoir saAa,{efi ynpaBJreHHfl pexuMaMH sHepr\ocHcreM flBJlrer-
cfl yAoB.,.'reTBOpeHHe norpedHocra HapoAHofo xo3fllicTBa H HaCefieHH)I
B 3;1gKTpr{qecKofi sHeprHH H TenJre rrpn MHHHMaJIbHbtx HapoAuoxossfi-
crBeHHbIx sarparax. B o6u{ell cryrlae 3TH 3arparbl Ao';'IXiHbI 6ntro
onpeJe"'IeHbl c yqeToM cIeAylollIHX cocrsB.;lfIolqlix: cyMMapHofo pac.-
xoAa rpy.r,oBbrx r{ MarepuaJrbHltx (e nepByto oqepeAb sHeprernqecKnx)
pecypcoB Ha rrpoH3BoACrBO 3a.AaHHOfO KOIHqeCTBa sJIeKrpo3HepfHH:
Vuieii6a or HapyrIeHr{s eneprocHafx<eH'ns norpe6inre.rrefi I{ or HH3Kono
KarrecrBa gHeprHH; -vrqep6a or noBpe)fiAeHHr HJIH ycKopeHHoro HgHoca
gHeprerrrrrecKoro o6opyaonaHHfl, o6yc"roueHgoro orKJloneHflelvI trapa-
MeTpoB pe;(qMa or AonycTHMbIx 3HarreHnii. I-Iocxonb'Ky B HacToflulee
Bpervrfl orcyrcTB)'er AocraroqHo eQ$exrnBHafl H npocTafl MeroAHI(a
oueHKH yuiep6a no yKa3aFrHbrM Bbliue Qaxropatra, a A[In orAeJ]bHbIX
xareiopliir norpe6rlreneri yufep6u nprrHu'rrHa'bHo He Moryr 6ltru
onpe.{e.ireHbr, 3aAaqe }'npaBneHHf npI{xo.IHTcfl npIIAarb 6o.nee yaxnt:t
CvL,rcr - !',1oBiIeTBopeHHe norpe6Hocru HapoAHoro Xo3ffftcTBa w Ha-
ceqeritrg B 3.rleKTpHqecxoir 3HeprHH H Tenite npg MHHHMaJIbIIbIX 3arpa-
TaX ila npoy3BoAcTBo, . ilepeAal{}r H pacnpeAeIeHHe 3HeprHH H nptl
co6;rroAerrHu 3aAaHHbrx orpauHueHufi no HaAelKHocrH H KaqecrBy 3Hep-
rus. Taxnn o6pa3oM, B HopMaJIbHoM pex(HMe pa6oru gHeprocficTeMbl
Ao,'I)KHbr 6url o6ecneqeHH HaAelKuoe 3neKTpocna6xeune norpe6u-
releft, ,qocraroqno BE{coKoe KaqecrBo 3neKTposnepfnn H MaKcHMaJIb-
HAfl SKOHOMHqHOCTb.
Hapn.fy c OTHMI{ ocHoBHbIMrI rpe6onauHflMH K pex(HMy_ pa6orst
3HepfocrrcreMbr MoryT npeAtfiBilffTbcfl . AononHlITeJIbHbIe rpe6oBaHHfl ;
onpelenfleMble cBf3aMH 3HepferHKH c APyf HME OTpaCJIfiMH HapOAHOTO
xosnricrea. TaxoebIMI{, B qacrHocrx, MofyT 6url: npeHMyutecrBeHHoe
no 3Kcrr,'lyaTal{IlH H onepaTHBHblMH HrlcTpyKIIH.flMI{, B KOTOpbIX pa3yM'
Ho AoJr)tiHbr co'{erarbcff rpedonauun HaAe}KHocrH pa6orbtr 3JIeMeHTa Il
Bo3t\{o}riFtocru s$$erirHBHoro ero HcrroJlbgoBaHHlt, a raK>t<e rpe6ona-
HHrr HaAeiKf{ocrr{ pa6orbr 3HepfocHcreMbI B LleJIoM-
284
Pexianr pa6orn aHeprocacreMbr, exoAqlrleri s O3C, AoJIIKeH 6uro
rroArnrHeH rpe6oeaHrrflM K pelKHMy ncefi OOC, a peir(HM pa6ornr OOC.
BxoArureir e' E3C CCCP, - rpe6oBaHHflM o6ecne,{eHnfl onraMarlbHoro
pelKHMa eAltHori 3HeprocncreMbl B rle/roM.
OneparnBHoe ynpaBrreHHe pex{HtoraMrr pa6oru s,HeprocncreM
H LrMeer cJreAyrorilHe cryneHn (yponHu) ynpaBJreHHfl: I{eHTpaJIbHoe
AI{crerqepcKoe ynpaB,'reirrae (UAy) E3C CCCP, I o6reAuneHHbt.\
AHcnerqepcKlrx. ynpaBJreHufi, 4ucneTqepcKne [yHKrbr 93 3ueprocHcretr,
IIyHKrbr ynpaB"rreHHfl 3JreKrpocraHr{HfrvrH HrrpeArrpHfrHfrvrH (pafroHoa)
oreKrprrqecKrrx (rennoerrx) cerefi. OyHrqnH ynpaBJreHHfl pacnpeAe-
JreHbr Meiri-{.y AHcnerqepcKliM nepcoHaJroM pa3Hbrx yponHefi B coor-
BercrBHrr c rpe6oeaHnflMH o6ecneqeHrrq onrnuaJrbHoro yilpaBJIeHHff
3HepfocricTeMaMrr B Hopr{aJbHbr.\ DeirirlMax r1t 6orcrpeirruel'r ,/'IHI{BHAa.
urrir a Ba prr ri Hurx cHr-v-aqlrii.
Ocnosuoe o6opyaoBaHHe gHeprocncreM, a raKlhe cpeAcrBa ynpaB.
JIeHHfl (pe;reftHafi 3arqHTa, aBToMarHKa, cnrsn) Haxonrrcfl B o tt e p a-
TIIBHOT,{ ynpaBJIeHHH HIH B ,OrIepaTriBHOM BeAeHHH
Ancnerqepa roro H.ttH Apyrolo ypoBFrrr. B oneparHBHorvr yrrpaBJreHHH
Alicnerrrepa HaxoAHTca o6opy.loBar{He, onepauHH c KoropbrMH rpe6ytor
Koop,q,HHar{HH .qeircrenfi noAqrrHeHHoro o[epaTuBHoro nepcoHa.na, Ta-
Kr{e onepa(HH npoH38oAflTcrr To.;rbKo no pacnopflxeHHrc AHcneTqepa"
B oneparHBHoM BereHHH AHCnerqepa HaxoAnrcfl o6opyaoBaHHe, co-
cToflHIIe IiOTOpOfO HlrerOT sHaqeHHe AJrfl AaHFrofo ypoBHq ynpaBJreFirrfl,
IIo He rpe61rrc1 Koopnr{HauaH leficraHfi tloArrrrHeHHofo nepcoHaJra.
Cttcreva AllcnerqepcKoro ynpaBJreHHq ocyqecrBnrrer HenpepbrBHoe
orreparnBHoe ynpaB,'reHHe pelKHMaMH n reM caMbrM 'o6ecnecuBaeT:
yAoBirerBopeHHe norpe6HocrH B 3reKrpHcecxoft sHeprHH H TenJIe; ro.
KpbITHe 3KcrpeMaJrbHbrx Harpy3or{; 6ecnepe6or?nocrt aneKTpocsa6xe
HHfl, HaAelKHocrb pa6orrr EOC, o6reAnseHHblx 3HeprocHcreM, gHep-
rocHcr.eM H Hx ocHoBHbIX s.rreMeHToB; co6.nrcAesue ycraHoBJreHHbrx
HopM KariecrBa 3aeKTpoaHeprHH (uacrora e EOC H ypoBHH Hanpflx(e-
HIIff B ochtoBHbrx cerrx) H TenJra; MaKcHManbHyro gKoHoMHqHocrb pa-
6ornt E3C (o6reauHeunofi oHeprocucreusr) B r1enou rpn par.tHoHaflb-
HOr\r HCnO.{b3OBaHr(H 3HepropecypcoB; cxopefiuree ycrpaHeHHe Hapy-
uressl"r' nap aJrJreltuor:r pa6oru EOC.
@ynxrlnn UAy E3C CCCP, o6teAHHeHHbrx AHcrerrrepcKr{x ynpaB-
leHnft H Attcnercepcxnx cny>r6 sHeprocncrer,r He orpaHHqHBaercff ofie-
paTHBHbrM yilpaBxeHHeM pelKHMaMH. flilcnervepcr(He ynpaBJreHHr lr
cayx6u paspa6arblBaloT trpeAl{ox(eHnfl H yqacrByror B pe[reH]rn Bon-
pocoB p a 3B HTHfl 3 H.ep noc Hcre M, ocyqecTBJrflror [oAroToBKy r(
o6reA,uHeHlilo aHeprocncreM H npHcoeAHHeHHro HoBbrx sHepropafiouon,
BBory B 3xcflnyararluro sJrer{Tpocranqnri, nrrunfi 3neKrponepeAaqn H
Apyrt{x ceTeBbtx o6rexron. AucnertrepcKHe ynpaBJrerrurl H clyx6ur
paspa6arntearor raKll(e 3aAaHHfl Ha rrpoeKTHpoBaHHe sHeprocHcTeM
n ycrpoficrn aBToMaTHtlecKoro yfipaBJreHr.rfl FropManbr{brMFr pex(HMaMfl
I{ npornBoanapafiHofr aerol{arHxori cncreMHoro 3HaqeHnrr, pyKoBoArrT
I'IX HcnbITaHHffMtr r{ BHeApeHr{eM B gKcilnyaraur{ro, BbrnoJrHflror nst6op
ycraBoK II aHa.rtrl3 pa6otu aBToMaTrrqecKHx ctrcrelr H ycrpoficrB.
285
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flncnetuepcKl{e IIoApa3AeJIeHHfl yqacrBylor B pa3pa6ome npoeK-
ToB n.rraHoB Bbrpa6orKH, Me)KCHCTeMHbIX ileperoKoB 3J'IeKTpo3HepfHH,
pa3pa6arsrearor oneparHBHbIe 6a.naricni 3JIeKrpo3HeprHH H Mou{Hocru,
0[p€Ae,'IfIoT AO[ycTHMbIe 3HarieHHfl p e M o HT H O H M O UdH OCTH
no OOC n E3C B IIeJIoM, KoopAllHripytor rOAoBbIe IIIIaHbI Ka11H-
b H bI X p e M o H T O B OCHoBHoro o6opyAoBaHHf 3JleKrpocrauquli
Lr ocHoBHbIX ceTefi, yTBeplK'AaIoT o n e p a TH BH bI e M ec fi rI H bI e
rr Jr a H bI p e M o iiTo B ooopy-AoBaHHff.
flpnueHuTe,'tbHo K pa3nHr{HbIM yCJIOBnf M pa6OrU .3HeprOCHCTeM
(oceuue-saNlHnfi MaKcHMyM, [epHoA. rIoJIoBoAbfl lt Ap.), a raK]Ke ts
cBfl3r.r c BBoAoM B 3KcniIyaTaUHIo HoBbIl( oObeKToB AHcneTqepcKlle
yrrpaBaeHHr kr cryx{6br pa3pa6arbrBaroT HopMaJIbHbIe 3KcIIJIyarauH-
ogFrbre cxeMbl H pex(HMbI pa6oTbl, yrBepxiAarcr rpaQHKH_ Hallpflx{eHHtl
B y3rax (xoHrporrbHbtx roqKax) ocHoBHoiI CerH, pa3pa6aTblBaloT Me-
ponpHflTlrf 3KCnJryaTarIHoHHoro _xapaliTepa no noBbI[IeHHIo HaAeXiHD-
crH H 3KOHOMI.IqHOCTH pa6orbl E3C.
B [e,rrrx o6ecneqeulrs Han6onee parIHoHailbHoro lIcrIoJIb3oBaHHfl
3HepropecypcoB Ancnerr{epcKHe yfipaBneHHfr-H cay)K6bl f{acrByloT B
aHaJrH3e ronJrHBHoli KoHtroHKTypbt H pa3pa6orKax nJIaHoB HctIoJIb3o-
BaHHf pa3nHqHblx Bl{AoB TOTIJIHBa.
K ea>xuer'rruuu Synxuuau AHcrerr{epcKHx ynpaBJIeHHiI H cJlyx(6
OTHocHTcfl pa3pa6oTKa ce3oHHbl X lI ['oAOBbli\ _c Le M p e ry,'I H-
poBaHHff croKa BoAoXpaHHJIHIIIauH f 3C. flpaenrrnHoepe-
rrieHHe KOMnfleKcHoil 3ad,aqH perynHpOBaHHfl peqHOrO CTOKa BOSMOIKHO
JrH[Ib npII lCr-toBtlii ]ilpaB.,-IeHllfl H3 OIHOto i{eHrpa, rAe COcpeAOToq}I-
BahcTcrr cBeAeHrrfl no BoiloToKy, IaHIIble Io 3HepfeTt{qecKo}Iy }ICnoJ'Ib'
CHCTeIYI.
- 3Ha.{}rrerrbHoe Mecro B pa6ore UAy EOC CCCP,
OAy 03C r{ Ancnerriepcxax cJry}K6 3Heproc}ICTeM 3aHHMaror
nonyqe,rrHe iI o6pa6orxa HHQopMaIIltll o. pa6ore
E3C, 3Heproo6'beAHHbHHfi H sHepi'ocHcreM. Kporure reKyulefi HHQop-
MauHrf, Heo6xoAI{Mor} Jr.rrcnerqepy ans onepaTttBnol'r pa6otu, AHc[er-
r.repcKxe yIIpaBJIeHrtfl H cnylK6bl nonyqaior 6olltuylo_ ex(eAHeBHyro
uncfopuaqgto o pa6ore 3a npoUleAIIIHe clirKl{ (aupa6orra sJleKrpo'
sHeprHH, MaKCHMyMbI Hanpy3KH, pe3epBbI MOU-IHOCTH, MeX{CI{CTeMHbde
nepeToKlr, ypoBHr{ ocHoBHbrx BoAoxpaHHilHII{, nOJIO}I(eHHe C TOnJIHB-
HbrMli pecypcaMH H T. A.), a TaKX{e flepHoAHr{eCKH AonoJIHHTeJIbHylo
uHQopvrarlrlro, cJrvx(aulyro Anfl aHa.,'rH3a pa6orbt sHeprocncreM PI Hc-
noJ'rb3oBaHHfl ocrloBHoio o6opyaoe aHHfl, KoHTpoJIr BbInoJIHeHI'tfl lina-
rioB H T. A. Eollur'ne Bo3Mo)riHocru cHcreMbl ,q,HcnerqepcKoro yrIpaBJIe-
llntr lloseorlnror UAy E3C CCCP II OAy O3C o6ecneqsBarb Heo6'
XoAHMytO HHQopMaUHIo lle TOJlbKo Antl HyXiA oIIepaTHBHo-A[IcfleTqeD-
cKgro ynpaBJreI{urr, Ho rr B 3Haqt-tTe.rlbtloii Mepe AJIfl opraHH3aq[{oHI{o'
3KOilOM r{qeCKOrO y il paB.IIeFIHfl .
286
OcyutecrB/iHfl HenocpeACTBeHHoe oneparaBHoe pyKoBoACrBo pa.
6orofi sHeprocHCTeM, AncnerqepcKue yflpaBJreH Hfl kt crry]K6br e]KeAHeB.
HO paccMarprrBaror 3af.BKtr H pa3peuaror npoBeAeHHe
peMoHTHbix pa6or Ha o6tenrax, Haxo.AfliilHxcff B HX ynpaB-
"rreHHlMJtH Be;I,€HHr.r; H ycraHaBJfi.{BaroT Heo6xoAHMbte pi3MeHeHHfl B
ocHoBHori cxeN{e.
AHcrieTqep Kalr{Aorl cTy[eFrH ynpaBJieHHfl i{oHrpoJrHpye r
OnHnFlI{\/fn f\VOl,{\I u nA:lzTJrt ne6nrrt au^nnn^trnm^rrrr ^nnanAfr^4v!{rvurrJr'r ui.uiviy YI }Jtr;fr11 -}'1 lJdUUlbt 9tigPlUCl{U'lUMbi UUUi.iJCiUfBy'lOiqefO
ypoBtlfl Ii npH HeoSxoAIiMocrH H3MeHffeT r.rx, o6ecfleqnBarr HaAeiK-
I{ocTb, 3i{oHoMHt{HoCTb_3a6orut n Hail.,'Ie}Karqee KaqecTBo O/reKTpo-
oneprrrr{. I.rrcreru.p^ilAy E3C CCCP xoppexrupyer rpaSHr(H cyM-
uapuofr Mou-lHocrlr O3C rr per!,-irrrpyer MexclrcreMHbre neperoKH, py-
r(oBoAtrT pefyJll{poBatllre]1 qacToTbt, ycTaHaBJrr.rBaeT noprrAoK ticrroJrb-
3oBaFrHfi aBToMaraqecKr,rx ycrporlcrB pery"rrrrpoBaHHfl napaMerpoB Hop.
I'14'IIbHO|O peilili\la, KOtlTp0ilHpveT no"ryOitiein{e H ruaCrpOiixy npOT}rBO-
aBapI{littoti aBTo}farnKI-t ocHoBHbix MeiricticreMHbrx ces3eflr, pyi(oBoAr,rr
npoH3BqAcrBoil{ OrepauHrl c o6opyeonaHHeM, HaxoAfirilHMCfl B efo
o[epartrBHoM yrrpaBi:reHrrH, ti ",'rHKBHAaqaefi aBaprir, HapyuarcIqHx pe-
x(HM pa6orbl E3C, KoHrpoJIHpyer pa6ory noAqHHeHHoro orieparrrBHo-
ro nepcoHa,'Ia II oKa3blBaeT eMy^Heo6xo.qltMylo nouou{s. Coornercrny-
rcu{ue QyHxqnn B lpe4eJrax O3C H oHeprocHcreM ocyulecrBnrror Arrc-nerqepbr OtrY ri P3V.
r5.3. ynpABflEHHE BOAOXO3qTICTBEHH On CUCTEMOI4
frrlpo_aHeprerttqecKt{e ycraHoBKrr no,nHocrbro orrpeAexrior rrrApa-
B;'Fi9€CKHfi peixrrv BoAoroKoB ri BoAoeMoB, Ha Koropbrx oHtr pacfiono-
xieHbr, H eoaAerlcreyicr raKHM o6pasolr Ha AefiTeJrbHocrb Apyrn\
yqacrHlrKoe BXC. llpa eroM BoAHbre pecypcbr Moryr paccMarp,HBarbcfl
c AByx no:urtHl'r.
C oAuor? cropoHbl, BorHbIe pecypcbr sBirqrorcfl Hocr{TeJreM rriApa-
BrHqecKoft eHeprtrti, npeo6pasyelrofi rHApo3HeprerHqecKHMI{ ycraHoB-
KaMn B sJreKTDHqeCKyto 3HepfHro.
C ,qpyrort tropotiut, repeperynnpoBaHHe croKa rr H3MeHeHHe rHApa-
BJII{qecKHx pe}KtIMoB noA Bo3,LeticrBaet\{ f3y Henocpe.{crBeHHo orpa-
x(aroTcr Ha Aerrreirbrrocrlr Ap)'rHX yqacTHr.rKoB BXC, HcrroJrb3yioqn.\
eoAY B TexHoJTorlIqecKllx l{HKJIax paanr-ruHoii npHpoAbr H cooTBercr-
BeHHO npeArflBnffrou{Hx cBoH TpeboBaHHrr K rHApaBJrHrIecKHM pe-
XdHMAM.
BosHgraer 3aAar{a err6opa KoMrrpoM Hcc,Hbilx B ap H a H-
T o B AeflTenbHocrH Bcero BoAoxo3qlicreeunoro KoMn.rTeKCfl, KoTopafi
Br(Jrroqaer H Bonpocbr oxpaHbr npHpoAbr. Pery,rllrpoBaHHe BOAHbrx pe
x{HMOB H pacflpeAeJrerrHe BoAHbrx pecypcoB il,Ie]KAy yqacr]rHKauru BXK
287

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OcuoeHltl,ur yqacrHHKaMH BXC Moryr.e o6qeM cflyqae ffBJrfirbcfl i
npeAnpHrrtirr pa3r,rHrrFlbrx orpac.refi HapoAHofo xosRficrna,' HMerortlEe i
anhnutnfiuuat5' cBoH cle{fiQHqecKHe xapaKTepHcTrrKH LIClo,r-rbSoBaHHfi BoAHbiX pe-
cypcoB:
3Hep-rernKa (f3C - pa6ovee reno; TOC, AOC, TAt{ - pa6ouee
TeJIO, XJIaAafeHT) ;ghou angodogouu anuaundxo7
godveuuHov xr+rtPodndu nundrg per{HoH TpaHcnopr;
JrecHa fl npoMbrrlJreHHocrb ("rr'ecocnnan) ;
rrpoMb[xJreHHOcrb;
I ogutar?stox
govnHholuen xnHgog oandxp
KoM MyHannHo-6uroBoe xosniicruo;
pu6Hoe xosnficreo;
3ApaBooxpaHeHr{e (pexpeaqnoHFrafl AesreflbH,ocrr) .| "or."u___l\
xodo1tua flTHHDPrc q,
nponnd n -uugodlt enHDwdeg[log
flpn Ha6bITKe BoAHbIX pecypcoB peanu3allnfl pelKHMoB, yAoBJIeTBo'
prrorrlHx yqacrHuKoB BXC, trc[orb3ylotqHx BoAy B cBoHX TeXHoilorll-
qecKHX I{HKJIaX, flBJIflgTCff HeCJIOX(HOH SaAaLICH, ucuusnHu E 'lc^Hfi-
qecKn'COnepiueHHbIX rHApo3HepreTHqecxdx cncteMaX, pacflOnararcnlux
trlJlro3aMn, 
-plt6onpo[ycKHbIMH 
coopyx(eHnflMn H r. n. flpa 3roM pe]KHlvt
pa6oru nxAposHeprertiqecKux ycraHoBoK Mox(eT oflpeAenflTbcq ycJlo'
Dttdrrrt rl- r*rrrrr.rrtrrtnrrrrn^Dauttd D F(\F,r.tllA llfAnnATItUAnI{nfi nlrnfpfff,f
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f HApaBJIHqeCKHM peX{}iMaM saqacTylo BcryIIaIor B tIpoTHBopeqHe.
Torla pelr(HMbr rHApo3HeprernqecKux ycraHoBoK onpeAenflIoTctt ycno'
BHrMu Qy+rxUnoHHpoBaHufl BCefi BoAoxo3flficrseHlloll CHcTeMbI.
B srHX ycJroBHflx coBeTcKoe 3aKoHoAareJlbcrBo npeAyct"tarpuBaer
Heo6xoAaMocrb Kolv{ rrJieKcnoro Hcno.rrb3oBa HH fl BoAHLilx pecypcoB, HHbI-
MH cJroBaMH, pexiHMbr pa6oru raApoaseprerHqecKHx ycraHoBOK Ha-
sHaqarorcs HcxoA'_ H3 saAaqg noHcKa KoMrrpoMHcca Mex(Ay rpe6oea-
HHflMH ftpeAnpHqruflr - yqacrHr{r(oe BXC. OcxoeaNln BoAHoro saxono-
AaTenbcTea CCCP H coro3Hblx pecny6nux ycTaHoBneFI 6accefiHo-
nuft npHHtt,Hn ynp aBJIeH Hfi BoAHbI M xo3sft crBor'r.Byc'
JIoBI{fiX ffpaKTnqecKoro oTcyTcTEHn rHApaBJIHriecKofi cBfl3n Me}I(Ay
peKaMH 6accefis peKH flBnflercfi san6oree Kpynnof{ BoAoxo3flficrseH'
uofi eAnuuqefi, nJralil{poBanne Mepotrpnqrufi no xoropoft l]o3BoJlfler
AOCTaTOqHO nOJJllO yIIHTL{BaTb BOIIpOCbI KOMIJIeKCHO|O HCIIO"IF,3OBaHHfl
BOAHbIX peCypCOB KaK B O[eparHBHOM, TaK H B AOnfOCpOqHOM nJIaHe.
OcHonnorrvr crpyKTypHErM .sJreMeHToM yfipaBJIeHLIff ffBJlsercfl BoAo-
xo3ffficrBeuHufi KoMrrrreKc (BXK) 6accefina peKH, o6ecneqnBaioulfift
cOBMecTHOe HCII oJlb3o B a HHe BOAHEIX pecyp coB fl peAflpHff THs lvl H p a3nHq-
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1accefiua peKu npedcraanfler co6od cosot(gnHocrb paslrteu4eHHbtx Ha
reppuTopuu faccertna o6tercroa Qopttupo7aH.ufl, rpaHcnoprupostdu u
peeartnpo\aHufl croKo1 o''oercroa eodanorpe5neuun u ucno/LbsosaHun
croKa, cucreilbr gnpasneffiln. I]eltlo ynpaBJreHHfi BoAoxosrrficrseHrlutt{
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J€J enHeheu?eqo
288
19-6410 289

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KaqecrBa BoAbi B HHTepeCax nofiyr{eHHs MaKcHMaJIbHOfO HapOAHOXO-
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pecypcoB;
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gol"r creneHH BoAonorpe6.neFlHfl Bo BpeMeHH.
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19* 291

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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293
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

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295

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2O-Ut0 305

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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--- PAGE BREAK ---

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3"iIe.YeHToB, pacxoA n SltanrpauHoHllbrx KorJreKTopax, nbe3oMerpnqec-
Koe AaBJreH[e, a TaK]r(e pexHnHlrfi riapaMerp - ypoBeHb BoAbr R
BepxHeM 6ne$e.
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cfl TeM, qro B HHX nporexaror Hau6onee cJro){rHbre f,HApoMexaHnqecKne
fipoqeccbl. B 3ToM CMblCJre OHH TeCHO CBffSaHbr C . npOTOrrHOri qacrnK]
ryp6Huu, orHeceHHofi x craHr{HoHrrofi qacrra fOV.
Hau6oree cylqecrBeHuble r,Jrr sKcrrJryarailuH rr{ApoMexaHHrrecKHe
npoueccbr Bo3HHKaror B MoMeHTbr H3MeHeHHfi pelr(HMa pa6oru afpe-
raroB H Ha3brBarorcrr ilepexoAHbrMH, T. e. [poqeccaMH nepexoAa H3
oAHOfO COCTOffHHfl B AplrrOe. l'1s BCex nepexoAHbrx npoqeccoB K HaH-
6o.{ee rffx(eJrbiM nocxeAcrBurM rrpHBoAHT r HA p a BJr Hq ecxn ft
yAap.
, 16.1. PEH{H}{HHE noKA3ATEJIH r3C, HACHAAOE r3C
H TH.qpoSHEPTETHqECKHX HOA{nnEffCOB
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3BoJrser cQopvurpoBarb HeKoropoe npeAcraBJreHHe o6 o6texre yirpaB-
.rlelrHfl' Ho Jrarrrb B BHAe uoAener?, orpax(aiou{Hx BHyrpeHHroro
crpyKTypy naccHeHofi cucreMbr f3C. Cne4yrculnu orarroN{ Mo-
AenHpoBaHHr flBJrflercr onncaHHe naccHsHofi cHcreMbr f.3C B
r{ e n o M. flpu 3roM fOC Bo BHerrrsefi cacreMe (33C H.na BXC) aon-
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6yler [poH3BoAHMaff gJrexTpnqecKafl Morrlnocrb ly'o" HnH pacxoA
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onHcbrBaeivrafl f3y 6yaer oruocHrbcrr K r(Jraccy f3C.
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of - cocraBJlflroil{afl reMnepaTyphl orpyxaroulefi cpeAbl; o)nv - IIpO-
qHe Hey'qTeHHL'Ie COCTaBJIfliOIqHe'
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eCTecrBeHHo, rpe6yer nptMeHenl{fl Apyroro r3blKa MoAennpoBallt
flpuueHrx iraHHufi nolxon K oII{'lcaHHIo KacKaAa II3 AByI^ f.3C
Ha oAHoM BoAoToKe, MbI cTanKnBaeMcfl c TeM' qTo lvloAeJlli (16'2) H
QcQs.ot,r-rlX Qnp;i (16'5)
2c.z*.61;-gXz..ar. (16.6)
TorAa MoAenH (16.2) H (16.3) Arlfl pacch{arpgBaeMoro KacKaAa
fAC npuMyr BHA
-Mrr cQnp(i-r)X za-6(i*t)Xzn.aiX i/o".X QXZ;
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rAe iV*r.C/V rOC tt_uXl/I-OCI -'MoIIlHocTb KacKaAa.
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KaAa f3C:-e He3aBHcHMocrH or cTpyKrypbl H rlHcra cryneneii rac-
KaAa ortroueitHfl (16.5) H (16.6) npeAcraBrIfCIr co6ofi 6NuapHue
( 16.7)
(16 3)i
I

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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TaKHMH KaK CpeACrBa C6Opa, flepe.AaqH, xpaHeHHf, o6pa6orxH H npe.
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crBeHrroe Bpeufl B3aHMOAeftCreUq ee 3JreMeHTOB, KOTOpOe npHHfrO
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

Puc. 17-1. Knaccu$HKauHs 3aAaq ynpaBJIeHHrr reXHor'rornqecKfiM npoqeccoM no cns-
co6y eo:4eficrenq ua o6rexr yttpaBneHHfi
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MOIO npoqecca. Etts o6ecneqeupis qeneHanpaB,rreHHocTH H AoJrx(HofQ
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qeHHe cBeAeHHfi o cocroflH,r{H o6beKra (npbUecca) B AaHHbrft uouenr
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paMerpoB cocrofiHufl o6renra He Bbr3hrBaeT HerrocpeAcrBeHHoil onac-
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sHa.{eHnr.l or gaAaHHbrx, Aaror ocuoBaHHe Ailfr tipHBJIeqeHrifl Apyrnx
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KJIOHeHHe napaMeTpoB.
312
P eryJrH p oB aH H e n a p a M er-
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HHe noa4ericrslrR, Koropoe B03Bpa-
iIIaeT o6texr B Haqar'rbHoe cocToflHHe
B TONr Cryqae, ecJrH efo napaMeTpbt
seiaeusrncr. Bos,q.er?creHe ocvue-
crBJIfleTcr 6es 3aAeplKKlr BpeMeHH
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peanH3yrorrIHX 3aIaqH pefyJrHpoBa-
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6yxgeHun reHeparopoB, perf,tflropbi qacroTbl Bpau{eHHfl ryp6riHur
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uus oorexra B AaHHbIft MoMeHT BpeMeHlI. OAnaxo B 3ToM cnyqae He' i
o6xoAuua KoopAliHaquff peueHHff 3aAaq KoHrponr, peryJlHpoBaHHn lI
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pa3flrrr.rHyro crpyKrypy, o qeM 6yaer cKa3aHo HHx(e.
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cHcreMy, rroKa3aHrryro Fra pHC. 17.2. B qacrHoM cJlyqae ora cucreMa
Molr(er BbrpoAHTbcff B oAHo3,TeMeHTHyro (ro.rrro KolrrpoJlb HJIH pery-
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peanH3OBalla ilpaKTHqeCKH B TOIvI CJIyqae, eCJIH BHyTpH gJIeMeHTa HeT
nporaBopeuHfi, r(oropbre paspeuarorcs BBeAeHHeM sJIeMeHTa 6o.nee
BbrcoKofo ypoBHff.
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Odze,'rmginpa0neuuz
313

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UHQOq."/ aqu U O COC^nOfl H UU
azpeeamo0
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uHp2ptla 4 uu o €.ocmonH u u
coopgn(eHuu
Onpedenenuexapa/(mepucmuKcacrhonaun azpeeamo0
paB,,'reHHf; pefyirflTopo'B, cHcTeM KoHTpoJIfi H ApyrHx SJIeMeHTOB, OT-
BeTcTBeHHbtX 3a ilporpaMMHoe BeAeHLIe pex{HMa. !,,pynlt,vrn c,{oBaMH,
sadarta eedenun Dezffututo ecrb Halt6o,,Lee o6wan ug BCex nepequc/teH'
l7odlepNanue-paoomocnoco0-4
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paMMa BeAeHHfl peiKHMa OAHa, To ylrpaB"il€tIH€ lla ee OCHOBC Ha3bIBa-
ercfl rrpor,palrMHbiM. B nporHBHoM cJlyqae, npeiKAe qeM nepefirn K
flponpaMMHoMy ynpaBJIeHHro, HaAJIex{Hr BbI6paTb HaHfiyquyrc npof-
paMMy AeftcreHri. Torla Moxirro roBopHTb o6 uepapxn.recxofi cncrerle
BeAeHHf pex(liMa o6'beKTa yI]paB.rIeHHfl, fioHHMaq, qTo H caMH o6ler-
F
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u,vQopnaquu
o pec!/pcsx
Jauguma odqpgdg1aau.ru cpeocmqcl/cmeHb/ gnpa1/7eHu,q
K0Hrponf
C6au c fepxaun
gpo1ten gnpb1netun
- Eadop cocma0apa?omaoulux azpe?4mooFeeunui'o6auue ./acmom b I
u htmu1aou Haulnocmu 9npa6netuepel{u/'/otl'rcc
Pacnpe1ettetue a tmu 6toi
u pearmuflaou no4uocmuPez unu p a 6 a t'i e) t a npnNe a u n
u ieaimu$rrgu HoulHocmtt
Peegnqpodg4uepacxqia - o.osbl
PHc. 17.3. Cocrae saaaq cocrofiHHq rI{Apoarperara rr f3C
Pnc. 17.4. Cocrae 3aAas ynpaBneHan pe)(Hltaun f3C (a) tt rHApoarperata (6)
rra3brBaeTcfl p e r yJI H p ye M bI N{. flapalterpst, OTKJIOHeHIiIe KOTOpbIX
ycrpaHfercfl . IIpH H3MeHeHHH peryJllipyeMofo napaMerpa, I{a3blBapr-
cfl KOrITpoJrHpyeMbIMlL flpoUecc npHHflrHff peueHufl B 3roM
cnyqae AocTaroqHo IIpocT u cBoAHTCfl K ilpoqeAype cpaBHeHHff I(oF{-
TpoJrHpyevroro napaMerpa c 3aAaHHbIIvI 3FIaqeHHeM H Qopt'ttlpoBaHHIo
ebsAeficteHn (ustterleHue peryrlHpyeMOro ilapablerpa) B rlanpaBJle'
HHr.i cKopet:ruero H yrarlonee lraAexcroro BblpaBHHBal{Hfi 3aAaHiloro H
TeKyillefo 3HarreHHfl KOrlrpoJIHpyeMofo napaMerpa.
BeAeuue peX(HMa B cooTBeTCTBHH c nporpaMMoft HsMeHeHHtl [apa-
Merpon cocroflFrHq o6tercra npeAnoJlaraer ttpHHrrHe I(oMnJIeKc[lbIX pe'
314
rbr ynpaBJreHHfl o6pa3yroT HepapxHqecKyro cHCTeMy.
CneqlrsHqecxoit 3aAaqeir ,vnpaB,leHufl flB,rtflercfl 3 a x{ HT a. 3ra sa-
Aat{a iloHr{lvlaeTCfl KaK y|IpaBreHrie B aBapHfiHofi H,,'rH npeAaBapHftHoti
cHTyarIHH, flO BHAy saAarra 3auIHTbr oTHocHTCfl K 3aAaqaM H3MeHeHHg
cocroflHHfl, oAHaKo Bo3AefrcrBHe ocyqecTB.[Rercfi o6rrqHo Ha oAHfi
Crtet{HsrH3HpoBarrHbrrl 3r'rervrerrr (napauerp cocrofiuun), qro c6nuxaer
3auIHTy C peryJ'rHpoBarrHeM. 3aAa.{a 3au{HTbr pelllaercfr. AJr'., yAoBJIer-
BOpeHHfl nUyrpeHHer? rtenH yflpaBJrer{,}rff - caMocoxpaHeHHs o6rexra.
Sruu H onpeAe,'rrercr ee cnerrnSHxa, 3aKiIroqatourarICfl B o6ecneqe-
HHH naU6O"trrrueit HaAex(HocrH BbIrroJlHeHIIfl Bo3j,er'rcrBHfl II cBoeEpe-
MeHHocrlr npHirffTHfl peueHHrr. B ocra,'IbHoM 3aAaqa 3ail{HTbr coBna-
qaeT c coorBeTcTBvrou_tlr M H 3aAaqa M lr ynp a BiteHH fl , yKa3a HHbTMH Bbr IIe.
OcHoeueaflcb Ha npHBeAeHHorl K,laccHQHKaqr{H, cQopMHpyeM Kpyr
3aAaq yfipaBJreHHfl fHApo3neKTpocTaHqHefi Ha craHr.(HoHHoM H orqacrB
anperarHoM ypoBHnx. TorAa cTpyKrypa 3aAaq, peureHHe KoropEilx Ha-
npaBneHo Ha yAoB,'IerBopeHHe BHyTpeHHHX (co6creeHHbrx) H BHerrrHH.\
uelefi, rpuMer BHA, npaeeAeunsrfi rla pHc. 17.3 H 17.4" Paccrrrorpni,r
Her{oropbre H3 3rrrx 3aAaq 6onee noApo6Ho.-
r7.2. HOHTpOnb H AHATHOCTHKA COCTOgHH'
3ara.iu Kor{Tponr H A}rarHocrHKri cocroffrnrfl odbeKTa yflpaBJrerrr{fl,
KaK roBopHnocb paHee, peaJrH3yroTcrr B Toiu cJryqae, ecJrlr oIepaTlrB-
HOe BMeUIaTerbcTBO B KOHTpOJrHpyer'rUft npouecc Her{eJrecoo6pasno
HJIH. HeBo3l!{ox{Ho. C .U,pyrol'r cropoHbl, KoHTpoJIb cocrosHHfl o6texra
ecTb He r{To HHoe, KaK 3Tan ynpaBIeHwf, Ha KoTopoM onpeAeJlflIoTcfl
SHaqeHfis napaMeTpoB cocrofwlHF. H Ttx oTHo[IeHHe K 3aAaHHbIM.
O6Hvuo 3aAaqn KoHTpoJrfl coorHocffT c KoHKperHbrM o6rexroru yn-
paB./'IeHHfl. B 3ToM clyqae Bo3HHKaer ueo6xoAnMocrb perrreunfl oArr-
HaKOBbTX 3AAaq Ars KOHTpoJrrr cocToflHHfl reHepaTopa, noA[qTHHKa,
noAlxHnuIIKoB, 6le$on, Me.\aHrrqecKoro o6opy4oBarrufl, rHAporexltH-
secKHX coopy)fieHufi lr r. A. flpu :rou oAHorHnHbre saAaqtr, peuaeMbre
c Hcno,rlb3oBaHHeM pa3JIHqHbtx MeTOAOB H TeXHHqeCKHX CpeACTB, He-
peAKo Aaror pasHbre pe3yJrbrarbr. I-locle orpeAeneHnff rapaMerpon
cocrofltl,llfl H cnoco6oe xoHrpo.{ri neo6xoAlrvo Nairrlt HX o6uluocrn,
yHHQr'rqHpoBarb tv{eroAbr H annaparypy, c noMoulbro r(oropbrx 3rH 3a-
Aaqri peuarorcfl.
C1stt c 1epxnuu
qpo1nen qnpa1rtetun
1tlerta cocmofrHufl
aeoezama
[Tpoepaunaoe
uJHeHeHue cocmoflHuflaepeeama
l(on mpo tl a cocmo.?Hu.g
cucmtfl a?pezama
Jaul um a erten e,cmo6-..
CUCmglV A?,oeZAmA
JID

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ann,aumuda
rortedaiuu
Pnc. 17.5. Kourpo,rHpyeMhre napaMerprr f3C @) H fHAporexHHqecKHX coopyx{e-
Huir (d)
Puc. 17.6. KourponnpyeMb{e napaMerPbr rHAPoarperara
Ha ocHoBaHHII cKa3aHHoro coorgeceM 3aAaqn KoHTpoJIfl c pa3fiH'I'
HbrMH THIIaMH IIapaMeTpoB cocTofiHHfi, a yx( 3aTeM c KoHKpeTHbIMH
o6terralvtn.
B KaqecTBe KoHTp0nHpyeMbrx n4palY_eTPOB COCTOffTTHfl nHApo3JIeK:
KoHTponnpytoTcs AHCKp erHbIe rtapa MeT p bI cocTo fl ]I h tr
(noabxeull-e xouuyrat{HoHHrtX anflaparoB H sfleMeHToB rHApaBflHrlec-
KHX CHCTeM, AHCKpeTHb{e cocToflHHff afpefaToB: BKJIFOqeH, BblKJllov€H,,
noA Harpy3xoft,'B peMoHTe H T. A.). 3rn lrapaMeTpbl MoX(Ho orllecrn K
HflTerpaJIbHbIM noKa3aTeJrflM COCTOqHHff, KOTOpbIe 3aBHCIIT OT COCTaBa
o6opyAoBalrnfl KoHKperHoft rn.u.po3neKrpocraHuul{. Iloerouy MhI He
6yn.io ,no,i,po6no paccMarpuBarb 3aAaqn KoHrponfi [,HcKperHbli na-
paMeTpoB, a ocTaH,oBHMcfl Ha 3aAaqax KoHTpoati H AHarHOCrl'IKH He-'
rrpepblBHo J{sMeHfiIOUIl{XCfl naparMeTpoB cocrofiH}Ifl.
3aAaqH r{oHTpons cOcTotlHHq THApoTeXHHqeCKI{X
c o o p y x{ e H H r1 cnoAqrcff 'K no"rryr{eHHl0 (c6Opy),,HaKonJIeHHIO H OTO-
6pax<eHuro (perncrpaqlrH) r{HtpopMauH'H o cocroitFll{H nJIorHH !I Hx
MexaHnqecnoro odopyaoeaFrHfl. fl,poeoAnMbIft 3aretv{ aHanH3 no.[yqell'
rrbtx !,a,HHbIX no cyrr.I cBoeft ecrb 3aAal{a AHarHocrLIKl.I: qTo crytlHrocb,
316
Pnc. 17.7. Cxerua fnApocrarnqecKoro HHBenHpoBaHHfl
Hbrx nepeMeu{eunir ceru{iift [nortHbr:
l--'4 - ceKqHa n.norHubr; 5 - rx4pouuBe,rup; MI-M4 - lrapKrr
Moe paccTorHHe oT HapKH Ao ypoBH.B AOLbr B fHApOHHBenHpe;
Hoe cyeu{euge cexquil naorHHE{
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fAe cnyqllJrocb, [oqeMy cnyqHnocb. Ha ocHoBaHHH 3Toft r{HoopMauHLl.
npHHIil\{aeTcfl peueFiHe: qTo AenaTb? Hs cxagaHHofo flcHo, rrTo ct.rcTeMa
KoHTpoJIfi tI AHarHocrnKli, KaK H rt106afl cr-rcretvra yfipaBJIeHH.H, ocHo-
BaHa Ha rroAcHcreMe H3N,repeHrrf cocroflHHf r-HAporexHlrqecKHx coop)'-
x<etutri. Kari 6u;io cKa3aHo e $ 16.3, aneMeHTbr rHAporexHnqecKnx co-
opyx(eHHfi no,leepx(eHbr oIIacHocrH Bo3r{r{KHoBeHIt fl aBapHH BCJTeACTBHe
HeAOnycTIIMbIX BepTHKanbHbrx T{JrH rOpH3OHTanbHbrx fiepeMeU{eHHfi,.
QunurpauHH BoAbr qepe3 TeJro rrnoruHbr, rpyHT ocHoBaHHfl I{nH 6epe-
r.oBble npHMbrKaHr{fl, BH6pa{}iH BOAOnOABOAflIIIHX COOpyifieHHft H afpe-
raroB. Bo HS6elKaHHe,IIoflBJIeHirr orpHqareJ,'tbHbrx tlocfleACTBltfi Bo3-
A.eiicrBnfi yKa3aHHbrx QaxropoB Heo6xoAHMo perrrarb sa!,rur KoHTpon-r
lI AIIaTIIocTHKH cocrorFriui 3JreMeFIToB coopyx(ennfi, uau6o.nee noABep-
)r{eHHbrx Bo3Aefi CTBHTO 3THX QaXrOpOe.
BeprHI(arbHHe H ropH3oRTa.rtbnHe nepe;,retqeHrtfi nJIoTHubL
H3MepgrOTCfl B OCHOBHOM reoAe3fiqecKr{MH }leToAaMrr, ilanprrrrep HrrBeJIHpoBarrr{eM no-
MapKaM - cnel{HanbHb{M orMeTKaM, KOTopbre HaHeceHbd rra cfeHbr fioTepH, pacnoJ(o--
xieunbtx- H'a pa3HL'tx flpycax nJrorlinL{. OrnocgrerbHue BeprnxaiibHue neperi{eu{eHnrl
(oca4xa oAlloro 6noxa nJrorr{Hbr orHocHTenbHo .ap5,roro) [roryr 6urr H3Mepettbr
rHApoHHBeJIHpoM, npeAcraeJrflrou{HM co6o11 Tpy6y c noao{ noBepxHocrr rcoropofu
3aAaer ropH3oHT (puc- 17.7). OruocnreJlbHb{e ropH3orrraJrbrrbre nepeMeu{enr{ff rr3Me-
pflIorcfi cncreuorl npqMbrx n odparnux orBecoB (c,u. plrc. l6.G). :
BnyrpeHHHe Hanpflx(eHHfl B Mareprrane nrorHH Bo3r{HKaioT'
B p$ynbrare Me,\aHHqecKHx H TeMneparypabrx sosAericreufi. flogroMy reMreparyp-
ustfi KoHTponb Bo3Ayxa il caMofo coopyxeuufl oc)'qecrBJrflercfl nocrorrr.tHo. Airn-grofo HcnonuyrcTcfl AarqHKI{ TepNronaprroro rrrfla (.re.nerep,lrorrrerpsr), a H3Meperlre
coocrserrHo lranpfl H(eHHr"r xocseHrro ocyqecrBnflercfl Terr3oMeTpaMlr.
C sroir x(e uenblo H3Mepnercr{ nrr6paqtir gncMelrroB cTporrrenb-
HbIx K-oIIcrPYKttnt:i H MexaHHqecKoro o6opyAoBalrrrn. Harr6onr=
{acmoma
4pauleaun
3t7

--- PAGE BREAK ---

trlgM tsH6parl6flM noABepx(eribr rpy6onpoBoAbI H cBfi3aHHbIe c HHMIi 3J'lelleHrbl coopy'
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npqifierrnfi, nocTpoeHHblx no AaHHbIM H3MepeHHfi' a TaKlKe AuarpaMM nepeMeULeHH[I
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6 r: n !.T n 2 rr !! r) r{ H bt ft K O FIT p onb cocToflHllfl rI{ApOTeXHLtqeCKHX Coopyx(eJ
YllJIDrl,eqr.vrr'rv'^- r '--
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cTofHrrrr: ypoBHH MacJ,la B r(OT,,re MHy, B BaHFIax noA[flTHHKa H tlOAlIIHntlllKoB, AaB-
fleHt.re B KorJre ,&11-lV n cqcretviax BbrcoKoro AaBJreHrin LI Ap.3HaqetltIfl l(oltrpoaHpye-
Mbrx tiapaMerpoe HHAHtiHpytorcfl na arperaruorvr u{Irre VlrpaEneL{!1fl..[,ltaruocruxa
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OTKJIOHeHHR KoHTpO1HpyeMbtx napaMeTpoB oT 3aAaHHblX 3HaqeHHIlI^
a r p e r a T a - ToKa poTopa H cTaTopa, Harlpfi){teHHt, aKT]rBHoft H peatcrHBHofi MoulHo-
cTlr, qacToTbt BpaU{eHr.{fl - opHeHTHpoBaH Ha o6ecneqeHHe HopMarrbllofi Pa6oTbl arperaTa.
B cnyqae orKa3a roft rrhrr uHori cr.tcr€Mbr p€r|flHpoBaHlIs, yttpaBneHIir H 3aulllrb{-
C noMoulblo HHAHKaT{HH rrprMbrM KoMarrAFrbnr (pyuttulr) ynpaBJIeHHe.u ocyurecrs-
JIflercfl Ay6lupoeauue $ynxuufi, Bo3nox.ieHHbix IIa aBTo]{arHr{ecKHe ycrpoftcrBa.
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qTo H /lHafHOCTI{Ka CHCTeMbI x{H3Heo6ecner{eHllf arperara.
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Ha crafiqHoHHoM, TaK H Ha cl{CTeMHOi!{ ypoBHe, ilpllqeiu B nepBytc
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pex{HMoB KacKaAoB f3C onHcaH B $ i7.5. floeToMy orMerHM roJIbKo.
qTo eudpo3tl€KTpocTa|qun KaK Sne,weHT SHepeocucTefitbL )TE?TCTj?HHA
oo Csoespe.veHHgto Lt Ha)eifffdgrc nodzoroBKV ltHfopilaquLt o Cloeil'
cocrofl.Hutt, ttro 80 ilHoeo,+L onpedenfer eQQercrusHocrb !/npas/teHu.t
p Htc u.fl a,14 tr 3 He p eo c u cT e.u. bt.
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poJrfl I{ AHafHocTHKrr np[lo6peTanT 3Haqerrrre npr{ per}IJ'.IHpOBaFILM
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I7.3, PETYJIHPOBAHHE'NAPAMETPOB COCTOqHHf,
Cocrae 3aAarr peryJrHpoBaHnr napaMerpoB cocroflFrHfi f3C onpe'
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raKirie Harrir{HeM perynHpyeMofo irapaMeTpa. IJ,enH Hrvl Ha3HaqeHHfii
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o6rexra H o6pa3ynr cHcreMy, o6ecnerrHBarouyrc coxpaHeHHe ero pa-
6orocnoco6rrocrn (calrocoxpaHeHr{r). Onpe:teneirHe peryJlllpyeli{oro
napaMerpa ecTb ,no cyrrr AeJra peureHHe 3aAaqH o6ecn,eqeHHfl IIH0Op'
MaTIHOHHOfi pa3peUHMOcTr.r yrpaBneHHfl 3TO|O BHAa. B COOTBeTCTBHII
co cxeMoft ua pTc. 17.2 \{Hox{ecrBo peryJrHpyeMbrx napaMerpoB BKJII{)-
qaercfl B MHo)r(ecrBo KoHTpoJrHpyeMbrx napaMeTpoB rr ffBJIfleTcH cO6-
cTBeHFIbIM ero rroAMHoxecrBoN{. I43 3Tofo creAyer, qro peryJlHpyeMble'
napaMeTpbr Bbr6Hparorcfl lr3 MHoiKecTBa KoHTpoJrHpyeM brx rapaMerpoB:
no iIpHtII{Hny He3aBHcHMOCTH AefiCTBlIq.3rO 3HaqHT, I{TO }I3
BCeX KOrrTpOJrrrpyeMb{x napaMerpoB cneAyeT Bbr6parb raI{ori (raxne)
napaMeTp, H3MeHeHl{e l(oTopofo BbI3oBeT u.e JI e tl a n p a B JI e H H O e
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o6texra pef)'J'rHpoBalrrrr: o6'bercToH pe?lJlxupo0aHLttL HagbLlaerc,<t ra'
3 19,
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xoA QuntrpaUHI-{ qepe3 TelrO nJIOTHilbl H3MepfleTcs npf}IbIMH MeTOAaMH: o6letwHttlt
(necoruru), c HcnOnb3oBaHHeM MepHblX BoAOCJIHBOB, BepTyUJeK ll ,lu$rvtauoMeTpOB'
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niraHHpyeTcq npoBeAeHHe TeKyUIHX lt KanHTaJIb-HbIX peMoHToB.
3aAaqH KoHTpoJIf. lI AllarHOcTHKH cOCTOflHHq aI-
p e r a r a no3BoJrflror o6ec[eqHTb ero pa6orocnoco6Hocrb nyreM cBoe-
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saAaHHbIx 3HaqeHHI? H oTO6paiKeHHf B ToM HJIH HHOM BHAg 3TOli
HHSopMaUTILI 3KcnIIyaraqHoHH'oMy nepconarly fOC. Taxnu o6pasolr,
3aAaqtr KOHTpOnfl COCTOtIHHfl BKr'IloqarcT B Ce6fl 'H3MepeHHe, npeABa'
prrreJrbHyro o6pa6orxy H npeAocraBJleHHe HH+opMaUHH o TeKyUIe\I
iu*t,fnxaUI.rq, perru.tp-aqHfl) II HeHopNIaJbIIoM (cnrHalH3aL(Hf) cocro-
ffHHH O6Opy,u,OnaHHf IH.IPOatpefaTa.
OnlrcauHe annapaTypbl, BKrttoqeHHOfi B CHCTeMy KOHTpO"{q COCTO-
fHr{fi afpefaTa, npHBoAHTCfi B JIHTepaType no aBTOMaTI'l3aqHH TeXHO-
rofHqecKofo yrpaBJIeHrIfl arperar6u. OHa creqllQHqHa Aflfl arperarog
pa3"rtHIIHbIX THIIOB I{ nOABep}KeHa 3HaqHTeIbHtIM H3il{eHeHHflM, CBfl3aH-
HbrM c nporpeccov n o6nabrn npn6opocrpoeHxfi. flo3roMy He 6yReu
ocTaHaBJIHBaTbCff lla 3ToM Bonpoce, 0TMeTHM TOJIbKO OCHOBHbie 3aLa'
I{H KOHTPOJIfl COCTOfl HHfl ATPC|ATA.
KoHrponbnepeMeuegnirHaMnnHTyAblKone6aulni,lMexa.
"HHr{eCKotl CHCTeMbI arperara eCTb FIe qTO I{HOe' xax nH6paqUoHrintl't KoH-
-Tpor'tb. llapalrterpur an6pau.nH gleMetiroB atpefaTa o6bt'tt{o cBOAflT x AeofiHoft aM[nH-
-TyAe xole6anlrfi 3THx SJtcr{eHroB, x{.ecTKo orpaHHri}IBafl ee 3Har{eHIIe. Tax, leoftHas
avflJrHryAa xo,re6asufr KpecroBHrru arperara H KPLJtxrcu ryp6Hnbl orpaHHgega l5-
:0 MKM, a Btl6paqHff 3fleNIeHToB reueparopa - l0 uxr,t. Bu6paUnonsuft KoHrponb
BeAercq KaK rrenocpeAcrBeHHo B npouecce SKCnnyaraIIHH, TaK H B XoAe cEetrHaflbHblx
nx6pa,[rior{Hbrx Hcrlbrtarriri. Ha ocHoaanr{H 3TIlr ucnuragHfi onpelenflrcTctt 3oHbI He-
*ieaareluuoft pa6orbt arperaTa (nexeaareflbHue cocToflHufl n pexuuu), KOTopbIe
yqHTbrBarorcs npfi yrpaBretrHH peihHN{at{H rnApoarperara. I-lo AaHsutlr an6paqrorl'
-tlblx lrcnrrtraguft craBHTcfl AHarHo3 cocroglltlfl arperara KaK A"Ifl BeAetlHff pex{HMa'
.TaK [r Anfl oopeAeJreH]rfl ]\{OneHra npoBeAeHHR peMoHTHUX pa6O't','
Konrpo;rr, napaMeTpoB cOCTOfitlils cHcTe${bl xH3lleo6ec-
fl e tt e rr li fl arperara cDflsalr c onpeAeneHHeu ,4onycrHuocrll gtta,{ettltit vpoeHetl,
paCxO,C,a Il AdB.leHHfl Ilacfia, BO;llrI It BO3Ayxa. (OurpOlttpyloTctl npe)+(fle BcerO Te
napaMerpbt, Koropbie lle perynllpylorcfl cnetlllanbl{h{MH perynflTopaMll. Kpo:uc rOro,
13l8

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Koti. o6"aercr, cpedu napail'erpos cocrorHun
o\tttt peeAnlLlpAe,vtatrt: Taxau o6pasorur, NlbI [lpoexrHsre ilapaMerpbl H peiKH]I !iq::T f3C tto3BoJlnlor oc'v-
il]ecTBJ,IflTbC,e3oHFIoe,foAoBoeHMHo|oJIeTHeepeIyJIllpoBaI{He
C T o Ii a. flo pe3VJ'IbTaTaM IIpo.*,,o*i.npopu6oTitH cTpollTcf A 1{ C il e T.
qePCxltiirpaQnr,CB'13bIB-a161qlIi'ipacroellpllTol(aKBoAoKpaHI4-
JtHUIy f3C.o Suiu.HHeNl ypoBHfi eoAbl B HeM A'no pasIIbIX Molv{eHlC)i}
e p e M e H 14 n p H p a 3,,r i : i :j,1' : = :y;*l# l,'". Tt ;?: " # il' : il:;tr'.lT
:1i,*i15d";lT;;; ;;;;;; ;;'p""rcn cr'icr."u P?:':::"1:"'"-lp,iFIKlEnYrrrq,r,r lO OCnula,t^y:'j:"^^i,,^.,rr.,..*..-n!,^TeTrr.{nHFIhIX 3aAa(1.
no,VpoBtI'IMBep.\Hero6ne$aAJIfpeIIeFIHf3KcilJl}iil<iLirivtt'.".
B Aa,rrneit urev cHCreM a o'p u*"'uffi-):tJit::;i 
","- 
tr?H'tt;tJ.""" c
rcoroprieo ecrb xorn 6or,
flOKA3AJI.H B3AHMOCBfl3b
r{eJln H rapaMerpa pefyJIHpOBaI-IHfl'
Bm6op' ea4a.{ pery,rlrpoBaHHfl onpeAe/lfleTCs XapaI(TepoM 11apaMeT-
pa, perylnpoeanui, flpell(Ae Bcero ero He3aBHCHMoCrblo' Ccpoptnlt"tlll-
pyeM saAaqH peryJrHpoBaHHfl yKa3aFiFIbIX B lipeAblAyirleM naparpa$e
Cpe'nn 3aAaq'perylrIIPoBaHHfl ilapaMerpoB cocrofl-
+IHf. rHApOTexHrIqecKT{x coopy)Keunfi MO}KHO OTMeTHTb
ruluuy arub"n"aaqH' sa AoIIylrHMoM 3HaqeHHH iloKa3areJlfl nu6pa-
.qr{H - aNI[fiHryAbI xo.rre6anufi. Bn6paqHfi coopyxeuufi,-KaK orMeqa-
.Jrocb paHee, Bo3HHKaer e6llieH arperaToB H BOAoBOAoB' TOrAa 3aAaqa
peryJIHpOBaHHs ?MrL,-iHTlAbI K6,le6aHprft eoAonOAa cBOAIITcfl r< nU6opy
'Tar(oro pacxoAa BoAtI n rpy6onpoeoAe, 11pH I{oTopoM ABoiIHafl aMnJIH-
ryAa XOne6anuli He 6yler [.OeBbI[IaTb AOnycTHMbIX c TOTIKH 3peHnfl
npoqHocrII CoopyiKeHHfl sHaqeFIuit. Taxlivr o6paaoivl, ]le/tb peueHun
i'oa oou - o6 e c ne qur b A c.4o B I n pa6 or ot cocp Ae{eHun^ 6 es p a3p A tueHufl"
& peeLlllupo7aHue KoHrpottupge noza napa'fleTpa - daodruort ^oirLnnuTa'
; ri ;;;;"{;;;", - oca l4o-cr B trrrer cn ngre''+L us*LeHeHun pacxodo' loa bL I
rpg6lttp ?:dA n.4^vn l H3MeHfl-.-BceneHcTeM,IiTop.acxoABoAbIliepe3BoAoBoAHafpera.I
€Tcfl c,rroMorrlbro r{anpaBJrfllou{e,ro anfiapara mAporyp6HHbl, c$opvty-
-,rnponaHHaff, 3aAaqa uox<er 6urt orHeceHa K Kpyry_t^u11 f 
*.yJI H-
poBaHHf ilapalreTpoB cocroflHHfl af pef aTa. TaKaq sa-
.Aaqa,KaKIIpaBHJ'IO,Hepeuaercg'acBoAHTCfK3aAaqeKoHTpOn-fina-
paMeTpoB BHopaIIrIH.
PerynHpoBaHIIe napaMerPoB cocroflHHfl f3C
(pnc. 17.6) cBfl3LilBaror o6srqHo c aaAaqaMH IIOAAePTHBaHnf 3a'd.aH-
'rt* atuqeHuil qacTOTbI H Hailpq)KetlTlfl Ha UIHHaX f3C, a TaK>Ke CTa-
,6HnHsaqI{H ypoeHfl HHX{Hero 6le$a sJIeKr.pocTaI{qHH B TeqeHHe cyr?K'
.ABe nepBhl; 3aAaqH yAoBJlerBopflor BH'eilHIoIo qe.Tlb- ynpaBnennfl
f3C -b6e.neqeHrre y;cnoenir npouseoAcrBa 3rleKrpo3Heprgl{ B 3aAaH-
HOli{ KOJIHqeCTBe fi 3aAaHHOfO Xaqecrea' 3aAaqa cra6lIJIH3aqHH ypOB-
:Hfi BoAL,r B HHX{Hervr 6teoe raKx(e npeAHa3HaqeHa Afiq yAoBJIeTBopeHHq
eHe[]ueft Ue,TIll, KoTopafl $Op'lrupyercn BHe 3HepreTHqeCKOE cHCTeMbI'
PeryJtHpoBaHHe rracToTbI kr HaIIpfl)KeHHf lla IIIHHaX
f3C o6ecneq?IBaercs H3r{eHeHHelvI cocToRHHfi arperaroB, IIo3ToMy qo^
-n..-no4poO"o t*, tiluu" 6ylyr paccMoTpeHb,I HHx1e, a Ta6x{e B rn' 18'
' per^y.rrHpoBaHHe yp-oB-Hff HHN(Hero 6neQ a no' cyrg
,Aena o6ecnequBaer pacripeAeneHne croKa pelra HHx(e fOC' Hau6o'uee
'rS$eStHBHo 3ra 3aAaqa peuaercf npn cyToqHoM lIflH HeAenbHoM pe.'
,IynHpoBa}IHHypoBHffH[IX{HeIo6reQarHAPosHepfoKoMIIneKca;cocTo.
.nqero H3 ro"'i6sHofi f 3C H xonrpperyrltlropa.nq":,1?:Y.
ecrBrflercs IIO pacxoAy BoAbI B HHX(HHII
ropufi onpe.u,e.nnercfi o6seuopt. cPa6orxn
6oe{ra iHgposrieproKoMnneKca' I-lennrc
o6ecnetteHne MHHI{MarbHoro orKJIo'
ro 6re$a KoMtIJIeKca or 3aAaHHbIX
M a KCH M afi bll O f O H l\{ Il H't'l IvI a J b }l O f O S H a qe U H I't'
-320
B AaJ'IbHeLlue.u - :TBa H OXpaHbr BOAHbTX pecypcoB.
'','3TliTilJ:lTi:-"?';;'^Merp o B co cr o f H rI n a r P e ra
Ta.- 3aAaI{a, KOTOpaf CBf3blBaeT II€J'IH afpefaTHOrO li CTaHIIHOHHOfO
ypooHeirBqacTHnonl.p*.aHlIfl3aAaHHbIKggaqeuttt]tnaPaMeTpoB'
o6ecneqttBaloulllr pa6orocnoco6uocrb 3JIeMeHToB arperara a xapaK-
TepH3yloulliXKo,lIIqeCTBoiiKaqecTBoIlpolr3BoAl,IMol"I?'{eKTp03HeprHH,
C;reAoeaTeIbHo,3aAaqapefyflI,tpoBaHLifllpjMeTpoBCocToflHt{flaf.
pefaTa rlrolKer bo,ro pa3jleJe*ru Ha ABe fpynnbl noA3aIaLI: pefyJlHpo-
BaHHe naparvleTpoB cocTof HKfl cHcTelvlbl xl'l:ueo6ecfleqeHHfl arperaTa tr
pef,vJtL{poBarr,,a'nopallerpoBripoH3BOAUVOfi3'','I€KTpo3HepfHH'
fpynna 3aJ,aq per]'.ltlpoBaHllf cocTotlHHf cHCTbltui xltsueo6ecne-
rleiutfi nK;'uoqaeT e ce6fl TaKFIe 3aAaqn' KaK pefynl{poBaHHe napaMer'
poB cI{a3or{'oro MacJ,ra, per\'.-iHpoBaH}le "uq1.tltipoB 
cocroll-""'MFlt"
per\..tltpOBalrr.ie napalleTpOu anrate*to'OX'raXlettllt{ o6rtort<t't cTaTopa
feilepaTopa r{ T. 1.'I(axi.r,af }I3 3TllX 3aAaq npeAl.la3ltatiella AJIfl YAOB-
JreTBOpeHtrf co6creeuustx uereit cHCTeMbl ittttgueo6ecneqeHHfl' a BCe
B)lCCTe - A,'.lf yJ.oBr'leTBOpeH"J'tootteeHHOit ue'iilt 3KCttJl\/aralIHII af -
pefaTa.Kax<;roiiH33a,il.aqcooTBeTcTByeTceoftnapa}{eTppefynHpo.
Bat{lifl:napa}teTpaMI{CoCTo'tFi[IflcHCTeMHcMa3KHnoAnqTHHKaI{Ie-
HCpaTopHoto iloAIJIHnHHKa--19:rIfltoTCfi ypoBHH MacJ-la B BaHHax t7 efo
rer{ nep aryp a, .;ilr ;;.^ .WHV peiy,rr-riy.t:1 - tto yp oBH rr M acn a H' AaB -
.ireHr,ilo B KOT;]e, pefyilHp-veMbivru napaMeTpaltH ilrcrellbl OXfi aiKAeHHf,
o6yort<ltCTaTopafeHePaTopaqe.[qroTcflpaCXoAOX.'IaX{Aa}olue|oAI{c-
dox(t{o orHecTH peryJlnTOpbI ypoBHtl
)HepaToptlofo tloAIIlltnLIHKa' ypoBHtl
rdacJra ' Korxe MHy r{ Ap.vrrre npocreirurre peryJlttropbl'
K peryrrnropaiu Broporo ','nrni M'i{(tto ortiei'' pery'rlflropbI TeM,'e'-
paT),pbr i\raC.Jm i, Ox,rlX(AatOIIICti Roitut, qaCTOTbl Bpal]{eHllfl L( aKT}lBi'lOIl
321
2 t -6.+ l0

--- PAGE BREAK ---

tfunei,'exuc
napanempad
6)
Puc. 17.8- Cxelra perynflTopa napauerpon npocrofi . cHcreMbr (a) n rexHo,'rornrrecKu
cBq3aHHbrx crcreru (6)
MOUIHOCTH afpefaTa, a TaKlKe peaKTHBHOT? MOTIHOCTH H HanpflKeHHf
Ha rxHnax fOC. flocneAuHe rrpeAcraBJrflror co6ori HaH6oJIee cJIolKHbIe
B TeXHHqeCKOM OTHOITIeHHH CHCTeMbI, trOSTOMy HMeHHO C HHMH HVX(HO
rrosHaKoMHTbcfl 6oree rroApo6llo.
Onpe.uereHne crpyxryphr perynnrop a q a crorbi B p autenltff arperara
HenocpeAcrBeHHo cBfl3aHo c J,r{rta:!{Hr{ecKH:,rrr xapaKTeprrcrir(a}rH flocr€AHefo. floa-
AepxiHBaHi{e 3aAaHHofi qacrorsr Bpatt1eHr{r arperara Bbrpa/haerct paseHcrBoM
rAe M"-Bpau{atotrlrrir uouest Ha Bany arpefaTa, co3f,aBaeMr'rfi ryp6nHoir; Mc-
MolreHT conpornaneHHfl reHepaTopa, co3AaBaeuuri s.rexrpnvecxofi uarpyaxoft reHe.
paTOpa H clllaMlI TpeHHfl; tr) - yrnoBan CKopocTb Bpau{eHllfl poTopa arpenara; .l -
MOMeHT HHepr{Hrr poropa arperara.
Ha ocHosaHHrr cKa3aHHoro BblpaxeHHe (17.1) MolKHo 3anrtcarb B BHAe
da
fuIr- @1" * Mrp): t -T :r, {17.2)
r,a'e .rlft.-lronelrr, co3AaBaeuufi gaexrpliuecHor'r uarpyanoit feHepaTopa) Mry-M.o:
Mer{T TpeHnR poropa arperara.
)tpaeueHnn (17.1) u (17.2) cnpaBeAnHBbt B cnyqae, ecrrl dafdl:O, T. e. (D:
:coflst. B groM cflyqae o6ecneqgeaercn H nocroffHcrBo qacrorr,r l: atp/ (2n), rpe
da
tlf ,-!vl":.1'-:0, dt
p - tIHC,'lO nap nonrccoB pOropa reHepaTopa.
Mouenr ryp6rruu Moxer 6urt onpeAeneH H3 Bupa;+(eHl.te
folr-or&:orW, -
(D0)
(17. I )
( 17. 3)
rAe N'-MorqHocrr, pasdrreaeuafi rypduHofi; Qo, H", rlr-pacxoA lI Hanop arpe-
rara, KllA r'1,p6uuu coorBercrBenHo; et, a2 * xo:QQHqHel{Tbr IlPonoptiuoltailbllocrH,
YTIIITbIBA}OXIHE PA3MCPHOCTb BCNHqHH.
322
Cadop u dcaspo,fanue
6oadetic'rzt6a,r
flffieteaue (ocmoflHug
p € z s//7 lPgto u4€ z o aF ? 4 t/s.
Pezgttup_qena;t
//-';tetettue
aa.roanempoS
Te*tonozuyccfia,s
c9'vca 6oei:i:mSEroutaa
cuclne/7a
Peegtnupyenan
CACFT€tYQ
it
,;:;;;;:;;;;t Bbr3brBaer HeilpeMeH.oe yBer'qe*He MoqHocrH rvp6uuur -M''
i\loue*.r conpor'B.'IeHuff l/1, MoiKHo npnpaBHrr 
" 
Mr, TaK KaI( ilpll o: coilst
.1v1rp:COIlSt. I,Is sroro cJeAyeT, rlTo 3HaqeHHe MoMeHTa M" nolttocTblo otlpeAellt{eTcg
aneliTpHqecxoft narp-;axoli feHeparOpa. ),eeiiHqeHHe snelirpltqecrcoit rlarpy3KH Bbl3bt-
BaeT cHHX(eHr{e cfiopocr}t BpaueHrif apperaTa n vacrotu f, Koropoe }lOXtHo Kofrt-
neHCr{pOBaTb n.y-Te}f VBe.lflr{eHHn aXrrtsHOii MOIIIHOCTIi arpetaTa' AocTrirae}loro nOBbI-
1geHlteM paCxoAa Q", ? C,'1€AOBQTeIbHO, )'BeflHqeHIleN{ OTKpblTHf HanpaB.llfiCUIerO
UnnOpuru. OrCrcAa BIl.(l{O, I{TO pCr\'.;lllp}'eMbllvI napa}leTpO}l CIICTeI{b( pCl!'i'I;ipOIlaHIIfl
qaaTOT;i II ah,TllBiloii rtOUiltOCilt ai-llCraTa fl8,1fl'JTCfl PilCllO'l' BOI'bt r{epC: r-r pOrtHt.'
a KoHcrpyKTHBHbl),{ grTeMeliroM, ocyuecTBr'IftolUli}'t fl3MeHeHHe perynHp}eMoro napa-
MeT p a, - H afi p a 8.1 q }oUI}I i"r a n II a p ar r,v-p 6lt Hst'
Cy'UeCrnyrOUIis p3fvilt{TOpbt tlaCTOTbl }{ aiiTHBFIOfi I'IOUIHOCTH BbIIiO'illlfllOT c';IeA-vto-
uqlre 6l,Hrtqlrrr: peF)'r;rpc3i'!H1e,;acrorsr i no 3aiLaHHOMy 3aKOHy; orpallllqeHlle qa-
crOTbr BpatrleHits B nL'Pe\O.1,lll,l.\ peX(llltaX arperaTa; BHnO'ltleHilc Onepattnit filCK3 r{
ocraHoBa ar.Dej-ara: I{3MCireHite qacrorbt BparqeHHfl Epir cHtlrpoHH3ail.fll{ ai-perara:
perl,..1r{poBaHle MoIjIHCCTTT r1,'p6lgri,l; orpatIHqeHIie MOlllrlocTII 1r'p6lttt;t (o'rxpilrttn
HanoaB.'lrItotrI0ro anilapara); )'qacr'lc B pacnpeAeileHIIH arcritsFIOtl MOUIIIocrll uexl']'
arpcrarar"ru f3C.
Pefy.rrrOpbI qaCTOTb{ H aKTIIBHOI't ltOUIgOCrH, BKJ'IIOqaelltble B COCTaB aBTOi\laTH-
3HpOBaHHb{X CHCTeT{ vrrpSB;'r€t{Hn f3c MHOro}'poBI{eBofo Titila' BEino'lllflloT Te iite
Qi'utt{tttt, Kporle oneDaullH nycKa-ocratloBa arperara' Koropan iIo c\Til tlBJ'Ittercff
Q1'lrxUgel'r BeIeFigff pel{illMa (H:vetteutla CoctoRHnl), T- e' BblxoAgr sa npeAeJrbr
ocHoBI{ux Syrixunit crcres{ pef}-niipoBaHtlti
ocuoegan Q},grilng pec!,nflTopa qacToT6I H axtueHoft MolllHocTr{ arperaTa _
perf,1gpoBaHHe sacror:,{ BpaueHlq no 3a.{,aHI{ol\{y 3aKoH-v, KoTOpbIft B o6lqe[( BHAe
Moxer 6urt ganlrcatl cxeJ.)'toulllll o6pasov:
Al:ft., (ff.-.M"*):0, ( r7.4)
tAO frct - xOt${rnqlie}iT CTaTII3Ha o6terra perynppoBaH}Is; ffu* - 3alaHHafl aKTHB-
Haa l{OUllIOCrb arpefaTa'
B crryvae Ar"*:const 3at(ol( pery.lirpoBaurrE H pean{3y}culttfi ero perynfiTop Ha-
3bIBarcT CTaTHq ecKH !v1, a ilpH a.-:0-acraTHtIecKH !f'
Per yfl H po B a rr rr e BOs6 y xAeH H s f eHe P aro P a r Il A p o a r p ef a-
T a no3BoJifier o6ecneqltru rloAAcp/t(liBaHlIe lla SaaallHoM ypoBHe lIanpfl)+(etIHfi Ha
BE{BoAax regeparopa. I,lsveueHue rrocJreAnero qBnflercl cJre!,crBtleu $xsltvecKl{'\ tlpo-
qeccoB, nporcFianulix B cHl{xpoHHoilt reHeParope
- HanpxliieHrre Ha BbrBoAax feFreparopa ol]peAeJtfleTcs H3 ycnoBtlf
( 17.5)
LU - BHlr'
323
'u _ E__L.u,
rAe U - HanpfliiiettHe tta ublBoAax relleparopa; E - 3AC reueparopa;
pCllltee Ilrrielltie ttallptllt(Ciil(tl B fCl{CparOpC'
2I'

--- PAGE BREAK ---

3uaqenue 3AC reHeparopa riporopqnoHaJrbFio rrpoirseo4uorl roKa poropa no
BpeN{eHrr dl"o,fdt, Koroparr B cBoro oqepeAb nponopu,rioHd;rbHz 1i3}leHeHr.rro }tarHLIT-
Horo IroroKa dQidt, Bbr3brBarourefo roflB,rreurie 3AC. 3Ha,reHlre AU otip€!,e;'iflercfl
conporltBJreHnel{ o6vorxa reHeparopa !i BnHflHHeivr }tarHirrnoro noroKa, co3laBaeivIo-
ro Harpy3or{Hbrlvr roKo}I craropa -I"r. 3ror noroK 3aMbrKaercfl Te}rn )*<e MaTHHTHbTME
BaeMyrc 3AC. 3ro gnaesxe Ha3brBaror peaKrlHeft nxopr ll KonIIqecrBeHHo yqHTbrqaror
KaK AonoJrHrrreJrbHoe naAeHHe HanpfliKeHHfl e o6Morre craTopa. C,{H:raq rraAeHHe
r{anpr}r(eHHR e o6vorKe refieparopa cpaBHHTerbHo lranoii ee,rrrqtrrrori, MoxHo 3anH-
carb nprrMepFroe paeeHcrBo [{J=.1 ",x.PlglrerteHue Harpy3Kn reHeparopa lr coorBercrBeHHO Ir-, Bbr3brBaeT r13MeHeHlte
LU , a cJ'rejr,oBarei'rbHo, H3rreHeHrre U Ha BbtBoAa-\ reHep aropa B coorBercrBuH
c (17.5). KouneHcupoBarb xo.te6auHq AU uoxHo rr3MeHeHHelr rvrarHHrHoro noroKa,
nopoiKAeHHoro 1oor, T. e. H3MeHeHHeM Toiia so:61'xAeulrs. AnarrorlrqHlilr o6pa30M
Moi+(er 6urr yveuburer{He sos,i,eftcretre xoporrioro 3aubrriaHr{q B crarope ieHeparopa,
KorAa LU:E. I,i:yerresse MarHnrHoro norota tD eHgHnaer lr3.\reHeHre yr.qa (p N{eiKAy
TOKOIT rr rranpflx\eHHe!1 cTaTopa, T. e. Bbr3brBaeT H3IreHeHHe cooTnoueHHJ{ }re)KAy
reneplrpye.rrofi axrneuoir ri peaKTprBHo[i uoutHocraro. Taxn]r odpa3o.\r, npoueccbr pe-
rynrrpoBaHus Hanpffx(euHs rr peaKTrrBHoft uoqnocrrr feHeparopa oKa3brBarorcff 83aH-
ItocBfi3aHnbrvtr.
Pervrrupi'e}rbrM napaMerpor\r B groNr cnyqae rBrflercff rox nos6ylr(AeHlrr{ feHe-
paropa, nporeKaloulnfr vepes o6lrorriy poropa or cncreMH eos61'xAeHHa.
PaccvolpeHHbre 3aAar{!{ peryr'rHpoBa}rHr napa}rerpoB cocrorr}rrrrr
3..re}reHroB f3C no3BoJrflror cAe"riarbBbrBoA o ro\r,rrro rcatrcdoui thTnrc-
quaHa/tbHurt peegi,l.Top Ltileer co1crEeHHblti sa,v.rcuyrotfi KoHrap peeg-
.1.UpOBq.HUfL Lt itOfiCeT 6onO EdnO;tHeH I SUde ATTOHOttHOeO llCrpOticrSA-
Vcra HoBJeHne ueJeHailpaBJreHHoro B3aHlroAeircrBrrr aBToHoMHbrx (,'ro-
xaJIbHbrx) peryrrrTopoB ecTb He qTo HHoe, KaK KoopAr{HarIHfl HX ,terr-
Te.rrbHocTrr, Koropafl, KaK foBoprr"rrocb paHee, MolKer 6urr ocyLuecrB-
BiIeHa TO"rrbKo 3J-reMeHTot{ 6O"ree BbrcoKofo ypoBHfl opfaHH3aufioirHofi
Hepapxrlll.
. 17.4. BEgEHHE PEIHhMA
B cooreelcrBHlr c S 17.1 onpeAe"rreHne BeAeH!te pex(HMa npeA-
craB"rrneT co60fi n p o r p a il.l tlt H o e H3MeHeH[1e cocro'.{Hfl, o6reKra.
floa. ilporpanMHbrM 3Aecb noHLt.ilaercn Ta.rcoe u3,ueHeHue cocrottHufr,
tdoTopoe oftTtt,il,a,Jtb\bt ht 06 pa3oJtt nosgonfleT npouss ecr u KoHe\Hoe .ilHo-
ficecr60 onepaquil., HQ.npasneHHoe Ha docrutrcenue co6crgennofi u/Lu
sHeuHert 4e,1u QgnrctguoHupoBaHurr, o6aeKra. CloxHocru nporpail{MbI
Aeircreurt (onepauuir) Henocpej(crBer{Ho cBfl3aria co c.ro}Ktiocrbro npH-
HffTtIR peueHHn O6 OnrHUaJrF,rrOt\,1 CnOCO6e nepexoAa B FroBOe cocrofl-
IIHe, T. e. OnpeAereHHocTbr,o Kpr,lTeplrtr orITHMa.[bHocTH. B ceqs].r c Ao-
craroqHot"l Tp,vAHocrbro paccruoTper{rrfi 3Toft rrpo6JreMbr B o6qeilr cJry-
qae onlluetuf ABe HaH6oJee TlrnHrrHbre Ar'rf f3c 3aAaqr{ BeAeHr.rfi pe-
N{H!ra: H3MeHe}rlte cocrorrHllr{ ilrApoafperaTa }r ri3rlreHeH}le cocToflrrr.lR
rH/tp o3"ri e KTp ocT a H u,tr I r.
3a4a,ta H3McrreHntr cocrofl Frltri a rp eF a ra Hrvreer ue.flbro
odecfierlerrr{e Bo3}roiritrocrn ocyulecrgJer{t{fl Tariitx KoMn,,TeKCIIbrx one-
324
Cucmentr Cucmetttt
Cnasru
Pnc. l?.9. BsalrrtocBfl3t opraHH3aultoHHbIX ypoeuerl (6ltuapuntx
;reuus f3C
ornouLeHitt:t) YnPas-
paUlrit, KaK rropME.r-tbFIble ll aBaplliiHble [yCK H OCTaHOB afperaTa' ile-
peBoA ero H3 reHeparopHoro peiKHMa B KoMneHcaropFIbII-I (Aq" fA?9
i*" ru ryp6HHHoro B HacocHbttl) H-06parHo; yBe.illIqeHHe H yil{eHbue-
Hr.re MoutHocrn reHeparopa II r.'1.. Kax yxa:lieafiocb paH^e--: (S 16'2) '
3Tr.r npOqeCCbr O6eCneql.lBarcTCt{ BblIIO.ilHeHHeN{ CTaHAapTHOIi nOCJIeAO-
BaTe,TbtIocTllonepaqlll,I,npHqeIvIHaqaJIoBbIno":I[IeIlHf.':]i:T:i:
Onep aUH It ofi pe{e;Tf erCf AocTHx<etl HeM l{e.neil n pef,blJ'yUIllX onep aUllll
H COBnt!€lllle ^v'I KOtlrpoJ'IHpyeMblx napa MerpoB c 3alatlllbtrlll 3Ha-
qCIITIfl}I TI.
3aAaqa II3MeHeHtlfl COCTOtlgllfl arperaTa 11peI1OJIaraeT O;HOBpe-
MeHHOe pelxeHHe Psla 3aAaq KoHTpo,lfl ?I pefy,lHpoBaHHff, qTo, ecTecT-
BeHHo, AeiIaeT sio6xoAHil1blM ocy1lecTBJIeHHe tioopAHHalIHH pa6oTbl
rpynnbl per!;'if roPoB.
B SanHcI.{}.lOcTH OT HarIaIbHOrO COCTOqHtIf arperaTa }l Ue'[li BeAe-
HHff pex{HMa, oflpeAerlfeMor-r napaillerpaMli efo ^ o-1 t-1.1.?:o c o c r o-
HHf, rlp6rpalrlta H3MeHeFprf agaror""" 6yeer pa3.r'lHqHOfi. 3rO 06-
crorrrerrbcrBo yKa3brBaer lla )KeJiarefl bHOcrb p€sJ]H3a(I{H ti?::_ll.j
rvtoxiltblx npofpaNlll BeAeHHfl. pe/KI.lil1a B OAtlolt yHIIBepca'lbHOll ycTpoll-
CTBe, I(aKoBbtM ttBrItieTctl UtlOpOBatl ynpaBr1flFOUIas MalJltHa' Ec;rn B
cItCTeMe yilpaB,leHIi'{ }Ia arperarHovt ypoBHe oTcyTcTByeT TeXHHKa Ta-
KOI-O K.4aCCa, To pa3Hbie 3allaqll peLxaloTcf cneuHaJIH3HpoBaHHblMll
ycrpoircrBar{H rl annaparaNlrl'' 
Puaa*torpt{}t cnoc;6bt peuIeFIIIfl 3aAaqg }l3MeHeHI.Ifl cocroflHltfl ar-
p..ut* ii fJC. PasAefleriHe o6re*ra ynpaBrIeHHfl Ha anperarbl f3C
Ir f3C B Ue,loM npHHUI'lnHa;bHo, XOTfl H3MeHeHlIe CgcTofltlHfl f3C
qaue Bcefo ,qocTHfaeTcq nyTelvl lt3Mel{eHl{fl COCTO'.'lHl!1'fl ee afpefaToB'
ApyrHr"rrr citoBalvlH, noCTpOlIi\'1 opratlH3aUHOHrIylo HepapXHIo' O6paSO-
BaHriyrc AB]'Mfl ocuOBI{btMII yponrrnrvrl{: r}IApOarperaT (Hux<utEti ypc-
;;;;i I iaC (eepxHuir yponeur,) c yqeroM 'Ix cBq3ri c ApyrHllrr co-
npeAc,'tbgbll\'tll ltepapxl{tlecKHI*lH ypoBtlflMI'I $nt fHApoafpefara -co-
craB.rrrilorur{e ero' yi'rpoficraa, A;; f3c -33C)' TorAa o6paaytorcn
TpH CtICTeivtbt (p"i. 17.9), n Kailiiloil !13 Koropblx oTtlorrtel{lle MeniAy
A3 rirr>l$tcfo H Bepxtrefo ypoBllefi ecrr' 6HUaptloe oTtloLUelllle BK"'llorlc-
HHr. flpu, 3roM";';;irit c6boii 3rrI rPI'r cllcrellbr raKlKc cBn3aHbr 6rr-
eo(
OLJ
!,9 33C
fudpo-
a?pezamfudpo'
azpe2am
6osdgNdeauntttcorr'ozo
de0neHus

--- PAGE BREAK ---

T a6.nuga 17.1. Ilenu cr{creM
Co6craeHHaq
fn4poarperar, o6ecne-
rreHHe fHApoafpefara
ttapHbINI OTHOLilCFIIIeM BKi'IFoqeHHfl, r{TO IIO3BO"IfleT KOOpAHHHpoBaTb HX
AeflTexbHocTri H o6ecileqliTb KoHcTpyriTr.rBFryro H TexHo"rTofHqecKylo qe-
.rl0cTHocTb.
Onpele"nnn rlerii Tpex paccvraTpr.rBaeMbIX cHcreM TaK, KaK IIoKa-
3aHo R Ta6ir. 17.1, se rpyAHo y6e4Hrucr, qro 3TH IIe,rtH AelllcrBHTeJIbHo
cytrlecrBt'tor. I-lprr 3ToM r'IerKo 3a]teTIITb, qTo Kpyr rlpo6",'I0M, BI(JIto-
r{aer{brr. B Qoplty..ry qeJrrr, yMeHburaercfl no Mepe }Be;lHHeHHr qHc"rla
r1accgBHux 3,'IeilIeHToB. ApyrHMH cJIoBSr\u-I, aKTuSHbIe cucreilbl x&paK-
TepusAnrcr. .trlu{ecrgelHocrbn qerteti, o1zedurteHH-bLx o6uqeft (etto-
6anaiott) 4enorc, o nacculHbLe - eduHcrsot+t lleJxu (o1no4e.tteBbte cu-
creilbt).-floarortly QoplvranH3ar{Hr trpoqeccoB B ttaccHBHofi cncreMe
SHaqHTefllHo 6o.nee fipocra, r{el\'I B ai(TI'tBHoE, rAe ee He BcefAa MoxiHo
AOCTHrHyrb.
C,reAyrcu{Hri sran arraJrH3a 3a.r,aqH BeAeHHs pex(HMa. cBfl3atl c BbI-
flcHeHueM co6crBeFIHbIX pecypcoB cHcreMbI (fOC, arpera-
Ta H T. tr.). Co6creeHHbre pecypcbt naccHBFIbIX 3relIeHToB, I( KoropbIM
oTHoCttTcf KOHcTpyKTHBHble 3JIeMeHTr,I arperaTa, rJIaBHoft cxeMbI
9;1€nrpgr{ecKIIX coeAriHe}rHiI, o6ulecrautluo}'tHbIX o6ecneqllBaioulHx cH-
creb{ lr"racno*o3fl r"{crBo, rrHeBMoxo3fi ficteo, qelrn BTopHqHoft xouuyra-
qfir{, CBfl3H, aBTOil{aTHKH vr Ap.), OflI{cbIBaiOTcfi B CTaTHKe, AH-
HAIvIHKE H TCXHONOTHH.
CraTtttiecKHe pecypCbl nacCHB H bIX 3Ieil'leHToB oII-
peAB,'rfiroTCf nacilopTHblru r.r cparruvecKHillll 3HaqeHHflMH XapaiiTepH-
3yiorrluX Hx napail{erpoB (rutuHurrraJibHbte H MaKcHMaJIbHble AaB"rIeH}tfl,
cKopocTb, qacToTa BpaueHHfl, ToK, HanpfliKeHHe, TeMnepaTypa, Motu-
HoCTb, MexatlHqeCKI.Ie HaIIpfx(eitl.tfl ll T. A.). il,tn afpefaTa B IIe",'IOM
ollpefie"{er{br TaKI.le [peAe.,'IbHble ilapail{eTpbI, KaK ycT a H O B JI e I-l H a g
rr{ o ul ri O c r b; onpeAeJrfierutafl c Kor{crpvKrl'lBHo['{ TOqKH 3peHI{tI /{o[y-
CTlrruOri TeMnepaT)'pOI"{ O6ltOrliH rellepaTopa; y r o H H a t{ q a c T o T a
B p a u( e rr u rr (yroHtran cxopocru), orpeAeJIEeMar MaKcHI'laJIbHo Ao-
n\.cTi.iNfbrN,ltr i\.lexaHtrqecKlilvilt Hanpfn(elllltlil{!I B poTope feHepaTopa;
326
AJI'I T3C.^,."puOoia 
f3C xapaKreplr3yercfl pa6ouerl MoLuHocrblo
/vF3[ (l) : /vF3T (/) - 'vF:t (.t) : Z rv::'" - 'P"" (/ ) Nt""; (17 '6)
z=l
pe3 e p B l-loit rtoulH OCTbIO
NF!'c (/) : ffilC* (i ) + ilirff'(t);
BKJrnqeHHOft MOUIHOCTbIo
A,'iS (/) : ,vo.* (/) - NFJ""' (i ),
llpoHseolcrso 3rleKrPo-
3HepfI{H B saAallHOM KO-
nHr{ecTBe u 3aAaHHofo Ka-
qecTBa npH 3aAaHHhIX
ypoBHe HaAe)I(HocTH 9neK-
ipocHa6xeHHq H tPe6o-
BaHHflX BOAOnorb3oBare-
aeir
Haaexttuft I{ cBoeBPe-
ucsHtrir [epe.\oA H3 TeKY-
Ijlero cocTofiHtlfl B 3aaaH-
HOe H corpaHel{lle 3TO|O
cocToflnHfi Ao rloJf9€HHf
HOBoro 3aAaI{Hg
YAoBnerBopeHIie BFIetu-
neft ue.tu rlpH ycnoBHlt
coriDaHeHHr 6esonacHoctH
$-vuxullouxpoBaHHfl JIto-
.aeir, o6opyAoBalillfi ll co-
opyxeualt, o6ecneqeHHq
onTKMa.tbHofo pacxoAoEa-
H?rrr co6creeHHstx Pec)"P-
coB
VAoeJreT eopeHHe BHeUI-
ueft r{e,rn npII corpaIIeHHI{
pa6orocnoco6Hocitt tt 6es-
onacHocru $1'nttuuottuPo-
BAHHq
(17.7)
(17.8)
rAe NFST - pacnorteraeNlafl r{olliH@rbi 'V?5!- pe}toHrHpye}lafl Nloul-
*.ro,' 
-nifA- 
pe3epBHafl i\lolrrlocrb;,Vi5E" - l\lCLUHoc'I'b Bpatuaioue-
rocrr pe3epBa; /Vf3pc* - ivlolll.HocTb XoJIoAHoro pe3epBa; N"rbt - BKJIIO-
qerrgarr MOLUHOCTb; z - LlllCJIO yc'raHOBJIeHHbIx Ha f3C arperaToB;
zpe\t -qHC.[O afpefaTOB, HaXOAfltl\lLxCfi B peMOtlTe'
Pa6oqaq Mou{Hocrb, Kpolvle rofo' xapaKrePl{3yerctt n?:l:"o"o Ao-
nycTHMbIMH 3HaqeHHfl|vlIi ypoBHn BoAbI B BepXHeM lI H!I}KHe}1 6neQax, :
cKopocTHTeqeHHfIIJIIlpaCXCAaBoAbIBBoAoIlpoBoAflUIeMTpaKTe,Ha--
npsx{eHgft B KoHCrpyKiHeHutx 3,1eMeHTaX noAnopultx coopy}KeHil}I
" 
''i;H 
aM Hqecr(*e x a p a r(r ep H cr H Kt c'creMbl arperara
cBff3aHbl c nonycTHMOft CKopOCTb,to H3MeHeHHfl Hx napailreTpoB' O6n'r-
Ho xapaKTepgcirtrst IIa3blBaloT lvloA€'r'lflMH nepeXoAHbix I-IIApot'lexaHII'
qecKofo Lt sileKTprltlecfiofo pexillMoB, Ii oLIII AOCTaTOqHO Xopolxo H3-
tuttt;: 
^M Hr{ecKHe x a p a i(rep Hcrt't Krt n acc'B}Ibl x 3iIe Me'ron f 3c Bi(rl lo-
qargT B ce6fl MoAeJM ilepexoArlblx npoqeccgn n $letpax' l'vloAeJIH npo-
ueccoB np" nui"u?.n.,to"on pa6ore afperaroB Ha o6uryro clicreNly lulli{'
MoAeIlIpa6oTblarpefaToBcocB'I3aHHblMl'iTyp6auultl,tltBoAoBoIaNIH
: 
otexHororuqecr(He p ecy p c bl afperara n f3C onpe'n'eJlslor-
cf Texr{onoruqeUtori nHuueli npo"suo.u,cTBa -SJIeKTpo3HePf 
HH }I onHcbt-
BaTOTC.R 6anattCOn MOUIIIOCTII' pacXOII'a lJJIll- llanOpa B rllAPOarperaT-
HoM 6.[oxe (Or eep.xoBoro eorfosa6opa Ao noBblctlreJlbl{oro rpaHcoop-
*uiopa), xacxaAe HillI rHApo3Heprol(oi\'lnJIeKce'
C yqeroM co6crBeHIIbIX p*typtoo' 0oprlHpyrolltll"::::,tBntrrourtre
co6clsetttiorittelLl'coo'rBe'"''uytbiuetoaleiuetlranaccrlertoilcHcreMl)l'

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fAe ,y - TeKyu{ee 3HaqeHHe rlapa},rerpa cocroflHHfl; X;ron - ceMeii-
crBo MHo)*(ecrB AonycrHMbtx cocrosuafi, flBalrrotllnXCr co6crBeHHbtMH
noAMuox(ecrBaMH MHolKecrBa X sHa.{eHr-ift ilapavrerpa cocro rHHfl.
pues caTb TexHonoeLI\ecKLL? Lt, pefi[ulLHbte oepaHuLleHufl, a t!.o.cTb
Qopntupyerc,c. H& ocHole sttewnert 4enLL c Aqero.r/L cBortcrBa sKoHoJvL-
HocrLt. C yuerovr $opNryJ'Tbr etreuHeir uer'In afperara (uvr. ra6;r. 17.I)
n efo oflHcaHlifl B AHHaNIHIie (clt. $ 16.2) onrl{Mn3al{Hfi ero cocroq-
r-I!rf cBoAH'r'cr{ K AocTHX{eFruro HM 3aAaHHO|O KOHeqHOro cocTofHHf
ttpH CO6,lrcAeHHH TeXHOlOf titteCKHX Orpann.teUUfi Ha KaX{AOM H3
7la'llI BKJIIOqeHHg afpef aTa
ll2::: /lu"ont '
,t
la : /33C'
t^-'n-a - Y33cr
' lV':"\'I* 
" 
'
f,.'rf oTri,'ltoqeilllff arpefara
ft^:Q;
Nr:0.
KpurepHlr onrnMH3autnt lt3I{etteltrtff cocroflHiifl L?q 6yeyr 6o-
.:ree c.;rox{FrbrM}r. Vf,oelerBopeHrre co6crBeHHoIl l{€i-tt{ fOC AocrI'traer-
Cfl nptr raKoM Bbt60pe CocraBa pa60Tatou{Hx atperaTOB, KOrAa HX
H3nOC 6y-ter MHFIll11 a.1 bti blM. 3ro 3HaqI{T, qro B nepBylo
orrepeAb Ao.Ilif,fta. 6st'rl o6ecneqei'ta HX 6 e c K a B H T a II H O tl H a :{
p a 6 o r a. Hano!lrrnrr, Bo3rurKrroBer{ne IiaBHTaUHI-t Bbt3btBaeT !'Be-
"tHqerrlre Beprulia.'tbHoft Bti6[)aqtlu arperaTa. flo:rolty nepBblfi . (co6-
crBerrrrblti) KprrrepHfl onrnlra.:rbirocrH rr3r{eHeFIHfl cocrogHtttt (ee;re-
irHs pexiuva) f3c 3anHcblBaercfl B Brl.r.e
reon'- r-ti n{ip e 1ea"n f k= K},
o6p asyrorcx KpHrepHr{ BHAa
x={xgonf xfonc.x,
Hrrr,'r H Ha HeM OnpeAeJreHo OTHOTUeHHe
aHTepBa",'Iou Xaon: [/cn'"n, xnraKc], To (17.9)
xMnH(x{rrilraKc
f =1), ( 17.e)
npeAnoqTeHHs, 3aAaHFiOe
MOX(TIO 3AIHCATb B BHAC
-( r 7. 10)
(17.11)
(t7.12)
3ro sHaqHr, qro (17.10) flpercraB.i,Trer co6oft rvrHox(ecrBo rexHoflo-
rHtlecl{HX orpaflHqeH}tft, rAe x Mo}Ker np[rrtHMarb 3HaqeHHq iIr.06brx
floKa3er€;t€ft cocroflHHr H pelKHMa f 3C H arperara. Atn roro rrro-
6ur 3a{aqa. (17.9) rr (17.10) Hi!{e.{a perreH!re ilpH HecKorrbKHX ila-
paMeTpax (r,, -., .yr, .. ., xp), T. e. npH HaJtrqrrri cHcTelrbr
r, € {xfi" {xilncx, t e {,1;
rr € IXf:" lXfin cX, i e r,|;
ro€ ixi: lxi:i .*, i€tpl,
Heo6xolrr\to BbInoJrrreHIre yc.r-JoBufl :
fl"": fi xl-" cX.
A:l
3Aeca 'fi'" - odracrb nepeceqeurrn ruHolKecru Xii"
Eclu Xfon: a, T.e. He BCe NrnolKecrBd xf|' r4rlelor od.nacTb re-
peceqeFltrfl, To 3aAaqa He HMeeT petxeHHfl. Hrrsrua c"rloBaMH,
( l7.i l) - yc,rroBrre cyuecrBoBafrurR peuerrHfi 3aAaqH (17.9) u.{r.i A.,'rfi
3araqtr rrrna (17.10) -|c;-toBrie coB&tecrFrocrH TexHo-
"ilof lrqecKHx H pex(HrvrHbrx ofpaHl.iqeunfr.
AHalorHqtto Moixer 6lrru cQopuyJrHpoBaH rrpou3BoJrossri? xpHre-
plrir onruual'rbr{ocrH Ha Mrro}KecrBe AonycrlrMbrx sHaqeHrrfi ,ff"" C X,
rioropbrr"r 6yaer r{Merb BtrA
x e € {x?E' I x?['c ff"', i € t],
rle i;. - nn6pat1ufi ft-ro 3JleMellra af perara, 1,.oo" - Aotlycrll'vlble
3Haqeritf r eu6pauHlt k-ro 3,i-I€tv{€Hr? arperara (c,'r. $ 16.21; k, K -
cooTIleTCTBetitro ttilleKC 3.1e.\terrTa rr nepeqeilb 3JeMetlToB, AJtl KO-
TOpr,rx pef.lar{el(TIlp},'eTCff 3}latleliHe ett6paulill.
Broporl xpHi'eplrfi QopuHp)'ercri rra ocHoBe rexitoJlorttLlecKoro
onrrcalntrr arperara c yqe roNt csoficrea sKoFIoM llocru H Qopuynu-
pyeTcrr Kar( N{uFIHMyst nOTepb aKTHeuOil MOUIHOCTH,
Bbrpax(eHHmp'r e eAHHHqax Motrrrrocrlr A/y'u uJIH nepecquraFlHntii e eAH-
HHubr pacxoAa BoAbr AQ.. Ott sanr{cbtBaercr B BHAe
I.fJIH
AIV:J' : nrin iAAr.- € nAtp" lz Q Zj;
AQ:J' : tttitt {aQ,, C AAf:?z € Z},
( 17.13)
(t7.t4)
(r7.r5)
rlc xlfl - r\.rHoi{i.ecTBo or-rTHtvlaJrbHbrx 3Ha.{eHHfi xk.
Eclr'r X?;t: r?nt, r. e. i\{uoi{(ecrao X?[t cocrorrr ri3 oArroro 3Jre-
IueHra, ro (I7.12) npeACTaB,rrfieT co6oft KraccHqecKyro 3aA,aqy onrH-
Ml13 a LUiH.
I'l: cKa3altitoro Bt-rArro, r{To sadaqa u3fieHeHutt cocrotrHu.fi eepe-
earos u fAC ecrb rtHoeoKptlrepua,xbHan sa)aaa, e0e qecrb Kpure-
328
fAe A,Vfn, AQf" -o6,'racrtr c)/uleclBoBarrHrr norepb I\{olq}tocrll Ii
pacxo;1a BoAbt CooTtseTcTllelitto; z, Z - urtAexc af peraTa H nepeqeHb
arpera'roB, yCTaHOB,retllll:lX rra f3C.
"94

--- PAGE BREAK ---

c roqriH 3peHHrr 3KOHoMt{H rHApOpecypca KpHrepHfi
{i7.i5) Mox{er 6urt nepenucaH B BI'IAe
Ql!": min {Q,, €QX2lz e Zl, (17.16)
xAe Qt:t-odnacrb cytqecTBoBaHllf pacxoAa BOAbI tlepe3 arperaT, sa4a'
aaeMaf B BHAe Qf.'" : [QTJ. QI!^-I.
OAnaxo 3aAaqa H3MeHeHHfi cocToflHHf fOC Mox(er 6u6 peille_-
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aHeurFreft IIeJIbIO, HaIIpHl\'lep, B BHAe
{ff.*xai}: tNis.x A/}.
BnpalKeHHe (17.17) ecrb He LIro HHoe, KaK 3aAaHHbIft rpaQur<
Harpy3KH f3C, r. e. H3MeHeHHe aKTHBHofi tvIoUIHocTH nO HHTepBa-
JraM BpeMeHH A/. Tor4a KpHrepnlt t17.i3)-(17.i6) c yqeroM 3aBH-
crrMocrH onruMH3upyeMbtx napavlerpoB or MouIHocrH atperara [*u-
paKrepHcrHKa BH6paI{HII i^'(N ^'), XapaKTepHcTHKa rlorepb MouIHo-
crrl Aly'a.(N^r) H r. A,] 6yayr npeAcraB.rIeHbI B BHAe
i"e\j(N^,\: min {iu^,(N^.) € IE:: W^"}lke K, z€z}; (17.18)
AM::" (ff".) : min {41/u, (,\r..) € A//f:' (N ^")l , e z} ( 17. 19 )
o KpHreplrtl
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u err6p aL\ur z K
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xprirepHn (17.18) rI ( 17' 19) ' 3a-
(17 .r7)
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( 17.26)
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t::" (/v]y) : min {;ii!'-r) (/v:i" - N u) * io, (/v"=)}; (17 -29)
Aru1i" (li:!")': min {Atri[-') (N::" - il..) * AN", (N"')]. (17.30)
Lt rpe6yer BBeAettHtt HepapXHI.l KpltTeplleB, T. e. ofipeAenel{Hfl HX
npHopHTeToB, 6es qero He MOI{g1' 6ltrl peulexa 3aAaqa MHoTOKpH-
Tep ri a.II brlofi onrH MIl3 aIIHIt.'Taxttivt 
o6pago,rt, e coorBercrtlLlH c SoptvtyraN'lH uenefi fOC
Bhrcu-ulfi fiplropttre't' I.ti\{eer KpHrePHii (17.17). Ocla"nnnue *p,.r*1,::
J'J I
H co6creeHHofi qenu Qopuynnpyercfl KaK-34-
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(r7.23)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

B pa3,,IHLIHoti CTe[eHH OTpaX(aIoT co6CTBeHHyIo IIeIb f3C.-C'{HratI
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ilHK oneparHegoir Motr{Hocr}i 3Heprocxcreriru npuo6peTaer ece 6orl[lee 3HaqeHlle' Bce
6Olsuryn Ponb B cilcreMe raaccusnxaqtloHHt{x npH3HaKoB HrparcT nOKa3aTentI tl a-
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laet tantte nOKa3aTe.[]1, KaK MOIIItIOCTb f3C, HeC]'U{ecrBelttlL'{MH' R To )Ke BpeMfi
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rartrile c npocrort cxenoir cBrr3r{ c 3r{eprocticrevoft I{ t,tHoloarperarrllrle co c'roxsttofi
cxeyofr. floc;rclslre o6ur,trro rr:vreror n 6olul-uyto il'tou{HocTb. 
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332
IIOTDE6 tIOCTflIYT
afperaToB 6es

--- PAGE BREAK ---

I Uuntt
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puc. 12.10. Crpyr<rypHan cxel{a AByxypoBHeeoft ACV TII Ha aHa.'IotoBE{x rI KoH-
Ta KTHbIX 3r'lAM€HT8K
fxlpo:;rerirpocraHqHH, nepeAalourre Nrort(Hocrb B.o;ltl)- 3l{eprocltcreMy t1.'1ll cerb
oAuoro Hanpff)KeHHff, OTHOCT{T K qtrciry tl pocTbJ-\ o6r,eKTOB ynpaBJeHI{9-
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noJHfftor 61,'uriuurr pervr,r1.rpoBaur{fl qacrorbr BpaueHHr }I Bo36yx(reHKt{, oc}'u{ecrBne-
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errgoft oprreu.rarlHelt orMer{eHHbrx cpynttuuir anrIaparb{ AeJIrr Ha aBToMar}lr{ecKHe
perynflropbr qacTorbt BpailIeFrHs (APt{B), anro\tarl{qecKl{e pervJlffropbl tso36.v**(AeHHR
(ApB) H rexHoJrorrqecKyto aBroMarHKy (TA), E KOropyto BKIIoqaIorcq cpeACrBa
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ycrpOftCru T€.\ttOlOlll'ieCKOli aBTOMaTHKIt) T. e' B KOOPAI{HalutH AeftCrnllir :leucHTOB}
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334
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pa6oru rr,{,po3neKrpocraHuHn no aKrHBHofi uoquoc'rn'
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trpy*rypo ACy Tfl hrrroroarpef arr{ofi f 3C co cnoxHofi cxe-
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335
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pI{c. 17.10 ururetl coScreeHHufi xoopAHHHpyloulufi ypoeeHr, poJlb KoToporo lI HrpaeT
cr.rcrer{a 6ro,rnr,rx (rp1'nnoenrx) zrnroi,laron.
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peryJtflropoB AByxypoeHeeoil ACV Tn. OAsaxo B cBfl3u c reM, qro Bce rpynllbl
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crH B aBapltftHoll pelRIitvle.
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peaKrrrBHofi vou1uocrrr B 3JeKTpHr{ecr(!rx clrcrer{ax pa3Horo HanpqxieHHq APPt\i
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clyqae SCHOBaHO LIa H3Jloxier{liolvi B S i6.4 1IOA\OAg, rITo O3liaqaeT
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338
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339
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

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TOrrr.rorl nJaHtrpoBarrrrrr pexili\'ta 3rrepfocHCTe\{bl peuJaeMyrc 3ajlaqy
o6utqHo Ha3blBaror 6a-riaticoll I{oLutlocrll'
Cne4yrOUr,uir 3Tan aLIa"lH3a 3alarl CBti3aH C r{aXOXiAeliHelv{ K p Il-
TeDtreB cooTBeTCTBI{fi pe;filiN{a qeIII ynpaBJlelllif'
3qeCU rteO6XOAltUO OTi\le'rtlTb, LITO IIa CTaAlllr nJIaHtlpOBaHH'l OTCyT-
cTByeT tipOII3BoAutrllti:t B paNlKaX TexllOJIOrl'IqeCKoro npoqeCCa npo-
At* - eilpa6arbtBaeilIat{ 3,,'IeKTposHepl'litt. floerouy cpoprutl'ipoBaFIHe
'y[IpaB,'ffltOi1terO eOeAeilCfBI'ltl - nJ'IalIa CBfl3atlo C OnpeAeJIeHIIblS'1II
TpyAI{OcTflMH. Srri Tp)l4HoCTI{ npeoAoJ'IeBarcTCff IHIIIb B ToN{ C"l}-
u'ufl .*or gOC pu.i*iarpHBaer*r Kar{ eAVHan crlcrelvla, cfyttxut'to-
lrr.{py}Oulafl I-ta BCeX epevettntitx ypOBFInX, OAIIaKo oHll. cOXPal'lRIOTcfl
lta CTaIFIII n.;IaHHpOBallllfl. Cr<aSal{FIOe n03llo"lfleT AOCTaTOqiIO flCI-lO
noLIRTb npH(l[IIIy tleon peAenellllocTti [l i\{HOHiecTBel{-
:II o c r II I{pt.lrept{es nbt6opa nJai{oBoro pex(l.l\{a'
tUtrox<ecrBg KprlTeplleB ni'r6opa peililii\'la OnpeAeJItieTCfl il{lloX{eCT'
341
;
I
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BONl JlOKa.[bHbrx r{eJrefi, O6pa3yiOUIlIX Bi{CITIHTOIO lI COSCTBeHHyTO
33C.
Tar, JIor{aJIbIraf ueirb IroJIHorbI yAoB,TeTBopeHHf 3fleKTpo- H
norpe6irrenefi Qoprvrlrpyer xp Hrepuft
r
X P, (/) + Pno, (l) * Pn"o (/) - /y'rec (f )- Po"+ (l) - ffrec (l) : 0,
6esonacHocrb QyuxunoHi4poBaHHfl 3JIeMeHToB
noJrr{eHHr rexuonoinriecKnx orpauuueuHi't' cpeAli
MOX{riO OTIvIeTHTb
ly'rec (f ) -<,VFifl tr;;
z",a(t) { trnu
rIeJIrs
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( r8.1).
(18.6)
(18.7)
yAots.r]erBope-
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33C rPe6Yet BbI-
Koropblx AJlr fOC
(18.8)
( 18.e)
L
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l-l
Pn". (f) - [oreprr il{olqHocrH npH npotisBoAcrBe, flepeAar{e H pac-
rrpeAeJreHHH 3JreKrp03Heprprui; P".p (f) - eHeulHHfi reperol{ IvtoulHo-
cra 33Cl P.u,"s U) - 4eQarlnr MolrlHocril e 33C;
11 ;l{
) e.,,* (/)+ e" o (r)+ ae (/)- Q,,o (/) - : Q-"ur,,, (i ) - Qo.o (/) - 0,
d-t ,n -l
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(1S'2)'
rAe Qoro* - or6op BoAbI H3 BoAoxpaHHJIHu{a f 3C m-M BoAoIIoJIb-
ltl
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O1: I
BOIbr BO.[,Onor-rb3OBareJrf MH BXC; Quo."r- (l) - BO3Bpar BOAbI m-M
Bo,{oflo,rrb3oBareJle}{ B MoMeHT BpeMeHH t; AQ (/) - norepl{ BoAbI
rr3 BoAoxpallrrrrrqa; Q*"o(f) -4eQuqrlr BoAbI B BXC.
Iloxa,tltiaq ue.:t b 6ecnepe6ofi ttocrli 3HeprocHa6x<eHttq Qop,rt PIpyeT
xpurep uir
P.s"o (l) :0, ( 18'3)
[rJrrr npLr rpaucsopMar{HH 3rofi .,]oK?,lbliofi I{eJIH B yc,i'']OBHflX AesH-
unra r,roruHocrrr s 33C
(18.4)
( 18.5),
Pa"s (i) :min{P^"o (l) },
.[ P,.* (t) dt: .iin { i o..o 0,tt\
t ti 
aLY 
)
rp nrep lift
| ' 
rl , (rB. to)Oi*^": mu.* jL4 /u-r:c i0d. ,,tr i:l
(^ / l
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ar]; (i8.11)
rrrxi: min{l O'*(r)cr} ; (18'12)
i.* l
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l. lA:lI
t^ A .I
Bo.i: *'"tl 
"4uo"r"1r)dr,\; 
(18'14)
arvrec:min{iu"'rce(f)f unl', (18'15)
I t-r )
l!.:I [I
3lu xe jroKa.irbribre rreirH flpH Bbrilo.iiHeFiHH KpHrepHr (18.1) Oop-
MrrpyroT KpriTepuri
Pno'(i) _-nin{P""" (/) };
Pn"p(t)>P*,,"p(t) H r.
rAe' P"noo (/) - saAaHnuft fleperoK.
AriarolNquo $oprvrupyeTcfl Iv{HoxiecrBo I{pHrepHeB
lrr{q BileuHeir qe,urr BXC ro fipHrepnro (18.2).
Iioxa;raHi,re r{eini, o6pasyrou{rre co6crneHHyio qeJII)
M Hpyror cJreI{yrcudHe Kp }ireprrFI:
342

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AeJib yrIpaBJIeHprff B cBOiO OqepeAb olpeAeJrfleT cTefreHb
arperHpoBaHHr, HHQopMaullIi, Ha ocHoBa["rHri Koropoii cTpoHrcrr Mo-
AeJlb rexHo",'rof r.{LrecKofo npoll,ecca 33C c f 3c, T. e. oilpeAe,,TfleT
BHll T e x H o ;t o r Pl q e c n o ft M OA e.l lr, BK,rroltaer,roii B lrrrolKe_
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flpnunrne .pel[enHrr Moxrer ocyu{ecrB.rrflrr,cfl Ha ocHoBe Soplr?",1b_Hbrx rrJtrl HesopMa"rrbt{brN KptrrepHeB, AO6an,rae\lbix K 1,IHOX(eCTBy
yqreHLibrx a.TbreptrarrrBribrx KpureptreB. flp" 3ToM AoallKHo 6r,rrr,
IOCTHrfllrTO NIallCliMa"lbi'lOe Cy)+(eFIfte 4OnyCrHltOfi O6"lacrrr napaN{eT-poB l)ex(l{r{a 33C, KoTopoe F{e Bbr30Ber y.\yrueHnfl roKa3are.rrfl ria-
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u cpefuenedent,tZt.r napa -
r'lempod Oar/77u cec/( o z o
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Jrcr{[rfl pe;fft{\tartrr f3C:
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perrHr{fl) u BHe (lr:necrure.'rbr.iarr, corracyrcuatt ll AllpeKTllBIIan)
TexHorortrqecKoii c.ryxi6br yIpaB"[er{prfl pe)+*r}rar{H f3C Artcnerqep-
cKoro yflpaBr'Ieuufl 33C, npeAcraB,TeI{ [la pllc. 18.2. Oit noxasblBaer,
qro t\{ex(ry reoperr{(iecKoi.r rr rp arirHrrect(ori TeXI{o;1ort'tf tvtlt pa3D a-
6orxi.r pexHMa (pnc. 18.i H 18.2) HN{eercfl cyu{ecrBerttian pa3ttHua,
r{oTopafl }'6ueaer no rlepe BHeAPellHfi B yITpaB"lellqecH}'1() Aeflre.rb-
IIOCTb CpeICTB aBTOrlarll3aUtii{.
Paccl,,rorprrlr crpyKTypFrbre cxervrbr peurent{fl nilattoBblx iI oilepa-
rtrBirbix 3aAaq pa3pa6orxu pexHivra Kacr(aAa fOC B 3t{eprocttcrer{e
c yqeroM pa3Brrrr-ifl ACAY 33C.
t8.2. rqofirocPotlHoE nJlAHHPoBAHI{E i:lEN(HMOB
3aAaqa Aolrocpoqnoro firIaHI{poBaHi.tr Pex{HMoB pa6orur f3C-
3TO OAHa H3 3ajf aq flJraFritpoBaFrr{fl pex(lrivla 3HeprocilcTeMbl. 3ra 3a-
Aaqa orHoCHTCtt Ko BTopotvty CBepXy ypoBrlro BPeMel'lHofr I'iepapxHH
yripaB,rierrrrl ACAy. llo.ro>rteriue ee no BpeN{errrroii nepapxpti-i npeA-
rroJraraeT t{ onpeAe"{errrrsrr? oprauli3artrrourrbrt'{ ypoBeub ee petuet{l'{fl,
Kar( yiKe 6nr;ro cKa3auo I)aHee. BsarrMocBfl3rr ypoBrieit oprattt{3aut:l-
or-rtrorli H rlpei\{errrror:r }rep:lpxuir ecrccrBenuo npocrlarprtBaerctt npll
QopurrpoBaltnrr r(e"rrcBoir (:Tpyrirypbt peurcnr.rn 3il;Iittut l(oJtrocpotitloro
IlJlalltlpoBalll{tt peH(lls{ot} 3I(CII.I'I}aTaUHII. 
345
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344
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u duazrccmutra ^cp efrte -
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

jAuanus reXttcr'iorHqecl(plx 3JleMeHroe 33C, rPg6yPulHX^Cfl !{fl
yAoBnerBopeHriri qeneft yltpaBJIeii]1fl 3FIeprocl'icrelroil ("tr- S 18.1),
11OI(a31,tBaeT, qTO HX yAOB/leTBOpeiiHe EO3ivlOX{HO B TOIv{ Ci'Iyqae' KOrAa
tTotftzi.iEe ,iu (JJC)
Fnc. 18.3. Crpyrrypa 3aAaH ,{,oirrocpoqHor-o trraHHpoBaHHfl pe;.t(H]ra 3Heproct{crevbl
Baxrioe 3HaqeHHe :IJrn cocraB.iIeFiLrri AocroBepr'Ioro niraHa HMeer co-
craB H KarrecrBo BXoArroii rrrrQopruauHri.
A.tn :Qcl-rerrHBrrofo nirar{ripoBaririfl peiiiri}roB u\,1*<Fro o6ecneqtiru
:reo5...o!,rr\{},ro no.[irory H rocroBeprrocrb sxoAtrori rrrrQop r\tatll{FI, co-
r'"38 KOl'OpOii B O6U{eU ts[{-],e r{O){{FrO flpe;1CT?BIirb C.,leIyrctuIIl\',I
t-.rp330I'li
rpaqlrK Harpy3Kri 3FreprocHCTeNibr, cocraBreritrtir? Ha ocltoBatnttt
coornoLUeirHn (18 l);
- f ri j'r,poiiof rtqeciil.tft npof Ho3 B tsllAe foAoBoro cToKa peK II ef o
o6ecne,refrHocrri, KBaprarbtroro croKa l{'Tn cpeAHero pacxora u
ero o6ecneqeHHocrti, MecfiqHoro cpeAHero pacxoAa, ilpnqeilI nporHo'
3Hplrtorcrl To;'Ibl(o 6,ritxaliutHe KBaprair H Mecffq;
rrporHo3 peIKHMHbIX orpar-rHqeuni.r, yAoB,TerBopfl iotqtix eoAoxo:qft-
crBei{t{},'rc ctrcrelvry (uaxclrNra.TbHbre r{ il.Ir'rHriMaiIbHbie crMeTKu 6te(toe,
or(ropbr Bo.{,br n3 BorloxpaH}i"tt{[ta) H T. A.;
Pnc. 18.'1. Crpyxrypa
cI{crc}{e
3AAaq II,0r'rrocporrlloro IIJI;l Il]lPOilalltlfl pc:+(t{l\ta f3c B 3Hepro-
Mafl saAaqa Mox(ei peigaTbCfl Ha BCeX ypOBHtlX Opf aHHsaquouHoft
rrepapXtrll, sr<nrOqaiOuteii yKa3allHble sileiueHrst. B CJIyqae pa6OTbI
Fra H3o,,tnpoBaHttyn riarpy3Iiy oAI-iofi f3C 3aAaqa I\'lO)+(eT peuarbcfl
Ha ypoBI{e 3/'Iei(TpocTaHul'llI, IJo rIpH 3TO]!1 ]'rIpaBJelJHe elo AoJ]x{Ho
6nrru coBMeuleiro c yfipaB,rrerrHeM ynpoil{eHHOH 3Hepfocl-lcTei\',lofi: f3c,
JHHHfl 3,'IeKTpOnepeAaqlr, pacflpeAe.rlHTeJbFIati noAcTaHUHfl' pacnpe-
tre,lHTeJIbHaff cerb.
BHellrHsrl ue.rb 33C ]lOX{eT 6SrrS onpeJeJeHa KaK CO6CTBeH-
Hafl ue.tb oTpac.trl. c1'UeCrOi'er H pfli ,vc.ronirri, KoTopble x,o';tiKHbl
6uru lAoeleieopeHbr coBrrecrr-ro c Aocrll;{ieHHe}1 co6creertriof,r [e/I11'
Orlr SoptrupyloTcfl B BHAe orpaHHqeHHfi, r. e. CllCreMbI treft:
creafi, orpaHHqriBarctrlHX IJbl6op cpeACTB H,.IlyTeii fAOBaleTBOpeHHn
co6CrBeHHbtX It BtleuHHX I{eJIefi, KoTopble Tpe6yIoT 6esycloeHoro, o6n-
3aTe.IIbHOrO Bbtno.lHetttiq. B CBq3II C Tell, r{TO BiIeuiHHe l{eJili 3Hepro-
cHcre$t B To )Ke Bper.{11 f Bu'rrtorcr co6crBeHHbtMH qeJIflN{H ApyrLIX
orp ac.[eBbrx cIICTe]t tt ttx noAP asLereHIlfi .(uacro Tofo ]Ke ypoBHf '
rrro tr aHeprocricrelra), r{x 3o:ivtoxnnttl Kol'lQ.iiHKT Hepa3perrl}llv{ TOJIb-
I{o ua 3rol,t ypOBHe oprallH3aUH9FIHOii liepap.\Htl. Tpe6yercn BMe-
LUaTe.rIbCrgo6o,]eeBblCoKofoopfaHH3aI.lIIoHHofoypoB
.IIeBoro, Ha l(oropor{ npoII3BoAIirCfl KoopLHriaqHfl Uei.leil l't'rll IeficrBHfi
oTpaCreBbtx cHcielt. B cityqae ,vAoBJ'IeTBopeHHti BCeX Ue"len Ha AaH-
HoM opraHHsaUltgFtt-toll !poBIIe !.;1f KaXiAoro yIIpaB"'TfleI'loro o6'beKTa
:t{eproc}rcreL{bt QopuHpiercs Koop,ql{Hupyloiqee Bo3AefiCrBI'le B BrIAe
Ii.TaHOBOTO 3aIaH.Hr, Ortpe;1e",-IfIlOUIerO ycnOBlitl ^QyUXUtiOIIHpOBaIIHff
BCe.X 3ileMeHTOB 3l-iepfOCtlCTel,lbi, B TOll gHCv'le g f3C'
3aAaqH, rro3BO.Xftoul}le [ocTpoHTb cHCTenly npliiltlTLIfl perueHllff
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craBJlitilrbnl ue;rnri, Mori/T 6srrs npercraBfleHbI B BHAe Hel(oropoft
iloj{cHcTeN{b,r ilptiHrrTHrr peueHHfl,- HMelouIeI? co6cTBeHHyIO HepapxH-
qecKylo .tpy^iypy. Ha 
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18.3 noKa3aH'l ocFioBHble 3aAarlH, Ko-
Topbte Aon".,roi 
^ 
6orro peu,eitbt AJIfi yAoB.[erBopeI{Hf lloCrzB'r'IsFIHoli
qeiiri SHepr.ocHcTeMrrr. Texrirtrto-SKoFIOMl,irlecKIIe noKa3aTer','II{ OnpeAe-
JIflFoT napaNreTpbl pex{HI\,1a lt efo o[eHKII' T. e. cocTaB.;I'II0T I1.,'I?Ho-
BOe 3aAaHLIe, KOTOpoe noc.tle yTBepxtAeHIlfl cTailoBIlTCfl Al4peKTI{BHblL{
AoKyl,,{eHToM, OcyU{eCTBilflou,(li}1 I(OopAHH}lpyrct11ee Bo3Aei'1crtsHe Ha
3JieI\.{eHThl H}lxiHefo ypoBI'ltl.
B ilpCACTaB.rieHFIOii 1OACIICTelvli 3aAaLIH nJIaHHpORallHtl peX(Hl\'1OB
f3C cocronr H3 onpeAeretlHfl 3a11aCoB rHApopecypco.B LI pe]I(l'l]'14
I{x HCno,rb3oBat-tHq, onL)e/leilellHr cocrotllJHtl (pecypca) tHlpo3llep-
reTtrtteCIiOfO O6opy;tOnatltlq lI COCTaB.IIeltHtl 3atlBOi{ FIa erO pellOHT'
PeuerrHe octroBiiol-r 3aAaqrr rer{yn{efo* nJIallHpoBaHI'ltl pex{}iIla pa-
6ori,r f 3C ilpeAc't'aB.ryello Ilep apxtltlecKoH crpyxrypoir II a Pllc' 1 B'4'
346
i
1npeden^e,vue sanqcod
2Ud/i0,/teC{/0COO
0npederie,+'ue Jdfiaco;i
monrttt0ritx pecgpcod
u penTu/7c u.(
6ana,Yc
3/7e/(mposHep?uu
1ordoo naau o0 o eo perYu H a
33C' u, onpedertenue eeo
meXH U'f 0 - -j/f CHCflU 7eCftUX
.4o4a3ame'1eu
fTpoz,voJrttte ncraJome/tu /rcC)
Jadasue
4tumepue0
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Ouewa Janaca
eudpopecqpco0
2npedenerue
onmuHatbH}?0 pe,xutlq
no tadauuouq r'pumepuo
'H ( t fio : i/(oH o H u q ecl{ux
nolralamentd
347

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348

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351
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23-6410
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oc)'luecr-
353
352

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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23+ 355

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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ll3Nlelltll'IBOCTb OTtlOCIITe",.'IbllOfO tlpl'lpOCTa paCXOAa BOAL,t B TeLIe-
rilre cvTor(, cBrr3aHilafl c IIenocroflllcTBorl Ilanopa f3c, KoTopoe
Bbr3Bailo rreycTafroBtrBLilHr\{ct{ ABr.ririeililei\r BoIbt B 6i,e(rax (oco6errtto
nil3r(olrailopuurx f3c) ;
356
BbtcOIiafl CKopOCrb Ha6Op a MOUIIIOCTI'l' Co3IarOu{afl 6narOnpI{flT-
Lrbre )rcJoBr'rfl njrfl Hcno,:jb36BaFiHfl f3c (fA3C) B I(:atlecrBe onepa-
1'rlBilOfo pe3epBa 3HepfoclicTeMbl-
TorAa iuiroxecrso r(pLrrepHeB ( 18. 1)- ( 18.15) npeo6p a3yrcrctl
c.reiylrouruu o6pa30Ni: r(pHrepLIiI (18.1) yuaruiBaer pa3lvleuellHe f 3C
i.r T3C B cooTBeTcrBylOu1HX y3aaX 3fleKTpLIqeCI(oft CXeN{bl (:t<etlea-
rrer{rr'io!'{) 33C
L ( L-r ) (I--r -tnl
2P,(r) - X ff.r. r0 -
l:1 !::n l:l
D llr-O- r legl\'
I(pirreprrlr, o6paei,'routlre CllCTeI.ly orpaltLlqel'illI1l, IIi!{eruT
Nil3t, {/) <'V.=c, (l) < Nift', (r)'
N|il'ir (l) < /vrscr (/) < NY3t', (t );
PlJ"(/) ( P.., (f )< PI:.'(/);
rI;Tltr (/) <(,Vr;ci (l) -,Vr:cr (l - l)) < AA i':t',;
(lo+ I)
I ;)
-- \ Qrt. tlt) dt : Qrec t ''l 
.l
ro
f;lrr P.., __ ItOT(,ti II)tttllOCl'll nO s-it ;tttttlti{ 3.IieliTDon(:feIaqLi, ll\i1'61 :
l',ttrr'., (t)-;\ir:cr (l - l) - cxopo.ro Ha6cpa rlcllttftccf i( 1-3C'
PerUetttie pa3.THqllblN 3a,l.aq CllCTellbl KpaTF.OcPOqtlOrO. n''lattttpO-
Baiutfl Tpe6!'eT IiCno.lb3oBaril{fl pa3.iIHrlHblN C9$CTBel{lll']l^\ (OrpaXarc-
Ltllix iieilpHopllrerll!'to 'aor'arlulito qeJb) IiplirepHeB' Tax' B 3aAaLIe
lra\oHi,teriliq Aon),cTH\.1oro pex{rl}{a HCno,'lb3yForCfi KPHTepHIi (18'3)
rr (18.1) Irr{ Ka}r(;toro I,ro y3"1a 33C. Onrrtrtti3arll.ifl Pex_ill}ia ocy'
u(ecrBrflercfl npri 3aAaHliH KptlreplieB (1S.6) II (lB.i3) I(oppeKUHt{
I)eirin\ta C ),tteTOIi IttllalttiqeClil{X .\apaKTepttCTtlK (lr,erfOa f3C. Tpe-
b1'et Btse.leHtif AottoilrtltTe.lbllblx orpal'lHqeliHti, cpe:1ll KoTopbl\ _.
a,\{n.-tuTyIa KO"te6atitttt ypoBHtl BOAbI B 3aAal{iloll CTRoPe, AoCTII-
xietnte 3a;lauHoro )'poBtlff Bep.\lie[o 6ueQa f3C B IiOlltle [)actterllofo
ilepIioIa H pflA Apyrllx. Cyx<elrlte I'lHoXiecTBa pexiHN'loB oCHoBallo
Ha rroBToprJorvr peuerrr.rli 3aAaqri (ropltairutroil II.[l{ Her}opillar'Il)l'lot"{
(eulrirci'ltqeci-iolY{) orrrrrrlri3aUirri c BBeAeF{Hert Aotto,'llltlrer'lbllblx Iipl'i-
relllieB, Lranpr{Mep (18.7), (lB.l4) r.l Ap.
Peruenlte IePeqIICJettt]btX 3aAatt Bo3]lOX(iio B TO]1 C.qyqae, eCJItl
BCe paccI,IaTpilBaeil{bte npoileccbl llMeIoT AOCTaTOqI{o xopol.tiHe i\',{oAe-
.r"rn. [Iouro"y: Mo!,e.rtptpoBanne rexlloJlorllqeclioro i]poLlec.ca, T' e. Qop-
r\rupoBanrre e[o ptcrrcrnbrx rvloAeJreir (airu'reptlarttBtibtx), cocraBJltle'T
OTAeJbrryro saAaitl'. Ci'roiKltoCTb rrJtrr npoCToTa, Blin paCtleTHoii NIo-
Ae.rll 3aBIrcrir o'f qiicJra yqLrrbreaeMbtx B Heri Qatiropon, Iioropbtlvllt
rrflOf.{a }lOi{iliO IpeHe6peLrb rrprr OrCir'1q1rnil, BtleLfilillX Tpe6OBallllii J(
I)erur,\ry f3C. Cyuec'inernr)fro po"rlb 3Aecb IIrl)acr or\letlettltbll'l n a-
357
(18.27)
BHA:
(iE.28)
(18.2e)
(18.30)
(18 31)
( I 8.32)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

paAoKc rIpHHrrHn peureFrHfl: qeur 6rrcrpee HyxiHo nprrFrfiTrr
perrreHHe, TeM Mer{ee roqHbrM oHo 6yAer, H Hao6opor. floarouy
eat6op pacuerttot! node,tu cAToqHoeo nJtaHupolaHurr donrceu ocHo-
OULBATbCfl. HA COEOKlJnHOCTU O4eHOqHbLX U onTttrvtusaL{UoHHbLr, SBpLL-
c?uqecKLtx u J4are.M.a,Tuttecrcux,wo}e/lert, crcoilnoHoBaHHbLx raKuil o6-
pasoflr, qro6bL npoqecc npuHnTun peLueHufl. '\Loe Sona npepsaH I rrlrc-
6oft .+LoireHT nonlneHun oepaHuqeHuti Ha Bpe,fln aoL1opa 6ea noreptl
p%A/Lbrera.. I,Inul,rlr cJIoBaMH, IrJraFiHpoBaHHe trpeAcraeJrfler co6oft
MHox{ecrBo voAe,,leli pa3rHr{Hofo ruIIa, Ha ocFroBaHi4tr Koropbix i]o-
ryr{aercfl pe3yrTbraT c pasluvuoi:i cTerrer{bio AeraJItr3ai{Hrr, pa3,'It{'L-
Hbllt BpeMeHevI petlieHHfl, pa3fi[irrHbrM o6relrolr rpe6yenorl unSop-
FIauHH. FIa ocHoBaHriH TaKLix rvoAeaefi NrolxHo tlojlyiltrrb MHolKecr-
Bo pex{HMoB, Koropble oxillAalorcr B n,TaHHpyeMbie cJ"TKlI npti pa3-
,ryHqrrbrx yc.rroBtrfix pee,TH3&(Hrr ilpoqecca n.TaHtipoBailrrfl.
HaH6o;ree rplriuorii 3Tarr nJraHrrpoBaHrir - enr6op HaH"lyri[rerc
pelrleHtifl u3 ltHoxiecTBa olhHAaeMbix (nprrHnrlle perueHira) ri i{a3Ha-
qeHHe nJIaHoBoro pe)i..tiMa. OcHoeuaq rp)rAHocrb 3Iecb saK.rrrcqaer-
cr ts To),I, t{To ca}{ eutSop Aofl}+(eu ocyqecreHTb 6eg floMou{rr iioro-
nu6a H",'ILi qefo-,rH6o rexHo;ior, IIoJ'rHocrblo orBeqarouttL'i ga IiartecTBo
rlpIlHffToro pe[tenllfl, TaK Kar{ HagHa,{eF{Horfi pex(lr}r craHoBrrrcff 3a-
KoHolt Ailf HCTIOJIHeHIIfl yfipaBr'IfleNIbIl,IH fOC. llpuuevr rexr-ro.ilof He-
ceT orBercrBei{Hocrb 3a IjpaBH"rrbHocrb KoopA]IHlipyrcrIefo Bsreua-
TeIbCTBa, OTpPIUaTeilbrtbte nOC,'ICACTBUfl KOTOpOfO BbrxOArrT r.t3-ilOI
KOHTpOJIg rr ITepe.\OIflT B I{HK"ri onepaTr.iBHofo yfrpaBJeiilifl, T. e. B
BC.I.CH }iC AIICNCTqCD A 3HEP|OC I{CTCT{ bI.
Arrs opf atiH3 atruri 5o,ree ualexuoii rr 6o.ree oSr,exilra Hoir no
cpaBHeHIIro c qticro aBToMarr{.iecxofi H <qe"rioBeqecnor"i>> cricrerroii
npHHflrriff peueHrrfl o nJaHoBbrx pex(rrMax pa6ortr f3C E3C CCCP
Ha BCeX ypoBHflx epeueuHoli riepapxHri B Hacroff[iee Bl]er{fl pa3pa-
6arHeaercq rI H0op [,{aqrioriFio-Bbr rrHCiIHTeJ b }r aq c H cr e-
Y?_ (HBC) 3FreprerHqecKr{x pacqeroB rr'rfi UA}. E3C
CCCP. OneparueHbIIl fiepcoHax TexHo,rroruqecxoir cay'x:6r,r o6ecne-
rIeH CneAyIOIIIII.\Ili BbIqHC"IIIIT€.r'lbHbIMI{ BO3MO}KHOCTff}lH: I{OMtI.IieKCatr,tit
onrHMLI3aqlloliFibrx li Hil{HTarItroHHEIx (napraurutrx) l,roAe.rrei{, pa-
6orarcullix c o6il{ert HuQopruaquonuorl 6asoii; ancpopvauironirori clr-
cteuot?, Il03Boirttrouletl aBToMarr'iqecKlI tlpHlIHMarb, i{oFrrpoJTlIpoBarb,
HaKa["IIllBarb, xpaHitTb n I]axorr{Tb rpe6yeusre Ara coorBercrBJ/ro-
uIHx pacq_eroB AaHHbIe; cncreuofi oneparHeHofi cBfi3Ir r{ex(Ay qe,-'ro-
BeKoM r{ 38&1, o6ecne,ruearcu{efi etrcoKrii{ ypoBeHb 1'4o6crea pa6o-
TH TCXHOJIOIA
Baxiuoi:i Qyirxuuefi HBC craJr aHar'rr{3 pe)K}iMa rr AHarrrocrrlKa
ero risMerieHlIfl npH pa6ore f3C B oHepfocr{creMe., Vxe ceilr.iac s
cocTaB 3aAarr rloACHCTeMbr ynpaBJreHr.rn flrApo3neKTpocTar{qr{fiM}r
BKJIIOqAIOTCfl 3AAAqH AHAJII.I3A IIJIAI"IOBbIX PCX(IIMOB, T. C.
3aAaqn oflpeAeJIeHHrr ilpliriHr{ }r gHaqesurl orx;roHeHr.rfl napaMerpoB
Ha3HaqaeMoro pex(lINIa or Qoplra"rrrrHo onrriMa,lbHoro. Taxrrnr nyre].r
Mox{uO oqeHrrrb Qaxroprr, BJrHrrrou{rre Ha npoqecc fipr.rHflTrrn peure-
HlIn B cl\'lbtc.iie HecoBrraAeHHfl nJranoBofo rr Qopr,ta,'rntro orrrrii!{a,iibr{o-
ro pexiIIl{oB. Tax x(e MoxiHo ouetri.rrb ,locloBeprrocrb tr rro.4Hory
358
orrrrilrH3ar{?ioHHbrx r,,roAenefr, IIpHMeHfleil{brx Eiln pacqeTa oi{{llAaer{o-
to Dex{liMa.
brAe,rtsas @ynrqun I4BC t,HarHocrI{Ka cocrofl HH r
o6teKra ynpaB j'reHHfl. OHa rToApa3yNleBaer IipoBeAeHHe cne-
ql.iaJIbHbrx paCqeToB IIo yToitHeHI{rc v aAaiITaIIpIi{ QyHI(II?ioHa,'IbHblx
rvroAe"reir fOC, yroqHeHHro yc.roenfi lrcfioJrb3oBaHHfl Tex H,'ll'i HHbIX
cpopva.rrrultx KplrrepHeB onrnMaabHocru. Enn ocyfl{ecrB",1€FIlir erofi
qeJIH B cocraB 14BC BK.rtrcLiaiorcr crreqliaJrbFrbre aafopltrtvltiqecl{He l'l
uuQopuaqrioHHbre 3aAaqu, Koropbre no3Bo"nflT rlpoBoAl{Tb yKa3aHIIble
pacqerbr c rrcrroJrb3oBaFrHeNr unQopMaqtiIi, fiocrJ/fiarcuteft B IABC c
HnIKH!Ix ypoeHeili opraHH3aqnonuort HepapxHI'r rto rpe6oBaHHio (ea-
npocy) ypoBHs, ilpolr3Bo;:lfiilIero Ar.rarHocrLIqecKoe HCCJIeAoBaHHe.
Tarcu.tt o6paso,u H BC no3Bo/LILT safrtKtgrb tcoHT!/p eBTCttLerLtsupo'
BoHHoeo lJt7.pas/ieHrtn no uuQoptttrtlutL o6parruoil cBnsLt - orqerruoti
(d.tn eedeuun Hop.ltor,tbHbt.u peu{rr.rtoB) tt Attaeuoct'uqecrcoti (dm
onpedeiteHun u3)reHeHufl cocrottNun f3C u orrctoHeHurl u.v pewililoa
or Hoptranonotx).
- CAnaro r4crro,rrb3oBaHlte I,lBC rre HcK,'Itoqaer LI3 KoHTypa yIpaB-
ireFIlrfl cnequa"l!{cra-TexHor'rof a. 3ro Ba}Kr-ioe vC;'IoBHe QyHxqlloHHpo-
BaHufl aBTouarrr3r(poBarttrori crrcreMbr ynpaB.{eriHr{ pex(r{ivraMri fOC
Flyll\HO nolqepKrJ)'Tb eli{e pa3 - TOJ'T1KO qe'1.O8eK B ASTO,tIATU3LtpO-
aarunot't cucTc,ue lJnpasleHutt SHepzocucTe,floLi trpuHrr,ttaeT oTBeTCT-
EeHHOe peueHI{e, T. e. OH He TO.4bKO rlpttHt[.+tAeT OKOHtlCITerlbHoe pe'
tueHue, Ho It Hecer 3a Heeo no/LHarc orBercrBeHH.ocTb.
I8.,{. ONEPATI4SHOE YNPABIIEHHE PEX{HMAMH T3C
B 3HEPTETHqECHO* CHCTE}AE
OneparlrBr{oe ynpaB.rreHHe pex(uMarrri 3Heprocucrerv{ npeACTaBJIfi-
er co6oir ocrroB$\'rc 3aAaqy flrcreMbr ynpaBJTeHHfl 3HepreTltxofi,
yAoBnerBopfliou{yto BHeiIIHHe UeJM. 14tueuso npt{ oriepargtsHoM }'n-
paBJer.rr.rrr ocyttlecrBJrfliorcfl TaKr-ie cuoco6rr BMettlare,'Ibc'rBa 3Hepro-
CI{CTeI{ B npOUeCCbI Opfa}lII3al{llll /'I,efTCr'Ibl{OCTIl 3.;IeKTpOCtatiUuft, xO-
Topbte IIofyT 6siru fra3Bar{br rexHoJTofriqeciiriM npoqeccorlI, T. e.
npflIloe eosAeficreHe rra ycrpoircrea, rrenocpeAcrBerrLro BK,TroqeFIIIbIe
B Textio"{ortiqecnni,r ilpoqecc nporr3BoAcrBa rr r{epeAaqrr 3")'rei(Tpo-
3Hepf Irr.1.
Ociroeoii ll;1fi oneparrrBHoro ynpaB.ireHrifl fiB,r'rrercrr oileparHB-
rrl,Iir (cyrovHsrfi) Il'IZir BeAeFr[{s pe}r*rMoB 3rJeprociicre}rbr. I] cJyqae,
ecJrrr IIJIaT{ yql{TbiBaeT Bce B03Iioii{Hbre pexir'illrr{bre clrryat{r.tH r{ rdeJlH
yilpaB.rieHIirI 3Hepfocr.rcterutoli, peaJIrr3aLir-rfi orreparrrBr{oro }/npaBJ're-
HIIfl CBfl3AHA IIPEX(AC BCCTO C KOI{TPOJICM BbIT]OTFICIII{'{ 3TO|O T{JIAHA.
B c.rryqae, ecflr{ npH IJIarrHpoBairr{r'i He 6st.ryli yqretrbr x-axlie-au6o
cnetiirrpltrlecKl.te ycJIoBHr pa6orsr 3rieprocr{crei,{i,r, oileparLrunoe yn-
paBJIeillte tlpeAI{a3Har{eHo Arfl yAoBnerBoperrrrF{ ocridenofr (e.,-rn 3r-rep-
fOCllCTeIfbI ilOl'llillO fiJIalla, T. e.B palvfl(aX OnepaTI.lBFiOrO yIIpaB.rlCIilit{
rpe6yercfl oc),ulecrB.ritrrb rrpHr{f rr{e perilerilrfi o Ha3rrarrerrr.rrr reKyulero
(rutritonentroro) pexiHMa gJ'reMerrroFl 3rrepFoctlcreMbt rr ocyil{ecrBrrrh
IleilocpeAcrBernroe Bo3Aericrnne r{a [rx pef yJrHpyCIli{rre opra trr)r.
359

--- PAGE BREAK ---

E nn oneparHBHoro )i npaB.rIeFIHff xapar(TepHa ojlrra oco6euuocrr
rlopultpoBallr.rfl eueLUHefi i{eflrr -. Brrennfifi ueJrb rroABepirieHa c pr-,
T Y A q TI O I{ H bi i\,I I.T 3 I,I C H C II H f ]VI, flPHT]HI]bI KOTOPbIX OTMCqCHbI B
S 18.1. I-lprr oro\r BHeuHflfl qe.[b B 3aBr{cnl{oclrr or cuTyaliirri rpaHc-
QopvrHpyercfl yr o6pasyer Herioropyrc Hepapxtrrrecr(yrc cricrepry
(puc. iB.6). IiaxiAsrir H3 yponner? r{epapxrirr cBfi3aH c cocroflrruiei,r
3HeprocllCTeNlbr lr onpeAeJrriercn crparerrieii Bbririr.rBanHfl lKoHo14r{-
qecxoir cncrervrbr npollbturJleur{oro npoH3Bor,crBa. 3ra rrepapxrir r(e-
.neri H rto3BorqeT ocyu]ecrBJreFuIe TaKoro rrerofa peryJ,tr.ipoBaHrifl
NIolqtiocTI'{, Har( ortirIoqeHIIe rreKoropbrx norpe6trre;t€ir. [Iprr 3TO,\r
coxpalleHt{e 3Hepr-eTliKrr Kat( oTpacJ[r Tarixie Bro]rir B cocTaB BHeLU-
Heit qeJ'M. Orcio,la xopotxo BI{AFio, t{To IiMeHHo Ha cTaAi.iH oneparltB-
Horo ]'npatsreFIIIq BHeunxe tr co6creenrrue qe.lri 3Heprocr{cre}rbr
iltaKClIMau'IbHo c6;ttlxalorc.fl.3rlivt o6crorreilbcTBo\1 Bbr3brBaercfl c),'-
u{ecTBoBaHI-te c}trvailttotrrroii uepap-\nrr co6crserruoi'r Llerrr rr L(e.rrrI
3HoHolniqHocrrr, cofjracoBansoir c nplrBeJ,eHr{ori rrepapxlrer:r BHeu-
tteir qe"'II.t. Ba;ttHocru caMocoxpaneHria 3HeprocrrCTetrrbr, T. e. flocre-
neHLIOe IIpeBpau{eHHe B ocHoBHyrc Ue"rrb, HapacraeT r]o Mepe yc.rToxi-
Herllltt ycJ'loBI.tii ee Q1'Hiit{ltoHLrpoBaLrurfl, B ToM q}rc,te pa38urr.rf rn-
x(e"tbix cucreltHbr.\ aeaprrir. Apyrrrlrn c,rloBai\Iii, t1€;1b caNlocoxpaHe-
HIIfl flBflflercn F,oopAlIHItpyiouler:i ro orHorueHHro K ApyrtiM r{e.rrrr,r
Onep aTll BHOfo Vfl p aBJTCHIIII.
B coorBercieiirr c co6creeHrrbi.vrrr{ ue,rrfl}rri 3HepfocrrcreN{br u nprr
yqere BI{eujllll.\ Ue"teii onpe.leJfliorcr ofiroBrrbre 3ailaqLi, per.fiaeubre
Ha )'poBlle sllcpfoclicTellbr B urrKJe onepaTrrBiloio )'npaB,'relilril
(pnc. lB.7)
3rir 3aAarnr peualorur Ar{cnerqepo}i 3Heproclicrerrbi H fipeAcrae-
iIffIOT COSOi'r B OCHOBHO.\I 3araqrl ynpaB.;rer{r.tfl 3.,1 e KTprrrie-
c K II NI 1l p e xi II \l a I{ ll. Tax, c Iix flo}{oulbro onpe;.eJ,qroTcrr 6a,larr-
cbt aKTIIeilofi II peaxrlieuori Nrou-lHocrii gHeprocrrcre).rbI, 3HaqeHrrrr
ToKoB II uanllxxieutiir KoHTpo.;rr.ipyeML,rx 3.{eKTpHrrecKrrx cB13eri, aJiu-
TepHarllBuste.{eitcrBl-i,q no npeIoTBJrau1erruro Bo3r{r{KHoBeltufl aeapr,rfi-
HOfo pe)*r.r{-\r?, pexiri}r B aBapt{rirttrx H nocJreaBaprirlrrrtr,X }:ciIoBrI.fl\,
BO3.\lOXiFrbte rroc.{eACTBufl }l3r{eHenltfl trJlatroBbr_\ pe)r,ri},toB lr r. 4. 3a-
Aa\a KoilpeKqt{tr nJlal{oBoro peX(llMa fio cyTH {€u'I? CB.fl3bIBaeT ypoB-
HIi ri.[allllpoBalJltfl ri oneparr-rBi{oro vnpaBJreHlrR tr peIUaeTcf coB}re-
crno- AucrreTqepcxoli rr rextro"torHLrecxofi c.r-lyrxt6a rtr.
VnpaBiteFIIIe pexiirv{ar\{ri fOC B onepirrrarrorr L(uri.r-re ocylqecrB-
JrfieTcff npexiAe Bcefo Ha oclroBaHirri npaBrr,{ Belerlrrfi 3.neKTptiqecKHx
PCXiIIMOIJ, TAK KAK fI{:1PO3flCKTI]OCTAI-IIIHI{ flBJIflIOTCfl OAI{[Ii\{ II3 OC.
IIoBHbtx 3"{eivteHToB 3tlepfoclicreMbt, cnoco6titrx ottepartrBrlo II3MeHtrTi)
pelhllN'I pa6orr,r B Aocraro.irio ulipoKoM AtiaIa30rre. llocpe4crBo]r
f3C oc5rlliaatB.ittroTCfi peryJrrrpyei',rbre MeificrrcrelrHbre cBr3r.r, [oA-
Aepxialll{e LIacroTbr rt aBap}riirir,rir (<[roAxBar>> N{oulftocrrr. Taxriivr 06-
pa3oN{, f3C I{ fA3C Bce 60ree craHoBflTcrr 3.rrer{errraMLr o6ecneqe-
HIIq Harpysotlttoro (uacrorrroro) r-r aBaprrirrroro pe3epBrrpoBarrL{rr
3ttep f OCIiCTe i\[.
I'l Hterruo 3TIIu yc.rroBlrel,l H Bbr3btBaercfl tteo6.xorrlrrrocrb peueilrrtl
3?;{3t1 o u e li N It n o cJ't e/:( cr B u ii I.r 3 ;v{ e Ii e rr r.r l D e }ti Il I\t o il
360
Puc. 18.6. Cnryar{HoiiHar r-(epap-
xr{fi BrrtnrHeir uc;rtr 3HepfocHcre-
ilr br ilpri onr-p al r.rcHolr ynpaB-
.ri c Ft I{ I{
Puc. I8.7. Crp1,'rir)'pa 3aAarr onc-
paTr.rBfroro VnpaB.lcfiirfl 3Hepfo-
cllcrc v ol"r
I
-J
pa6orsr f3C, KoppeKurtrr nx cyroLiHbrx, a Hr-rorAa lr Hererbrrbrx pe-
iHItuoB. fIo:rolt;' B cocraBe 3aAaqtr irrrrroneutrofi crrryarlienoit KOp-
Penuulr pex(r{MoB npe!,ycN{arplrBaerc'{ syruxqun 6trcrpoii oueHiiir
pex(Ilr{a Bo/{OxpaHII.lHtrl fOC, npttBlettegt{btx K lla6Ore flo ppaQurl'
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3aAaqH KoppeKrlrrrr r.rJ'IaHoBofo pexirrivf a, KoToparr, cTpofo
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361

--- PAGE BREAK ---

.&leroAnt petIJeHlIfl 3aAaql{ KoppeKU}{lI tt.riaHoBOfO peX{HI\Ia pa6o-
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upeae,'irrTeIbHblx noAcTaLIilHI:1. 6naro4apr 3ToN{y AocTHfaeTCfl BbICO-
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E3C CCCP ii O3C.
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peryru.IpOBaHHe N{e}KClIcTeMHOfo nepeToka MOIqHOCTH cO CTaTH3-
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perlr;tlpoBaHHIoqaCToTbIIIt\,IoUIHoCTlI,aTaK}KeMouHoCTlInoTpe--
bnrenefi-peryiitiropoB rl peryJlupyelvlofi Fiarpy3KH'
Baatr6u nepBori Qynxurin Mox{er 6ntrr, BBeAeHo AorIoJIHLirerbl{o
acTaTl{qecKoe pefyJllipoBaHIIe rIacToTbI u }{ex{c}lcTeMHbIX nepeToKoF'
KaxAaq H3 nepeqHc,qeltHbtr-{ $yrrxUrrii ocyuecrB,fiseTcfl B cOoTBeTCTBI{ll c 3aAatt-
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sacrore pea'4H3yer 3aKotl 
Ap,"pfftAl:g, (1s.33)
rAe fr - xoef$rrqlrelrT CTaTIt3$A; acTarttrleclioe p€fllHpOBalllle nepeTolia * 3aKol(
APo*p:0; acraTtttlecKoe peryxllpoBaHtle qac'l'oTb{ AI:0; Orpall}ttletlHe nepeTOKa
^P;:F:0.
362
3saqeune 3ajiagrrfl Hen.qaHOBoii rrroutHocru 4P, oilpe!,er'lrlerctl cyMMapHbll'{ 3Ha-
qetliervr nptipauteultir _vIpaBJ-tfloulcro eoaAelYicreHq sa Bce I{I{l(rl]l BMeuareJIbcrBa
C i'icnOIlb3OBaHI'{etll COOTHOUteHlif
T
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nxpoBaHitfl Ao AaHHor-o rvroMeura BpeMeFiH t; LU, -npllpau{eHlie Br{en,'IaHoBoro 3a-
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eCex O6texTOB pery;II{pOBaHHfi OilpeAer'IreTcfl H3 cootttoueirttit
(r8.34)
[(/ - g rs (AP""p cr r*,t Af a2) Al p". ;
5g- * corpAPo.;A/o.p,
;1e JPn€r lr i\i - orii.toHelrrl neperoKa !{ qacrorbi or 3a.{,attllbi.t 3itaqentiit, APorp -
lpetsblueHqe 3a4aunoto 3rraqeuHn (ycraexx) nepe'roxa no B.r-I; Jfp". - Anl'lrenbHocrb
r.it(K"Ta pe rfv-ItlpoBst{tiffi Cper t{ Corp - BecoBb{e xoa$cprtqlteHTbl p€f!flllpoBal{Hfi II nepe-
ToKa; sr y e2 - r(o3qlr!rrqrrer{rbr i{acrpor"iKH tv{oAeJILi (18.35), npHHIt}(arctrllie 3FIaqe-
Hr{n o:0 urrr a)0. Bupaxentte (18.35) IIo3Borlfier oilpeAen!{rb Ao3y ynpaBJIflIo-
U{erO gO:LeliCrsitn npti perynltpOBaHill{ nepeTOKa ll qacTOTbI tio BCeM yKa3aHHL{It
3aKoHalr. l{: aupaxeuun (18.36) Ha\oAHrcl 3HaqetiHe eo:Ielictaiitl IiplI orpaHllrleHlli{
n eperori a.
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nprr oc)'UecrBIeHHrI rotl HJI6 HHoii Qyrrxqrrlr CAPLiM. Ko:cFSuUei-
Pex<ttttur 6,roxuponrli H 3au{HTbI licilo.rlbsyloTcfi AJtfl KOopAHHa-
Iir.tri pery,rrHpytou]r{x Bo3Ae}:rcTBHr:r, flonyqeHHblx no pa3JII-IqIiblilI Sy_ry$,
r{r{flM Chpqnt. Tax, Hanpxil{ep, 6loxrtpyerct{ Bo3AeilcrBne CAPt{Alt
Ha o6rexrry, t4e 3TH eo3Aeficrelrq nporHBor-{or'rox(tibt. B"rioxl'ipylorcfl
c1raqa",'ra Syuxulrlr HHir(Hero ypoBr-rr (penynttpoBatllie fleperoKa I'I qa-
crorhr), siiel{ cpeAHero (orpa-HnveHrIe neperoKa Mour{ocrl{). B ero}l
crtyqae B AeitcrnIII{ ocraercfi JIHLIIb Qyuxqrra pyqHori KoppeKUHH
MOTIIHocTH o6texroe, BbiAe.rrer-rHbrx Anfl yqacrl'1fl B pel-y,llipoBaFII{II
p accI.I aTpl{Ba eI{bl x n a p a M eTpoB cocTotl H Iifl 3 Il ep foclicTei\'{ bI.
AsroMartr3aqrJrr pefyJlr{poBaHHrI rtacrorbt rr MoirlllocTll B Iiacrofl-
ulee BpeMfl oriltpae'r'Cfi tia CpeACTBa Bbr(THCJIIITe,'Ibt'loii TextlllKlI, ltc-
noJrb3,verlbre B ACAli.
i^4
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( i8.36)
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

L1 acru 4
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364
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3ti5

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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B 3aBtictiN{ocrt.t or Ha3naLIeHI.tfi pa3"'IHqaIorcfi f e H e p a,'I b II bI e,
6 a c c e ft H o B bi e H JI o K a JT b H L,I e (no orAeJIbHL{M eoAoroxalt)
c.x e M br KO]Un.r'leKCFIOfo HCIIOJIb3OBalHHfl, H OXpaHbI BOAHbIX pecypCoB.
Kpolre Tofo, CXeil{bI IvIofyT 6ttro corc3Horo H pecIY6JiHI(aH-
cKoro 3HaqeHH.fl.
Cxelrui, B Koropbrx pa3pa6arrrearorcq npr.iHLii{nuaJIbHble HanpaB-
JIeHrrfl pa3Brrrirfl BoAHofo xogRfrctea ecer"I crpaHbt, HecKo"iIbKlIX coio3-
Hbix pecrty6rrrK ]r.Tr.{ yKpyflHeHHbrx 3i(onorIIiqecKHX par]oHoB, a rali-
)Ke 6acceiruoelie cxeN{br norpaHrrLrubtN peK orHoctircl ti KareropHli
cxe\{ coio3Hofo 3HaqeHllfl .
Cxertsr, peueHHfl rioropblx Hanp aBJTeHbr Ha o6ecneqetilte BoJIttbt-
.Mti pec,vpcaMrr pa3BI.ITHfl HapoAHofo xo3flL{cTBa B iIpeAeIax reppH-
Toplili ogsofi coroeHoir pecny6,'rHxlr Lr He BHocsr ugueseHttli B ycJIo-
erir eoAoo6ecfieqeHHff HapoAHoro xossricrna civtex{HbIX pecnl'6.attn
(nplr Hfl;-rHeHH r\{exipecny6"rxxaucKrrx BoAHbIX ncrouttuxoe), Moryr
oTHocHTbcq K KareropltH cxei\.I pecny6nHKaHCKoro 3HaqeHriq.
f e H ep a "iI b H br e c x e M br r{oMn"rteKc}rofo HclroJib3oBaHufl II
oxpaHbr BoAHbix pecypcoB HMeruT colo3Hoe 3HaqeHHe, 6accefiHoBble I'I
JroKaJIbHbIe cxeMbl rro orAeJlbrioply Bo/l,oroKy Moryr 6ltrl KaK coro3-
r{ofo, TaK r.r pecny6JrHIiaFrcKoro 3Haqetrlir. feHepaJIbHbIe cxet{bl IioM-
rireKCHoro HcnoJlb3oBaHHfl It oxpaHbi BoAHbIX pecypcoB paspa6arst-
Barorcs Anfi Bceit reppliropHLr CCCP H ArIff reppnropl{H Coio3HbI-X
pecny6rrNx. Osfi BbrflBJrfiioT ocHoBi{bre Ha[paBJreHlifl MeponPHqrltl."{ no
o6ecneqegsrc norpe6uocrl.r B soAe H peuaior Bce nepeqHcaeHHble
Bbtue 3aAaqn B uacutra6e crpaHbr B ueiioM H no orAeJibHbttlt colo3-
HbrM pecny6raxan.
B cocTaBe renepa.rrbHbrx cxeM o6ocrioeHBalorcfi ocHoBHbIe rIoJIo'
N(eHr.rn ilepc[eKTrIB]Ioro pa3BrrTr{q BoAHoro xogqftcrea c oqeuxoit Ka-
nHTaJroBJloxennri rr o6ocHoearirieM ocrroBHbrx Hatrpae"neuult npoe(T-
tro-n3brc-KareJlbcKIrx H HayqFIo-nccJreAoBa'reJIbcKtix pa60r, neo6xoAlr-
Mbrx AJrri o6ecne.rerir.rR nJIaHoBoro pa3BrrrHfl BoAoxo3gticreeHiioro
CTpOIITeJ-IbCTBa.
366
E a c c e iI H o B bI e c x e u br KolIiIJreKCHoro Hclro,Tb3oBaHrtfl I.r ox-
palIbI BoAHbIX pecypcoB paspa6artrearorcfl rro pei{FibINr 6acceiittan
IIJrr.r HX orAerbHbrM qacrflM, no 6acceriualr osep l-r ruopefi. Ouu yroli-
rrfroT noBepxflocrrrbie n rroAseMHbre BOAHbre pecypcbi reppnropuft
6accetltuos Lr par:ioHoe, 6aslipyroulnxcr Fia Frx BoALrbrx pecypcax,
o6ocuoeotBaior uacuna6sr H oqepeAuocrb KoHKperHbix noAoxoeqrtcr-
BeHHblx Meponpnntnfi, ueo6xoAliMbrx AJrr rrepcneKTHBr-roro noAoo6ec-
neqeHHfl HapoAHofo xossfrcrBa, IIoAAeplKaHLrr{ orrr}iMaJlbHbrx BOAHbrx,
correBbrx ri rnlpo6rro"[oraqeci{Lrx pe}Krlr,.{oB peK, o3ep H ruoperi, oxpa-
IibI BoAHbIx pecypcoB or 3arpfl3HeFri.iff tr r.rcrou{elrHfl. Eaccer"ilroerte
cxeMbr o6ocnoeuBaior Mepbr no flpeAortspaureHaro 3po3nr{ noqts, 6opl-
6e c HaBoAHeHr{flMH H /{pyrHMH rrpoflBreu Hfl,MH Bpe4Horo nosAericr-
BII'I 8O,1.
,II o x a /I b II bi e c x e IvI bI udrlr cxeI,IbI KoivrnrTeKCHofo IICfio.ilb3oBa-
Hl-rfl rr oxparrbr BOf,r{brx pecypcoB orAe.lb}ibrx BoloToKoB (peri) }ra
ocrroBe TexHHrtecxnl( I{ccrTeroBaHltit II 3KoIIo}tliqecKofo arailrr3a onpe-
Ae'rifitoT xapaKTep, lracura6u H orJepeAHocrb rprAporexrrtrriecKoro
crpollTerbcrBa Ha peKe, o6ecnequBarou{ero soAocua6}KeHHe, pa3Blr-
THe opoltteHHfl, rrc[o.rlb3oBaH]ie 3HepferHqecKofo tioreHl{Ha.:ia, pa3-
BHTI'Ie BOAI{OrO TpaHCrlOpTa, flpOBeAeHtIe caFIIITapHo-O3AOpOBI{TC;'IL'-
llblx MeponpllffTIIii rr il{eponpHqrHri no oxparre npHpoAbr, yBe.xrrrreHHe
pni6onpO.l.yKTIIBHocrli, 3au1i{Ty or BpejlFrbrN eosAe!'rcrsuri Bo.tbr (na-
eoAHeFIrrir, ceJsBbrx rIoroKoB, 3alKopoB lr aaropoe), pa3pytueHrrr{ 6e-
peroB ii onaCIlblx plC;.IoBblX [poUeCCoB.
fiprr cocr&ts.ileHrui JoKaflbHbix cxeM H3yr{arcTcrI itepcrreKTrrBbt pa3-
BHTilfl tsce.K orpacleit HapoAHoro xoaRiicrea, 3a riHTepecoBalrHL,lx B
IicITOfibsoBaHrrH peri. I4syqarorcf npr{poAHr,re ycroBHfl, [o3Bo"1riiou{He
oqelll{Tb Kori{qecrBerrHyrc }i KaqecrBeHHyIo xapar{TeptrcruK}/ BoAHo-
fo pecypca, I{H}I(eHepHo-cTpoHTeJ'rbHbre ycnoBlifl' oTAeJibHbrx yqacT-
KoB A0JII'IHbt peKil. HaMe.{aiorcx Bo3Mox(Hbre cTBopbr coopyxreHnir.
flpoeo4nrcr BoAoxo3flficreeHFrHe pacqerbr, ycraHaBJrgBarorqlre cre-
[eFIb coorBeTCTBIir HaMelreHHoro pery/rnpoBaHHfl croKa rpe6oeaunaut
orAeJIbHbIx KoMtIoHeFIToB BoAoxo3fiitcreeHuoro KoMrr"r'r€KCa. Oluoepe-
MeHHo npoBoAtrrcr npoer{TrlpoBaHr.ie coopyxeHxli rro orre.,rbrrbrM
cTBopaNI, Iily1el0u{ee qe,'IbIO onpeAenHTb IIapainerpai BOAOXpailITJIHLII
ll f3C H AaTb croilMocrliyrc or{eHKy HaMeqaeN{brM pe[telrLrflryr. Bce
IIH)f.eHepHbre peuerrtrrl no firApoy3"i'IaM AoJrxir-rbI 6urt IroAr{peil;-I8Hbr
Aa Hrl bl N{ii, Xap a Iirep FisvroudLrMlr ronof eoAe3r{gecKHe, rHApo.aof tiqe-
QKIie H f€OrOfHqecKHe ycJ'IoBHfl tio cTBopy.
Ha ocHoBe BoAH03HeprerltqecKux II croi{hiocrHhlx AaHHbtx IIo
[peABapllre"TbHo HaMer]eHr{brr{ Bap}tarrraiu pas6Hnxrl per{H r{a cryrTe-
HH ofipei(eJlflIorcfi ycraHoBJreHHafl r,rou{Hocrb f3C, HHTepBa.[br noA-
nopHbrx orMeror{, [o"rresnue o6teMbr BoAoxpaHH/rHUI.
Creopu rltApoy3/tos o6rr.ttto nu6liparorcrr frecr(o,rrbKo BbrIIre ripyfl-
Hbr.\_ ropoAoB. Tax pasil{eqerJbr 6olrruurrcrBo rHApo3,Texrpocradurafr
ua Inenpe, Bo"nle u Apyrrrx peKa_\.
floAnoplrr,re orlte'l't(n orAerbFrbr.x cryneueir xieJiaTeJrbHo Ha3r-ra-qaTb TaKHN{H, ,ti'o6lr Kax{Aafl IIi.txreJIexauar{ ctlrgano IIectioJlbKo noA-
nllpafla Ilbltucr'Ic){(au-iyto.3ro Aaer rrgeecrrrr,rii Bbrrrrpburr B rrailope,
367

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IvteTOIi.
B pe3y.rrbrare ria\{eqaercfl HecKo"irbKo BapliailroB cxeribi I'icnoijb-
3oBaHtlr, lr3 r(oropbrx etr6lrpaercs oirTirua"ltitstil Ita ocHoBe coorBer-
cTBytou-ll{x rexHtiKo-3KotloM !lLleclitlx pactleroB.
rlol<a"rylur,te cxeltbl o6stqno flPelycuarpl{Barcr peKoHCTpyKL(ltlo
pe6II Ha 6onuruovt flporflx(eFIutr, Teivl caNlbllr \lofyr BHocl'tl bctl f.II!'-
6otilte II3NIelteLIttn B rtpltpoAHyfo o6craHoex\'. XapaKTep 3TI'lX H3r\1e-
HeHlrir g I.{x aosAellcrBHe Ha pacrIITe.IIr,uttt:i H xttisotHoltli Mlip, Boil-
g\,tO tr 803.1),LUg-Yrc Cpely, B Ue.iIOI,l Ha nplrpO:ttttii KOlltr'[el(c AOxi^ii-
Hbt 6uro ocBelrerlbt B cxeMe. Taxxe ilo,:lxitlbl 6utrn HaMeqeHbI
Mepofipl.tflTl.lfl tIo oxpaHe q[{cToTbI BOA I'l }rCTpaHeHIilo BpeAHblI Bo3-
Aeiicretr ii.
VIs nor6paHrroro BapHaHTa cxeMbr Ir,o"'IiKeH 6stru BbIAeJ'leH nepBo-
oqelleAuoir o6texr, xoroplrrYi AoiriKeH |AoB"rleTBOpflTb BO3pOCUlie Tpe-
6osaui.rq r( rcno"rlb3oBaHHrc BonHbIX pecypcoB, He 3aKpblBarb Bo3-
MoxiHocrrr Aa,rsuel"rurero eQQexruBHofo ocBoeHl'lt{ peKIi H t{8,'lttrhcfl
HaH.ly(iLUIrrV peilleHtierl ila AaHHONI 3Tane pa3BllTlit{ 3liollo\1llKI{
CTD A H bI.- 
Borrpocbr, Bo3rrriKatorrr.r.ie nptt cocraB.,leunit JoKa,rbtlblx cxeNl, aHa-
J0ft19Ht.:r TeN{, qTo peulaoTCfi it H'a fiOC.iIeJirHCIUll\ 3TaflaX npoeKTII'
poBaurrR (c*. $ l9 4) OAsarto no,THora n r.l1'6ltita^ HHXieHeptibix ric'
cJ-ie-r,oBalliiti i\.1enbtune, tletv{, Hanpl'1N{ep, e T3O (T3P). llprr paspa-
6orxe Jior(aJrbHbrx cxeM iuHpoKo iicnolb3ytorcfl Mero.tbt o6o6uleHrlii
H auaaorlru'r, peKorHocr{trpoBoLiHbrx o6c.[etrosaHItli [I o6"rertettl'totx
rtgnrcxasuii. Eo"rlee no,1po6uo HccJ'IeL)'torcr ltHi+\eHepHble ycroB!ifl
ro.,'Tbxo rro nepBoor{epeAHorwy o6texry.
Cxeuul coio3Hoto 3HaqeHHq paccMarpHBarcTcfl Lr yrBepi*(Aalorcfi
focnlaHolt CCCP no corracoBaunrc c foccrpoeu CCCP. Cxeutot
pecny6.nr{riarrcKoro 3Haqer.ir'1.fi - focnlaHatvti{ coro3HbIX pecny6"'tttx.
19.1. CXEMA PA3BHTHA V1 PA3MEU{EHHfi 3flEHTPO3HEPTETHHI4
O6octroeaHIIe paUIIoHa.,ribHofo pa3BI-lTHff ti pa3Meu{eHI'1fl sneKTpo-
SIICPTCTIIKII OC}/LqECTBJIflCTCfl I]PI{ COCTABJ..ICFIII}I NPCAIIJIAHOBOfO AOTiY-
MeFrra <<Cxeir,ra pa3BHTHr H pa3N,reuleHlrr sJIeKTp03Heprert{ti}t)>. Cxelta
paspa6aruBaercr B ABa 3Tatra: ortpeAerntorcq 3aAaqtI H ocl'toB-
ubre noKa3aTeJIr.i pa3BHTHfl oTpaCJIi{ II npe.{}icMarplisarurbq Mepo-
tIpl.llTI.ll no paL(HOHa"''IbHOMy COIIeTaHl'1rc OTpaCJ'ieBOrO Ii TeppllTOpll-
aJrbHofo pa3Br.{Tr{fl; npoeoAflTcrr seo6xoAt{r{bre pacrterbr Arfl o6oc-
HoBai{irri qelecoo6pa3r-rocrrr flpoeKTripoBanufl rr crpolirelbcrBa o6r,-
eKTOB B rrepBoN{ nflTrrJ'IeTrrrr rr B nep8bre ABa-Tpr{ foAa cJIe,(y}ouefo
tiflTltJl erii tr.
llpoertr orpacrenorl cxeMbI ltocr-te nepBoro srafia pa3pa-
6orxrr pacci\{arprrBaeror Coserarui rltrtnirtcrpoa colo3[tbtx pecny6ntrx
368
H CoeeroM IIo I'l3yr{eHI'lro npol'I3BoAHTer'IbHblx cH/l- -rlpH I ocnraHe
CCCP, noc.i'Ie qero yrollHtiercfl Ha BTopoivl 3Tarre. FIe ilo3AHee qevl
Za 2,5 rOAa AO Oqepe:t'Oii rrff'r'H".'teTiit.t OTpaC,1eBaf CXeNIa npgACTaB,-'fl-
eTCfl lta COr.ilaCOBailnie e fOCn,'Iair CCCP, I]OC"[e qero IIpl{ tteO6xOAlt'
rvrOCT'6 OCyUIeCTB.TfeTCfl ee AOPa6Orxa. OXOH'{aTeJIbHO COr/laCoBaHLIafl
H yTBep;tiAeHItag focnnaHoM CCCP orpaCJleBaf CXeilla f BJIfiercfl HC-
xorlroii 6asoii A"rrfl rroArol'oBKrr npoeriroe OcuoeFlotx Hailpaanerlltit
3KoHoMliqectr,oi'c n coL(t'tarbF{ofo pa3BI-ITtlfl CCCP I{ oqePeAlloro nfl-
TltJ'leTHefo nJIaIla.
fli4pOetrepfeTlitteCNaq tiaCTb OTpaC;reeOti CXeMbl BI(r'IIOqaeT OC-
TTOBIII:te p?3Ie.r1bt: allaJH3 COBpet\leLIrlOfO COCTOtIFIHfl pa3BI'lTl'{f H pa3-
N,reuleltlrfl rgj,potlepreru.lecxoir noAorpac"lIl; ocLloBllble npeAnocbl.r'll(li
pa3Br.rTr.iri rrr1p03HepreTnKII; KOHUenUlifl nepCneliTllBllorO pa3Bl'lTlltl
tr pa3\IeueHIIti 3.{eHTpO3llepfeTl{Kll: onpeAe.{eHI{e 0nTI.1t'la.Ilbtiofo Ba'
prraHTa pa3BltTIIt{ li pa3}leirlelllifl oTpac"llt'' 
fi p1 cocrae.reHrrir uCxeusr Ila3BHTuu ii pa3Iteuielillti 3.,1elirpo-
sHepi'eTirKr.r> paccrraTpriBaroTcf BapIIaFITbl fliAp03rlepfeTllqecKol'o
cTpotlTe,lbcTBa, ItoTopbte oTr'II.IrJarcTCfl KaIi ql{c"rloN{ riepcIIeKTl{BI{blx
o6r,exron, TaK rr cpoKaMr{ BBoAa HX B 3KCttayaraut{to. Br,r6op onrl'i-
i\Ia.'tbHoro Bapt-taFtTa npotr3BoAHTcfl ira OCHOBe TeIHi{liO-3tioHoivlllqe-
ctilr.\ p actreToB.
A"l" nlr6parrFrofo ts cxer.le BaprraHTa no o6beKTall rll/lp03Hepfe-
Ttrqecliofo crpot.tre.:tbcrBai ofrpeJ.e,'Ifftorctt: o0tertut Kanllr:lilots.1ox(e-
rrlrir c Bbr:(eJ,terrLtert tix qacrrr na crpottre*rtbtto-IlOtlraxillble pa6orur;
pacnpefe.{eHHe Kat-rura"'ioB.,Tox(eiurii no fora\{ crpolire;lbcrBa tl
nflTIl.leTKa.\{;
onpereJjeHrre odr,erra KanrrraJroB.,'roxieunir no crpyKType (f3C,
fA3C) rr rtanpaB.:teHttqu (noeoe CrpOllreJbcTBo; paCtul{peHIIe, pe'
KOlrcrp)'Kr.lHfl, TexHi{qecl.\oe nepeBoopy)fiellHe) ; _
3aHfTocTb noApflAHblx cTpollreilbHblx opfalill3aullll;
norpe6Hocrb B rrocraBi(ax ocHoBHoro o6opyrtotsaHIifi H rpe6oaa'
Hlifl K pa3BIITi.llo sHepfollaruHHocTpoHTeablloil oTpac.{Ii;
oSte.rrnt ocHoBHbtx BirAoB crporrreJlbHbtx r{ MoHTaxiFlbtx paoor,
nOTpe6ttOCrU B CTpOttTe"rlbHLllX I\{alUI{FIaX II MeXall}l3IlaX;
norpe6itocrb B pec)'pcaN - I pyAoBt't.\, 3€\{e",lbrlblx ll tlp';
nporpa MI4a npOeKTt{O-il3blcKaTe,'lbHblX pa6Or.
!;rn 
^ 
o6uoe.leul{n II }:TotltleHIItl AaHtlblx, Ilc1.10,1b3,ve['lbIX B <<Cxe-
Iie pa3BllTI.lfl H pa3NIeu,elil.ifl 3neKTp03HepreTIIKIi)), a TaK)'Ke Ar',IR Bbl-
ABrrxielr irfl rIepBooqepeAr{ brx o6lexros f HAPoEuepf ocrpotlre,ribcTBa
neprroAilt{ecKri cocTaBilflroTcrr p a ir o H H br e c x e i\'{ br pa3BllTHfl fliA-
po3HePf erl-lKl'I-
19.4. TEXHHKO-3HOHOMHITECHOE O6OCHOBAHHE.
TEXHHKO.3HOHO}'{},tI{ECKh E PACqETbI
Peueritre o npoeKTrrpoBanlrr hraMeqaeN{brx K crpottrerbcrBy o6'u-
eriToB nprrHr.r[{aeTCfl rro KpynHbrr,l rj cJloxiflbtL{ nPeAnpHflTI{}11\'l It co'
opvxieilrilrNt r{a ocrroBatiltri Texr-lltKo-3Koiro}lfiqecKl.IX o6octtoBattlrii
(T3O) crpotrte.iibcrBa, er no Apyrttivl ltPeAnptttlrtltl]l,3jlailtttTrl l1 co'
oDVlt(eltilflrl-ila ocrroBaililLt Texillllio-3Koiloril{,lecKIIX pactlcl'orl
24-6'{ r0 369

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(T3P), o6ocHoBbiBaIou{HX xogqr?creelriryrc seoSxoAnr,rocrb H aKouo-
Iv{ Fiqecxyro l{er.Tecoo6p a3Hocrb HX crpor4TeJ-rbcrBa.
T3O H T3P ruepoaueprernuecicoro o6rexra fie,'rflrorcfl npoeK r-
FIbilu.I AoKyMeHTailrH Lr pa3pa6ari,tearorcfl Ha ocHoBe yrBeplKAer{r-rbrx
<<Cxe,ltbr pa3BHTHfl lr pa3Meu{eHar 3ileKTpoeHeprerHnrr)> r'r uCxeu pas-
BIITI'Ifi I{ p a3I{eqeHKf npOH3BOAHTCJIbHbIX CHJT nO 3KOHON,It{tleclil.iM
paftoHau r{ coro3ubru pecny6JrHKaM>>.
Enn i3C i.i I-A3C ycrarioB.rienHoii Mou{Hocrbto So"rree 30 ivtBr
pa3pa6arlrealorcr T3O, Arrr f3C r{ fASC ycraHoB.reuuoft r\.{ou{rro-
crrr MeFree 30 &1Br - T3P. I( paspa6orne T3O u T3P o6bl.rHo pas-
peuaercr npncryrluTb 3a 3-5 irer Ao Har{ara crpoiireJrbcrBa rr{Apo-
oHeprerliqecKofo o6rexra. B cocran TOP Bxonrr B ocHoBHoni re )Ke
pa3Ae.rrbr, qro rr B T3O, Ho iuHofue H3 HIIX 3Fraqr.rre.[bHo coKpau{a-
rorcq. Hanpnuep, ripHMerrrriorcfl yHuQlrrlripoBaHHbre coopyx(eHLrf ,rr{IroBoe o6opy4oeaHrle u ;1p.
T3o (T3P) cocrzB;rflrorcfl no o6rexrau, peKoMeHAyeMbrivr B cxe-
Max K [epBooqepeAHoMy cTpoi,rreJrbcrBy, H pa3pa6arHeaiorcfl Ha
rIo.'lHoe pa3Blirtie o6rexroe. Ec"rill BBoA o6texra Hai',leqaercf oqe-
perfiMi{, TO OrIpeAe"rrflrorcfl napaMerpbr uepnoft H fioc,leAyrou{r.rx oqe-
pe4efr crpoLrreilbcrB a.
B T3o (raP) ocaLqecrsr'Ln.ercfl. BapuaHruar, npopa6orrca ocHoB-
tLblx Eonpoco7, Koropan nposodurcfl I Totto]r o1,aerue u c raKofi u'e-
neHbrc derattusa4uu, 'tro6u o1ecnertura ux conocralu.ilrocTb npu BbL-
6ope rexHuttecKux peaenud.
B T3o (T3P) yroqHflercfi pacnoJ'rox{eHge crBopa ruApoysfla pr
npIiHHlraercfl pelileHiie no eH6opy il"'Iou{aAKH A.]fl CTporrrejibcrBa.
lloAroroara Marepl{ailoB no- nu6opy rrflou{a.qxn Arrfl crponrerrb-
CTBa OCyllleCTB,r'IfleTCfl c yqeTOM 3el.leJIbHO|O, BOAHO|O, JreCI{OfO 3at(O-
HOAaTe.[bCTBa, a TaKX(e 3aKoHoAaTeJrbcrBa o 3ApaBooxpaHeHr.rr{, ox-paHe Oxpl'X<arOtqeil Cpe;1ur c yqeToM npOeKToB pafiOHHOli [,rraFrFipots-
KH ropoAoB (noce"rixos). Ens eot6opa rrJ-rou{arKH crpoi{Te"{bcrBa
co3'[aercfl KoMHCCIifl rl3 flpeAcraBure.nefi 3aHHrepecoBaFrHbrx opraHr.r-
e aillir?.
Ang nu6pansol:r rrJiou{aAIiH crpoHTeJIbcrBa yroqHflrorcfi reo.rrofrr-
tecKHe xapal(TepHCTHKH, pasBepTbiBaroTcs H3brcKaHHfl no rorrofeoAe-
3HqecKoMy H reofiofHqecKoN{y o6ocHoeaHHro ilpoeKTHpyeMbrx coopy-
xeulifi. llpoeo4nrcx BoAox03rpicreeHHtte pacqerbt, Koropbre flBJrfl-
-Iorcq ptcxoAuori 6asoir Anff ripoeKTHpoBaHliff o6opylbBaHHfi ti
rrpoBeAeHHfl TeXi{HKO-3KOr{OMHqecr{Hx p acqeToB.
B T3O (T3P) rfiApo3HeprerrrqecKr.rx o6reKros ocyurecrBnffeTcfl:
nlr6op orMerKH Hny, o6teua BoAoxpaHriJrr{u{a, ycaonuii perynapogarruff croKa;
usr6op yctauoa;lenttoti r{oll{Hocrn f3C rr yc.nonnri BbrAaqlr,MorqHocrrr fOC
B SrreprocHcTeMe;
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pa6ord e T3O Bbltlo.(flf toTCfl B o6l-
eilre, Heo6xoAirN{o}r AJrn o6ocnoeaHt-lfi IIptlHIlHlILIzr'IbHblx TexHHqecKHX
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Mo o6ecnerrrlBarb sr,rcoxHli TexHI.{qecii[{ir \/poBeHb crpolire.rrbcrRa ny-
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Bati!tff;
374 24+ 371

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noHoBKrr Ir TrrnoB ocr-roBHbi-\ coopyxieHril'r, onyrplifloc-fpoe(rHbre il Blreuir{r.{e TpaHCIIopT-
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oxparra oKp\';&aroueir cpe4u, Bii.rrcrr afi o-\l)aHy HeilP, pacrrrTeJbHofo ri x(HBcT.
flOrO IIHpa, fi pllpOIllOrO ;l3ll.],ttl.?rlta tt,a.p.;
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,{!r;fi uero 6ue{a nr-lpo\'3-ra ;
pauuol{anbHoe ncrroJ'rh3oBarrHe reppr{Topur{, au6pauuoii s T3O noq crpo}r-
Te"lbcTBO;
ycTaHoB-leHHe ilc.\oltrbJ-\ Aafirrbrx 4.rrr{ cocTaB,leHr#r c}feTrr, KoTopafl AoJXiila
yToqHnTb tt pacLufiQpoBidBaTb no06'i,exrno cTollMocTL rHIpov3-la B npeAe";Ia.\ onpe-
Ae.rer{Horo s T3O (TOP) iru}lura.
llpu pa3pa60rKe rTpoer{ra paccN,rarpHBarorcfl ri rprr r.ieo6xotr[.rNrc-
CTtr )rTotlIlfiorcfl BOnpocbr, peueHHI)le B T3O (orrrerxa Hfly, no.l-
nbrr'r rr noile3Hulii o6reM BoAo.\paHiiJIIIU{a n 6accel:inoe f3C r{ fA3C,
BL,tpa60rria 3.rIerirp03HeprHH, o6'beI{br }r pex{HMbr BoAoiloAaqH AJrn
opouerru-ifi, BoAocrra6x{elir{ff, cyAoxoAcTBa, pbr6Hofo xo3fiircrea ri Apy-
rHx qereii).' flpli pa3paSorxe npoel{ToB rr.rflpo-ltJeprer}rqecKrrx o6'beriroB pac.
cMaTprrBaercs qeJrecoo6pa3HocTb rlx BBoAa B 3KcnJryaTaqHro B npo-
qecce cTpoliTe.rlbcTBa nprr IIe3aKoHtIel.lHbtx oclroBHbrx coopyxierrlrn.x.
Korla crponreJlbcTBo rr BBo.l B sKCflJIyaTauriro rlrAporexHHqecKrrx
Coopyxiei{lirl UeJecoo6pa3Ho ocytl{ecTBjlfTb oTAe,'rbFtbrMr{ n}fCI(oBbnlur
KOr{n.IIeKCaillt.I, TO B TeXHO.4O|HrreCr(OM H llpyfHX pa3Ae,'ra.\ nl)OeKToB
!Ix c,'le!,)'eT BblAe,'IflTb. B u.r cocraB BK"rlrottatorcfl o6r:exru ociloBrrbrx
coop)/iKerrrrri, BCnoruof aTe"4brro[o I{ o6ciryxirrBa rou-lef o rra3ilaqe-
.372
rrgfl, T. e. tsce o6:beKTbr, o6ecfleqriBarciIIHe HopMa"rIbFIble ycJIoBI{r Bpe-
Mei{Hofr irJl}.r nocTorHHoLi 3KCrriiyarailnr{ Ka}KAoro rlycKoBoro Ko}I-
I1,TeKCa, npe.4yc]loTpeFiHofo npoeKToM, H HopMaJIbHbIe caHHTapl'io-
6irtroente ycnoeHn AII1 pa60raiou{llx, a TaK]l(e o6t,exrlt, cBR3al-iHbte
c 3au{lirofi oxpyxarcu{ei{ cPeAbI Or 3afptl3Hell14fl.
19.6. PA6OI{Afi fl,OKYMEI{TAI4H'I. OCHOBHbIE NONO}HEHH't NPAB}IJI
t{cnoJIb3oBAHHtl BOg,HblX PECyPeoB BofloxFAFiiiiiHiii
Paspa6orxori p a6 o qer:'r Aoi(y\{ et{T aIIII II 3aliaHtlliBaiorc,q
npoeKTr.rpoBaHHe, HeoOXoALTN{oe Atlfl CTpol-lTe,TbCTBa. Pa6oqaq i(otitt-
jvreHTar(H s AJln Hy;1il CTpOilTeXbcTBa COCTaB;1tIeTCfl I(aK OCI'lOBItOIi
ilpoeKrHot:t oprattil3aUHeirt, rali H ee rpynilol:l pa6oqero npoelirllpoBa-
III{f Ha crpol{TeilbHoil n'[oLqa!.Ke, a raKX\e cneqliarl13IIpoBaHIIbl\lll
opraHII3atillfl\,1II.
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Hrifl H CoOp)/X(eti1fl rtiApOTeXItllLIeCKorO Koivlu"ileKCa pa3pa6arutBaer-
cfl r.r Bbr-laercr npoeKTHoirr oprarrri3atrrief,i 3aKa3qLil(y nocile,vrBepiK-
Aer.rrrrr trpoerira (pa6ouero npoeiira) noltn"leKTHo Ha o6'bel(T II.rIIi BII.1
pa60T 6 (e"rloM rr",ltr Ha 3Tanbr pa60T. 3rO O6eCne,tlltsaeT BO3lloiii-
irocTb pacrreroB Me}\.ty 3aKa3qirK0I.r Ir noAptl.l.riol'i cTpotlTe,'lbHofi op-
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IICO6XO.T,II}IbIC II 3 bIC K A TCI bCKI,I C, H A -Yq II O-II C C '{ E] O B A-
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neo6xoJ.rrr.ro AJq nporr3Borc'r'Ra crponle,TbHo-Mottrai{ittbt.\ pa60r.
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fert{qecKofo o6tenra AorritHbr BXoAlrrb pa60LIlie tieprex{ll, c}leTbl,
BeLOMOCTT.t O6'beIIOB CTpOIiTe"Ibi-lblX Ii ivlOHTaHiHblX pa6Or.
K otioHqaHHIo crpotireitbcTBa cocraB.ilflrorct{ IlCtto"4illlre.ribllbie
qeprei{ir.t BCe.\ Coop,vxieHHli B Tolt BHAe, B I(aKoM 3T}l Coopyi{ieHIIfi
6t trtit baxrttqecr\n ItocrDo€ttut.
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IOTCfl <oCUOeUbt'e ftOiOztdeHu'n npa6ttrr Ltctlo/tb30SaHuft EodHbtx pccup-
coB aodoxpattLt:tuula), rioropbrc ,lBt1fltorcft ocHoBHbt.tl doxg'vcuro,tt,
HA OCHOBeHr,4.t KOTOpOeO AottutttO BeCTLtCb !fl.pasfieHtE pmcu.ilo,lL BO-
doxpanu nLtt Ltt noc.T poeHiLblx f 3 C.
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nflroilIerYr tipoeKr f3C, H"rnr oprauri3aulreii, IpoeKrHpylou{eti pe}Kllr'1bI
pa60rbr f3C B Bolox03rrrltcrBerii{oft r{ 3Heprert.tttecKoti ctlcrerte Ha
ocHoBe BoAHosiiepfeTHqecKr.tx pacrreToB, r{ BItfllotlanT peKoNteHAaltIItl
no rraH6oJree ue"ryecoo6pa3rroN'ry noprrAKy o6ecnertettlllt Bonoii BoAC-
norpe6nre,'Ieir H BoAonoJ b3oBa're.{ef{.
B ocHoBHbr.y. troloJtc€Hufl..y )onxxa npedycntaT'pltBorbcn 6eeona.c-
Hocrb no)nopubtx CoopAucettuti, oSpasgnu4.v sodo.YpaHunuu+e, a Tatd-
stce 6esonacxoct't, ttece,,teHurr rL .yostrricr0a npu6 pexcHoti JOHbt Bo0o'
xpzHu.nltula u peuuOti doitttuttt Ha HttltccieJtCQIIp.at lJqaCrKe 
373

--- PAGE BREAK ---

OcHoeHlte IIoJIoX{eH?lfl rlo BoAoxpaHllJIHU{aM HoBbIX fOC noAro-
TAB"iII,IBA}OTCff I,i YTBEPX(AATOTCfl K MOMCHTY HAIIOJIHCHHfl BOAOXPATiH-
,,'irrqa Ao oTMerxu HflV I{ BBoAa rnApoy3"ra B [ocroqHHylo 3KCIIJIya-
TAUHrc.
BBOA BOAoXpaHLIJTHLT{a B nOcToqHHyrO 3KCn.ryaTal{I4Io AOnyCKaeT-
cfl trocile ocyilIecTBJreHHrr B BepxHeM pr I{H}KHeNI 6beQax BOAOXpaHI'I-
Jrnrqa Bcex Heo6xoAnMbrx Meponpnrrrrit no noAroroBKe BoAorioJlb3o-
BaTeneii H BOAOriOTpe6nreneft K HoBoMy fl{Apo,'IofHqecKoil'ty pexiHNly.
Vmepx<4eHHbre <<OcHoar-rble noJrolKeHHfl npaBplr HCnoJIb3oBaHI.{fl
BOAHbIX PECYPCOB BOAOXP.AHH''IIIIq>> flBJIfiTOTCfl NOKYMEHTOM, O6gSA-
TeJbHbrlr A/Ifi IicnoIb3oBaHl'Ifl BOAHbIX pecypcoB AaHIIofo BoAoxpaHI'l-
JI [IU]4.
TexnnqecxHe AoKyNIeHTbI, per.IlaMeFITHpyIourHe pex(Hil{ pa6orbl Bo-
AOXP&FiIi;-ILIil{? I{ CBfl3AHHbIX C H}IM COOPYXiCHUft B HOPMAT{bFIbIX 3KC-
fi.ir)'aTauuoHHbrx )rc,'roBurx, pa3pa6arltealorcfl B coorBercrBrlrl c Oc-
ilOB HbIll Ii l{O;lOXieii IIfl N{Ii.
I,lcnoJtsoBaHHe BoAHbrx pecypcoB B ilepuoil Ha,{arrHoft JKCn,'Iya-
12[]rH BOAOXpaHTTJTHU{a pefJIaNleHTIrpyercf cneuHaJIbHbIN{I{ BpeMeli-
I{blliIH npaBHnaMI'1.
rfiABA 20
BOSOXOSflxCTBEHHbIE TI Bo,4l-toSHEPrETHI|ECKI{E PACqETb!
NPH ilPOE${TTIPOBAHH',{ T3C
20.r. oSlqHE nonox{EHHR
" BOAHo3HepreTHqeCI(He p aCqeTbI IICnOJIb3yIOTCfl l(Jlfl
orrpeAeJIeriHfl aHepreTurIeCKHX noKa3zTer'Iefi fOC, T. e. MoIqHocTII ,r
Bbrpa6aTblBaer{ofi 3Hepri{II, a TaKX(e AJIfl onpeAeileHufi 3.aBHCHMocrH
3Heprerl{qecKnx noxasare"left f3C or ee ilapa}leTpoB (c,tr. rJI. 2) -
Pac.Ieru, B pe3ynbTare Koropbrx noryqaroT He SHeprerIIrIecKHe I1o-
HZl3flrer'Iu f3C (ruou{nocro rt Bblpa6orxy eueprHn), a sHaqeHHfl. pac-
xoAoB BoAbr, o6tevon H ypoBueft eoArr B BoAoxpaHHJIlIue I{ HHX{HCNI
6uetpe f3C, Ha3bIBaloTcfl BoAoxo s n fiCTBe[IHbl MI{, oHH HMero'r
Bcnor{ofareJrbHoe .3iraqeHI{e u iloAtIHHflIorcfl ocHoeuofi 3aAaqe npo-
BeAeHHfl BOAHo3HepfeTHrieCKHX paCqeToB. BOlOxO3flficTBeHHbIe pac-
qerbr nprio6perarcT caMocfoqTeJrbHoe 3HaqeHl.ie npH orcyrcrBlii{ B
cocraBe fHApoy3iia rHAposneKrpocraHl{l{r'I HnH npi{ onpeAeJIeHH}I pe-
xililla BoAonoAaqH oTpacJIflN{, 3aHHTepeCOBaHHblM TOJIbKO B nOAAep-
)Kairrrrr oilpBA€.I'IgHHbIX ypOAUeft H pacxoAoB Bo.d,bl-
BoAHo:ueprertirrecKue pacqerbr npou3BoAflTcfl Anfl rlocrpoeHHblx,
3KcrT,Tyarl{pyeMblx, crportullxcl H npoeKTHpyei\{bIX f3C-
D,i, noCrpoeuHux H 3KcnnyarHpyeMblx fOC, KorAt -gce -q?Pt-
MeTpbt f$C, ;. e. ycTaHoBJIeHrIafl Molqtiocrb, orMerl(Id Hny u VMO,
iro",-re3Hbrri Odtelt BOAOXpaIIHJIHil{a H ApyrHe, H3BeCTI'IbI H MoryT [I3-
MeHffTbcfl JIHtrib B oco6brx cJryqasx, BoAltogHepfeTnqecKHe pacqerbl
Hcr1onb3]rtoTcfi AJIrI oilpeAeJreHI{fl ogTHMaJIbHOro PeX(HMa pa6oTLI
f3C 
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toctur. oHeprerurrecKofr tr BoAoxo3flt:tcreeHHoft cHCTeM (ctut.
r.,'r. I B) .
371
Ans crpofltqgxcfi f3C BoAFro3lreprernqecKlle pacqerbl IIpoBoArr-
cfi AJrfl oilpe,[,ej'Iei{Hfl pe}KHMa f3C B neplioA HaqaJIbHoro ria-
ri O iI H e H H t{ B O A O X p a H Ii r'I pI I]{ a. B 3TO}I CJIyr{ae napa}leTpbl
f3C flB.rrflrorcr nepeMeHHbrN{r{ i{ 3aBr.rcflT or crelTetlH 3aBeprueFIHocrl.{
CTpoHTejtbcTBa nOA11opFibIX COOpy]KeH]if,i, BBoAa B 3KCnJIyaTaqnio
qeToB onpeAeirfroTcfi 3aBtlcrrNlocTH sFrepfeTl{qecKHX noliasaTeJIeH
(esrpa6orxa 3/reriTp03r-reprHti, fcrsr'roB"1eFIrtafl u rapai{T}IpoBaHHar
vrolluocrl) or ocFroBr-rbrx ee napaN{erpoB (oruierxn HflV, AJIIIHbI Ae-
ptrBaurrrr rr r. A ). flplr npoBeAeHr.rH BoAHosHeprerHqecKi'IX pacqeroB
!.jlr- npoet(Tlip\,.'e\{bi.\ fOC Ilx OCFIoBIlble napaMeTpbl paCC}1arpIItsa-
tOTCrr iiati ltepei\teHFIbIe BeJ-iut{llHbi, ilpilHli}lae\{ble i] iiaqeCTBe {{e3a-
Bircrr\.{L}rx apryMeHToB. OynLqnn,r,rur 3TI.rx He3aBHCI.'lNIblx apfyrleHToB
flBrflrorcfl 3HepreTtiqecKLre rroKa3aTe,qrr npoetirlipVeMoil f3C, Koro-
,140, HAepASKU.
20.2. nocrlE,qoBATEnbHOcTb BOAOXO3f,HCTBEHHbIX
H BOAHO SHEPTETt'lr.lECHl4X PACI{ETOB
fIOC,reAoBaTe.rF,itoCTb paCr{eTOB peryJ1HpOBaHIIt{ cToKa npll 11po-
eKTHpoBaHtrr{ pex(trMa pa6oTbr f3C oIpeAeJIflercfl Ha3HaqeHI'levl
o6texra, rpe6oaaHLrflr{rr BoAonorpe6lire;reir, HaJ-IHqHe}I y)Ke cyu{ec'r-
ByroulHx fOC Ha peKe, NlecTHbttyln yc-rloBllfl\ll'{ II T. A-' 
flprr [rarHqr{rr cxe}rbr r{cno"{b3oBaHrrf BoAHblx pecypcoB 6accert-
Ha _ peKri Ii eu6parrrroM crBope rlrApoy3.,'Ia noc,'ieAoBareJlbHocrb pac-
qeToB cJreAyrou{afi:
rtoA6op tr ycraHoBJreHr're trcxoArrbrx TollorpaQrtuecxnx, rrIAPo,lo-
rHqecKr{x, MeTeopoJlofHqecI{Hx AaHHbtx, ueo6xoAl{MbIX Ailtl BoAoxo-
ggftcreeHHblx H BoAHo3llepferriqecKi{x pacrleroB:'
onpeAeJIeHHe lreo6xoAtrMbrx Atln iiy)+(A BoAonorpe6-lrrenefi ypoB-
Hefi ri pacxoAoB BoAbI B BepxHeM [I HI'lx{tre,u 6leQax;
. onpeAeJreHHe 3aBricriir{ocrert raparrrrlpoeanFloli Mou{HocTH H cPeA'
HeMHoro.Iertieir entp a6orru oT napaMeTpoB fI{Apoy3JIa H ycTaHoB'
.neuuoil r{olrHocrri f3C;
or{eHria rvlHofoJrerrrHx xapaKrepHCrHK pex{rrMa pa60TbI f3c npII
eu6paHHbrx rra ocnoBe rexHnKo-3KoHoil{uqecKr{x pactieroB napa}ler-
pax f3C;
onpeAe.rteHLIe peixllN,ra pa6orur f3C B nept'toA BpeMeHHol-"{ 3Kc-
nJlyaTal{HI'I, peXiHMa tlagaJIbl"lofo HanO.[lleHIlfi BOAOXpetIH.,'IH'tl'lS;
. J/D
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oilpeAeJIeHHe nopflAKa npoflycKa BeceHHefo no.rroBoabfl H ,,,rerHe_OCCFIHIi.X IIABOAKOB qCPC3 THAPOY3CJI AJ|fl, }CTEHOB",1CHIlfl TIII1A, qI,ICilA
{ Pasr,repoB BOAOnpOrycKribrx coopyxerrrrir B cocraBe ftrApoy3/ra.cnpe4e,reHr.ie QopcirpoBaHHoro ypoBHa Bep.\Hero 6uecpa rrp,, flpory-ctie [aBo.qKa pacqersofi o6ecneqeFrHocrr,r;
ycraHoB.{eHr.re pe)KrrMa pa6orr,r BoAOxparrur"lr,iura, o6ecne,{aBaro-
u{ero }IllrepecL,I BCex 3aHHTepecoBaFrHbrx olpac.,reii FrapoAHoro xosgi:r-CTBA;
pasPa6ort<a AIicnerqepcKI-tx rrpaBr.ril yrtpaB;reHrrrr pexiHvroM pa6o-Tbl BoAoxp ar{rr.rrrrLua.
Bce BoAoxo3t{iicrseHrtote rr BoAr'r03HeprerriqecKrre pacLrerbr npoBo-.iflrcfl tlcxojlfl rr3 pa6orsr f3C Fra rcpcneKrriBHoe eoeonorpe6ieHue
It BOjlOlIO"iIb3OBal'l[{e B yCJ]OBIrt{X, KO'l'Opbte no 1l,iIaHaI,I pa3BuTI.trI Ha-
po.lirofo xo3rriicrsa 6y-lyr cyu{ecrBoBarb qepe3 5-15 
"'", no.ne Bbr-.:orr Bo:1oxpaHrr"lilu{a Ha peirirr},r HOp,\ra.roHoir 3r(cnr,r},arau?rir:
8.1:t,tsHelYlueII no rtepe pa3Blrrrrrr HaForHoro xc3flircrea pr ri3ilreHe-Fittn rpe6osaslrfi orpacJ-reir K pexilrnrl, Bo,1onoIaLnr rrpoeKTHbre roKa_sarei]II f3C KoppeKTPIpyrorcr c yqeroilr QaxrlruecKoro cocroriHHflcllcrerlbl. l{sntet{etule noxasare,'reli pa6orti f3C Bo3Mo}KHo raKX(erl sa cqeT coopyx<ertHt? HoBblx f3C, pacrro/rox(eHHbrx Bbriue no re-qeHrrio peKrr.
Creneltt HareriHocTrr BoAotIoAaqr{ u,TLI paclrerHafi o6ecneqeHirocrb
J,Jfl riaxidoii orpac.ln HapoAHoro x03riicrea vcraHaB.rrr.rBaercfl Tex-
HIII\O-3KOrlOlltltleCKI'lN'lll paCqeTaMII, a B BOI(O\O3qtiCrseHtrUiX ri BOIHO-
3ueprerriqecr^,rix pacqeTax npr-irrr{Maercr 3aAaHuofr.
PacqerHafl o6ecfl eqeH II ocrb cro K a nprurrrlraercfi trDir.IIepHO B C.le:I)'ioU{t{.\ npe{ei-ra-\, olo
--7HepreTilria
Bo:riur ri rpai{cnopr
uiJorijeHtre
Bo:oura6xieHlrg .
3autrria or HaBofrreHrrrj
Cairriral;nue rpe6osarrrrfl
db-9)
85-95
75-90
90-99
5-0,0 r
Eecriepe6ofiuue
c pactieTrlcu
pnAy
i;it
ir
r\lero;f,r,r o6ocrronaHHq pac,ierHoli o6ecneqerrHocrrr npLrBeAerrbr B
s 23.6.
Ha 3aBeputatouteN{ sraIIe pacrieroB peryinipoBaHnr croKa pa3pa-
6aruealorcn ArrcnerqepcKHe n paBrrfl a yil pa B Jr er{ Hrr pe_
xi rilr a Ir rr p a6orbr Bo.u,oxp arrr{Jrrrrrla f3c, Koropbre npeA-
crsBr-Iflior co6ofi saeHcpiMocTb orAa'-nr (uouluocrir f3C, pacxola Bo-
.il,br e HHX{Hr{ii 6seQ, sa6opa Borxbr B opoctreJrbHbre KaHarbr ri3 Bepx-
ilefo 6seSa H r. ,I.) oT ypoBHfl Bo4r,r B BoAoxpaHHrrrlUe H o6or,{uo
npIiBCLtrTCrI B rpaQlrvecxOM Br.{Ae. flo AHcneilrepCKr-iM rpacpuxaM Aa-
lorcn peKoilreHAaur{rr no. pexiHlvry pa6orL,r f3c nprr' BeponrHocrHoM
xapaKTepe flporH03a peqHoro croKa. 3rlr perioMeFrAar{rrri 3aBHCflT
To'TbKo or rori ltttcpopr{aUIItI, I(oropan 6breaer I{3Becrtrzt K paccNla'r-
pllBaellor{y A'lotletl'ry BpeMel{tt. Cxevtar}rL{ecrcr Arrcfier(repcxirii rpa-
cprlit pa6orur Bo.qoxpaHuJ'trru(a fOC ro;loBor-o peryr.r.rrrpoB aHHfl croKa
376
Plrc. 20.1. !,ticnervepcxriir rpaQttx pa-
6oru BoAoxpaHu.itHu1a foAoBoto pery-
nHpoBaHlifl cToKa
Prrc. 20.2. .[,ucnerucpcxrrr:i rpaQtrri pa-
6orst Bo.l,orpaHll'llilrlil rlHoi-o-lcrllci^o
pery,'lHpoBaHHfl CroKa
IpeACTaB,rieH ira pirc. 20.1. K ocHoBr{br}{ 3oHa}t .1llcnerqepcKoro rpa-
6uxa orlrocrrTCrr: 30Lra raparrrnpoBasrtoii 3HepferllL{eclioilt or;(aqll /,
3ofla crnraierruori (no cpaBHerrrrro c rapaHTIIpoBaHrroti) :ueprerll(lc-
cxoii oTAaqti 2,3Ofra noebrrueuFiori (no cpaBHeHIllo c fal)allrllPoBall-
rrori) 3FrepreTltqecr(oii or.r,arrrr J,3oua npHrtyAIITerr,ttoti cpaC)orlitl
BOAOXp a tr ll,'r ttt\a 4.
fiprr )rpOBHe BOIbt B BO-IOXpaHI.i.ryllule, COOTBeTCTBVIoLUe!1 O:rrOii
rr3 30Fr Ai{cneT(repcKofo fpa(FHKa, rra3F{aqaeTcfl pexill}l pa6orut tso]o-
xpar{tr,rrHrr{a f3C. Ljacro 3or{br 2 r{ 3 pa:Sltearorct{ Ha HecKo.lbKo
noA3or{, xapaKTeprr3yrolqrrxcn 6orree nraBHbt}{ ct{tt;+'cHIler{ (s 3ollc
2) r.{Jrr{ noBbrureF*ie}r (e soue J) 3neproorAaqu f3C. flpri NIr{oro-
JreTFreM pefyJ'IIIpOBaHHH peqHOrO CTOKa II.{CneTr{epCKI'le rp aQHKII ItNie-
rcr 6o,ree c/'Iox(Hbtil xapaKTe[]. B oToilI cJlytlae .4rf IiailiAoro ]'tlacr-
rrliKa BoAoxo3flficreerrrroro Koivril.neKCa (BXK) crpoHTCR cBoil rt{cner-
.repcxuir rpaQrix (prrc. 20.2).
llopng.ox nocrpoeHHH Ancilerqepcxltx rpaQuxoe.
l. Onpele.rf eTcn no,1o;.lieHne .:lninti, pa3rpatlll'lltealOU-ieii 3otlirl rapallrllpoBait-
lori / rr cln:ri{ieHrrcit 2 3rreproorAaqrr. C groit uerrsto Anfl EoJ.o.\p:lHIIillliil l-oioBoro
perynHpoBaltfifl croKa rrporr3Bo,r,flTcff Bo;toro3fiftcrBeHHL{e lI Bo!.H03 IIepr(-TllqecKIIe
pacqerb,r no i\{anoBCjtubr\r ro!,a}r Ha rapaHrHpoBaHHy}o 3Heproorlaqy. Nla.tosoAttbte
roAhl npllrirMarcTcfl 6.,rri3xutui no o6ecnerrer{lrocrt{ K pacqerHo}ty. I-lttx<nnn ortl6aic-
u{afi lt3NleHerrrir ypoBrreri eorrJ B Bo;1o.\palrH.rItLqc Hat{octtrctt Ha rpacptlx B cttcreNle
Koop,ttrHar 28.6, T, rle I - pacuerrrurii npencrrrroit l{nr€pR2.r-I. ilns BoJ,oxpal{tlrltlJJ,
t'tI{OnO..leTllerO pefyil}lpOBaHI'tf CTOXa 3il?,'lOI-HtlHOe iIOCTpOeHtle npOIl3tlOr'lltTCtl nO I{a-
JTOBOAIiltNT nept.tOAaI{, BX.ilOrtatOUlH}t t{€cKO,lblio MaJIOBOdltL,tX.'Ier. OxOtlriaTe.lbtlOe fIO-
nO>1(etttte JllttltIII pa3rpatllltletllllI )iCTflll3t]i1IlB?lOT noCr'le npOBeLetlllfl paCtteTOB IIO
BCeMy HMer,ouleillycfl rllApo;:lortlrlecKovy Pll4Y ua6;rrcAettttit'
2. )'crarrasJrrBaercrr rpalru{a 3otrbr nprrityAttre,tbuot'r cpa6crtlt tio,[,orpatttt.ltlula
4, xc.xo.l.lr n3 rreo6rortHrr ocrlr ono[)oxlreHrtfl IJoLoxpaun.:IHlrta ro rpc61'crloit o-IMer-
riil K Harra,lv no.l0Bo;lbfl.
Jt I

--- PAGE BREAK ---

ilorroxieuue Erol:r orMerKpl oflpeAerrercfl lto pacr{eraM nponycKa no.,roeo4ln pac-
qerHoli c6ecneqensocru, 3aBrlcntr1ei't or Kfiacca r[Apoy3,'ta H ero Mecra B KacKaAe
rH.4po!3;-toB rra peKe. Apyruv cpaxropou, onpeAe/IflIotrltlM noJlo)i(eHtie orMerr(H trpeL-
noxoBo/tHoli cpa6orxr{ BoAoxpaHHJriru{a, flBJrflercf ?isMeHeHI{e vpoeneft ilo pacqeraM
cpa6orril ts MHofoBoAHbre gHI,rb{ ryiHofonoAl{brx /'ier-KaK Hl-t>l(Hqfl oru6arculaa eos-
NroiliHoro rr3MeHeHr{q yponueii. B ttepHoA, nerse-oceHnefr ]tei+(etI]I I{H}KHsfi rpiuuqa
3or{br nprru},Arrr€flbuor-i cpa6orxu coBnaAaer c HflV. a BepxHflr-c ypoaHen Qop-
crlpoEi(rr.
3.3orra rronuuresn0l"r 3HeproorAaqli 3 orAc,rqercq or 30itbI rapaHTHpoBaHnoi.r
oHepfoor.t,aqrr ,l c L(eJibro )/MeHbuerrnr xoJrocrbtx c6pocoe H fBe;'Itiu0ul.ir nupa6oT xir
a.,,rexrp03HepfHrr na f3C. fpanuua Me*(Ay 3rHivrH 3oHaMlr onpeAeaflercff r(aK BepxHnr
orir6arci:ra,q rr:lreHeHrrq ypoBl{eli eoAoxpaHIIIuu{a B MaJoBo;1Hbie roAbr.
4. 3ousr noBbruleriHoit 3 u culr;reHnon 2 eneproorlav;r pas6rBaror Ha HecKo"nbr(o
no]soH. 3ro no:eoJrer ylreHrrruHrb pasN{epbr xoJocTbix c6pocoe H yBeJrHqHTb Bbrpa-
6oriii'J.tiiirpolr{epriur Ha f3C (e:oue J) r \'}te}rbutiri, r.ri'6tiuJ cHrriiieHnl 3rrcpfo-
orJ.eriq 3a npeAenal{rr pacqerHoii o6ecne.iclrHocru (n aoire 2).
fiucneruepcKrie rpa$HKH Hcrro,'rb3yrorcfl r{aK ttpH orcyrcrBun npo-
riio3a cToKa, TaK rr nptl efo HaJrHr{trH. B sroM cryqae [pofHo3br cro-
Ka AO,'IXtHbI yqrrTbrBaTbcfl tfpH orIpeAeJreHHH 3HepfooTAaqH Ha frocJle-
Ayiou-li.ii'i riHTepBaJI Bper,reHIi.
Cxe-rru AHCrerqepcKHX rpa0Hr{oB, npHBeAeHHbix Ha pHC. 20.I Lr
2A.2, i\IOrlT I{3MeHflTbcfl B saBHCHMocrH oT Tpe608aHHiI yqaCTr{r{KoB
BXIi, r.;ry6r'rHbr p€ryn1l1loBaHHfl croKa, rtrApo.irorr.rqecKol:i xapaKTeptr-
cTirKri peHi.r tr T. A. LIHorea [IK3,I] Bpe]{eFrri pa36HBaroT Ha ABe qa-
CTIi: IIOJ,BIIX{HyIO, OfpaHIIqeHHyIO H3L{3;-IO}l II KOHt{OM BeceFiHefO IIO-
.'IoBOAbfl, H Hefio,(Blix(HVIO AJtfl nepHoila ,,'reTHeli H 3HrvlHerl N{ex(eHr.r.
;]ticiieruepcKt{e rpaQHKH rroArex{ar riepecMorpy H yroqHeHHro rro
Mepe lr3}reHeHHfl. ycJroBuri pa6orli f3c, cocratsa pefyJrHpyroulr4x croK
BoAoxpaHnJ'rHu{ B 6acceiiue peKr-1, rpe6oBaHHri yqacruHKoB BXK K
T. A.
20.3. HCXOgHbIE gAHHblE gflfl BO,qOXO3AI,ICTBEHHbIX
H EOgHO3HEPTET'It{ECHHX PACI{ErOB
Pacqertr pefyJlHpoBaHIifi cToKa peKH npoHsBoAffTCfl B npeAiIoJIo-
rieltrrlr, r{To B neptroA 3ricnr'ryaTauHrr f3c QusHxo-reofpaoHqecKHe I{
KJII.n{arlIr{ecKHe ycJToBHr ocrarcTCfl 6oree II./TrI IvIeHee I{eu3MeHHbIMI{.
3ro npeAnoJrolKeHlre [o3BoJrrrer HcrroJrb3oB?Tb A;-rfl pacrreroB pesyilb-
TaTbr irporridlbrx .rrer Ha6JrroAeHHfi 3a flrAPororHqecKHM pelKllMotvI pe-
r{H B CTBOpe npoer{rripyeMofo frrApoy3Jla.
Taxoe ltpeAnoaoxieHHe B li3BecrHof{ Mepe fc.r-IoBrlo, TaK KaK H3'
BECTHO, T{TO KII'IMAT HC ffBJIflCTC'I HCfi3}TCHI{bIhl, .A MCHflETCff KAi( flOT.
BO3Aer'{CTBIIeM H3MeHeHIIfi BnIIflIOU{HX Ha HefO QanrOpOe, TaK II ilO,I,
B,tlrsHtre-\r qeJroBeqecKofi AerrTenbHocrr.r lra BoAocdope.. I-losuiuertlte
K,VIbT,Vpbr 3eIYIJreAerr-1fi, yBefiHqeHIie rIy$p1tu" BcIIauIKi.I, pa3BHTHe
cHefo3aAepiliaHr'ifl r.ta noJrfx, yMelib[IeHI.{e 3aJreceHltocru, pa3BHTHe
opoueHrrrr H ocyureHrifl AoJr)r(Hbr oKagbrBarb BJrlrfir{He Ha BoAHbIii 6a-
raHc 3Hatrl{TeJrbrrbrx TeppHTopr{fi. oAHaKo B rracTofiu{ee BpeMfl Aocra-
378
TOqHo HaAelKilblx KOIIi'IqecTBeliHbIX OqeHOK -BJIHfl HHfl TO|O i',i'iIpi HHO|O
$axrOpa Ha 3JIeN,IeHTbI KJIHMaTa H Ha paCqeTHbIe XapaKTepilCTI'lIiiI
croKa peKH He pa3pa6orano.
l,nq rlpoBeAeHIifl BOAOXO3gf,tcreeuFIutl H BOAHosIIeprerutlecKHX
.lerrr.iii B paitoue 6y,r,yqeir f3C iicno,:Ib3)'loTCtl J.ar{llbie }leTeofioC-
TOB-aHaIIOfOB, paCiloJIOXieHI-tbtx B c-\oAHbIX K.rIIIllaTHqecKHX VC.TIO-
BHflX.
TonorpaSilqeCKlre xapaKTepHCrHI{II BoA0xp a-
H H JI g iII a. K griM orHocflTCfl KpHBble 3aB[IcI'IMocrt'I IIJIou{a4eli 3ep-
KaJ'ia H o6leltoe BoAoxpsHH'''IHU{& or ypoBHeft BoAbI F-F (z''c);
V-V(zo.o). TonorpaQrrqecKHe xapaKrepHcrHKrr BoiloxpaHll.nIIu{ rl'II-
po3iieKTpocrauLllrli noJ'ryqarorcr lra ocFIoBe HcnoJIb3oBaHIiq IIr'larlLLIe-
ToB roCyAapcrBeHHoti C:beMKH. llacurra6 KapT lI CeLIeHllI'l pe.rlbeQa
AoJrx(Hbr eui6r.rparbcr TaKrrMlr, rrTo6bi oHlr HaAelkHo oro6pail(a.r'lli ll3-
I\,IeHerrtie pe"rrbeQa B npeAeJIax 3otlbi 3?Tofi;'IeFIIif .
f lr,u,po.tof rIqecKpIe AaHIIbte, K Koropblrl orHocflTcfi:
c B e A e ir !r fl o npoi{3Bo-lrlBLUrrXCf CTalIIrOHapHblx Lr 3KcfieAllqlloll-
Hbtx rli{ps-rsr}IqecKnx pa6orax; oueHKa }{aAex(HocrII rHApo'rlorllqe-
cKirx AaHHbix I-r Bbi6op pacqerHblx crBopoB;
CToK 3a nepiaba 0axTHr{ecKI'tX tta6;1 CIAeHI{I"t: IIpeA'
BapHTeJrbFro rrpoH3B0AHTCfl aHaJF{i3 AaHHbIX rHApoMeTprIqecKi{x. FIa'
6nnAeuafi, flocrpoeH'e l(pliBblx pacxoAoB H 3KcTpanoJ-Ifll{Hfi }IX no
paCr{eTHbrx 3l{aqesltft tvraKCLIMaJIbHbIX paCXOAOB, a TaKiI(e 3H?.r'IH3 pe-
3y./rlbTaTots nOACLIeTa CTOKa Ir yBtI3KI{ CTOKa lio A,I]HHe peKi{: ecJiiI B
cTBope npoeKrltpyervroir f 3C Ha6,nrcAeHns He BeJIHcb, To npo-
H3BoAHTCfl rrepeHoc Aa nubr.{ or 6rsxafiruero rIiApoMerpl{qeclioro
crBop a;
napaMerpbr f oAoBofo cToKa: HopMa croKa H npl{eMbl ee
ycraHoBJreHrrfl; BHA r.i oqeHKa rrapaMerpoB TeoperHqecKoii Kpli8oii
pac[peAeJreHHfl BepolrHocreri foAoBoro croxa u IvIeroA llx ofipeAc-
NCHHfl;
BIIyT pIi f oAoBoe p acilp eA eJI eH H e cT o K a: ce3oLIHOe
paCnpeAeJIeFIlle croKa 3a rOAbr QaxruuecKHX Ha6,rlrcAeHHft; ycTal{oB-
JreHile pacIpeAe",'IeHHfr cToKa B pacqeTtlble II xapaKTepHbIe fo,u,bl;
BJIUsHHe xossr?creeHHorl AefTe,IIbHocTH Ha IiopMy H BHyTplItoAoBoc
p acnpeAe"rreHrre cToKa ;
M a K c tr r{ a rrr b H br r"r cr o K: AaHtrbre QaxrrruecKHx lia6rtoAetittti
3a N{aKCr{Ma.tbHblMlr paCXoAaiutr }r CTOKOM 3a IIep}IOA rloJloB0,i{bff li
IaBoAKoB; napar{erpbr Kpr{Bbr.x pacnpeAeneHr.rri lvtaKCHMaJIbl-lbIX p::
JIY

--- PAGE BREAK ---

xo.IoB Lr CTOKOB; paCqerHbre NlaKCrr\.{arbFrbre pacxoAbt H CTOK1{ 3a_
Izt'iHotlt o6ecueqeHHocrll; Har.r6oflee BepofiTfibrc 4)opiubt rnAporf)a6oe
iIaBoi{KoB ti floJroBolrili pacqerHbrx o6ecnerreriuocrefi ;
I{}r rr rr M a"rrb ri br e p acxoAbi: AaHHbIe saxrHvecKax Ha6arc4e_
Htrl"r; pacrreTHbre sFraqeHrrfl NlI,rHi.rMarTbHbrx pac,\oAoB (nerHux ri 3Hl.{_
Hilx) ; KptiBbre 3aBr.rilr,r,]ocrll pacxoAoB BoAbr or yposuer-r B )C,,.roBHflXoTlipbrToro py'c,ra ri 3rrlruuii neplror;
3 tr ivr rr lr ii p e ii( ir r,1: ranHbre cilanrrrqecritrx rra6loAeur.p:r
Tatrir 3arrep3arrrrrr r{ BCIipbrrtrrI peKrr; oco6er{Hocrrr 3rrNrriefo
TOJlI{lit{a .]L,Ia, r{a,{r,tLit{e uyfit, 3ax(opbt II 3aropbt;
T 3 e p,1 br rt cro K: AaHFiUre cf aKTIiLrecKr.ix ua6.troAeuilli kr
JeHIIe \ItlOrO.rl0TIIl'l\ XapaKTepttCTlfK TBel)AOfO CTOiia;
HaA Aa-
rrepHoAa;
ycTaHoB-
.\I1 }II.1 LICCXIIii COCTAB II KALIECTBO BOAt,I: AAHHbIC O XLI-
i\llltl€CIiO\l COCTaBe lt lllifrepa.iTll3aUnti BOIbt, rpe6Oeaunn HapOAHOfO.
lo-rRtic'rea ii )'l)oBnro Irrirrepa.trr3aurirr Bo:lbr.
h,.or13 I{a pelie HeflocpeIcrBeHI]bte rrrJpouerptrrrecKlie H3Mepe-
I'llifl He npOH3BoAll"{llCb IL'lH CBeAeII}tfl o pacXOAaX peKrr HMercTcq
TO.lbKO 3a OTAC,'IbHble fo.fbl, fHAponort{rtecKr.te xapaKTepHCTltKtI peKr.i
B CTBOpe fipoeKTtlpyeIlo[o fiiApoy3Jra onpeAeirflrorcfl KocBeHHbtMj,r
.\terof,a.\il1, B ocHotse KOTOpbix ret{i2T 3aBIictrN,locrt{ }te}KAy croKoNi H
3Je-\1Ci-lTallH K,rIiiVIaTa, a TaKilie CTOiiOBbIe XapaIiTeptiCTHIiti peK-aHa.
'i-lofoB, nporeKatori{tix B cxoilHbtx nl)Lrpoj(ribr-\ },-c,.roB[rflx. flo;rHoTa
IICIOJb3oBetllltlN rlepettllCJeHi'tbtX rtt;lpo"tofilLICCKilX ilaF{Hr,rX AJif BOA-
rro3liepferHqecritiN pacqeroB 3aBHCrir OT r,lvSrruur pef)/.,l[rpoBHr{fl cro-
Ha (cvtourtoe, ro-1oBoe, rrrrofo,terf{ee) , cocraBa rr pa3\{epoB rpe6o-
Barririi i uacrFrr{r(oB B\K, a Tariiiie oT crajlHr.r rrpoer(TrrDoBaulix- iclr.
r.r.3)
- TpeSoBaLir{r Bo.r,onoiTb3oBareneir Lt Borottorpe-
6rtreJeir K pexiti)Iy pa6orbr f 3C cBornrcfl ri o6ecneqeHprio
ueo6roAtiMblx )'cnoettir q,rn _QynKqrroHirpoBaririr{ ri pa3Biiriu{ orpac.
ireli IIapoALIoro xo:Ritcrea. Ha.rrr.iiri,ie BoJL{bre pec}ipcbr rre BCerAa
nO3Bor-Itll'oT )'LoB.reTBopilTb 32f B;1e HHbte rpeSooatinfl, ri B eo4oxOsnil-
CTBetlHO.\t Pa3;:te.qe npOel{Ta 3TOT BOnpOC FIe pelllaeTCr{ OAH03HaT{HC.
Paccrtarpt{Baercn I{€cKo;rbKo Baprrarrrlc.ro o6ecne,ieHirq Fryirir BoAo-
norpeStrreneii, ir or(oriqaTe,'rbHoe peueHr.re rraxolriTcfl nocre npoBe-
-l.etJllti coorBCTcrBl;19*aii Te.\FIIIKo-3rioHor,rii,recxoir oqeH rir.r tsapHaFI-
ToB. LIcno"ruslIIoTCt{ Tati)*(e rieroAbr }rFroro{e;leaoii onrr.{},{rr3aulrr{ (cnr.
s 42)
Bltno.rrtetttte rpe6ouariuii orpac.;reii napoillroro xo3rlicrea K
pe;*{}r}ry ypoeueii i( pacxoAoB flB,lrrercf o6qsare"Tbr{brM. HanpnMep,
caHlITapFlble nofiycHtt B Hxx<ultir 6recp AJtn rlo;1Aepria rrrrfl ueo6xoArt-
N'lofo KaqecTBa BoAbr B peKe, a TaKXie tipeAeJrbHo BblcoKrie (rursxHe)
ypoBr-rrr B Beprrreu 6neQe.
SegBO3Bparr'tbre irorepri BoA br ir3 BoAox p a r-r HJ]lru{ a
cocTotlT I'13 lio'fepb IIa AonoJ,u{trr€.,-rbHoe ltcrlapetrlte c BoAHoir tloBep.\-
Hocl'!t Bo,loxpattttrtIU{it, Qtt,,rrrrpaqrrr{ (repe3 TeJIo fl.riortrrrbr }t B JIox(e
Bo-io"\pallliJIIlula, a TaKXie noTepb 3a CqeT oce:TatJI{fl loA? LIa 6Op-
TflI BO;fOXPAIIIIJIIItUA, KOTOPbIC flBJ'I'IIOTC'I BPCMCHIIbtMiI II MOfYT 6NTTI.
rracrrr(t IIO IICIto.4b3oBa itut.
t],i.1
20.4. METOflU BO&OXO3SIiCTBEFIHbIX H BOfil-lO3HEprETt'ltlEcHtlx
PACqETOB i
llplr rrpoerirrrpoBaHHri f3C Hai,i6o,rluree pacnpocrpatleHl'le roir-v-
r{HJ-rti ABa MeTOAa BOAOXO3fliicrseHHstX H BO4,,HO3Hepf e'l't{(IeCKIIX p aC-
qeroa: o6o6uteHnul'r a r{aaeIIAapuotft.
O6c6uteHHurr.i FreroA pacqeroB ouroBar-r Ha irpeAcraBr'teIII'lll croKa
cJryrl2iiHlrr,r npoqeccovr ( cM. S 3.3), qTo rro3BoJIrer ncnorb3oBarb
i\{eTa461 TeoprlrI BeporrrHocreii rr N{are}larHqecxol:r cTaTi,{cTIIIilr.'for'
Ia 3aAaqy penir;ptooBaHr.rq cTCr(a i\roir{Ho perullTb }I.,rlII NIe'ioAaNlll
KoI{no3rrqtrrr (npn Aocraroqtro npocrori cxelie peryr!ipoBarrrrn) ti,1it
IIlIIiTalIIiOFIHblNIrr i\'lerOAaMll, Ha3blB3e Mbl-\'11-l lleTOAa){ll CTarllcrlitle-
('rirr.\ l.rcnnrrauriri (i\lorrre-Ka p.,jo) .
Ko rr tt o 3 rr u ri o H u r,r ii r.r er o iI. I,lcxolq n3 odu{elt:eecrHot'o
]'paBHeurrt{ Bo-luc[o 6a.rarica iraIo.triernre Bo:lo\paintJuula B Kot{ue
rrerioruiloIo npo.\1exi]'Tr.,a Bpc]reHrr paBrro a.rre6patt,tccxol'i c\'\l]le tla-
rroJHeHrrfl B Haqaile pacc!raTpr.iBaellofo Ilepriola, npHToKa BO.].bl 3a
pacclrarprreae,rroril npoMex\yrori BpeN,rerrr.r pi pacxoAa BoAbI, Bii.ltoqarc-
u{efo [o.rre3Hoe norpe6,iieHrre, norepii t] xorocrofi c6poc 3ro no,'Io-
xieHIIe pacflpocrpaHqercfl ir lra. crlriair gaAauHq BCex cocraBiit{rcuIllx
Borrioro 6a"rairca B BepoffTrrocrHolr Br.rAe. I(oMnosr,tuHn 3aKrtottaer-
cfl B rraroi'tiAetrrrr{ 3aKoHa pacnpe;le.{erilif cy}r}1bt ir0 3aAallFIbl}f pac-
ni)e:lcJeHIIfl lrt c.rI a rael{ brx.
Hali6o;iaruee pacilpocrpaFleHrre noJ'tyqn,lrr nprieubr, ocnoBatttlbte
ria nocrpoeHriri o6o6u{eHHbrx 3aBi.rcr'IN{ocrefi (p, Cr,, Cr/Cr,
t', cr, F). TaKrre 3aBr{crrvocrri (Ho,uorpalrvor) (plic. 20.;l) ro3Bo.tlrc'l
onpe.XeJil16 Heo6soArilrsrii odte,v I.tr npoBeAeFir{fl }rHoro"i]erile[o pe-
r)t.lutpoBaHHfl croria c 3a.r,a rrrroii odecneqeFrHocrFJro rrprr yc"roBI{r{ no-
cTorilHoii B TeqeHue roAa or;1a(rri tsoJbr Boroxpaurrirrrttle]r.
B IIacroflilIee Bpeufl cyulecrByer 6o.lluroe Ko.rnrqecrgo fpa4lntiog
4.'tr{ o5o6uieuHbtN pacLreToB N{Hofo",'ierFIefo pefy"{ilpoBaitHfl, cBf3bt-
BarcLqIIx o6ter,r, or:I3rt\"l o6ecneqeHHocrb. fTpttuert noA o6-uel,tolt
IOIpa3Y]'{eBaeTCf ItHOro"leTFitlfl COCTaB"''ltircU{at{ nOJIIOfO I-lO;-Ie3riOrO
obrerra Bo.{.o.\pailriiril[(, a noA oTAa,reir - Ko.iIrrqecTBo Bo/1bi, a FIe
auepniir, Koropoe il{o;{rrro no"tyrritrb c rori l{;'trr lirioii crenetri,ro o6ec-
neqellr{ocT}t.
OruaKo fn.4po3iieKTpocTatiL(t{tr B crrJy cBorix cnettrr4rrrrecxrrx oco-
6euuocreii rrecvr nepelreHrryrc rrarpy3r(y Brryrpr-t fo;Ia, ce3olra, rre;le-
JIu iI cyrori. floaror,iy Aln B03Nro){trocrr.r nepeMer-rHoro yqacrrrr f3C
B IroKpblT]ru{ rpacpuria Hafpy3rir,r o6r,elr eoAo.xpaHr.rrHU{a yBeJ,'ilIrr[{Ba-
eTCfi Ha roAHrrrryio cocT aBrflIoru,yro
Vno,.,r: I/n,,, * Y.o,c.
t,
Pa:Ae"nltn Vnon,, u ero cocTaBJ'Iflrou{lie rla cpe4ulu'i 3a x'rHofoiler-
tttlit nepIIoA roAoBorl cToK wo, noiryqHr,r BbrpaxieHrre, onp€Ae.rlrrrcLliee
noJ'Ie3rrstli o6tevt ts orHoc!ire,lbt{bt\ eAut{truax
(20. i)
Fo: B',,*B,.,,o. (20.2)
Hatr6o;iec )/HIIBepcairbnbrMrr, yrrrrrbrBaiou{tiN,rr{ npaKTrrrrecrtl{ BCe
BO3rlOiitllbte BaJlrrarilltr flapaMer[)oR, flr].[riloTCfl rroMofpaM,\{br, pa3l]a-
6ora lriJirre a 3rreprocerbnpoeKTC.
381

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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Pe-le,rittro nst6opou rrsre orleHKr.r napaMerpoB p acnpeAereHHq Bepor{r- },fi,}.54Hocreir roAoBoro croxa Qo ut C, (crvr. rn. 3). 3rn oqeFiiin Moryr 6srru J I
0 qi 42 qJ 0.4 q5 & 47 0.0 qs /,0 /,/ 12 lJ /,+ cv 0 ql 02 qj q+ 0,5 q6 47 0,s qg ru 1/ Q /,J 14 c,
Pnc.20.3. Flovorparrubr A,'Ifl onpeAe.rreHHg MHoForrerHel"r cocrzB;rflrou{eir o6'seua Bo-
4O.\ P a ){; r.'r I i u{
orpeAe.Ileltbi HenocpeACrBeHHo no HarypHoMy pflA)' ua6nrcAeHufr 3a
crotio].{ }t"JII flpir orcyrcrBl.irt Ha6rio4eHrri'r flo AaHHbtN{ peK cxoAHoro
Qtt:rrxo-reorpaSliqecKoro pafiotta: e coorBercrBr{tr c npHHflTbiM Ko-
aQqbtiqlrel{ro,\.r r\oppeJrflqHrr r MoiKHo 3aAarbcfl rieo6xoArrMort rapar{-
TirpoBaHHoii orgasel"r, ee o6ecneqeHr-rocrbro lr o|IpeAerrHTb F"".
,4.trri onpeAeneHtifl roAH.rHofi (ceaoHrroii) cocraBrrflrouleii o6te,va
BoIoxpaHI'rrTI'iLtt MHorOJIeTHero pery"ryHpoBal{lifl cToKa B.oa MO}KHO BoC-
tlo"ilb3oBarbcr rHAporpaQovr IvIa/IoBoAHoro roAa pacveruofi o6ecne-
qeHriocrir. Paspa6orauo HecKo,{bKo r}oplryn !,nn oiipeAejteHHfl vroo,
B q A CT}IOCTI{
= proA: a(t-nt),- (20.3).
rAe t - Anrrce.,tbttocTb Mex.ie Hr{ B Ao,Tffx foAa i nt - cpeAHflrr rvrHofo-
JICTHflfi AO,Tfl T,lCiIiCHI,I B |OAOBONT CTOIiE.
HcnortsoBaHrie HoMofpar\,irt{ 3riar{HTe.rrbHo ytrpouraer pacqerbr
il{Horo",lerHero pery.,"IHpoBaHHfl croKa r{ fio3BoJrrer o6o6rqnrr orrbrr
slleprerrrqecnoro trpoer(THpoBar-rHfl Ha ilrHorr{x o6tercrax. OAsaxo
cJIeAyeT HMe.Tb B BHAy, gTo c r{x noMoilIbro I{oiKHo o[pe{€.,-rHTb ra-
par{THpoBaSlliii pacxoA c saAaHHori o6ecneqeHHocrbro, B ro BpeMfi
KaK Arff fOC rpe6yercn orpe{e,rrnrb rapaHTrrpoBaHHyro Morr{Hocrb
c 3aAaHnofi o6ecflerieHHocrbro, T.. e. yqecrb xo,rre6arrrrff HanopoB. 3ro
o6croqreJlbcTBo IItvleer 6orrtuoe 3Ha(teHLre, nocKo/rbriy Kone6ar.rHrr
Hanopog Ha crar{qllrix, oco6eugo FIn3t(onafloprrblx. Aocrnfaror 3r{a(ri,i-
reJlbllblx pa3r{epoB (Ao 25-30 0/0). Tevr He^ rrrenee rrpr{ rreAocraro'r-
lloii A'[llTeJIblJocTrr Ha6.ryIoAetulii 3a croKoNr rr sbrcorioi.{ creneHrr pe-
383
ql 02 qj q+ 0,5 q6 47 0,6 qg ru u /,2 /,J t4 cy

--- PAGE BREAK ---

ry,.THpoBaHttfl O6o6ulenHue NIeTOAbI pacqeTa HaXoAflT rullpoKoe rtpl{-
MCIICHIIC.
MeroA crarlrc,rrrr{ecKLix }rcnbIraHHl:i (r\loHre-Kap,ro) oco6ettito t-(e-
itecoo6lla3eH TofAa, riorAa a.[ropriT\{br pe[IeHHt{ 3aAarI HacTo,'lbKo c.[OiKHbl' qTo aHa-
rrirKrrecKoe peuteHHe HX FIe flpeAcraBJltlerctl B03Mox(Hblu (cn. $ 3'4) .
I-lpuvenarenbHO K pacqeraM pervrtHpoBaHHfi crol(a Bo,1o\paH[l,'lHu{as'{I{ f3C
Hrefl jvreroAa crarlcrrrqecKlr.\ rcnurarnrri 3at(Jlortaercq u npoBe!,ellHIt BoAHo3Hepfe-
THqecKIIX pacqeroB f3C no 6o'ruuovy r{Hc'ly peanlt:al{uit croKoBofo npouecca c no-
CJej,),'rou{eir Crarllcrl.irlr'cKori o6pa6orxol't no,tyqaellst x o pesy;rsrare pacqera napa-
MerpoB f3C. A,'rrr rrpoBeJ,eHitfl raKnx pacrreroB rpe6)'erct{ co3;l.lHlle neponrtlocrtrol'i
MOJ,e,,]U npoqecca croKa.
I{cno"rl:oeaHr{e }terola }loure-Kap":.ro n03Bo.IIfleT Hs6e;{iarg l'c"loBHoro pa3Ae-le-
Hrrs noJe3goro o6re:ra Bo.toxpar{I{x}ru{ Ha ce3ott}tbtti s ltsoro'rerttttii.
-\lero:, lloiire-(ap.ro cJaraercrr rr3 rpc-\ cocraBl{bt\ qacreli. 3ro, Bo-nepBbl\,
MoJ,e.trtpoBaHIte c,l).qairHblx BeilltqriH c 3alatlHLrll 3aKollo.\1 pacfipe;IeileHItr, Bo-BTo-
pbr.\, flocrpoeHr{e BeporrHocrHbrr lro,r,eureii peaxbHbtr npoi{eccoB (circrelt) ll, tlalio-
Heq, 3a.taqH crarlCTitqcCrOit TeOpllH OUeHllBalll{s. EOrree nO;lpO6tlO o nepeOit I{ BTO-
pot't qacrll rleroAa Hanllcatlo e rJI. 3.
pacqer MHoro-lerHer-o per)'nrrpoBaHufl c fro\(otqbto Merora I'loure-KapJIo npoH3-
Bo.fitrcfi B c.lejl):K-ltt{cil noc,te.I.oBzTer'lbuocrH.
I-la nepBolr 3rane )'eraHaB,IllBatorcfl l{J'I}l 3aAa}orct{ pacnpe'{'e"'Iettlte BepoflTHocr-
Hbr\ 3Hartetilri'r crona il ItaTe.\larIIqecKafi yo,lerb CTolia, )'qiiTblBatoulatl KoppeiitlTllB-
rtble cBs3rr Ire;{ijl\.troKayu c}reiKHbrx.ler.3areu pa3btrpblBaiorat{ pea,rll3aul{tl cro-
KoBoro ilpouccqa otrpe-te.teHrrori.:.;rrrcJbirocrr{ t{a ocHoBe n0llHtlrbl x Bblule 3aKoHo'
iireprrocreri. fIo crt\{ pealt-r3au}rri}r npoBo,l,rrct{ BoJ,Ho3HeprerI(t{ccKlle pacqerF,t.ltobt'trt
Ir3 onrtcaHHht x tsbttre tteTOJ.OB. Pe:V-rlrarll pacqeTOB (HanOp, rapaHTtIpOBaIIHafl I{OUl-
I{ocrb, eupa6orxa 3.qeKrpoeHeprnrr) pacc\tarpHtsatorcfl KaK pea'-III3atlHff HoBblx c'xy-
qarrHoir xapaKrepttcrllK perYJIlpoBallHff, no Koropb{}{ cTpo}ircR pacnpeAenelllle Be-
ponrHocreii r-ori lt.rtt ttttoit \apaKrepl{cr}IKH'
Taxoft I{ero;1 Ito3Bo.1fler ncno.tb3oBarb B pacqerax ue o-Itttt xoporxliit KarleHJ.ap-
usrri p:l.l H36..!roA€nuli, a 6o,rbuoe qrrcro rtcxyccrBeHHblx pflAoB.lro6ofi AJIltre.4bHo-
crH, tITo ilo3Bo.rlfer hogt'tciirt roqHocrb pacqeroB'
tlleron KaJreHAapHbIX pflAOB OCHoBaH Ha llcnoJib3oBaFII'Ili [pOiI]eJ'-
ulrX JIeT He6irIoA€llllfi 3a CTOKON{ Lt OcyU{eCTBJ'IfleTCf B AByX Qop-
Nrax - f pa(bliqecKoil II T26"i1[lqHOiI.
f pacpduecKtre pacqerbr npoBoAflrcfl ro llHrerparrbHofi KpT-
Bofi iror<a, nocTpoeHHofi Ha oCtloBe Hllercu1llXCfl pflJoB Ha6'itiogeuuit'
HeAocrarriaMrr oToi:r Qoprrru pacqera ffBrfltorcfl HeBbICoKafl ToqFlocri)
t{ TpyAoe&IKocTb, OAHaKO OHII AarcT BO3MOiKtlocTb noJIyqaTb ocHoB-
Hbre napaNlerpbt pery.ilHpoBaHI'1fl (nOrresHlrrl O6teu, rJIy6llHy flepe-
6oee ri r. A.).
TA6JI!IIIHbIiI CNOCO6 PACTICTA CBOAI-ITCfl K
Hrrf BojlFIOro 6alaHca no orpe3liaM BpeMel]H Ai;.
tDre BoLHOfo 6a"rlatlca llMeer BllA
A/; : t Ayo: (Qnpr __Qp".i) Ati: [Q"o- - (Q,,",,; f Q*''cp;+AQ' )] Aft'
(20.4)
rAe Quri - pacxoA aKKwyilflqlrr{, T. e. pa3HOCTb npoTeKaloqero Qnp- a
3apef y,'lllfoBaHHof o Qperi pacxoAoBi avu ._ t{3lvleHeHt{e obleuta BoAOXpa-
HHJTHilIa (nnrcc rrp6 yBeII4qeHHH ero, I\,tI,lHVc - rip?i Cpa6oTKe); Qn.ns,
Q*."opi, AQ"r-pacxoAbl, coorBercrBeHHO iHCnOJib3yeMbIIi, C6pocHoft E'
yxoA;ulgfi Ha rorepg BoAbr H3 BoAoxpaHHJIHIdai Lti-HHrepBaJIbl oc-
peAHeHHs.
p ooDyf^rrrrn^T' nr upn6ynnuvnfi TouHocTI,I nacqeT Bbiffo.iltlfeTCfl
u JaDrlLllrvluulLl ul .rvvvrtvA^ E .
no HHTepBaJIaM pa3IHt{HOl:i A"nllrelbHocTH. Tar, n fiepnoA tIoJ-IOBoAbn
acfioJlbsyloTcff AaHHbIe IIO nflTHAHeBKaM HJlll AeKaAaM, a B Mex(eHs
O6tt.IHo nO MecflqaM. Bce pe3ylbTaTbl paCr{eToB 3attHCbIBa]oTcf B
ra6IHI{e (ra6n. 20.1). B sangcl'itYI6cTH OT HaJIllqHf TeX HIlt4 HHbIx
yqacTFIHKoB BoAoXo3fficreeHHoro KolllriJIeKca Ts6rHLlS Mox(eT He-
cKoJIbKo BHAoH3MeHflTbcfl. Ta6rH,{[iHfr cfloco6 no3BoJIfier paccqHTbI-
BaTb rapaHTHpOBaHrryrc MoU{HOCTb H Bblpa6arlteaetvlylo 3neKTpO3Hep-
r-Hrc f3c. Toquocrl pacqeTa Ta6,lr.i.rrHblM CTIOCO6OM Bbiuje, qei\'i npH
pacqere IIo HHTefpaJIbHbIM KpHBbIM CTOKa-
I4cnonteoBaHHe CToKoBbIX pfAoB B pacl{eTaX MHoIOJIerHero pe-
ryJIHpOBaHHfl HMeeT pflA IIoJIoX{HTeIIbHIIX OCo6eHHocTeil. BO-nepnutx,
AaHHble rHApOueTpllqeCKHx ga6.nrcAeslrfi aBTOMaTHi{eCKH ytIHTbIBa}OT
BCe XapaKTepHbIe 3aKoHOMepHOCTH CTOKOBO|O flpoqecca, KoToptie He
BcefAa MoryT 6url BbIflBJIeHbI crarHcTliqecKHMH MeroAallH c' aocra-
roqHoli Toi{HocTbro ri3-3a oTHocHTe,,'IbHo He6o,Tbuloii AnHTeJIbHocTil
pflAOe Ha6nrcleuHri. Bo-eropltx, llCnOJIb3oBaHHe H&6ilIoAeH[lbIx pfl-
AoB o6.naAaer HarJ-rrAHocrbro, Aaer Bo3MolKHocrb noryr{llTb xol li3-
r,leuettHri peX(lIMa pa6oTbt f3C, nPHBtlsaHHblil K KaJieHAapHbll!{ Aa'
TaM. H3 gTOfO, oAHaKO, He cJIeAyeT, qTO [ofiyqeuHble XapaKTeplicTll'
KH MO)KHO HCnOnbsoBarb Anfl fiporHo3lipoBaHHfl pelliHlvla 'pa6orbl
fOC c npllBrsKoft ilo BPeMeHrI.
llpr npoeKrHpoBaHHII pe>1<HMoB paforbl f3C, BXoAqqHx B 3Hep-
feTHqecKIIe cuCTeMbI, pa6oTbl rHApo3HepreTHqecKI{X KacKaAoB B yc-
JroBHflX, KorAa Bbl6op- upaBnnbHoro pelueHHfl 3aTpyAHffeTcfl o6HJtH'
eM Qaxropon, tpe6yioufnx yqera, H cJTox(Hocrblo Hx B3anMoAeficr-
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381
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25" 387

--- PAGE BREAK ---

BoAbr B BoAoxpaHHJrHr{e H o[peAeJrflroT KoHer]Hbrfr ypoBeHb BoAbr B
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389

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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3 i:EoKi* H i,
rAe 3; - IIpHBeAeHHbre 3aTparhr rro oAHoMy H3 paccillaTpHBaei!{brx
BapHaHroB i; EE- uopuarueHurl xo:SQnqneHr sQQexrxBHocrH Ka-
TIHTA.TIOBJ'IOXCUiTii; Kt _ KAIIHTAJIOBJIO}KCHHg NO BAPHAHTY i; lI i _
ex\efoAlrbre HsAeplr(KH npor{3BoAcTBa (ce6ecrolrMocTb npoayxurtu)
no BapHaHry ,.
Ecrn cpaBHHBaeMb{e BapHaHTbr rexHHqecKHX peueHufi H o6ter<-
TOB, HaMeqaeMbrx K ocyqecrBJleHHro, oTJlHqalorcfl He ToJIbKo pa3NIe-
paMH Heo6xoAnMbrx 3aTpar, Ho cpoKaMH coopyx{eHuff H ocBoeHHfl
npoei<rHofi MouIHocrH, To garparbr pa3Hbrx neT npHBoAflTCfi K KaKo-
*ry-ru6o oAHoil{y 6asncuolty roAy, B KaqecrBe Koroporo Mox(er 6rrrn
irpHirar nn6ofi ro,u,.
B o6qeu cJryqae, KorAa KaiIHTaJIoBJIox(eHHg B elKeroAHbre H3-
AeplKKli ilpoI{3BoAcTBa H3MeHsrOTCfl IIO fOAaN{ paCr{eTHOfO rrepH0Aa
T, ea npeAeJlaMrr Koroporo, r. €. HaqHHafl c roAa (T+l), paccMar-
pHBaeil{ble o6r,exru He tpe6yror KanHTaiTonlo}KeHHi"r, a e}KeroA}rbre
H3AepX(r{H npor{3BoAcTBa ocTaroTcs nocTo.fiHHbrMH Ann KaxAofo H3
cpaBiIr.IBaeMbrx BaptraHToB (Hr:H r+t) , npHBeAeHr-rbte 3arparbr c
yqeroM Sar<ropa BpeMeHH B paccMarpr.rBaeMoM BapHar{Te per(o;\,reH-
Ayercfl onpeAenflrb rro Qoprvly.rue
TT
E - tr Sn'rtJ-tr \-6-'' Iv:--rt/-)..r\r-rurr.n) f I AH,(l +Er..)'u-t, (21.2)
f:l t:t^
oAHOfO I-I TO|O Xie foAa.
Coopyx<eHrre friApo3HeprerttqecKoro o6.oexra flpli3Haercfl sQQer-
THBHbtNt, ecJirr IIpHBeAeHHbIe 3aTpaTbi r{o HeMy, iloAcIIHTal]Hble no
qop*rynu* (ZL.ti H (21.3), oxasitnarcrcfl MeHbtuIINlII, qeivf npllBeAeH-
Hble 3aTpaTbI no 3aIVIeFifleMoMy BapHaHTy, noAcllHTaHtIL,Ie no TeM X{e
Qopuyrau.
Texglrxo-3KoHoN,rrrqeCKHe paCqeTbI IIo oIIpeAeJIeHHIo HapoAHoxo'
ssl'rcreeuHor:i e$QexrnBHOCTH BoAO XO3 s ti cTBeH H blx K o M Ii'
"oa^aO" (BXI() 3aK,TiOr{aIoTCf, TaK X(e KaIi u AIlfi rl{Apo3HepreTii-
qeCKlIX O6terrOg, e COIOCTaB.IeH]iH npI{Be,[,eHHbIX 3aTpaT' HeO6XOAI{-
MbtXAJ]flocyiqecTBjleH}IflBoAoXo3ffI"ICTBeH.i{oroKo]vtIIJIeKCa,cTeMH
[pr{BeAeHHbII\'Itr 3aTpaTaM}I, KOTopbIe noTpe6OeaIHCu 6nt AJiq OcyUeC'r-
BJIeHnfl Su*ranr.*"* (allrepuarHnHux) O6leKroe BNIeCTO paccMaT-
priBae\{blx BXK.''--npr 
*uro*r t{HSJIe'BapHaHT6B Bo3MoH{Ho TaKx(e nonapHoe HK
cpaBHeHHe no MeroAy cpbra oKynaeMocTH (xoaQQul{HeH-
T'a 3 Q Q e KT 'BHocrH) KanHTaJIoB.IIoiKeHllri. TorAa
(21.1)
(21.4)
(21.5)
390

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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Ho p M arHe utt ft cpoK o r( y rr a e M o c r r{ Karuira"{oe,Toxeuafi'(,s fiBJrr{ercfl ee.munuofi, o6paruofi HopMar}rBHoMy xoeQsHr{HeHry
essercrneHocra Er.
. . BapraHr, xapaKTepusyroulultcx 66nnruauu KarrHTaJrbHbrMH Blro-)KeHHfMH, sBJr.flercfi 3KoHoMHqecKH s{SexruBHbrM, ecJIH XOeQsnrilr-
eHr e$$eKTHBFIocrH KannTaJloeflolKeFruir B 3Tor BapHaHT Bbrrue trJrHpaBeH HopMarHBHoMy (n"rrn cpoK oKynaeMocrn,KanHTa.rrosroxerrHr:r
MeHbuIe I{JIH paBeH HopMarueuor'ly).
2{.3, HOTMAT}4BHbIE HO9CFTD'{I.IHEHTbI 3(0(DEKT'IBHOCTH P{ YIIET
(DAKTOPA BPEMEHH
llpu 3KoHoMHqecKoM oSocHoeaHlru rHApo3Heprerrrr{ecKr{x o6texroe ro n{eroAy
cpaBHHrerllttoti sQQeKrItBHocrH fQopuynu (21.i)-(21.5)] cyuecrseHHoe 3HaqeHue
HMeeT noplrarneHuir xoeQQuUueHr eQQerrunnocru Kaaura.'roBaoxesair En, qro
o6rqcHqercr BbrcoKoft xauniaitoevKocrbro rHIpo,v3JoB.
Hapo,nnouy xoanficrBy ltox(er 6urs HaseceH yutep6 xax B pe3ynbrare 3aBbr-
lueHHf, TaK lI 3aHHx{eHHf 3Tofo xoaQQHIIIrenra. llpH 3aHH)fieHHri xosQQuUHeHra En
6y.srr nu6nparrcfl Aoponrte r'ranos$QeKTHBrrbre Baprrai{rbr H BrreApflTbcq H3,rHrrrH€
KanHTanoeMKHe Mepo[D]rflTIIs. flpn ero saBbiureHur.r 6yaer Heo6ocHoaaHHo 3aaep]Kr{-
Barbcfl BHeApeHHe Hoeoti rexHHKH II orpaHHcHBarbcfl Hcnorb3oBanae a$SexrnBrubrx
FH.{posriepropecypcoB.
<Tunoeafi MeroAHKa onpeAeneHHr 3KoHoMir,{ecxori srfQexrlrnuocrH KarraraxbHbrx
sulo)heHHfi>, yrBep;+(AeHHan focn.raHou CCCP, foccrpoev CCCP u Axa.u,einueft uayr
CCCP, a raKxre <<HHcrpyxrlHfl no onpeA€.it€Hlro 3KoHoMHqecKol-{ s0senrueuocrlr Ka-
IIIlrS:'rbHbrx BrTo)+(8Hfifi B pa3BHT]te 3HepFerHqecKor-o .to:Rticrea> yrBepxireHuaR Mlilt.
sHepro CCCP, peKoveuA) tor uopvaruouuir roaQilsqNeur aStpexrHeuocrri, paB.
nufi 0,12.
- Onpe:r€r-r€HHe aQQexrusrrocru fOC u fA3C npol{3BoAHTCs Ha ocHoBaHH}{ <}lero-
AIfqecKHX yrasaHuft ng orrpejl,e"'reHHrc 3KoHoMxqecxofi srlQexrueHocrlr rHApo3Hepre_
TnqecxHx o6texros> 'pa:pa6oraHHLdx 
Muuauepro CCCP x fnlponpoeKrou, B Koro-
pblx Aflq rHApo3l{eprerHqecKH-\ o6lexros HopMarHBHsrfi xoaQQH(ne}rr aQQexruaHo-
crH npnHHMaeTcfl paBrrb{,M 0,12 s coorBercrBHu c peKoven.q,aqgeri Tunoeori MeroAHrirr.
Ann o6leKToB rnApo3lleprerxrrecKono crpourenbcrBa, npoeKrupyeMbrx e pariouax
Kpaftuero Cenepa H npHpaBHegtlbrx K HHM lrecrrrocrsx, a raKixe Arq o6rexroB, oria-
3HBatolllFlX 6o'nsuroe BnHflHne Ha pa3BIirHe H pa3MeqeHHe npoH3BoAHT€Jrblrb{x cr,tr,i,
Qopunponanne unQpacrpyKTypb{ parioua HnH peuarctrurx B KoMnneKce pflA 3aAaq
iuepnerrrxu, opouieuHn, Tparrciropra, 6opodbr c HaBoAHeHHsI{H H T. A., Hopvarxerrsr;i
xoe$$uunern s$QerrHBHocrrr cHHxiaercfl .q,o 0,08.
llpu :rou HopltarHBHr'rH xosQQr{qireHr sQQexrnenocrH B pa3Mepe 0,08 penolrerr-
AyeTcE npHHltMaTb oAHHarioBr{M KaK Anfl rHApo3HepreTHqecxrx o6tenroe, rax H .(nfl
SaMeHfeMOrO BapHaHTa, petllarctllero ?Hd.r'IOI-Hr{HbIe gaAar{H.
Hopuarxe yrlera rfaxropa BpeMeHH e Qopvynax (21.2) ,t (21.3) spHHtr!{aercs
paBHHlr 0,08 n coorBercrBux c Tsnoeofi rvreroAHxori.
21.4. ycfioBHfl 3HEprET,,trtECKOn H SHOHOMXqECKOTI
CONOCTASHMOCTH BAPHAHTOB
Ans npaBr.rJrbHoro onpeAeJreFrr{fi HapoAHoxo3ffficrBeFrHor,l e(rrpex_THBHoc-rH fHApoy3noB H Bbldopa HX octtoBgbrx napaMerpoB rpe6yer-cfl co6,1IoAeIrHe yc.IIoBHiI sKoi{orvrHqecKori l.r slrepreruqecKoit cono-
392
cTaBr.rMocTrr c saMeHseMbrMpi BapHaHTaMH. flprr cpaBI{eHHH BapHaI{-
TOB AOIIIKIIbI yr{HTbIBaTbCfl BCe 3aTpaTbI, BKJiIOT{afl KaIIHTaJIOBJIOX{eHI'Ifl
rJ ocHoBHbre QoH4rr, HopMHpyeMbre o6oporHrre cpeAcTBa Li elKe-
foAHbre H3AepxiKH npoH3BoACTBa.
l{cxoAsurprr.r rrpuHr{HnaMH Arq oflpereJreHaff 3 a M e H tI eM o ro
(a"n I T e p H a r H B H o r o) BapHaHTa flpfi npoeKTrrpoBaHun rnApo-
?HeprerHqecKfix o6texron rBJrflIorcfi rrpoH3BOACTBo oKBHBaJIeHTHoTo
I{nntILIeCTFlr nnnIIl/rarTrdfl u (\t{2?qtr[{o \/nn\/r' n \rrJFTr.tl\fr v2uo1rTp-A l.T CnO-r\qrrlr I( vr\qvq v J rv -r-
KOB flO,rtyqeHr.rfl (o4uHaroerre Bbrpa60TKa sHepfHH, BbrrrycK ceJIbcKO-
xo3fll?crBeHHoir rlpoAyKi{Htt, o6telr fiepeB03oK pa3JIHtIHbIMH BHAaMH
TpaHcnopra Lr np.). 3aMeHqeMoir:t BapHaHr Ao,,'rlKeH 6slrn peaJTbHo
ocyu{ecTBHMbrM H Harr6oJree 3Kor{oMlrr{HbrN{ ti3 BCex Bo3Mox(Hbrx Ba-
pHaHToB, Koropbre ocyulecrBJrflJracb 6nr B cryqae orKa3a or crpoH-
Te,rrbcTBa IIpoeKrHpyeMofo r]rApoy3Jra.
3HeprerrlqecxNi? eQQexr f ?C 3aKrrroqaercfl B BbrrecHe-
HHIi MOU]HOCTH H sNCI(TP03HCPf HH 3APICHflCMbIX 3JIEKTPOCTAHUIiI?.
VcraHoereHHaff MoIqHomb 3aMeHfleryrort 3JreKTpocraHrruH oIpeAe,.rfl-
CTCfl HA OCHOBC CPABHCHHfl AB}/X BAPIiAHTOB PA3BI{THff sHCPTOCHCTC.
il{br c f3C H 3aMeHqeMoii T3C
3uepro:xouoMHqecKre xapaKrepHcrHKti rpoeKrupyeMofi f 3C
onpeAeJrfiiorcff c yqeTolr ee BJurflrir.rfl Ha sHepfeTHqecKHI:r eQQexr fio
MOUIllocrri rr 3neKTpo3HepfHrr Apyflrx fHApo3neKTpocraHI{r4fi, flH60
coBlrecTrro pa6oTarou{HX c Her"r B 3HepfocrrcTeMe,,'IH6o noABepfaio-
[I.rrxcff Bojloxo3flfrcreeHuovty Bo3AefrcTBHro co cTopor]br paccNraTpH-
BaeMoir f3C.
Ats o6ecneqenlts vcJloBuir floiiHoir oHeprertiqecKoir 3KBHBa,Terrr-
HOCTI{ CO[OCTaB.irfeMbrx BapHaHToB yrlHTbrBaeTcq, qTo Ailfl HapoAHo.
ro xo3fliicrea HMeeT 3HaqeHr{e ToJrbKo no/re3Hoft ornycK 3neKTpo3Hep.
rllrr lr MouIHocrH noTpe6lrrerrflrvr. lloaror.ry B BapHaHTe c f3C H
3aMeHf eMOr{ BapHaHTe yqHTbrBaprcfl Bce norepH Mou{HocrH H sJIeK-
Tpo3HepfHlr rr BCe BliAbr orpaHxqeHHrl HCnoJrb3oBaHHfl sHeproo6opy-
AOBaHllf BO BCeX sBer{bflx rrpoH3BoACTBa, npeo6pa3oBaHHfl 14 rrepeAa-
qrr sJreKTp03HepfHtr. cpasueHne npoH3BoAr{TCfl npHI,reHHTeJrbHo K
paBlioil1y no'Te3Holty orrr)/cKy Mou{Hocrr{ r{ sJreKTp03HepfHH IIorpe-
6 Lirerrfl rt.
I-lprr conocraB./'IetlHI{ B3ar{il{03aMenfleil.rbrx o6bexroe cyu{ecrBenHoe
3Haqetllle t{MeeT H3lvleFiell}le BO BpeMeHII IICnoJTb3yeMOri MOuIHOCT}i.
Tar, pacilo,r'IaraeMaq Mou{rrocrb f3C Mox{eT cHH}Karbcq B nepBbre
roAbr pa6orsr H3-3a HeHanoJrHeHHocTH BOAoxpaHr.ijtHrua, He3aBep-
[reFiFrocTtr crpoHTe;lbcrBa KacKaAa craHuHrl tr r. A. HeAocraroqHoe
pa3BHrHe nHr{oBoi? qacrr'r rpaQuxoe 3reKrpHqecKorl Harpy3Kr.r Mo.
)KeT npHBecTH K TOMy, riTo B flepBble foAbl 3KclJIyaTar{HH HcrroJrb-
3yeMafl turorrlHocTn f3c Mox(er 6orrs HHX{e pacnoJraraeMor?-
Bosit{oxHaq K HcrroJrb3oBa[rHro Mourrrocrb fAC Mo]I(er or.rrrr-
qaTbcfl IIo orAe.rlbtlbtivr flepr.toAaM, no3Toll{y Heo6xoIHMo cocraBJIeHHe
roAoBofo oanallca MorqHocTH. flpn aroM Mofyr rrMerb Mecro cJryqaH,
KOf,qa:
norpe6rrocrb B MourHocrr{ fOC cyrqecrByer r(pyrrrbrfi roA, r. e.
ce3oHllblx rTpoBanoB 3Hepfor]arpy3KH I{e XBaraer Anfi npoBeAerrHrr
393
!
I

--- PAGE BREAK ---

KalHTaJlbHbIX peMoHToB oCHoBHo-ro- o6opy4oeaHHn 3JIeKTpoctaHUHft;'
norpe6HocT; B Mot11Hocrl{ fOC oCo6eHHo ocTpo npofB'/'Iflercfl
JrHrrrb B ileplioA IIpOXOiKAeHIIfl MaKCpIMyMa Hafpy3KH' T' e' ce3orlFlble
11pogaJrbr Harpy3i(t AocTaTorIHbI AJIq IIPoBeAeHHfi KanHTaJIbFIblX pe-
MOHTOB.
B nepBOM CJlytlsg Heo6xoAHMo ofipeAeJlfTb cpeAHeroAoBoe l{c-
[oJIb3oBaHI4e rvtouluocrra f3C, flpn erblvl CHH]KeHHe pacfloJlaraeMoil
MorqHocrrr f3C B orAeJrbHbre nepr4oAbl _rI_pHBoAHT K cHIi2KeHHIo cPeA,-
HeroAoBoro HcrroJrb3oBaHHrr N,IouIHocTK f3C H ee BblrecHfllouleft crlo-
co6FrocTlr, H fro3TOMy AOJrX(HO yqHTbrBaTbCfl B pacqeTax.
Bo BTOpOM cflyqae B ycJroBHfx sHepfoodbeAHHeHHli MOIKHO Ofpa-
HHqlITbCfl aHaJIH3OM IIpOXOIKAeHlifl foAoBofo MaKCHMyMa Hafpy3Kl{
pacqeTllofo fOAa.^ 
llplr oAHHx tr Tex x(e 3HaqeHHfx MoxlHocTH H 3JIeKTpO3HepfHH,
C KOTOpbrltH pa3.rllirrHbre O6.berrlt yqaCTByloT B CooTBeTCTBytoufllx
6anaHcax altepfocHcreMbr, 3HaqeHltfl HX ycraHoBreHHoii MolIIHocrli
w BbrpaSoTKH sJreKTpo3HeprHH oKalKyTCff pa3II{t{HbI}IH, [OCKOnbKy y
conocraB./'rfleMbrx o6ierros pa3Hble pacxoAbl 3JIeKrpo3HeprHH Ha co6-
cTBeHHbre HylKAbr, aBapnfisltfr pe3epB, TeKyx{HfI peMoHT' noTepg B
Jrlr[{Ii.flx ilepeAaqH H ApyfHe noTepH MOUIIIOCTH H 3JIeKTpO3HepfHH'
Taxutr o6fasolr, n BapHaHTe pa3Bgrgfl sHeproc6creMbl c saMeHfle-
r"roir T3C ee entrecHffeMar Mou{Hocrb AOJI}KHa ol]peAe"rlffTbcfl IIo Qop-
IvIyJie
A/iEt: ffF:t(l +a"."*op.,,* o^ut o,rsn), (21.6)
rAe NlSt - Hcrlorlb3yeMafi MolqHocrb f3C, oc.s - npeBbiilieHHe
HopMbr pacxoAa Ha co6crBeHHbre r{yx(Abl saMeHfleMofl 3JIeKrpocraH-
11Hrr ilo cpaBIIeHHIo c f3Cl oper,r - npeBbltrIeHHe HOpM KaIIHTaJIbFIOfO
r{ TeKyxlero peMOHTa 3aMeHfleMofi 3IeKTpocTaHI{HK tIO cpaBHeHHIO C
iaC;'s"" - np.uotru.nn. aBapu_r?Hocrn arperaroB 3aMeHfleMofi 3JIeK-
TpoCTaFII{HH IIo cpaBHeHlliO c f3C; oi'I3n - pa3HIiqa noTepb B 'r-IlIHltflX
sneKrpoflepeAaq or 3aMer{seMofi 3JreKrpocraHqHH H f3c.- 
etrpa6oi*u s,rleKrpo3Heprnu 3aMeH;eMofI 3rleKrpocraHquefi (TOC)
oilPeAeJlflercfl no QoPMyJIe
3?T" :3rzc(i +G.." t o*n), (2r.7)
rpe6yFor pa3fiHrIHoro ilpHBJierleHHn pa6ouefi cHrIbI. OAHalio f A3C,
tto CpaBHeHIiIo C ApyfHMH THI]aMlI IIHKOBbiX 3JIeKrpoCTaHIIHii, CyUe-
crBeHHo yMeHb[IaIoT TpyAHOCTH B 3KcliJlyaTaut'lH aTOMHbIX H TeIIJIO.
BbIx 3JIeKTpoCraHUHLi tip" npoxoX(AeHI'IH HoBIIX ltpoBaJIoB rpaQLIKoB
Harpy3KH.
2{.5. OnpEAEJIEHHE CMETHCIE CTOIIMOCTH CTPOt',iTEnbcTBA
CrOuiltOCrt cTpOttTeJIbCTB a IIpOeKTI{pyeMbI X rHAp03HepreTHr{eCKLIX
o6terroe oflpeAeJlnercfl no cBoAHoil ctvlere'
CeoAHas'CMeTa cocTorrT H3 AByX qacTefi: p a3A eJI a A- KanH-
TaJIOB.TiOX{enfifl B npOMbllUJIel{HOe CTpOliTeJ'IL,CTBO H p a 3 A e JI a b -
KANHTA,IIOB,'IOX(CHIIf B X(H,'IIiilIHO-TPAi{(AA HCKOC CTPOIiTC"'IbCTBO'
cltera no pa3Ae,ly A BKJ'rtorraET cJreAyrou{Ile fr,'iaBbI:
1. IlolroroBKa Teppltroprlli crpoHrerbcrBa.
2. O6texTbt OCHOBHOTO tlpOll3BOACTBeHFIOfo I{a3tlaqellHfl .
3. O$terrm rioAco6Horo npor{3BoAcrBeHHofo I{ o6cnyxliBalou{ero
HA3HAqCHHfl.
4. O6:sexrbl 3HeprerHr{ecKoro xo3fl iICTBa.
5. O6terrbi rpaHcnoprHoro xo3fflicrBa H cBfl3H.
6. HapyxtHbre cerrr rr coopyx{eFrrrr Bo.r,octla6x(eHIItI, KaHaJII{3aI{Hii,
Ten,locHa6xeuns Ii fa30c1'la6xeHltq.
7. Btraroycrpoiicreo reppHropIII{ rpeArpHffr}Ifl-
8. BpeneFII{bte 3AaH}Ifl LI coopyx(eHIIfl'
9. llpoulie pa6orbl H sarparbr.
i0. CoAepxiaHtte AIIpeKUHII Crpoflu{er6cf ilpeArPHflrllfl li aBrop-
cKrrir HaA3Op.
1 l. I-loaroroBKa 3ticnJlyarauHoHHblx I(aApoB.
12. I-lpoeKrHbIe I{ Ii3bicxareJIbcKrie pa6orbl.
i3. Pa6oTbr rr 3aTpaTbr rro co3AaHriro BoAoXpaH!L,'IHU{4.
B ceoAHoir cMere Ha cTpoHreIlbcrBo (paaLe'r A) AonxieH npeAy'
C IaTpI.tBaTbcf pe3epB Ha IIoKpbITHe HeIIpeABlIAeHHblX pa60T H 3a-
TpaT, a TaKX{e CpeACTBa rIa yqeT H3h{eHel'ltlfi I{eHOo6pa3yrcUIHX QaX-
TOpOB B CBfl3II C IiaytlHO-TeXHHqeCKHM Ii CoqliSi'IbFlbilv{ nporpeCCOM vI
npoBeAeHHell IIp IIpOAOOXp atlHbl x Mepoup Iif rrl il.
Toqsocrt ofipeAeJreHrrx cMerHoi? cToHMocTH rHApogI{eprerlr^ce.-
cKIIX o6texroe Ha pa3JII{qHbix CTaAHf x npoeKTI'IpoBaIII'{fl. (cril. r,tr. 20)
pa3fltrqrra. Ha npeAilpoeKrirorv{ 3Tatte npoeKrl'{poBaFII{fl (craAHH cxe-
l,rsr, T3O, TOP) ,qrs oripeAeJrerrFrfl uuernorYi cronMocrn crpol{Te"rlb-
cTBa cocTaBJIflIOTCfl CBOAHbIe CNIeTrible pacqeTbI, Aaf r{efo
IrcnoJlb3ylorcti c6opHlixll yK p y fi He FI H bi x noK as aT eJI eii croll-
ruocru (ync). A.rn onpeAereHHff cMerr-roir cronMocrl{ crpollrerlbcrBa
f3C H fA3C Ha npeABapr.rrerrbHbrx craArrffx rrpoeKrHpoBaHllfl npLI-
MeHflror <C(oprisK yKpy[HeHHbrx noKa3areJlefi croHMocrtl AJIfl o6oc-
HoBLJBaIou{HX MarepHa.noB crpoHreabcrBa f OC H f A3C> (yilC
f 3C-84), yreepxAeirHblfl MnHeHepro CCCP.
Ha nfoexrnoM srane npoeKrapoBarrHrr (craaur npoel(ra H pa6o-
(reir /{oKyMeriraulrH) cocraBJlflrorcrr f eHepaJIbIJI'te cMerbl, AJlrt tlefo
rrcrrorb3yrorcrr elsii,re pai-ioriuue eAlIIIHtIttble pact{euKII (EPEP).
495
I
bt
rAe Srac-cpeAHeNlHOfOJreTHff Bbrpa6orra 3HeprllH Ha r3c.
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394

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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(2r.e)
(2r. r0)
(21.15)
396
K"on: 0,l 2Koo. {21.t2\
397

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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rrbrx rIpeAr pwnrwft B Bep.(HeM H HI{)KHeM 6leQax rl1.4,po}3r'IoB H r' .q,. Yu1ep6rl Ha
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flpn onpeAeneHlri crotr.\{ocrrr crpo}{re,rtbcrBa Ha craAnrx, npeA[IecrBylou{Hx T3O,
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no cneqHaJ]bHoI{y pacqeTy.
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CTAB IiT:
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HOMeHT{Jr arype.
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nHuIHOfo H fpalKAaHcKofo Ha3HaqeHHrr npi{HprMaercfl B npoueHTax
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Ks: (0,1.=- 0,12) ((e -KR,,). (21 . 18)
flolHas BeJIHTTHHa cMerHoir crogMocru crpor{TenbcrBa (o6reru
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

I{c* 3? BbITICTOM:
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HHF{, (nep,
.-Karr.iraJloBJ'tolKeFrr{fi no pa3AeJIy E Ksi
peaJ-IH3OBaHHbiX BO3BpaTHbIX CyIvIM ^("o."p.
O6rexru, flepeAaBaeMbIe Apyrurvr BeAoMcrBarvr AJrn AairbHerluero
l[crroJlb3oBaHHfl nO pa3Ae,,lv A, uorvr BKJIroqaTb:
o6rexrnr roproB;H ri o6rqecrBerigoro rrHraHHfl, 6assr oPCa, ltHo-
Hepflarepn (no r.r. 3);
x{eJlesHble H aBToMo6H.IibHbte Aoporr.i, fioprbl, a3poApoMbr, a raK-
x(e ycrpoficrno BCex BHAOB cBfi3H (no rn. 5);
BpeMeFiHbre 3AaHHfl H COOpyX(eHHfl, HeO6XOIHMbre EJtfl npoH3BoA-
cTBa ocHoBHblx cTpoHTenbHo-MoHTaX{FIbIX pa6or (xapnuuuue 3aBo- -
AbI, aBTo6a3br, KoMnpeccopHbie, rpaBlifiHo-copTHpoBor{Hbre, AepeBo-
o6pa6arnrBatoil{He H acsarbro6eroHHsre xosllicraa, BpeMeHHbie aB-
ToAoporH, fiepeBaJIotIHble 6asu, npliqarbl, BpeMeiIHbre x(IIJIbIe no-
ce.r'rKH H3 flepeABr4]KHbrx pas6opHblx s4anHri) (no r,,r. 8);
o6lexrnt, cBq3aHHL,Ie c paciiiHpeHHeil{ ceJibcKoro xo3fificrBa;
crpoHTeJIbcrBo HoBoro (ceepx rtpex(Heii BMecrur.rocrri) ]KirJroro Soir-
Aa H O66eKrOB KyJlbrypHO-6r-,rroeoro Ha3HaqeHrrf ; pacur{peHHe tr pe-
KOHC'rpyKrlrrfl IrpeAnpHRraft, sAairlil'r H coopyx<eHlrr:r, Bbrrrocr.rMbrx pr3
SOHbr BJIHgHlifl BOAOXpaHHJTHU{a; BO3BeAeHHe COOpyXeHnfi HH}KeHep_
Hofi sar{HTbr, HeHs6exHbrx B 6HroeHx ycnoBnsx (no rJr. 13).
llocrossnue x{HJrbre noceJrKH crpoirreleii (pasaen B) noc"{e
oKoHqaHtrs cTpoHTenbcrBa rHApoesepferHqecKHx coopy;xeuurl rv{ofyr
6nrn. [epeAaHbr AJrfl Hcr]oJrb3oBaHHfi B Apyrue orpacJru HapoAHoro
xossiicrna. lloarouy oHH paccMarpnBarorcfl KaK BpeMeHHo Hcnonb.
syeMhle Arfl HylxA crpouTeJTbcrBa, B 4arruefiueu oHH pacrxHpflror
o6quii )Klt.rrofi 0ou.q npoMbrrilJreHHbrx rocerrKoB H ropoAoB crpanbr.
3arparu Ha [poeKTHo-H3bicKareJIbcKHe Lr HayqHo-HccJleAoBareJrb-
cKHe pa6oTbI, a TaKx{e HeIipeABHAeHHbIe pacxoAbr npri onpeAeneHtill
aQQexruBHocrH cJIeAyeT HcKrIor*ITb B pa3Mepe, flpottopqHorraJrbHorvr
nepeAaB aeM bllvf 3 aTp aTaM.
PeanagoBanHbre Bo3BparHbre cyrlrMbr no pa3Aeny A cocroflT r{3:
MaTepHa,'roB u 4eraleli, noryqeHFrbrx or paspa6orxn BpeMeFrHbrx
s4aHnr"1 i{ coopyxeHNfi no fJr. 8 cBoAHoro cMerHofo pacqera;
MarepHaJroB H AeTaneft, no,ryueHribrx or pas6opK14 CHOCHMbTX 3Aa-
ur.ril H coopylKeusli (sa HcKrroqeHHeM npHHaAnex(ar{HX BJraAenbuaM
Ha rrpaBax,'iuqrrol'r co6crBeHHocrH) IjpH cHoce HX B CBfl3H C OTBOAOM
3eMerbHbrx yqacrKoB noA crpoHTeJrbcrBo ocHoBHblx coopyxeuafi H
no.4co6iIbrx 3Iauntl rH,Apo3HepreTHqecKoro KoMnJreKca ;
MareprrafloB, rnoryrraeMbrx B noprrAr(e nonyrnofi Ao6br.ru (xaueHt,
rpanHfi, yronb, Jrec H Ap.).
{00
B o6qenr BHAe KafiHTa[roBJro)KeHHfl,
Kry, Morlr orlpeAeJrfirbcfl no SopMyJre
Kry: K.* - Knep -- Ks - Ku-rr"o.
II'pu HcnoJIb3oBa HHH BoAoToKa ToJrbKo B sHepreTHqecKHX r{e/rflx
Kai]HTaJIOBJTOX(eHHq, OTiTOC]iMbte Ha fH;1pO]3€.,'I, /(.v, paBHbt KarrLrTarro-
BJIolt{eHHffM, orHocuMbrlf Fra 3JreKTpo3r{epreTHKy, Kr. llp" KoMnrexc-
fioM HcIIoJIb3OBaFIHH BOAOTOIia KarrHTaJrOBrrOXieHHrI B fHApOy3eJI Ha
ocHoBe cner{Ha..;rbHbrx p acqero,B (cvr. S 2l.12) pacrpgreflffrorcr Me}r{-
ny BceMr{ yqacrHHKaMFr KoilIn,'IeKCa - 3"1er(Tp03HepreTtii<ori, opolile-
FIHeM, BoAocHa6i{(er-rHeM, BoAHbrM TpaHCnoproM w r. r{. llp" 3To}r,
ecrecrBeFrHo, ,(, ( K.v.
B pacqeTax 3Korro,\4r.iqecroii eQQexruBHocrH, noil{l.i}ro 3arpar Ha
coopyx(eHr.re r1 3KCft1faraur.lr,o rH.Tpoy3"rroB ((.y il ?lrv), yqHTbrBaror-
cq raKxie 3arparbr (xanrrra",TbHbt€ H elhero-xHtre) Ha npoBeAeHHe <<c o-
n y r c r B v ro uI n x)> Mepoflp uautit p,nn Dea.TIi3al{trrl cooTBeTCTB}'roue-
ro MaTepHa,{bHoro H oKoHoMHqecKoro :QQexra, i[o,''i]rraeMoro or
KoM[JIeKCHoro rHrpoy3na - JTHHHH 3JeKrpoirepe;faqH I,'rq f3C, cy'Ao-
xoAriut:t Q.nor iT.[r peqHoro TpaHcnopra, rippHrarlrionr{bre KaHa",,'rbr A"rlfi
opo[IeHHr H IIp. ((.on u H"on). B Hx cocraB TaKX(e BKJ'rroqarcTcfl 3a-
Tparbr, Heo6xo-lHN{bte AJ'rfi HopMaJIbHofo QyHxtlHoHHpoBaHHfl rax,r,ofr
H3 orpacneii - yqacrHlrKoB KoMn,'IeKca, c reM, uto6st o6ecneqp{rs
nplIFIffrbrft e npoer.ire ypoBeHb pa3BHTHq.
21.7. KAnhranoBJroH{EHHg }1 E}KETOAHbIE H3AEpHTKF{ npOH38O.qCTBA
NO 3AMEHf,EMbIM OSbEiiTAM
Hcrof,ttute npHrrulinbr rr r{eponpHflTlir no onpeie,:reHHro 3a}reHfle.
Moro (a,,rnrepHarutsrroro) BapHaHTa rtpir [poexr]rpoBaHrrH r]r.{p03Hep-
reTHqecKxx o6'uerroB oaccMoT'DeHbr B S 21.4.
Sneprerrtxa. SsepierHuecririfi sQQixr rrlApmHeprerriqecKHX o6r-
eKTOB 3aK.[i0qaeTCfl B BbTTeCHeHHH MOrl{FrOCTri H sHepfritI 3ar!{eHsevbrx
sneKrpocrasunrl. VcraHoB,reHHSr Mourrrocrb 3aMerrfeMor."r 3xeKTpo-
craHL{HH OnpeAeJIfleTCfl Ha OCHOBe Cpa,BHeFrHfl AEyX BapHarrroB pa3-
BHTI.ifl sLIeprocI{CTeI{bl c npOeKTHpVe}IL,lMH rH.!,p03tlepfeTHqecKIIM
o6texrolt n c 3aMeHrreMoir sireKTpocrariulreir.
Onpe;1e;rerrHro 3arpar npeAr.recrBveT o6ocrrosarrHe B npoeKTe rH-
na savenqelrofi 3JieKTpocraHr{tiH. Ttrn 3aMe}uie}rbr.\ 3Heprerr{qecKIix
o6rexroe ro.;'rx(eH oiipexeJrflrbcfl r-ta ocHoBe onrri]rH3auriH crpyKT]'pbr
reHep Hp,vrcu{trx uou{rrocrel:r p accM arp H B a eM br x eHeproo6}er,HHeH ri r"i-
Hapney c rexHHKo-3I(oLioMHqecKr{MH noKa3are,'rfl}rrr, cBff3aFrrrbI}rn co
crpoI.rreJIbcrgoM H gKCnJr]raraqnel:t grrepreTiiqecxHX o6rexroe, AoJIXi-
HbI yr{HTbiBaTbcfi _TexFIHqecKHe ofpaHlrqeHHrr, cBfl3aHtrbte c noHH}KeH-
nol'r varieBpeHnocrbro coBpeMeHnofo rer{"TocH"rroBOI'o }{ aToMHoro 06o-
pylr,oBal.Irrr. Cy,urua rexrrL{qecKHX Mr.r}r}iMyMoB pa6orsr T3C H A3C
ENTSE,nec BMecre c 6aeHcr-lofr Mou+rocrbro f3C ruF3t
npeBblLrrarb MHfrHMartttort rrafpy3Kn Pn,,rn cyroqrroro
rpy3KH 3rrepfocHcTeivlbr
x/vY5L, ^rc * xA/f.3t ( P,,,,n.
26-64 t0
He AOJIXHa
rpacpHrca Ha-
2i.6. HAnF{TAJI,OtsflO}i{EHt{fi H EH{E|'O,qHHE F{3fiEp}+{HF{
nPOtcSBorqcTBA no rHgp03HEpfETHrrEcl{ptM oSbEHTAtA,
YI{HTbIBAE}"TbIE B PACT{ETAX SOdTEHTI{BIJOCTFI
B pacr{erax eQrpexrnBHocrr.i fHApo3Heprerur{ecxux
TIIBaercfl To.rrbKo qacrb Bceii cuerHofi croHMocrH
OTHOCHMbIC f HAp oy3eJI
(21.?0)
HA
o6rexroe yqn-
cTpoHTeJibcTBa
(21.21\
't0l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

cpaBHHBarbcfl c A3C nu6o c KOC, pa6orarcu{riMH bra opraHHrrecKoM
TOTI.]I I,1BC.
florrynuKoBble f3C H fA3C Ao,'rxrHbr cpaBFrHBarbcfl c noJr,vnHKo-
BbrNlH napora3oBbrMH o"rreKTpocraHrIHflIiu fIf3, pa6orarourHMH Ha ra-
se. PaccMarpliBaeTcfl TaKl{ie Bo3vlo}Kuocrb co3AaHt{fl flf3, Hcrro/rb3y-
rc[i]ix yfOJ-Ib H ra3.
3QQeinuBHocrb nHKoBbrx 13C u fA3C .qorxHa onpeAeJrflrbcr B
cofrocraBieHHH c fa3oryp6uHHbrMH 3/reKrpocraHqH.flMH fT3, pa6o-
Taro[l,HMH Ha fa3e.
A.:rs f3c, niioeKTlrpve\rbrx B H3o.rHpoBaHHbi.\ aHeprocHCTeMax,
I{Ofyr }'qHrbrBarbcq 3a-\,leHffeMbre T3C HilH A3C, XapaKrepHbre AIIF_
aTlix pairoHoe.
Korla B srteprocHcTeMe Bo3Mox{Ho crpoHTeJlbcrBo HecKoJrbKHx
fH.lpo3HepfeTHqecKa.x o6texros, oqepeAHocrb HX coopyx(er{Hff AoJI}K-
Ha o IIpe,].e",'If Tbcfl TexH HKO-SKOHOM HIIeCKHM H Cp aBHeHHfl M].i OTAeJIbHbTX
o6rerroe.
B rexriuKo-oKoHoMHqecKHX p acr{eTax rro o6ocrioeaHr.rrc na,paMeTpoB
H aQQexruBHocrlt fOC 3arpaTbr Ha 3alreHneMbre 3JreKrpocraHi{Hg
AO,IIll{HbI Onp€18J1flTbCfl KaK AOJIeBOe VqaCTHe B CTpOHTeJIbCTBe 3aMe-
Hflevux T3C, xapaKTepHbtx .{,.rrfl AatrHofo [epHoAa Bpe]leHH H SHep-
f OCHCTCM.
Hopuarunnr
-ra6a. 2l.l -
T a 6 ;r x q a 21.1. Hopuarnnu no 3aueHceubtu TenJ(oBbrlr sneKrpocraHqxflrlr
fJo rca.ga re.n rr
T a 6 n uua 21.2. Hoprvru npoAoJrlKHre"IIbHocrH cTpoxreJlbcrBa reililoBbrx
H aroMHbrx s.nerrpocraHqufi
Tr'rn
3.teK-
rpo-
CTAH.
rIilH
fP3C
fr3
tltJ
AJL
Moud-
HOCTb,
Tblc.
xBr
630
1260
I 200
2400
2000
4000
300
500
2000
t{ncao arperaroB,
ux NrorqHocTb,
rrrc. xBt
3X210
6X210
4X300
8X300
4X500
8X500
3X too
2X2r0+2X35
2X1000
AT
5
5
6
8
D
AT
8
r8
10
l0
7
6
+
l5
olt\
A^t
96
68
B4
56
55
r00
98
28
65
50
3l
JU
19
64
to
ID
100
qd
99
80
87
56
t00
49
r00
100
96
9B
l.)
'7A
0c Boe H l{ fr n poe KTHblx
TEflJIOBb.lX H ATOMHbIX
9888
n -,,^^A.;rllre,tbHocTb cTpoltTe,lbcTBa, pacnpeAe.;IeHue KanHTanoBlo;{(eHltH no fo,lailf
crpoHTe.,rbcrBa, a TaKlKe npoAoJ'riKliTenbHocrb ocBoeFrHfi npoeKTHblx 'l.rou1uocreft nptt-
HHMarcrcR no 4eficrei"lou{nM Hop!rarrBHbr..,r AoKyil,reHTaM: <Hopuot npoAont*iHrelbHo-
cri.r crporrre"rbcrBa npe!,rpr{rrrltfi, slarrli u cocpy';t<enuir (CH 440-72)>, <FIopvru
npoAo.[){.*{Te.rbr{ocru Ir }'poBut{ ocaoetiHR npoeKTFrbrx uouluocreit H 3KouoMlrqecrli\
noria3are.Teir, eno.r,n\rux e Aeircrsne npeAIIptIffTIIrD (ra6;r. 21.2 w 21.3) .
il,nn \,qeTa pa3Ji{rlrr B cponax crpot{TeJIbcrBa r.r ocBoeHr-rt{ }IOU{-
lrocrtr, TaK xie Kari pi n,xfl f3c, [o 3aMerrfle],{oir T3c 3arparbr BK.ro-
r{arcTCq B pacqerbr c 1rqg10}1 QaKTops ePe}leHI{.
IO 3aMeH f eVblM Te[JlOBbl]{ 3r'l€KTpOCTSHIIHt t{ tlpHBeAeHbI B
T a 6.'r n U a 21.3. Hoplru npoAo.[x{Hre.rrbHocrlt r{ ypoBHH
l*oulxocrefi BBoAHMbrx e AericrsHe euepro6.noxoB H arperaroB
saexrpocraHqufi
VpoeeHu ocBoeHilq npoerirrrorl MoulHocrlr pa(nru
sHeprc6noxa rInH arperara Ha KoHeq
KBaprana flnA roAa, o/o
3u ep ro-
6aox
ltou{ socro,
MEr
IIIII
720*
2X360r
1500-4500
t80
s%14,4
305
450
3X150
Ao 1500
l38
fo/e /A
1l
433
I-laposorr
C aro:u-
HL,til pe-
aKTOpOiU
26*
250, 300
250, 300
500
800
800
1000, 1500
Toep.roe
farorra-
3yTr{oe
Tnepgoe
Tneploe
f asolra -
3yrrroe
fllepuoe
90
100 (tra xo-
rreu BToporo
NrecflrlaJ
Ofl
I00 (Ha xo-
ilet( Bropo ro
rrecnqa)
100 (Ha xo-
ileu nepBor
uecxqa)'
100 (na xo-
Her{ BToporo
ruecrqa)
I00 (r{a xo-
rreq BToporo
rrrecnqa)
100
85
90
90
Moulnocrr sneKTpocraH(nlr, MBr
tlucao arperaroB, Ii.\ eAIIHHTIHafl
vou$rocrr, MBr
t{sc;lo qacoB t{crroJrb3oBaHHfl ycra-
HOBi'i€HHOii MOUIHOCTH gneKTpoCTasqnft
VAe.rruue Kan HTaJroBroxeinr,
py6,/xBr
V4ealuue e)fieroAHHe [ocroffHfrbre
H3AepxKH, py6/riBr
VAennsufi pacxoA ycnoBHoro Ton,'ru-
Ba Ha ornyrrleHHyic 3neKrpo3Heprfirc,
r'/xBr.u
6400
8X800
6500
286
R$l^
22,{'"
323
4000
8X500
6500
239
8"/-
19,2
335
t2
r5
95
80
'flpn coopyxeuun fIf3
KOgKOIlO[tHqecKrre noKa3aTeI H
4A2
ycrarroBneHHofl uouluocnp 1600 MBt (2XS00)
coo TBeTCTByOT np HBeAesrlhlv,
s.nN 1500 (6X250) rexn H.
,(03

--- PAGE BREAK ---

flpllee4elrHL,re sa
K & I] HT ?"[ OB /I O )K C TJ H'I
Qopuyne
rAe
nepHoA CTpOIiTerTbcTBa H oCBOeHHff yAeJrbribre
B Te[r,'IOBy]O 3r'ieliTpOCTaHI{HIO OIIpeAejIflIOTCfl nO
ftrac : prac€rec, (2t.22)
(21.23)
kl rcc : Vrai H-rEc, (2r.2+)
(21.25) -
)r{e o6beMoB, cocTaBa 14 qacToTbr nepeBo3oK, KoTopbre MofyT 6strs Ao-
cTHrHyTbr flpH ocyilIecTBJreHlrH BoAoxo3fliicreeHHoro KoMnfieKCa.
HaN6onee BepofiTr-rbrM ripoeKTHbIM perueHHeNI, c KoTo'pbrM npoH3-
BOAHTCfl COIrOCTaBJreHI.ie 3KOHOMTIqeCKOfG e$QeXra OT CO3AaHHrr fHA-
poy3Jra AJrfl BoAHoro TpaHCfropra, flBJrflroTCfl B0Ar.rbre rrepeBo3KH npH
cyAoxoAHbrx ycJroBHffx, KOTopbre sKoHoMHqecKH qeJrecoodpa3Ho o6ec-.
neqHBaTb 6es coe'A aH:Hfl, 11-rAPoy3,ila Ha paccMaTpHBaeMylo flepcrreKrH-
BY, r. e. B ycJroBHffx cBo6oAHoli pexn HJIH ycJIoBHflx, AocrllrHyrbrx Ha
rrpeAbiAyrqeM 3TaIIe fH/TpoTexHHqecKofo cTpoHTe,,'IbcTBa.
Kax [paBHJro, sra nyreBbre ycJroBH.f xap aKTepH3ylorcr MeHbr.rIH-
MH ra6apHTaMH CyAOBO|O XOIa, AOnyCKaIOU{HMH 3KCIIJIyararIHrO Cy-
AOB MeHbur.lx pa3lrepoB H fpy3onoA'beMHocrH. llpH 3aMeHfleMoM Ba-
pHaHre o6ecneqeHrie B0I.Hbril'r rpaHo[oproM pacqeTHor-o rpysoo6opora
B o6teue, oflpeAeJieHHoM AIrn Kovtfl"rreKcFIoro perueHHfl, Mox(eT oKa-
3arbcfl Meliee ueJrecoo6pa3Hbr){, qe}r HCrorb3oBa[{He ApyrHX BHAoB
rpaFrcnopra (xenesHoropolKr{oro, rpy6onpoBof,Horo H rp.). I-ioarouy
B 3aMeHfleMOM BapHaHTe Hapr-ly C BOIHbrlrH BOSMOX(Hbr nepeBO3KH
H ApyfHMH BH.4aMH rpaHcropra.
B cpaBHHBaeMbrx BapHalrrax AoJIx(Hbr 6nrr yrrreHbi KanHTairbHbre
H 3KC[nyaTaIIHOHHbre 3aTpaTbr Ha BCe BOAHOTpaHCnOpTHbTe ]reponpHfl-
THfl, Heo6xoAuraue Anfl ocBoeHHr HaMeqaeMoro Ha ttepcireKrHBy o6r-
elra nepoBO3oK . (Qnor, ueQru, iloprbr-npHcraHH, cyAopeM oHrubre lrpeA-
np HflTH.fl, CBfl3b)
Ce.nucxoxossficrseHHbre MeponpHflTtfl. E ng MeJrHopauH,H cerbcKo-
xossficreeHubrx reppuropltfr B KaqecrBe aJ-IbrepHarHBFIbIX MoryT pac-
cr\{ arp HBarbcr npocrbre BoAo3a6op Hbie iLToTH HbI HrrH oAlror{e"rTeBbre
rH!,pO!3;'Ibl OpOtxellHfl Ha TOM }{{e BOAOTOKe, HO C IIOIIll]KeFIFibIMI-l iTa-
paMeTpaMH, rrciroiTb3yeMbrlrr{ JrHr.rb AJrfl Hyx,q, ceJlbcKoro xossiicrea.
B nexoropblx cryt{aflx B KaqecrBe 3aMeHfeMoro IoJIXret{ paccMaT'
pHB_arbcfl nogosa6op H3 peKH 6es reperopali{HBa}oqHx coopyxesurl.
Eas oueHKH :QQexrnBHocrH MeJrHoparHBHb{x Mepofipiisruft e He-
KOTOpbTX Cflyqaflx MO)KHO rrpoH3BOAHTb CpaBHeHHe C BapHarrTaMH OpO-
llleHHfl CTapO11aXOTHbrX 3eMeJIb rrJrH HOBbIX Ue"lHFrHbtX 3eMeJIb.
B xaqecrBe a,'ibrep I'raraBHbrx Mepoflp Hqruir Moryr p a ccM arp]iBarb-
cfl BapHanTbr o6sof,rrerrHq nacr6nut B ApyrHX pafionsX H;tH HcrroJ'rb3o-
BaHHfl, AJfl 3THX uerel:r noA3eMHbrx Bor.
6opu6a c HaBoAHeHufltvrr. Ec"rrH rHApoy3en BbrnoJrHfleT QyHxulrur
3aIqHTbI OT HaBOrlHeHHfi, tO n KaqeCTBe aJIbTepHaTHBbt AOIX(HO paC-
cMaTpHBaTbcfl: coopyx{eHHe cnei{HaJrbHHx npoTHBorraBoAKoBbrx BoAo-
xpaHHJIHIII, 3aU{HTa AaV6arrrx TeppHrOpUfi, noilBepxreHHbrx saToliJre-
HtrIflM, BbIHOC O6reXrOe H3 3aTO[nseUOfi 3OHbr ,ng6O JTHKBHAaT{Hfi 3THX
o6terroe H KoMrreFrcaqxs repnevoft B pe3yrbrare Haeogueuufi npo-
Ayi(qHH myreM coopyxeHHff HoBbrx o6beKToB Ha He3aroirJrner,roft rep-
pHropHH.
I-Ipn HeBo3Mox(Hocrri o['peAeJreHHfi anbrepHarHBHofo MeponpHq-
THff no 6opn6e c HaBoAHeHHrrMri B 3aMeHrreruoM BapHarrre AqrrycKaer-
cr yqHTbrBarb cpeAHeMHoroJrerHroro BeJrHqHHy yUep6a oT HaBoA-
neH nft.
) ft,rr. (1 + E"'n;-o-'
I tJv-' 'v- 
| a,vrr.6 (l -F E*.n)-u-t
E &,rec p,
A,V1136 pr
T
34ecs Frec - xosQQHI{Henr, xapaKreprrsyloqHri coorHorr1eHHe
!Ie)+.-l'y fi,pll_Be-lelIIIblMIi Ii QaKTHqecKI.IN,Ii.t y-TeJIbHbrMH KaiIHTafloBJ,Iox(e-
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B T3C, gi - xoacbf,aupieHi flpHBej1eHrifl; h,-rec - ^unrt*oB.qolKe-
l{rifl s T3c no rof,a}r crpoHre.rbcrBa , clo; A:v113a ---- nDrrpocr BBo-
.da p?cfio;laraeuoir MorqHocrH, 0lo, H2 T3c B fOA I no cpaeHeHHro
c roAoM (/- 1) .
. ExeroAHbre rr3rep;*ir(H ro npoii3BOACTBy s,,,reKTp03HeprHH Ha 3a_
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H nepeMeHHblx H3treplfieK (ronnHBHafl c.naraevaa). flocronunsib H3-
AeplKKH COCTOflT H3 OTirHC"nesufi Ha aMoprH3auHro (peuonauHrc H Ka-
nltra;rsusrfi pevorir), 3apa6orHor? r.rrarbr 3Kcrr":ryarar{HoHHofo nepco-
tIz;'I3 c Haq?ic,'leHHflMii, npoqliX paCxofoB H onpenenfltoTcfl cof.naCHo
OCT 34-255. flepeveHHble Ii3AeplrrKH onpere.i'rflrorcfl KaK npoH3Be-
J,eirHe H3MerieHHfl pacxo.{a ronrHBa B 3HepfOCHCTeMe (npH BBOAe 3a-
IteHfleMoir T3C BMecro f3C) Ha 3arvrbrKarcuIHe 3arparbr no TOUrlrBy
(cv.S 21.8)
flpueegeHHble 3a nepHoA ocBoeFiHf yAe,'rbnbre nocrorHFIbIe H3-
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MH Hsrepx{KaMr.i no T3C:. Hrec 0aKTHqecKHe yAenbHbre rrocro-
sHHbte H3repx{KH rro T3C; LHtrec -ripHpocr ex(eroAHbrx irocro-
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PuSuoe xossr?creo. cyuecrn,vroT ABe Qopna' eosAeficrBlrfi ;B'AO_XOS'I?CTECHHO.O CTPOI'TCJI'CTBA HA YCJTOBHfl BOCIIPOH3BOACTBA P116-HbIx 3aiIacoB' lIepBafl cocrol{T B HeraTrIBFroM Bo3Aeftcrelrr4 flJroTHH rraycrToBlltt BocIjpo[IsBoACTBa pli6nltx 3aracoB per{Horo 6accer?Ha. Co-OTBCTCTBYIOU{Ue 3aTpaTbt IIo KolvrneHCar{HH Harrocr{MOaO Urq*pOU iror_TbIBaloTcff npH orlpeneJIeHHH rn. l3 paa4e,ra A c-uerot r"rrpoyrnu (cn.S 21.5). Bropoe eos4er:icrB'e-3ro cosAaHHe 6naronpl.rsrHsrx yc,To_er{fi AJrs pa3B.HTHrr pnr6uoro xossflrcrna B BotroxpaHrrilHule rHApoy3r,,ia.Pnr6oxossrlcrseilHoe ocBoeHHe Bo-(oxpariH.rrru{, co3AaBaeMbrx BcocTaBe rHAPov3'IIa' paccMaTpllBaeTctl KaK Hoet ri'i HcrorrHHK [oJIyqe-,Hfl pri6irorl trporyxqsu. B KaqecrBe 3a*{.nr.rroro ;;;;;;ra Moir(ercJryx(Hrb roBapuoe ptr6oBo:1crBo (oeepFioe H npyloeoe).
BoAocHadT*.lI_". 3arparbr rro 3aMeHreil{brM BapHaHraM A,rrs BoAo-cHaoxe'rrr{ onpeAe,rsrcriq rro AaHHbrM Apyroro, Han6o.rree 3KoHo}rr.rq-Floro BapHaHTa BoJOctta6xieulifl Tex x(e noTpe6ure,refr c rori >i<e Fra-Aex\HocTbto, riTo..H nptr HaJrLrqHLr fH.{p oygJra 
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flplr orpaHHqeHHocTIi Bof,t{brx pec}'pcoB }r Ha.)'rHqrrri TexrrHrrecKr.\rpy'.a,Hocrefr B nplrBxeqeHHrr r,pirrgx gcrc,{rr}ri(oB eo.locrra6x(enHfl BKaqecrBe 3aMeHgeMbix lvfofyT paccMarpIiBaTbcfl BapHaHTbI MZr.roBo.Aoeuxoli TeXHor'IorIiH H3roToB.rterrHs 
"eo6xo:,nrori irporly*ra"" r.rJrHAp-yfl{e BapHaHTbI pa3Mex{eH}1fl npoeKTHpVe-Vbrx npolrururJreHHbrxnpeAnpHsrsii.
Eclil BoAoxpaHlr"THUre rrrApoy3na c.,TyxiHT Aiir noBbrlueHrfl Ka-tlecrBa Bo-rbl B peKe, nepefpyxienHofi 3arpn3HeHHflrlr{, To B KaqecrBeANbTCPHATHBhI MOrYT PACCMATPHEATbCfl MCPONPIIfTI!fl NO BHCAPCHHrceoloo6opoTHbIX cHCTeM noAocita6x<euur, 6^o,ree coBepLUerirrbrx jvreTo-
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JIeco:aroroBHTeJrE Hasr nporliblru.neHnoctu. B .naauo,* pairouax npH3i.IAqHTCJbHbIX 3AIIACAX "I]CCA B 3OHC BOAOXPAIIH,i-IHU{A, HMCrcUIHX CY-urecrBeHHoe ilpoMbIIrJJIeHHoe 3ttaqeHae A,Iff HapoAHofo xo3ffr-tcruu', .nL-co3al'oToBHTer{bHatI npoMbllUfiellHocrb Mo){ieT BbtcTyrlaTb yqacrHliKor,rBoAoxo3fiitcteei{Hofo KoMrl.rleKca, ecfiI{ Anff JIecocBoAKH H Jrecooqncr-KH CO3Aalorcfl npoH3BOACTBeIIIible Mou{HocrH, Koropbre 6yeyr HcIIoJrb-3OBaHbI 3aTeM AJIq HopMarrbHbrx JrecosafoToBoK.
il,ns oqeHKH eQQexraBHocTH pa6oru Jreco3aroroenrefirHort flpo-MbrruJreHr-rocTH B yCrrOBHflX cO3AaBaeMbrx f Hr.tpoy3noB Cp aBFreHHe
AOnlKHo [poH3BOAHTbcfl c anbreprrarHBHbrMH MeponpHflTHsMlr no Jie-co3afoToBKaM, IIOSBOJrrirolqHM nOJryrIHTb B TOM )Ke lrJrH ApyroM pair-oHe crpaFIbI OAHII?Koeyls neconpoAyKTHgHocrb B,pacqerHoii fiepcneK-rHBe. llpu BK,rrroqerrHH B pacqer JreconpoAyr(qrirr H3 ApyrHx pafioHoe
106
creAyer yqHTbrBarb pasHHrIy B saTparax rro rpaHcno,pTr{poBKe JrecaprJrH_npoAyKr{rIH Jreconepepa6orxu Ao qeHrpoB rorpe6nbnaq.
B salteHreMoM BapIraHTe MolKeT r'pe6oearbcfl MeHb[rafl npoH3BoA-
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BoBaTb TpaHCnoprHpoBi{e,/'Ieca. fio,ryuae,vtril rrpH, ToM sKoHoMHqe-
cxnfi sQQe;<r raKXie Aor'I)Ke Fr yr{HTbIBaTbcfl frpr.r cpaBHeHHH c saNreHff-eMbIM BapHai{T0ly{.
21.8. TONflHBHbtI4 3CPCbEHT NPOEKThPYEMbIX r3C H 3AMbIHATOU{HE
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Pac.rer cyrouuor? oKotroMHH ToIr/rHBaMeToAe oTHOCHTeJrbHbrx np Hp
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rnx o6texroe H 3arparbr'Ha nepe6asupoBaHHe pa6oqHX H ax celtet?
-vrIHTbrBarorcf a o6ueir noTpe6HocTlI Kzrrrrr&r'IbHbrx B,ryoxeriltit B cBfi-
3H C HAMEqACMHM CTPOHTC.IIbCTBOM>>.
3xoHouun rpyAoBbrx pecypcoB, o6ecneqrlBaeMafi BBoAoM rltApo-
3neKTpocrarrquli, oco6euuo BalKrra, TaK KaK npHBireqerrne pa6oqelYt
cHJ-rbt B rrpoMbirur'ieHHocTb kI cTpoHTeJIbcTBo ofpaHHqer'ro, tITo o6lgc-
HffeTCfl Crrr.triei.IHeM pox(AaeiltocTH, HMelouefi MecTo B rioc,"IeAFIHe lo-
nbr, yBeJr{qeHrre},{ KoJIHqecTBa 3aHflTbrx B HejrpoH3BOACTBeunor't cq]epe
H yqau{Hxcfl, npaKrHrrecKHM r{cqepfiaHHeM Bo3Mox(Hocreit npllBJieqe-
HHfl TpyAocnoco6Horo HaceJreHr.rq rr3 AepeBHH.
flpn sKoHoMHqecKoM o6ocuosaHHH rHAposireprerriqecKnx o6rer-
ron Heo6xoAHMo ocyurecrBJlflTb nolcqeT norpe6uux rpyAoBbIX pec,v,p-
coB KaK AJIfl rHApO3HepreTtlqecKofo, TaK H nilfl. 3aMerrtleMofo TenJIo-
sHepfeTr{qecKoro BapHaHTa
Cyr'ruapHbIe TpyAoBF,re pecypcbt, morpe6urte rnn rHApo3HeprerH-
rlecKoro BapHaHTa, n o6u1eM BHAe AJrrr roAa / uoryr 6orrs onpeAeJre-
Hbl KaK CyMMa qHc.,'ra pa6orarcI.IlHX B foA / ua crpoHTeJIbCTBe n'poeK-
rxpyeMori f3C H ee sKcrrnyaraqriH.
Cyuuapnue rpyAoBble pecypcbl, norpe6llute Ailfl saMelltleMoro
Tenr{03HepfeTHrrecr{ofo ,Bap [ra HTa, B o6rqeM Bri,te ;IJIfl foAa / uoryr
6ttrn oripeAenerrbr KaK cyMMa rrr.ic,Ta pa6oraioulHx e roA f Ha crpoH-
4t0
T\CJIbCTBC gAITCUgCIVTOT:I T3C, CC 3KCIITYATAI{I1H, IIA CTPOHTE;-IbCTBC H
ol(cnJ'IyaTaqHH 3aMenreMbrx npeAnpvtsrufi no Ao6lt,{e H TpaHcnopry
TOrrJrHBa, a raKxe rpeMOFrrHHKOB, paoOrarcu{Hx HeilOCpeACTBeHIIO Ha
peM3aBo,{,ax.
B rexFIHKo-gKofioMLrqecKHX pacrreTax AoJrlKHbr yI*rrbIBarbcfl Ao-
noJrHHTeJIbFIbre 3aTpa'fbl, Bbi3biBaelrbre pefHoHarTbFrbtlrH pa3J1HqHflMH
no o6ecneqeunrc crpoflr{Hxcfl H 3KcnJryarup)"eMbrx [peAnpHflTHir pa-
6o.{eir clr,rofr.
Oco6errso Be,,rLrKH 3aTparbr Fra npnB,'reLierrrie pa6oqer? cnJ-tbi ria Ce-
Bepe, B Cu6upu lr Apyrlrx c,ra6osace,,Terirrbr^{ H lra,roo6x<HTbrx parlo-
HAX HOBOfO OCBOCFII-Ifl.
lloertueHHbre 3arparbr, cBrr3aFrirbte c npHBreqeHHeM pa6ovefi cH-
.rIbI B par?ourt Hotsofo ocBOeHItfl, cK".'IarbtBarcTcfl ll3:
I ) .tono.TrrirreJbHbrx 3arpar ,q.Tfl co3-larrlrfl coqrralrrror'r HuQpa-
cTPyKT)'pbi (cTp0IrTeJbcTBo ir 3iicnJ,i)'aTar{Hf liilt.tbix 3IaHfitr, rIIKo.r,
6o.tlnnq, AeTcKlix, KyJIbr)'piro-npocBeTHTev'rbHbrX y.rpe;^t<AeHuit H 3Aa-
snfi xonnyrrairbHoro xosqiicraa )'t ;
2) noeniulertHoit cror{-\rocrri co/lep}KaFrHrr p a6ounx H .i.IIeFIOB HX
ceueli;
3) sarpar Ha nepece.teHrre rpyAnu{uxcfl;
4) noabrruernroli sapa6orlroii rrJarbr.
Firtxe l{3.laraercn Mero.n,HI(a yqera nepBbr.\ TDex QaxropoR.
floc.lerultit (verseprsrir) Qaxrop HaxoArir orpalKeHrie e cuerucir croHMocrr{ crpon.
re.lbcrBa (clr. $ 2i.5).
,[.,rn pacvera Kannrarlog.roxelrurir B coqHa..]buyro rrucppacrp]:rir]'py, npn.\oAfiulrrx-
cs lra oArroro pa6otarouiero K"oq, peKoMerrA)'ercn (lopiry'.ra
(2r.2i)
r.q,e C - croHMocrb I lt2 xH,rofi nloualu e 6agosorr pairoue (r\locxoecxoii o6.'r.),
py6.; H - uopt'tarua tto o6ecneqeunp xn,'rofi nnoulaAb]o, v2f ten.; ,€1 - xoaSQlr-
uHenr, xapaKrepl:ytouuit peruoiranbHoe yAopoxaHHe crporireJbcrl? B coorBercr-
BVtoueI{ pairotte no cpaBHernrto c 6agoeHrr pairoHosr; /c2 - yne.rnrrer{He HopMarr.rBa
xxaoit n,:IouraAn Anfl ceBepnbr.\ H Bocrot{rrbrx pairortoo no cpaBrreurrio c r{eHTpa.'rbrr[,{-
Mlt paitonaurt crpaHE{; €3 - xosQrf HUrreHT, xapaKTep}r:yiou{rrft !.or}o 3arpar B )r(rr-
JIHulHoe crpoHTenbcrBo B o6u{rrx 3arpara,x Ha co3Aainre coqua.rrrrroir lnr$pacrpvtiry.
pbr; ,€a - xoa$QHqHeHT saHsrocrH crpolrrexeii rr grcnayarar{t{oHrrHKoB, xapaKTepri-
sytoutHfi orHouIeHHe pa6orarcutlrK B crpoHTeJrbHo-MouraiKHblx H sKCnr'r|?TarrHonr{b{x
opnarrrr3ar{Hflx K o6ueri qHcreHHocr}( HaceJrefl}IH.
OcHoeHbIlvtu Qar<ropaMH, BL{3bIBarcilIH}.t}l yAopox(aHHe B ceBepHblx E BocTorIHblx
pafioHax crpaHbI, tBnffrorcn BbrcoKHe rpaHcnoprHL{e pacxo,qht, cypoBhre KnH}rarr{qe-
cKrre ycnoBIIq, noBL,tureHHHe 3arparbr Ha pa6ovylo crrny, cna6an 3aceneHHocrb rep-
puropHr{ u r. A. Onut npoeKrltpoBatirrn cBHAerenbcrByer o rolr, qro xosQQuurreur
A1 cocTaBnfler Ans pat'toHoB I(pariuero Ceoepa oKojro 3, a 4aR paironou, npHpaBrreH-
Hril.\ K Kpairrreuy Cenepy, - oroao 2.
* A.'ut pacqera grofi cocrasirltouleit ue ruol+(er 6uru lrenocpe.l,creeuHo Hcnorrb-
30Barr pa3;1c.4 E cvCrAt, raK KaK npI nprtilflToir salrrt Nrero;l[Kc rreo6xoArnro BHffBtrTb
perHOHa-lblrOe y;1OpO;+(aHHe cTpoHreIbcTBS, a Ue a6CO.ltOTilbIe pa3Nrc-pr{ 3aTpaT,
4ll

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ta6,rsqa 21.4. KangraroefloxeHnfl u
pa6ouefi cHJIb{, ruc. py6/,lel.
H3AeplKKH, cBq3aHHbre c npHBAeqeHHeM
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B cypoeux KrHMarHqecKHX ycnoBHflx npeA'bflBJrflrorcfi [oBbruleHHbre rpe6oBaHHfl
K XHJIblo. BupaannnaHr{e )KHnr{qHHx ycnoBg}i HaceneHHfl pa3JrrrrlHhrx pafiogoB cTpa-
Hbr npeAfloflaraer HeKoropoe npeBHueHHe HopM ]KHJrbfl Ha oAHoro qeJroBeKa B pafio-
Ha.\ cypoBoro KJrHMara, nocKoJlbKy TaM 6onruraq Aonr >Klt3ueHnoro BpeMeHH npoBo-
AI{Tcfl BHyrpH noMelqeHHff. C yverolt npHpoAHo-KJrHMaraqecxHx yc,ronxfi Kpafiuero
ceoepa H npyrrrx pafioHon HoBoro ocBoeHr{f r(o3QoHuHeHr A2 cocraerrr 1,5.
Kanuraroenolr(eHHfl B co3AaHI{e cor.IHanbnofi uuepacrpyKrypbr cocroflr H3 KanH-
TailoBJIolKeHHit B x(Hrble 3AaHHfl, )qpexrAeHHff r(ynbrypHo-6urosoro o6cnyxHBaHtIrr,
HHxeHepHoe o6opyAoBaHHe tt 6aaroycrporlcrBo. Aonq KangranoB.iioxieHHfi B xlrr'rr{ttr-
Hoe crpoi{TerbcrBo B o6irlHx KailuranoBJloxeHltrx B co3AaHHe co(rrtrbnofr nuQpa-
crpyKrypb{ {rcosQSnUaeur ft3) cocraBHr 0,55.
Orsoruegne cpeAllecnuco.tnofi irHcJ:renHocrn pa6orarotr1r{x B crponTenbuo-MoHra}K-
Hb{x E SKClfr-I}aTaI{HoHHbIx opraH}I3atlHqX K o6Ueli qHcJreHHocru HaceJreHHff (roaQ-
Qnulteur ,€a) 4;rn PafioHon HoBono crpoHrenbcrBa cocraB,rser 0,42-0,47. Vvnruaan
neHs6exHuft npouecc oneper+(arcu{ero pa3BHrHs cQepu o6cayxueaHHR a pafioHax
EOBOTO OCBOeHHfi, rOsssHr{Herr &a Ha nepc[eKTHBy MO]Ker np[{HHyarbcs 0,4.
KanlrraaoeJro)heHHri Ha co3AaHHe couHanbHoit lruspacrpl.KTypbr K.oo, orrpeAe-
Jrexlrue no 0opMyne (21.26), u KanHTaJroBJrox(eHHfl Ha co3AaHHe coqHanbHorl nn$pa-
crp)'KTypbr e 6asHcFroru pairoue r(coq.6aa npeAcraBneHH B ra6n.21.4.
I'laaepxtr<lr no co3AaHHrc coqr{anlnofi un$pacrp}'KTypu y'/.ou cocraBr,ifiror oKo.ro
I2 $ xanxrarroB"iroxienuft s cottHanbnyro nrrQpacrpyKTyp],.
Ec-nn no SKoHor{HqecKrJ}I H cor{rlanbHbrM ycnoBxflM o6ocHooano flprlMeueHne .lu6o
BaxroBoro, JII{6O gKcneAHI{HoHHofo MeroAa npou3BoAcraa pa6or, To 3arparbr B co3-
AaHHe coqHanbHofi nH$pacrpy(rypbl n parioHax HoBoro ocBoegHrr Moryr 6urt
CH}IxiCHhI.
'4,ono,rsurerbnbie 3arpart,t no coAeplr(aHrrro TpyAflrrrHXcn B paf,ouax rioeoro
ocBoeHHf no cpaBHeHHIo c dasoeHel pafionou Bt{3blBaroTcrr AonoJrHHTenbHLJfrrr4 pac-
xoilaME Ha AocraBKy roBapon norpe6aeHrufi H nx xpaHeHlre, opraHn3arlgro uecrno;i
npoAoBonbcrneHlroii 6agu u r. A.
3arparu, cBrr3aHtrbre c noaburleHHbri\rH pacxoAaMr.I no coAepxaHHro rpyAflu{Hxcrr
n pa-fioHax HoBoro ocBoerrflrr, K"or H ff.oo npneeAeilbr a ra6n. 21.4.
3arparu tta nepecenetJue rpyAnulnxcfi cocroflT H3 npfivHX 3arpar H HaKnaAght.{
pas\oAo8. flpnnrue 3arpartr Brr'notrdtor s ce6s rpar{croprnbre pacxoAbr Ha npog3A
412
40,2
27 ,1
ll,g
2,9
1,9
3,0
2,0
45, g
31 ,0
ll,8
nep€cer'IeH(eB H HX ceuefi, npoBo3 6atax<a, cyroqHbre B trvrH, eAHrroRpeMeHHoe Ae-
HexHoe noco6ue. I( sarcna,tHbrM 3arparaM orHocsrcfl 3arparbr f{a coAep}KaHHe cHcre-
Itor oprua6opa H rl€pec€.ileFInq, peKraMy H ru$opuaur.rro r{?C€;t€r{rifl, ttoqroBo-relre-
rpaQHrre pacxon,bi, cBr3aHnbte c e[o oprauusaqrref,r.
3arparu Ha nepeceJleune KoHKperHoro rpyaflulerocfl Hocsr eAHFloBpeyegHsrii xa-
paKTep, B cBq3[I'C r{eM oHLr I(,r1&CCUsnUApyrcTCfl Kat( K?rIHT3;-IbHbt€.
lloAcqer l(aflt{TaJloB.noxiennir r{a nepeceneHHe Mox(er npousBoAnrr,cn no Soprrryne
f, R+ll+o
'tngp 
n ,
*rrpH;fi
(2t.27)
(2 r.28)
(21.2e)
(2 r .30)
(21 .3 t)
(2 r .32)
(2 r.33)
l'Ae B - croHMocrb npoe3Aa oAl{oro TpyAqu{erocfl H q,qeHoB ero ceMbr{ Ao pa6orhl
(cronvocm npoe3.t,a, npoBo3a 6araxa H cyrovnue); If - elnnoBpeMeHHoe AeHex(-
Hoe noco6ue; O-ranural'toB.rIoxeHI{fl no c,ry;r<6alt opnHa6opa, flprrxoAffrrlnecfi Ha
OAHOTO nePece.:teHriz, flnpnx - roaQQaurierrr nprr;{HBaeMocrH -\f rrrpaHToS.
Kanutartoe.rto:(eHIIfl, cBfl3aHubre c 3arparaMrr Ha ilepece-reHne rpy-r,nlqHxcf, npH-
BeAeHbI a ra6r 21 .4. B eroft xeta6nnue npHBeAeHbr cy-\{}rapHbre KanHTa.rrbgbre H
er(eroAHb{e 3arparbl, cBn3aHHbre c flprrBneqetJi{eM pa6oteft cr{,'rbr a par?oHu HoBoro
OCBOeHHff' a TaK:+\e AOnOJII{riTenbHble KanHTanbHble H e:*(efOIHL,te 3aTpaTbI Ha npHBne-
seHHe pa6overi cII;'IbI B 3TH parioHn ro cpaBneHrrro c 6aglrcgulr pafiorrov r(np"r.o
H H opr"^,
H.x penouenA)'ercfl yqHTbiBarb B KaqecrBe HopMaTHBoB no 3Korrorru.iecnoii oi(eH-
Ke MeponpttRtHfi, cBfi3aHHbtx c npHBreqeHlrelr pa6oqeri cr;rur r{a 3HepreTlrqecxne o6t-
eKTH B pafionu HoBoro ocBoeenq.
3Ha'{exng (no*"-. H llnrn'.. Mor")-T 6urs onper,eilenbi no Qopv.v,rav
Oupe4elenHe Kanttra.lbubIX I{ exiero,r.HbI.\ 3arpar, cafl3aHr{6rx c npHBxer{eHHeM
pa6ovefi cliJrbr B paiioHtr HoBoro ocBoeHuff, B ruApo3Hepreru.iecrorr Baptranre B rojt
f Ao,,lxno ttpon3Bor,Hrbcn flo $opuylatr
(o p*"r: K"o uf K."o-f (ne p-(co q.6 
" a i
PI sp.6^: H gou*H ro^-H roo,.6^,.
(.."t : A Ir. orr(np"".r;
Hr."t:LTr."sIlnpn^^,
rAe d?'r."t - npHpOcT C-Vl\{}iapHbIx rp}'AOBbtX pecypcou, nOrpe6nux Anff rrrjlpo3gep-
ferrrqecKoro Bapr{aHTa, B roA f no cpaaueHtrro c roAoM (/_l).
Orpe4e.neuHe KattHTa,'IbHr,rx n e)*(eroAHbt.\ 3arpar, cBfl3aHHbIx c npHB.reqeHgeM
pa6ovefi cHJIbI B pairounr ttoBoro ocBoer{Hrr, B TerrJro3HepferrrqecKou BapHarrre e roA f
AoJrx(Ho npor3BoArrrbcfl rro (lopuyaau
r(t. r r==A 1tr. e r Knpn ar i
Hr.at:LTt.ilH opu"o,
tA€ A?nr.sr - nPHPocT cyiltMaPHbIX rPyAoBhtx pecypc;n, noTpe6lrbr.\ AJfl Ten.nogtrep-
nerr-rqecxoro BapHaHTa B roA I no cpaeneHrilo c roAoM (l_l).
llpn onpeaeneHllll sKoHoMnqecKoii sSQeKTrrBHocru npoenrup.\iesroir f3C 3arparbrr
noAcr{Hra}lt{ble no Sopr'r.r'aau (21.32) H (21.33), 4o6aorfltorcri K 3arDaraM B npo-
Mtrl Ul;'l€llHOe CTp0llTenbCTBO.
4t3

--- PAGE BREAK ---

I
t
2I.10. OCOEEHFIOCTH 3KOHOMHqECHATC OEOCHSBAHHg rA3C
ftleroAHlq^o^rrp eA€ir eH H s s KoH oM Hq ecrofi eSQex-
THBHocru fA3C xapaKrepH3yerc.a pflAoM oco6enuocreir ro cDaB-
HeHI{Io c neroAlixot'i oilpeAeJTeHHtI eSQexraBHocrH o6u.{Hlrx fOC..?ru oco6eHsocrn BbI3bIBaroTcfl TeM, riro 3apflA fASC o6ecre,rHBaeT
fi oBbIIUeH He oHeproorAaqu,qpyrlrx oJreKTpocra uqnir 3HeprocncreMbr B
IIepHOA tIIoHlIlKreHHfl HX Harpy3KH, Bbl3Baugofi cHHIKeHHeM 3JIeKTDotro-
rpe6;eurra.
flo pex(jMy pa6orrr f{qq Mo,}KHo pa3Ae,/THrb Ha nHKoBbre H no"rry-
IIHKoBble. Ens IIHKoBIIX |ASC Han6oree xapaKrepHbtMa flBJrrrorcfl
soHa pa3pflAa npoAonxnTeJibHocrbro 4-5 q B cyrKa H soHbr 3aprAa
[PoAonxHreJlbHocrato 7 .I. VcraHoBJIeHHafl MorrlHocrt fA3C e uacoc-
crpoHr0.,'IbcrBo ra3oTyp6HHHrtx 3JreKTpocrariqufi fTO (lns I1HK6Bbix
I+?q) H napora3oBbrx arreKrpocraHrruir nfO (.qns 
'rorryrHr{oBbrx
|ASC). OcHoeHbrM ronjTHBotr J,.irfl o6orrx BHfoB 3alreFrreMbrx 3rTeKT-
pocra uqrlrl fl Brfi eTCq ra3.
. 3apn.l fi\3C, oc1'u{ecrB,tlqe}tbril e HorrHoM npoBare cyroqHbrx rpa-
$ttxoe irarpysKtt, npHBo.tHr K vMerrbrueHHro rpylnocreil a pa6o.re ren-
JtoBblx H aroMI{blx 3./TeKTpocTanilirit B tie,peMelHofr qacrlr rpaQura rra-
cpaBF{eHHro 3arpar, cBfl3aHHbrx c BBoAoM |AOC-AOC, c sarpaTaMH
rro BBo-qy no"{vitriKoeoii nf3.
Ko.nuqecrBeHHafi or{eHKa crpyi(rypHoro e00er<ra fAOC, xapar(re-
pH3yIOUatl ee pexiH'Milble npel{MyxIeCTBa, Oilpene;IfeTCfl npeBbllxeHH-
e\'l 3KoHoltH[i ilo ronJIHeHoli 6ase (6onee r{H3Kafl TorrJrHBHarr cocraB-
.'Ilg$afl nporr3Bo.qcrBa sneKrpo3lreprHH ua A3C 'ro c.paBHeHHro c
nf3) Ha,r( rono.,'IltHr€JIbHbIMH 3arpararvrH rro crpouTenbcrBy 3JreKTpo-'crarrqut"'t (6o.nee BbIcoKHe KanHTaJroBJrox{eHHq' B A3C no cpaeHeHraro
c flf3)
ocHosHaq Qopuy,rra 3KoHoMsqecxori oqerrKn pe)+(HMHbrx [penMy-
tqecrB fAAC Hlreer Br{A
JF:i5c : 3fi'rs b3 - (8,.Kas. * Hot -E-Kft"rs - H?#e\ (21.34)
f4e- Siire - eupa60rKa noJlynur(oBor*r nf3, 3alrerrflerrafl nupadcrroft
AOC, ltnH.rcBr'v; 6 - yAeruurri pacxoA ron.rtr{Ba Ha noJrynrrKosori nf3
B nepecqeTe rra ycJroBrroe rorl'ruIno, xr/ (xBr.'r) ; S-saML,rKarou{He 3a-
Tparbl IIa nepeccleTe Ha yc,/ioBrroeTonJr[rBo,py6/r; Kegc-KanHTa./ioBJIo-
414
}r{eHHfl B crporlreJlbcTBo AOC, Li"rtu. py6.; kfrcc _. e]KeroAHbre r.t3Aepx(Kr4
ro crpor.lrerbcrny A3C, vr.nH. py6.; (ftT-e - r{anHra.,.roBJro}Keunrie crpo-
HreJrbcrBo noJryrHKoBbrx flf3, u,'rH. py'6.; tr{i{ra - rrocroflHHbre H3Aepxi-
Kll [o cTpoHTe,/'tbcTBV noJlyntrKoeofi I-1f3.
B Qopl'ryne (21.34) 3ftne onpeAerrnercfl no Bbrpax(eHr.rlo
3ftTs : TN"u.(24 -tn^"), (21.35)
rAe T -riHcJro-4rierl pa6oru |ASC B rerrerrr{e rolai ffuu.-HAtocHan
MoiqHocrt fASC; tr^"-rrgcro qacoB pa6ornr fA3C n HacocHoM pe-
}KHMC.
B Hacroflrr{ee BpeMr{ q _C_cq_P pa3pa6arrr,earcrcfl cxeMbr c aKKy-
MynupoBaHHeM rerrJra Ha A3C. Kpove roro, sa ,py6ex<or,r (@pf) exc-
IIJIyarripy€rcq noKa eAaFrcrBeHHafl B Mripe B03-lyxoaKKtMV.,-rHpytouas
ra3or)'p6HnuaR s.TerirpocraHrltifl riou{irocrbro 200 r\iBr. I-lo cBoeMy
npHHl{xfiy_ H crpyKrypHoMy sQSexry orrl 3JIeKrpocraHr{HH aHairorHri-
Hsr fAOC. fioerovy oKoHoMuqecKoe corocraBniHse fA3C c raKoro
POAS 3JICKTP-OCTAHI{Hfl MH HOCIIT TPAAHqHOTigITfi XAPAKTEP.
Ps,q, fAOC HMeioT KoMIIJIeKcHoe Ha3FiaqeFrHe H HclroJrb3yrorcr B
KaqecrBe Hacocrrbrx craHi{Hft lnn opofireFrHr, BoAocsa6rxeuHfl H T. A.
B 3rHX c,:IJir{a.fix Ao"TX(eFr yrrnTbigaTbcfi eQQerr fA3C AJrfl coorBeT-
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

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27-6410 417

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Pacqeruul"r eQQexr Jao,. or
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

(21.4e)
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Vcxopenuafl peKoFrcrpyK(riq f3C qe,'rsercr s$$errueuori, ec,rn
plv -ul
xit +
Hl, :
f.d,e (rr, H,v- KanHTaJIoB.,'Io)KeilHR lt ex(eroAHble H3AepxKH
peKoHcTp )*K(IIII
(21.50)
(21.51)
(21.52)
no rHn-
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poy3Jly, IIoICqHrar][rue c yqeToM cpaxropa BpeMeFrHi Ri, Hi- conyr-
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noj,cr{HTarrHbte c yqeToy $axropa BpeMeHrr, (i., fr,u - KantiTaJroB/ro-
HerrFIrr r.r ex(efonHbre ri3gepxKH no anbrepHaTriBHbrM MeponpHffTrrflM
)'qacrr.rl{Ka f , no;(crrHTa}rrrbre c yqeToM cparcropa BpeMe[rH.
420
K a n li r an O B,'I O).KeI{ H fl tto KO M iL'I e KC tlOM y f H,iI'p Oy3,'I y, OTH OCH M bl e
yrracrlrnwa [, oilp3[e;1fll,orcfl no QopMy.[e
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AeHHbtx 3aTpaT no sau{eHfleMoMy BapI{aHTy, ro pacnpeAeIeHI'le 3arpaT
peKolrerrJ,yeTCfl rr,poBoAlirb rro MeToAy, o6ecne.{}iBarcu{etvly oAHHaKo-
Byro cTeireHb cFrrixieFrlrfl ilpHBeIeHHbrx 3aTpaT .1..{fl Kax(Aofo yqacTtlH-
r<a BXK r1o cpaBrrerrH]o c a,ribrepHarHtsnbtM]t npHBeAeHrlbl,MH 3arpara-
l\,tir u npII oi\nuaxoeotlt ltopN{e e}riero!,Hblx H3Aepx<eK ilo orHoueHHIo
K I(A NIiTAIOB.IIOXiCIII{f M ('D:
E"(K:t * Ai) +n" -, tI,
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4-
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no Qoprtv.le
(21.53)
(2 r .54)pTa
Ltl r\ i
OTHOC[IMbIC TIA yqacTHIiKa L, oflpeAeJIfroTCfi
"(EHFI+t4?)-EHK,-H, (2 r.s5)
Er*o
flprr orcl'rcrBlrr.r.r.zHr{brx no a.4brepnarnBttbt}{ MeponpHflTIitl\I pac-
npef,e.terure 3arpaT Mex(.ty Koynotleltralur BXK peKoMellly-eTcfl ocy-
ulecrBJfrb no itero:,v, cr6ecne,rHBalou-leMy otHHaKoB)'Io o6uryro :Q-
(rexrlinuocrs .1.:tff Kaxi.toro yi{acrttrtKa BXK (r1.": .?lt;) npH
o.Lltiaxoeoli nopMe exiefo.r.ub,{x H3f,epx(eK Ailn Kax\.1,ofo yqacrFiHKa
KOlt iIJeKCa 0):
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no $op\lyJ1e
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(21.57)
ll,pu pacnpeAe.rrenHH Ter(yltrHx sarpaT orpacaeBble exefoAHble
H3Aepi{iKH AOJrXilrbr OTUOCUT'UCR Ha COOrBeTCTByrOtqrre orpacjtll BXK.
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Ko.v nonelrr Bo-tox03rrricrBenrroro KoM nJreKCa, oIpef,eJIRlorcfi c yqeToM
cpaxropa BpeMeuH Iovr (21.50) - (21.57)). @axruqecKHe Kant'rrano-
B":toticliltfl, oTiloct{Mbte fia Ka){{AOro yrtacTlll.lKa, onpeAe,TtltoTCtl npo-
421

--- PAGE BREAK ---

IOPI]H O HAJIbHO COOTI]OIUCHHrc :
t(J\F/
4 - --:--
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ri'enoro Ba'prrarrroB. BapHanr, pa3pa6orattuutir B pe3)',[brare Bbrnoir-
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,'Iflercfl no QopM)'"1e
3: (H alE"Ku) - (H o*E"Ko) -En(n.,, (21.60)
rrc llo n Ho- eiheroArrbre H3AepxiKH no 6aaosovy H per{oMeH;t}'e}ro-
M)' no p€3!.,rbrrrau FIkIP H OKP eaprrarrray, I,r.ru. p1'6/rori E"-
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peTeIIr{e o6op1'-toBar(}rR H npoqHe ,pa6orur. Ka'nirra"roBJro}KerrHr onpe-
.qeJIflr.oTcfl npoeKroM. I-loc.'re npHeMxir o6rercTa B rrocronirHyi.o 3Kctrny-
arauinc oFrr{ nprrr{riMaroT Qopr'ry ocHoBubrx QoHaoe o6rrexra.
Hgrtettetrure Karll{Tailoeroxetnrrl no pesy,'Ibraralr H[,lP onpeAeJrfleTcrr
cileurr a":tbHbIM pacqeToM.
I,is:eo;i(xrr no strepreTrrqecKl{M }r Boroxo3rircrserrrrr,rlr o6rexrau
BK.:u.oqaroT aMoprH3ar{Hto (peuoaauuro w KanHTailuur,n"r pevorrr),
3apn.:rary, 3arpaTbr Ha rexl'ruriri peMoHT H rrporrlre pacxox,br.
llpe-r'npoH3BorrcrBeuHbre 3arparbr BKJrloqator B ce6ft Bce 3,'reMer-rrr,r
3arpar, ueo6xo-lnuure !iln rpoBeAeHHff pa3pa6orxrr u nepeAaqH pe-
3vJIbraroB B npoH3Bo,IcrBo, T. e. co6crBerrFro rra)'qirHe (reopernve-
cKHe [r 3KcnepH]{eHTa.[SHOre) rrccJleAoB aHHf ,3Kcnepfi]f eHTaJrbHoe npo-
eKTH,poBaHHe, KoF{crpyHpoBaHHe oKcnep}rMeHTa.TbHoro o6opyroBaHHn,
annaparoB lr npn6opon, a raK>xe H3roroBJIeHHe H HCirtirai{He orIbIT-
rrr,rx o6pa3uoB B npoqecce HccJeloBarrHfl.
llpu onpellerrerrHlr s$rpexrrrBnocrH HHP w OI(P c/re.(yer yqHrbr-
BaTb, rlTo, KaK fipaBHJIO, HMeeT MeCTO pa3pbiB B0 Bper{er{H Mex(Ay
cpoKa-.lrlr npoBerenLirr H14P n O[(P, ocyurecrBfle[rHeivr rpeAnpor{3BoA-
crBernrbrx sarpaT ri BI-reApenHeM cooTBercrByrounx Mepon,prrnrHii B
cTpoHTeilbcrBo r.t 3Kcil,rlyaraIHrc 3rrepfeTHqecKlix It BoAo,\o3gricrnerr-
ttttx c6retiTots
(21 .58)
(21 .5e)
,*
HA y rt H o - H c cJl EA O BATEJTbCKHX
cTopoHbr 3aKa3qHKa.
SxorroM H qecxHri s Q Q e Kr HHp x oKp-KojrriqecrBerr-
IIaf oueHKa H3MeHeliltfl 3KonovrHqecKHX rroKZ3ST€,r'Ieri oT BHeaDeHHtrpe3y"qbra.roB Hp'IP H OKP B HapoAHoe xogqlicrBo. B sarscru,."oirH or
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HI,lP;
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HocrH no HHP), xoropull e pacqeTe gKoFroMHqecHHx noKa3aTelel-r on-
ercf no IiayqFro-Hcc"r'teroBaTeJrbcKr.{M pa6orau, or}tocnu{}tMcfl K trolrc-
KOEbrN{ ItccJreAoBarr}tfl.\{, ilporH03HpoBartHro H nJlailH,poEa}{Hro, cnerlH-
422
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pA60T B THAPOSHEpTETHilE
423

--- PAGE BREAK ---

coornercrnyrcqralt roAosofi sKoHolur.recxHr? aQQexr c yr{ero}r
@a'xropa BpeMeHH (3r) peKoMeHAyercr onpeAe,rrri'no cfopuyne
Tf
J. : 
,2 {t{on,.o * EnK, u) - $14 tp+EnK,o) -EnK,n..l ( I + E,.n\'u-' , ,
(21.61)
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trgn onpe-xe.[eHHH o]KHraeMoro 3KorroMaqecKoro eQ$exra B Kaqe-
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flprr onpelenerrirn QaKrHqecKoro 3KoHoMHqecKoro eQ,Qerc-ra sa 6a-
soebil:l Ba,pHaHT AonlKeri IpnnliMarbcfl ypoBeHb rran6o",ree 3KoHo]{rrqHo
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TOpbre pa3ntrqHbl no BapHaHTaM.
Bo acex cflyr{aflx B cpaBHHBaeMbrx Bap}raHTax AoJTx(Hbr 6orru co-6lrcrenst ycaoBLIfl conocraBHMocrH, T. e. AoJrx{}ibr 6nrro o.qrrHaKoBbr-MH KoJIHqecTBa Bcex Brr,(oB noryrl2syrrl norpe6r.rreJrflMr.r eueprerI,,ve_
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H IP.
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r00
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30-50
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(21.64)
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425

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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tIHfr, npHrrHMaBluHx yr{acr}re B BbrnoJIHer-rH'H coorBeTCTByrorqux HI4P
H OKP, 6y.uyr paBHbr. fl,puuRrne ,qJrfl xaxofi-ro oprariH3aL\LitI noBbt-
ureuHofi !,or'rH sQQer<ra coorBeTcr.BeHHo yBenHqHT noKa3are,,lb eQ-
QexrHeHocrrt.
rNABA 22
OCHOBHbIE 3KOHOMHT{ECH'{E XAPAKTEPHCT''IKH
rH&P03HEPTETXqECKOTO CTPOHTEnbCTBA
22.r. KAnHTAI|OBJIOX(EHH9 B THgPO3HEPTETHIIECHHE OSbEKTbl
il,ns co3raHtrn Hosbrx, a raKxie AJIfi pacuHpeHHfi H petioHcrpyK-
uHH AeficrByroulrx ocHoBrrbrx Qon.q,oe Heo6xo:l,HvbI KairHTa,'IoBJIo-
x(eH Hf.
Crpyr<rypa KarrHTaitosfloxeHHr'r ro noAoTpacJIlM gneKTp03Hepte-
THKH cneAylouraff, o/o :
tJ,TilffiiaH"- ?[:llf".?"'H?J'
fu,u,por-ryenrpocraHurnr 80 20
KosAesca(rronnbre oreKrpocraHuHn 55 45
fa:oryp6xHlrue sreKrpocraHuHH - 45 55
Arouxue aJrenrpocraHuHrr 40 60' 3aenrpflqecxue ieru (c noAcraH,uunult)
. Hanpflx(errrren 35 xB u auue 65 35
B np u *r" *a npoeKTHpoBa'rrHff qacro np HMerrflior nora3aTe.rr li
yAenbH brx K a n H T a JIoB JI o x{ e H u r1. B ru.lpo3riepreruKe rran-
6oasuree pacnpocr,palielrHe no"ryqHrH ABe xapaKrepHcrHKn -
yAeJrbrrHe KanHTa"loBJrox(eHHrr Ha I xBr ycrarroBJler{-
HOii MOU{HOCTrr ku }r yAeJrbI-lbre Ka n HTa,/'rOB JrOX(ellllt
426
k': K'l 3"''
rAe Srec-cpcAHeNrHofofierHflf Bbrpa60rra 3Hepf Lf ri Ha f3c.
Tax riaK 3HaqnTerbHafl qacrb rH-qpo3/reKTpocrauqnir [pe,u,Lra3r{a-qaeTctl -liIr pa6ort't B nllKoBorl rr nonylrHKoBoi"i qacra rpaQH'ra rrarpy-
30K, T. e. c qlrCi'rO)i qacOB. HCITOT-rb3oBarrHfl f3C, AOCTHTarcU{Hfyr 6000_
6500, ro yre'Irbltbte KanHTaroBJlo;relrHfl Ha I rcBr ycraHoBJrelrrroi"r
MOtrlFrOCTli IrOf y r .laTb HCKarireHHOe npe.acraB.,-rErrHe o 13C. lloerouy
ueo6xo-liJI1o npt'{ cofiocraBJeHHrx npHtrr.tMarb Bo BHHMaFrr.{e o6a BH-
Aa nciiasareiefi.
22.2. CEEECTOP'MOCTb SHEPTHH HA r3C
Barxxu-v rexHIIt(o-3KoHoil{HqecK}tM IroKd3ST€r'reM nrrpo3HepneTI{qecKH.\ o6teKroe
flBr'IfiioTC,i e ;i e r o 1L ll b{ e H 3 L e p ;+( K Il npotl3BoncTBa (ce6ecrorr,rtocru roAoBoro
Bbrn\icria rpo^lyt{r{r{rr). Tar x(e KaK }t ArTR KanlrranoB;rolienrrr?, pa3,1HqarcT e}heroA_
r{b{e r!3.u,ep;{iKIr no rH.lpo},3ny Hr,.H exeroAr{bre H3Aep;,r(Kr{, orHoctrMb{e Ha 3rrepne_
rrr r\' /'/r.
Ce6ccloltllocrb g.Tenrpttvecr.oir 3Heprr{H S, onpere.ir fiercfl B pe3vnbrare ;ie.,Teg}rs
e;{ieroJ.Itbr-\ H3llepxieK I[, ua Ko..ruqecrBo gHepnnri 5t/!a, ornyuesHori ra roA c urrrri
DL-icoKoro HarrpR)Ker{rtn, xon / (riBr.u) :
Ha 1 xBr''{ cpelHeMrroroa
p o s H e p r nu k,
t-KN:
erueri Bbrp a6o TKH 3Jr
v I i.tycr -I\3irv r3c'
CKT-
(22.1)
(22.2)
(223)
(22.4)
MOpanbHoro
iloBrrrM qepe3
r,re 3fra 'paBHo ro-'ioeoii eupa6otxe :.rexrprrvecxof; 3HeprHlr f3C sa BHqeroM
pac.\oAa gHeprHH ua co6craeHHb{e Hyt*(Ab{ H norepb 3HeprHH a.rpairc$opuaropax,
Exierognsre H3Aep;Kr(H Ha fr{jtp63,1s*rpocrar{tlr{ri cocroflr H3 aMoprr{3autr_
oHHbrr orqHcnegafi H 3Kcn.1 varaqrtoHHbrx pac.xoAoB.
r\sa;lrs crpyl(Typtd ce6ec'rotruocrn 3neKri)o3rrepfuH Ha f3C loKa3HBaer, qrc
xau6o,qsurui y.{e;ruusrii Bec e rrcri cocrrB;'rficr a:\ropr}i3arlrrn oflroBHbl\ Sorr:oe-
oKo;ro 85 0[ (.qas rpi'nuux f3c) rr oxo.no 70 !f (lnn uaasrx f3c).
.{noprttsatlttfl ocl{oBlrtlx $ou,loB - r]ocrencirnoe (no :uepe nauoca) neper{eceHrrl
croHMocrrr ocHoBrrbr\ Qouaoe Ha npou3BoAuM.vro. npoAyKL(Hro. Aericraynlr(He Hop.ML,l
a.voprH3aUIIH cocroqr H3 l1,Byx uacrefi; .lropMbr Anfl nonHoro BoccrarroBJreunfl (peuo-
eaUlru) ocHoBHbl.t 0cHAoe H Hoplrb{ Inf r{x r{acr}tqHoro BoccTaHoBJreil!tn (xanrraas-
Horo peMoura). O6ruaH HopMa aMoprr{3auHoHr{bt.\ oTqirc,,reHrrri na.nne.rcq cyMuoli grrx
nop:vr (ra6a. 22.1).
Exeroautse tlopr{bl otqncaeHuri Ha perroBaq}ito onpeAeasrbr no eoplry.ne
I
. ,c.n
rAe /.,' - cpoK c;ry;'{t6u coopvxierr}{r r.1rr o60p1'aooaHun c y(rero.\{ e[o
rr3rtoc 4..
Ecrrr, Hanpni\rep, Aarrnoe o6opy,ronarrrre AoJl),r(Hb 6r,rtr 3aMerreHo
50 ,ler, To Hop.'ira orqncleuuli ua perroBarluro o cocraa,Tqer 0,02.
427

--- PAGE BREAK ---

T a 6 "rr n q a 22.1. ,[,efictnyroulre HopMH auoprH3arluonHbrx or,rncJrennfi, 0lo
O6u1aR uoplra
aMopTH3aqH-
OHHbIX OTql:l-
caegull
B tolr .Iltc.le
Ailtt \la--lt'l\ rlllpoarperaroB orHoctlre,lbtto He6o,Tbluoil crolltocrn e;,tteroJ,nbte
pacxoAL{ Ha Kantlrarbttutit peltonr (0lo crotrMocrrr rrr,lpoarperara) BbrLUe, qey A,:lrKpynHblx ilr-lpoarperaToB. flo:rorry nptr cror{yocrli rrrJ,poarperaroB treHee
1,5:rt'rH. P-t'6. x Hoplre avoprH3ar{rroHHbrx orq}rcreHHfi na xanuralsusr fr pe.\(oHT ilp}r-
HeHqercr Ko3+QnurreHr 1,9.
Hopur,r aMoprll3auHoHHbIx otqrtcleulrri (ra6e. 22.1) pa:pa6oraHbr A,.rfi I li II
KJracca rltrporexHHqecKHx coopyx{eHHu xpynHsrx f3C. .[,.1n coopyx(eHHir I II K.{acca
K o6u{eil HopMe aMoprH3aunoHl{E{x orqHc.reH!{ft npHueuaercn xoeQer{qseHr 1,15, 4,la
coopyxeHlrii IV K.tacca - 1,2b. K xpynHurv f3C orHocrrcff Bce ruApo3.,reKrpocraH-
qtIH MoltlHocrblo 25 rsrc. xB'r H Bblrrte; III Kaacc-rrrrpo3neKrpocraHqlrri Mo11lHo-
crbto or 50 .4o 300 rHc. xBr; IV Kflacc - rrr.qpo3,teKrpocral{uurr Mou{Hocrbro
50 ruc. xBr rr ulr){ie.
3xcnlyararlrroHHble pac.\orr{ Ha f3C cocronT rr3 3arpar Ha Bc[oMorareJ,rbHue
lrarepttanH, :apa6ortly]o nnary, vcnyrH BcnoMorare,/rbHbrx nporr3Bo,1cTB, Teri],trlrft pe-
}IOHT rr nP.
flo crarre <BcnovorarenbHb{e MarepHanbr> yqurbrBarorcfl 3arparbr rta ryp6rrn-
HOe II tparrcQop-varopHoe r{acro, xHMHqecKHe peaKTilBh,r, 3fl€KTpoti{erKH a,,rfl regepa-
TopoB, ManoIIeHHHe H 6uctpoll3uauuBalou{uecff npeA}{eru, cMa3oqHbre r o6trrpoqnue
HaTepHanbt H T. A.
I-lo crarse <OcttosHaff H AonoJrHlrrerbgafl sapa6oruar nrara) yrll1rbraaercH 3a-
padornan n,rara rrpon3eoAcrBetritoro flepcorrana UexoB, BKnpqaF :apa6orlrr.rc nnary
HH)*ieHepHo-TexHIttleclilt.\ pa60rltttxon lt cJlyx(aulrrx. llp116;rxxet{tro pacxo,a,b{ no 3a-
pa6orttori n,,'1arc onpeAenqnrcs npo'{3BeAcH}teN{ Koflr{qecrBa ncpcoHana tfa cpcAltc_
rorosoti {rotta eapa6orttoft n,raru oAlroro pa6ornrrrca rrrapo3nenrpocrarrurrn.
428
Ha crartrc <<Vclyrn BcnoMorareJrbubrx npoii3BoAcrB)> 0Tr{ocflTcrl 3arparbt tto pa-
6oratvt, npoH3goAltltbru cBo[l,lr[{ BcnoMonarenblrbtMw xosstlcreayfi i.iln ocHoBHoro fipo-
ll3BoACTBa, KaK, Hanplirrep, croHMocrb ycnyf aBTorpaHcnopra no AocraBKe tv{arepHa-
noB co cKnaAa H no BHyTplrcTaHI{HoHHbrM nepeBo3Ka},I H T. n.
Ha crarom <<PacxoAsl no co,qepxaHr{ro rr 3KC11r}3T3qnu o6opyAoBarrnr{)> orHo-
cfirctl 3arparbt no reKyu{er{y peMoHry ocHoBHtr.x (lon4on rrpoH3eoi(crBeHHbrx rrexoB
(saatlliti, coopyilier{}rir, o6opyaoBarrHrr, .xoaslicreeHHoro [rHBeHTapn il uHc'rpyivreHra).
Co,q, orl{ocflTcfl TaKiKe ocHoBHafl r{ AortoJulHTe,Tbrra a :apa6orrran rrrara c Haqlrc-
JIetlIifflvtH ua Hee peMoirrHbrx pa6ovrrx lr I-lTP no pyKoBo^lcrBy re!(yLultM pe-vor{To}t,
CToHIIOCTb peMOHTHbIX MaTeptlaJ'IOB It HCnOab3yeMblX 3anaCHbr\ uaCteii, CTOlnvrOcTb
ycnyr cropottHltx opFaHlt3aqltfi lt co6crBeHrrbr.x Bcnolrofare.lbHbt.\ npoH3BoAcrB (ve-
xaHHqecKl.\ H aBTorpaHcnopra) u np.
flo crarbe <<O6ulecreeHHbte pacro.r,br> yrlrrbrBanrcq pac.\oJ.r)r rra aapa6oruyro
IInarY a]MI{HucrpaTllBHo-yilpaBnellqecKoro nepcoHaJTa, Frai'roril lr c6opur, pacXolb{ n9
oxpaire npel.npuHrl{fl H T. rr.
Ha ctarrio <flpovtte IIpffvbre pacxo,{.br>) orHocnrcfl onr'rara !'cxyn BocroporrH}rx
opl'aHH3auit it, pacxo,r,bt no o.\paHe rpyAa H TexHriKu 6e:onacHocrr, pac.\olbr no aHa-
rH3aM lI tlcnb{TaHHnu o6opyAoBaH}ifl, npoH3BoA[Mbr]r croporrHilMtr opraHtr3ar.lHqMfi, H
npoqrrc IJac.\o.Lbr.
Crpyrry'pa 3arpar Ha npolr3BoAcrBo 3rreprHrr no fo,lau A..rfl oraenbHbrx rHApo-
eaerrpocranurrri MeHffercn lre3HaqHTelbHo, B npe,leJla.\ oAHoro nporteltra, qro ttpaK-
Tfiqecxrr lre BxHfler ua ce6ecrolllrocrb 3HepFrnr. Kole6aNtrn ce6ecrotrrrocrtt 3HepFHit
na f3C no rorav Bbt3BaHbr r.'laBlrr,rI{ o6pa:o.v pa3J'ttt1rnH.\r ro;lotsbr.\{ cror..o}t.
22.3. nPOH38OAHTEnbHOCTb TpyAA B THAPO3HEPTETHKE
o6o6tqaroultrlr noKa3are,relr nporr3BonHTe"'rbHocrrr rp)'Aa B rr.rApo3rreprerrrKe
flBr'rt€rcfr nupa6orxa eaaoeoir npo,nyKtrHH B py6J'rfx (Bn) Ha oAHoro pa-
6orsura npolrbrlflneHHo-npoH3BoAcrBeHHoro fiepcoHa.qa. flpuueunercn raKj+(e noKa-
3arenb ToBapHoir npoAyKrrHu a py6;rnx Ha o.r,Hoio pa6orrritxa npolrb{lrlr'ren-
Ho-npo[{3Bol,crBeHHoro nepcoHaJa. Toeapuan nporyKurrr }(eHbure Btr-roBofi npolyt(qrrH
Ha PacxoA SreKTpo3Heprllt{ Ha co6creeHHbre Hy;+iIbr (a crorvocrno}r eurpaxeHrru).
B flocr€;T,H€€ Bpeyff uttpoKoe pacflpocrpaHeHl{e IIo.iryrlr.;r noKa3are,,Ib r{ rt c r o fi
npolyKutltt (91-l), orttecenuoit x o.tnovy pa6ornuKy npol{r>ntr-lelrrro-npou3BoAcr-
BeHHoro nepcorrana. i{ncras npoAVKulur xapaKTep}r3yer croHMocrb, co3AaHHy}o Ha
Aarnofi 3neKTpocrautrtur, !r Mo)+(er 6uru onpeaeneHa no Qopuy;re
V I7 : BII-H "*H "u, (22.5)
nAe H 
"u 
- aItOpTII3aIIHOHl{afi COCTaB,'ltttOU{afl It3Aep;+ieK nO IIpOIt3BOACTBy 3HepntH
na f3C.
Ouesxa npouaroanrerbHocru TpyAa npolr3BoAurcs rax)+(e lr no rr a r y p a n b-
llbM{ IIoKa3areJIttM, neo6.roAuyocrb B Koropblx onpeAexrercn reNt, .{ro o6te}t
BanOBOft npOAyK(.(HIt A,'tn rHApo3uepnerrrrrecKgx o6terroa JrHlrb e HefiOaUUOft Crene-
HH 3atsttcHr or ycll.zttti KonneHTHBa f3C, a B ocr{oB}roM orrpe,(e-Trrercri Bo3MoxuuMH
pec!'pcar{H f3C N rpe6oeaxnHl!{rr 3neprocncreMbr. Harypa,lunrJe floK&36ren1 n03Bo-
aRrct 6o,ree nonHo oLteHHTb ycllnHR KoJraerirlBa no noBblulenlno npol{3no4}tr€rlbttocrl
TpyAa. Hatr6olee Pacnpocrpaneltlrbru rr3 ntrx flBrrr€TCFr rrrrarnr,rir Ko300H-
I( tl e ll r. Otl npeacrsBr'1fl€T co6oii oltorflcture rnrcJlctnrocrl{ npo}rhllrJ€}tHo-rrpor13goj(-
crgeunoro ncpcoHana cTaHUtut K ycTalroBlenrroir uoutnocrlr 13C (,rc,r/r\lBr).
CoopyxeHirn rHApoysJ'roB, ocuoBHbre @ou4or Ha no,'rHoe | ""BoccraHoBneHfie 
I
I{a n urar bt.t bt il
pesroHT
fllorussl npn ripyfiHblx rHApo3reKrpo-
CTAHUHflX:
6eronsue rpaBHTauHoltHbte I.r Mac-
cHBHo-rioHrpQopcHue; lr3 rpyHro-
BH.\ MaTepI{3.r'IOB
ToHKocreHHtre 6erol+rue (apo.llue,
MHoroaportHble, nourpQopcnsre);
A TAKXiE TYHHCJ}I
&laccusHl're Bo.qocnrrBbr lr BortonDrrelr-
HHriH 6erottnsre H ;ieJte3o6e.routtre
Hanopuue rpy5onpoeo:u lr vpaBHrr-
re.rbHble pe3epB) apbr:
I{€T?,1itI{€CKII€
xe,re:o6erou HrJe
,{,epuearlnouuue KaHaJ{F,r, Hanoprrbre
6acceirHsr f3C n fA3C
Bolo.rpaulrnlurc npn 3elr.tffHbrx n.to-
TTI HA.\
fgapoarperaru Bcex rgnoB c KoMnneK-
TyroulHI( rr BcnolroraTe.tbrr bllt o6o-
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429

--- PAGE BREAK ---

rJlABA 23
BbIFOP OCHOBI-IHX NAPAMETPOE r3C H rA3C
23.1. O5U{HE nOnO}+(Et-tHg
K ocHoeFIbIM napaMerpaM rnApo3rreprerH,recxoir ycraHoBKH (f3C,
fA3C), Koropue o6ocnoBuBarorcfi B npoqecce npoeKTHpoBalrnfl, or.
HocflTCfl: orMerKa HfiV, no"nesHurir o6tev n rly6nHa cpa6orKH BoAo-
Xp.aHETIH LI{a ; ycTa HOBJIeHH a fl Mou{Flocrb, o6ecneqeH}locTb orr ep rooTAa -
{H, TexHHqecKHe,[,aHHbIe ocHoBrroro 3HepreTtrriecKoro o6opyloBaHHt
H BoAoiipoBoAflurnx coopvrxeulrfi .
I'IslreHeHaq Kax(:,oro H3 3THX rrapaMeTpoB BJH.fltoT Ha oHepreTH-
qecKHe lr 3KoHoMHqecKHe noKa3areiiH fHt,poy3Jra. 3 n e p r e T r{ q e-
c K H e II o K a 3 a T e .r't H - .vou{Hocrb n Bbr,paSorxa S,rreKTpogHepftrH-
ofrpef,eJfror 3HepferHqecxnfi eQrQexr f3C B cHCreMe, ieqsaHHHe c
HPlMll 3KOHoM HqecKHe II o K a 3 a TeJ'I H-KaIIHT?.iloB"rioXeHHt
H _H3.1epiliKH - OTpaxralOT e.d,HHoBpelleHHble H TeKyrr(tie 3aTpaTbt, He-
o6xo,1u-nbre rJrs coopyiKeHtifl r.r gKcrtnyarar{HH o6texra
Bo6op onruilaltbHozo sHq.qeHLrfl rcouc)oeo nepa,Herpa nporcBoour-
cfr. naTe'rl cpaSHeHun sapuaHToS Ha ocHoSe TexHuKo-SKoHottuqectcux
pacqerol u BcecropoHHeeo aHcr/tusa Qarcropol, ne noddanLqttxcn sKo-
Ho'|tuttecKu,lt oqeHgarlt. OcHoeF{otNI pacr{eTHbtu \{eToAOM, HCIno,'Ib3ye-
MblM nprl eu6ope IapaMeTpoB rH-r.p03iieprerriuecroft ycTaFroBK]r, r{B-
rffeTcfl MeTo:t cpaBlrr('r ertHoir 3KoHolrHqecKoir e$-
Q e x rrr B rr oc rrr (cn. r.n. 21).
Kpurepuelr onrHMaflbHocrH lrc6oro tla.pa,Merpa fSC rrBJrfiercn
MHHHMyM qe,'Ieeofi QyHKTIHH, KoTopar Aonx{Ha BKJrro{iarb
FIe ro./'rbKo 3arparbr no npoeKTHpyeMoMy rrfllr saMeHfleMoMy o6texry,
rlo raKX{e H H3MeHeHHrr 3arpar lio r,pyrHM o6texrav HapoAHoro xo-
gsficrea, eBflsaHHbrM c ttpoexrHpyeMbrM. B saaucHMocrH or BH-q,a ila-
paMerpa H yciroenft, e Koropbrx 6y4er pa6orara npoeKrHpvevufi rnA-
poyse"{ {xolrnaexcHoe HJrH qHcro 3HepreTKr{ecKoe H.a3HaqerrHe, B Kac-
Ka.q,e Hr'rr-r H3oJrHpoBaHHo rr r. l:), crpyKTypa ue,resofi QyHxuupr 6yle.r
p a3n H.IHoft. Ta r, Aitff 3HepreTgr{ecKoro rHIpoy3J1a, p a6ota rcu{ero' H3o-
JTr{poBaHFro, T. e. He B KacKaIe, rleJreean QynKuHrr rrpeAcraBJrfleT co-
6ol"r cyr.rMapHbIe npHBeneHHbre 3arparb{ no 3HeprocHcreMe c 'BKJrroqe-
Hrier{ B .}ree AaHuori f3C HJrH 3aMerrqFoureir 3JreKrpocraHrlHH.
OcHoeHofi npHHqHn MeroAa cpaBHlirenenofi e$QeKTrrBHocrH - ToxAecrBeurocrb
cpaBHHBaeMbrx BapHaHroB ilo MarepHanbgoMy sQ0exry, T. e. coxpaHeHHe npn ocy-
u{ecrBxeHltu arc6oro H3 cpaBHHBaeMbrx BapHaHroB 3aAaHHoro yponHn MaTepHanbfloro
dalanca B HapoAHoM xoeqftcree. B pacuerax 3Heprerrrr{ecxnx o6texroe 9To o3na-
saeT, qTo cpaBHHBaeMHe BapHaHTbr Aon)KHH paccMaTpHBaTbcfl B ycnoBH.f,x oAtrr{aKo-
Boro ypoBrrg sneKTponorpe6aeHnff I{ Harpy3r(H 3rreprocr-rcreus. OAnsaxoaofi AoJrxHa
6urt Hagexnocrb SneKTpocna6xieunq. Pexlrllur pa6oror sreKrpocranqnri s guepro-
cHcreMe Ao,'lxHbt 6ulrt ontttManbilblMH.
BapltaHru, orJurtrarou{recq Apyr or Apyra napaMerpay}r npoeKTrrpyeruoro o6r-
€KTa,.{O.{)'KHrrr npilBoAr'trbcfl K oAuHaKoBol\{y 3HeprerrrqecKo}ry sQSeKTy.
Tax, ecau o6ogHa,ltttb Harpy3t(v gileproclrcrelrbr ra coBper{el{Hon{ ypoBrre Ps, d Ha-
430
rpy3Ky [ta nepcrleKrr-lBHorr pacqerHo.\r !'poBne P1, ro noKpbrrlte nprrpocra trarpy3Klr
B 3aBHCHMocrH or naoaverpa f3C (rranpn;vrep, ycraHoBirerlroir Nroulrrocrn) uotilro
npeAcrasrms rpaQnxov ua pnc. 23.1.
B o6ute:vr cJ'Iyqae sacrb nprrpocra Harpy3r{lr Mo:lier 6urt noxpblra npoeKT}rpye-
Uor? f3C #feC, a ocTaxbllafl qacrb - .lpytuMH npoeKrilpyeMHyH 3.,1€KrpoCraHUHn-
MH 3ueprocHcreMbt, B ToM rrnc,'r€ 3a\{brKat'oltlH]rH 3Heprertrqecxlni 6anaHc 3treprocrr-
creMH.3rtt a,rexrpocrarrulr B corrocraBl{Te,,rbr{brx pacrrcTa.\ rrcfloJb3yrorcff B Iiaqe-
crse o6rcxroB, 3alreusevor.r f3C.
L{en nenuue 3HaqeHrre napaNterpa Y, Teu 6or'rsure .lo.qxHa 6urr Aono.lHfltouan
Itoulilocrb i\'.on 3a,vuKarculilx (salrerrne;rrutx) elerrpocraxuHri 3rreproclrcreltb{. nprr
Italt6o,tsuteu 3uaqeHHH napa!rerpa Y f3C noKpbrBaer nprrpocr Harp\'3iirr, paerrurii
Pz-Po. Tanltlt o6pasov, Ka;*(AoMv 3Harrenlrlo f cooreercrtsyer cBoe coqeraHrre Motrl-
Hocrefi npoeKTHpyeuori f3C u 3alro{fle:\{brx 3,reKTpocraHquir, paBHoe B c}'}t}re np}r-
pocry Harpy3r(H Pz-Po. AHa.nornquLile paccy)KAerrl{fl ort{ocflTcr H,K npou3BoAcrBy
3neKrpo3Hepnr{ rr-
Taxoe Bb,{paBHHtsaHH€ Bs;p}raHToB no oHeproorAaqe 3a cqeT.4odan-
JIeHHfi K [rpoeKTHpye-!{ol1 f3C MorrlHocrH H Bbrpa6orxH AononHrrotrIHX
(saveHre.vr,rx) 3JIeKTpocrattqsrl, Ha3brBaeMoe n p H B eA e H H e B a-
pHan.ToB x o.LHHaKoBoMy oHeprerirqecKoMy 3Q-
Q e x T y, ffBJIfleTcfl ocHoBHbrl.r ycnoBr.{eM conocTaBr{Mocrr{ BapI{aHT9B
npu ou6ope napar{erpoB MeroAoM cpaBHHTeibHoir :QQexrnBHocrH.
Kax<.r,ouy coqeTaltHlo Molqlrocrefi H aorpa6orxu 3.,'teKT,p03ireprHrr
cooTBeTcTByroT CyMMapHbre 3aTpaTbI no 3HepfocHCreMe
S:ci:3rsci *Soon;, (23.1)
rAe Srsc, - 3arparbr rro BapHatrry i ,npoeKrHpyevoir f3c; Saon i-
3arparbr no ronoJrHrrorqer'l Morqrrocru H .Bbrpa6orxe B BapHaHTe i.
[Io Mepe noBbrrrreHHrr napaMerpa fOC nepBoe cJraraeMoe 6yaer
pacrrr, a BTopoe - yMerrbuarbcrr. OnrHuaJrbHbrM 6yeer napaMeT.p
f3C Y, npH Koroporvr uereBarr (rynxunn - cyMMa 3arpar no 3Hepro-
cHcreMe - 6yner MHHHMarsHoir (psc. 23.2).
L{acro KpHBar 3'.:l(X) HN{eer BecbMa no./ToryFo 3o}ry MHrrHMaJrb-
llblx sltaqeilHii cyllltapHblx 3aTpar, qTo 3arpyAHffeT BbrrrBJreilHe onrH-
v
Prrc. 23.1. Cxelrra noKpbrrHfl Ha-
rpy3r(H cricTe}.lbt npH H3MeHCHHH
rrapa Merpa
Yont Y
Pv.c. 23,2. Cxerta eu6opa onru-
bianbHoro napaMerpa f3C no
MHHHN{yMy 3arpar B cHcTeIIe
Nrtt= P2- Po
431

--- PAGE BREAK ---

MaJIbHoro BsrpHaHra. floerouy B pacqeTax yAo6Hee roJrb3oBarbcfi He
rioJ'IHoir cyMMort sarpar, a HX nrpHparqeHlreM. Ec.iir.r rtpoAHO,SepeHi{H-
poBarb BbrpalKeHHe (23.1) no napaererpy Y, ro Mi.rHlrMyM 3arpar 6y-
AeT rrpH yc/roBLrflx
d3rec,d3oun...d23--T--r-z#:0 u #>0
Bropoe yc.rloBlre flpaKTHqecKH BCerAa BbrrnoJ'IrrfeTcfl. lip, MaJ'rbtx
KOHeqFrbrx npHpaiqelrHflx 3aTpaT LI 3a,Merre H,HfeKCa <<AOil>> FIa <<3aM>>
noryrtHvl
ASrec : A3..*,, (23.2)
T. e. oirrHM0,rlbFrbrM 6yrer 3HaqeHr.re liapa]reT,pa, npH IIepexoAe K Ko-
Tqp0vy or ero npeAbi-lyrrero sHaqeHlifl npr{paLrreHrre 3arpar no f3C
A3T:C IPAKT[iqCCKIi PABIIO CHIIifiEHIiIO 3ATPAT NO 3A}ICHflCMOM}'BA-
pHaHTy A3.un,.
06uisft xpHrepuri oIITnMaJ'IbFIocrlr - MrrHHi\r)'M 3aTpaT flo 3Hepro-
CHCTCMC - MOX(.IIO fiPCACTANHTb II B BHTE CPOKA OKYNAEMOCTH AOION-
H HTe"l bH blx K3 I1 HT3 ilOe"{ Oxef{ liit.
Bnr,pasnvr n,panyrc H JreByro qacrH (23.2) qepe3 cocraBJrrrorqne 3a-
rpar (cu. rn . 21):
E,,AK.sc * Lkl ,t, = E,,AR..,, f ^7 r^,,.
3auenne E" : I ft*,,noilyqHM
a(rac - aKr",
LHr^r, - L4rec\ xn'
t-leeafl qacrb 3Toro Bbrpax(eHHr npe.l,craB;-rfle T co6oir Qa r<ravecxsr?
cPoK oKyIIaeMocrH,{onorlHHTe.,TbHbrx KannTa.Toe.iroxenkiii Ta 1tpH rro-
BbrueHHH napaMerpa f3C.
Taxulr o6pasolr, onrHMaJIbHbrM 6y-rer 3HaqeHr{e na,paMeTp a y,
npH nepexoAe K KOrOpoMy or npeAbrAyurero MeHbuefo 3HaqeH?rfl cpoK
O Kyna eMOCTH !,OIIOJIII HTe,rlbHOro np H.p a uIeHHq K3 IlHT3.rl Oe'rtOxeH l.t,fi nO
cp a B H eH HIO c np Hp a uIeH HeM Ka IIHTa J'IoB.r-tOx(eFI ]i it e s a tu eufl eM ui ft sa o H-
a rrT .paBeH riopMaTT.IBHOMy ; -t6XTr'.
klrax, Qopvy.'ru (23.1)- (23.3) panHo(eHr{br H sBrrrrorcfi pa3J,rHri-
HbI}IH TOJIbKO NO QOP'UC BHPA}KCHHff CAHHOTO 3KOFIOMHqCCKO|O KPH.
repHff -itvrH'rrrrMylra 3arpar B sHepfocHcreMe. 3rlr sopMynbr HofioJrb-
3!'rorcfi n.pa au6ope ocHoBHbrx napa,MeTpoB fHIpoy3Jra B qeJroM, T. e.
npH_o6ocrroBaHHH orMerKH Hfly, ycranbenennoli MorqHocrH H r. A.
_ flpnr KoM'nJIeKCHoM HCnoJIb3oBaHHH BoAoror(a cr.pyr(Typa qeaeaol:r
0yuxt(l'IH H pacqeTbt cyuecrBeHHo ycnox(+rrlorcfl, TaK KaK AoJrlKHbrytlflTbIBaTbcf 3arparbr lr tix H3t!{eHeHr{fl He TOnbKo no 3HepfocHcreMe.
TIO H NO APYTNM KO.\{NOHCI{TAM KOMIIJIEKCA.
Paccvorprrlr oco6enHocrr{ crpvKrypu qereaoir $y,urqHn npH onrr{Mrr3arrHtr napa-
[lerpoB Bo;lorlPo8o,ltlullr coopy)+(eHHii. I'lsMerrenne napaMerpoB BoAonpoBoAgulrrx co-
op1'xerrrrir (ce,terrrru Kal{aJa, Ar{atrrerpa rp,v-6onpouo;la t{ T. jl.) cBff3aHo c H3MeHerrHey
nolepb 3ncKTp03Hepilrrr.
432
123.3)
llocxonuxy KonrzqecrBo pecypca, a cneAoBareflbuo, II noABeAeusoft t< fOC euep-
rt{H nocroflHHo, Anfl coxpaHeHltfl 6a.nasca gHeprHH B gHeprocncTeivre Bo3pacralotune
npu yi\leHbrxerrHtr napaN{eTpoB coop}")*ieHH[r norepH 3HepfHH AOxiKI{bl KONlneHCllpO-
Barbcr AononHHTelrnofi arrpa6orlioli gail{sr,xanuax (eaueHaeutr.x) 3ner(rpocraHqttl'r.
TorAa sarparbt no l-ruy BapHaHry nap aN,rerpa B 3HeprocucreMe N,tox(Ho npeAcra-
B[{rb B BilAe CyMMbr
Ssci : 3rrc, -l- J3 A3r, (23.4)
rle Sptg; - tl3MeHflou{ancr qacrb 3arpar no I-3C, 3aBucqqafl or fiapatlterpa
coopyiKeHrrn; a3; - rr3I{eilerftre norepb 3r{ePflrH; 3cr - }Aeilbttbr0 3aTPaTbt H? !,oflo;1-
Hnte"lurrurir KuJ.roBarr-rtac 3fleKTpo3Hepfritr r{a 3aMeHq€iltb(x 3r'tet(TpocraHu}tr.\ 3gepfo-
cHcTeItbr.
Onrurra-rsnsri'.r 6i'Aet Bapnarrr napa.\rerpa, Koropolr!, coorBercrByer r{rtHl{}raJlb-
rroe 3Ha'reHrre Bbrpaxeulrn (23.4).
f.rH Bbrno:rr{€Hr{fi onrrcaHrrbr-\ BL.rue onrr-r}rH3aqHoHHbr.\ pacqeroB rieo6xoAttva
npelBaplrTe.lbHarr IIo.],roToBKa r{cxo-1,r{br x i,aHHblx Tal{lrx, KaK KaI]ilTa.]08.1o]deHHfl,
H3iepii{Kn npon3Bo,q,crBa n HX npHpatqeHHn, coorBercrB}'tolqHe ue6o,tlLurn{ n3}teHe-
HtltlLl 1ICKOIIOTo IIapalv{eTpa rrl]poy3xa.
I(anrrra,rosflor*(€HHfi B npoeKrnpy'euoni rrrApoy3en onpeie;rflrorcrr Ha ocuoBaHt(Ft
cI{crbr u.'ur cMerHo-$xnaHcoeoro pacqera (clr. S 22.5).
flpHpauteurrr Kanrr ra.'roB,-roxeurrir onpeAenrorcq ar{6o KocBeuHo, KaK pa3HocTb
KannraioB.roxeunir 3anpoeKTI{poBaHr{brx BapuaHroB, ;ru6o npfl}{brN{ cqero}(. A,rn
ncno.rb3oBaHl{fl nepBoro n1'ru yro6Hrr.rr rrB.:rrrcrcfl r'pa+nqecKoe npojlcraB-
Jr e n l e 3aBItcH-\{ocreir }rexiJ,\f 3KoHo.\utqecK}t}trt floKa3areirfl}rr{ H trcrtoybr}tt{ fiapa-
Nrerpalilr rlr.Ipo,r-3na, Hanprrlrep tr{exry Ii, I4 u A',;Ta, Hny. 3ro corpau{aer o6teu
pacqeTOB It iaeT B03ItOi+\llOCTb tlOJ\-qltTb 3KOllOMilqeCKI{e fiOKa3aTe.illl t.:Iq.'Irc60rO
tl[)O.VC/fi]'TOqHOTO 3Haqettllfl napallerpa, Ailfl KOTOpOTO Ile npOH3tsO-1,llr'lLlcb pacqeTbl.
OAuaxo 3Tl{M frpne}to\f }ro;{lro no.'rb3oBarbcfl To.{bKo ror,q,a, Kor,la rr3}reHeHrre napa-
MeTpa Ha BCeM HCcJ'IeAyeMOl,l AIIana3OHe He CBfl3alJO c It3yeHeHHe\t KOltnOIlOBKlt
ntfpo\'I3.1a, TtIna oTAerbHbrx coopv:+(ettHfr n.rn ap)'n{Mr{ rpanropavrr, Bbr3HBatou{n}til
cHaui;oo6pa3Hoe H3MeHeHHe 3KoHoMIrqecKt{.\ noKasarerefr.
Do.nee roqHb{ryt fle.'Ifercfl nropoir nvrb-npnuoir cqer, xoropurii npeJ,nora-
raer yqer KoHKperHbt.\ H3rieHetrrir trttra n ra6apHroB coopyxenrrir rr o6opy.l.onanun,
o6tevoe crporir€flbr'rbt.\ H Moura)+(ttbrx pa6or, cBfl3aHHH.\ c ir3IteHenue.!r napa.!{erporl
rltapoy3.ra. OqeHo Ba;dHL,{M FB;rflerct{ ({errioe Bl>rJIB;T€u}{€ Te.\ SneyettroB, rioropbrc
noABepfanTcf H3[feHeHuflM npH H3MelrerrHn rrcKoMoro napaMeTpa.
Aono;nltreirbttbre NaflHTa.ToBr'roi,{tcrtlrr no r,r. 2 pasle;:a .\ cvetu onpeAexnrorcrr
npfltvtbt.v cqeroM. fl,nn no;ryvertrrH no.lrroro npHpauIeHHq I(anlra.'ros.roxerrtrii cneAyer
TaK>xe yqecrb np';tpauleHl{fl flx flo ocra.rrbHu[{ rnaBaM cMeTil (onpe4eanroTcfl KocBeH-
Ho B ilpoi{eHraK crolt}locr}r crpol(Te:'lbHo-ItoHTaxiHbtx pa6Or flo fJ'r.2) r{ Apyrrre
uaA6aextt - Ha Helloruory rol{euKJ'rar}'pbl crponre.rrb}rHX pa6or, Ha HeyqreHHL,re pa-
6oru u np.
PIsAep)*(KII no rttApoy3ry, KaK 6u,ro noKa3aHo B S 22.5, onpeAe.rrrrorcfl Kar(
cyMr{a arropTH3ar(HoHr{brx oTgHCrTeUHii rr sr<crr.ryyarar{HoHHbr,\ pacxoAoB.
flpll onpeAeneHHH rrpr{pau,enun H3Aep)Ker( cneAyer yqrIrL{Barb, qro r13MerreHrre
H3Iep,+ieK npOIICXOAIIT Henponoptt,tlollz.i'lbHO H3MeHellHHl K3flIITa;lOBrrOXieUtrir. [{a ar"rOp-
Ttl3aUH0lllIble oTqHcJIeHHfl B:'lltfi€l'crp)'fiTypa KanuTanoenOxeHlli, n3MetreuHe noropOii
nprtBollltr K ir3Metrelnno cpeAnero npor(cltra otqrtc,resrrfi. B qacrlt co6creerrrro eKc-
llnyarattlloHxblx pacso.{oB nptl ri;trporioM /lnana3orre }t3veHe.r{nH }crilttoB;lerrtroft ltout-
tocnr f3C 6yrrcr u3;\reHRTbcn 1,,lelunr,rii pacroA (p),6;/rtBr).
28-6410 433

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Kanuraroerox(eHHfl B 3aMeHfleMbre BaprraHrbr (K3C u fT3) onpeAeJrtircTcfl no
yAenbllbll{ noI(a3areJlflM KanHTaJIoB.ryoxeunrl ua I rBr i\,rotirHocrH. B rex cr'tyqafi.\,
fiofAa B 3aMeHfieMoM BapHaHTe pacoMarpuBaercfl pacurrpeHrie T3C, coorBercrBylo-
UII{C ,KAflHTAJIOB,'Io}KCHHff IIOACI]TITbIBAIOTCq IIO YAEJibHbIM flOKA3ATCJIflM HA AONOTHII-
re.nrHuri I(uJIoBarr MourlrocrH.
Lleaepx<xu tto rerr.rroBbuvr gJ'reKrpocraHqHflM npeAcraBnqor co6ori cyMMy rro-
crorHHbIx pacxoAoB H 3arpar Ha rorrnHBo. llocroqHHbre tr3,u,epl+iKH onpeAe.rfirorcff no
€oorBercrBylou{HM HopMarneaM (cu. $ 22.5). OpueHrnpoBoqHo nocroffHnyro cocraB-
nfllou{yo H3AepxeK Mo)Kno trplrHrrrb paeHori 0,10-0, Il ee ranrrra.r]oBnoi+(eurifr.
Halr6oaee cJlox(I{br}r EBrqerct onpeleneHHe T o n,rt rr B H o r? c o c r a B n q Io-
rqeir 3arpar 3a:!teHt{eMoro BapHaHra, npeAcraBJrqrou{efi co6ofi npon3BeAeHge
ron'lHBttoro aQQerra Hd |A€rbHile 3aMbrKaroqne 3arparbr Ha ronintBo (c.lr. S 21.8).
Ton;lfiBHbIft aSQexr, TaK xe KaK Ir Anrr oueHKH cpaBuHre,rtuor?-ecpQexrunuo-
crrr f3C B I-(er'IoM, oflpeAengercs ,ru6o B pe3yJ'rbrare pacqeToB tro onrtrNrrr3ar{r.lH pe-
iKtllloB coertecrHofi pa6oru :.lexrpoctaHrllrir B aHeprocrrcreMe, nu6o fio HoI{o-
f pa:!r.\t a It.
oco6ettxocrbo pacqeroB no eu6opy napaMerpoB flBJrreTcg To, qro nprr noBHUe-
HI{H HeKoropbl.\ napaverpoe f3C (uanpuruep, ycraHoBnesHofi }rourHocrq npH no-
crofHHblx ocraJlbHttx napanrerpax) o6Unfi tonansuhrir sQ$exr (axoHolnrr ro[,{HB3
B 3Heprocttcreve) Mox(er KaK yBeJMtrHBarbcfl, TaK rr yMeHbuarbcfl. B 11oc,Tef,leM
cny'q ae nplrp a u{eHHe rorrlr}rBHoro :Q$enra 6yaer orpHr{arcJ.rbHbrM.
flprr nsr6ope onrHMa,'IbHbtK napaMerpoB Bo.torpoBoAnrrHX coopyxbHlrr? e (2J.4)
B liaqccTBe yienbHoro nOK?33T€:-1fl 3arpar Ha 3.leKTpO3HePnltn B 3HeprocriCTeM€ 3c3
ilro)Aer 6uru rrcno.ryb3oBaH rroKa3are.rrb 3aMhrKaroulH.\ 3arpar Ha greKTpojtrepfnto no
or.a,eibnbrM paf, orrau crpaHbr.
Bce gxottoMl'tqecKHe noKa3are,lir, Hcnorb3veMbre B Te.\HIrKo-3KoHolilrqecKnx pac-
qerax npH nsr6ope napayerpoB rgApoy3JroB, ,q,orxHbr onperer-rsrbcs c yuerolt Qax-
"Topa BpeyeHH.
flpxae;leirubte BbJue lteroAttqecKlte no.{ol+(eHHfl orHocfrcq ,x sur6opl, oAHoro na-
pait{erpa r-H.r.po3neKrpocrauuufi, oAHaKo npH xoHKpeTHoM npoeKrHpoBaHH}i f3C npu.
xorilrcfi o6ocuosHearb o;T,HoBpeveHHo Bce ocraxbHb{c Iapa]terpbr, npHqeM Bce ouu
83AH.HHO CB'I3AIIbI.
Pacqer sroti croxttofi saAaqtr o6uquo BeAercrI flocr-r€aoBSTenbHo, B rrcCiiorrbKo
3TailoB. Ha Ka)i\,n,oM 3Tane pacqera onpeAenflsrcs onrHMaJrbHoe 3Haqeutre od,Horo
ftapaveTpa npH yc.troBlrtr, rITo ocTaJlbHbre 3aAaFrbI Hnr{ y;+ie rr}reroT qacTHue onT}r_
Marbnble 3Ha'{eHtrs, noAJrex(auIHe flocneA}.tou.l.eMy yroqHeHI{to.flpu pacqerax, cBfl-
3aHHIJ\ C llaXO)*\.q,el'll-IeM 3TH.\ qaCTHblX OnTHMVlvlOB, IIC[Oxb3ytOTCfl npHBeAeHHbre paC-
qerHbie cxenb{ n rpoprrryau. Onpeleaenne qacrtrbrx onTHMyMoB npoH3BoAHTcrr <<cHH3y>,-T- e. Haql{Haff c ycraHoBneHuofi t*lou{HocrH. O,qgaxo Ha 3ToM grane Mor.r.lHocrb onpe-
Aenrercfl npeABapHrerbHo n noArexc.tr B Aarbuefiueu yroqHeHnp. Ocnoeuofi saAa-
,veir onpeSereuHrr yc'rauoeaeuHofr MorrlHocrH Ha 3ToM 3Tane FBnaercfl o6ecfieqesxe
conocraBtrMocrlr BaptraHToB Ans o6o$rosarrHfl ocrarbHblx napaMETpoB.
B pesy.,rsrare BoAtlogHeprerrirrccKrlx H rexHHKo-3KoHoMffrrecKHX pacqeroB [ropyr
6uru norryqenbr 3aBrrcnlrocrr{ 9a3c, tri$a, Nycr or v.&lo npu pasaHuurr'.r BapnaH-.Tax or.!rerKtr H[I)/, a raKiKe 3aBHcuMocrn coorBercrBy]ou,H.\ gKorroMHgecKflx no_
xagareaefi.
I'lcnorruryr srtt tlryrrxulur no onucanuofr ebtue cxeMe [cru. (23.1)-(23.J)], gpo-
lt3BoART nu6op onrulvta,tbloir or,verxrr VMO Anq xaxiAoro Baplratrra orMerxlr HflV.
Ia,ree no roit rie MerojtuKe npou3BoAnrcfl or,l6op onnriia.rrrroir orvernrr HI-lV,
.43{
3arer,r cHoBa nptrxoAtrrcfl Bo3Bpar4arbcn K ycraHoBnessoft MolqHocrl'I H yroqrlflTb ee
3Haqe6tie c yqeTovr xapaKrepHCTHK npeAnoaaraeMoro t( ycraHoBlte o6opyAonaHlin,
ia ra111r<e 6oaee AeTaJTb{{oro aHaJrH3a HcnoJIb3oBanHfl npoetrnpyeltoft f3C e ycno-
lBr{f x pa3B}lTHq 3HeprocHcreMbl H T. A.
rt.2. SKOHOMHqECKOE o6OcHOBAHHE vcTAHOBJIEHHON l'{OtqHOCTH r3C
VcraHoB,IIe
B SHepf ocHcTeNIe
cM. S 5.4) Moll{llo
HHYIO MOiJIHOCTb f3C NO BbIfiOJIHfCMbIM
Qyuxunr lt (nolpo6uee o 6a.ryaHce MoLtIHocrH
nPeAcTaBHrb B BHAe CyMMbl
/if:t:,VF3%+ /vF:t, (23.s)
rAe .VFS- p a 6 o .{ a q M o rU H o c r b f3C, yqacrBytoulaff BMecre
c Ap).'fHrilr 3.leKrpocTar{uHf}rr.r B nor(pbrrHI{ Hafp!'3ltll 3Hepfocl'lcTeMbl;
trt5'c - p e 3 e p B H a fl, M o u{ H o cr b, o6ecne'{tlBalou{ar BMecre c
Apyrilil{II 3,'IeKTpOcTaHt{Uf MII BLICOKOe KaqeCTBO I{ HaAeX{HOCTb 3JIeK-
rpocHa6x(eHH tl norP e6 Hreaefi .' 
Als 3KcIIJIyarHpyeMbIX f3C coorHolueHHe Mex(Ay o6eatuH co-
cTaBJIflTOU{HMlr H3MeHfleTCfl B 3aBHCHMOCTI{ OT Bpel"{eHH roAa, cyToK'
frJ,{.po.,'tofHr{ecKttX yC.IIoBHf{ H o6craHoexlt B 3HeprocitcTeil'Ie.
I flplr npoeKrHpoBaHrtH cocraBJftotUlie iliTc onpeAe.,'lflrorcn no
iyuaci,tro f3C B 6araFrce Mou{Hocrefi 3HeprocltcreMbt B rlaH6oJlee
:ttanpffjXeHHbll A.1n Hee nepHOA B yC,'IOBliflX Ma"r'IOBOAHOTO rOAa
' DacqetHoli o6ecneqettHocrll.
VcraHoe.teHHlrto t\,tOlIHocTb f 3C MOx(Ho IIpeICTaBHTb TaKiKe B
BHAe cyr!{Mbr BbtrecHflIou{eft /VFS H Ay6nllpyrouteil lifSff
MOilIHOCTeft:
/vi3t : ri F3t + A,i* (23.6)
OcHoeaHHelr i.Jtl TaKoro pa3Ae/ierrurfl ffB.iTflercr Qaxrop ts3aHlvto-
sailreHfieuocTH f3C H ApyrHX 3neKrpocraHqHfi 3HepfocHcreMu. Bu-
TeCrrffIOu1eft lta3btBaercf MOLLIFIOcTb fOC, KoTopafi, 6ylyut't BBeAeHa
B 3Hepfocrrcrevly, 3aMeHfer co6oli (enrrecnner) coorBeTcTByIOtsy_to
3a$rerrfle)tylo N{oulHocrb ApyrnX 3,'leKrpocrauqnft (uanpHMep,- s3c)
CHcTevbL CneAoBsreJlbito, npH BBoAe 3Toft MoLi.iFIocTli Ha f3C 3a-
MeHfleMafl i\{ou{HocTb Ha AaHFIOM paCqeTHOM ypOBHe BBoALITbCfi B CH-
cTelvly He AoJIx(Ha.
B rrporHBorro.{oxHocrb BbrrecHfltou{eft ry6,'lHpyrourafl Mou{Hocrb
pyrculaff Mout[rocrb, Hc[oJrb3yeMarr B nepHoA noBbu-ileilHoft BoAHocrtl,
3a c(ler coorBercrByloulefo crrHX(errlrfi Hafpy3Kt{ Ha T3C 6yaet
3r(orror,tilrb ronrilBo B $rcreN{e (cu. $ 5 4).
Octroerrofr coclaeirrrou{efi ycraHoBfieLtuoft rlroll{Hocrri fOC flBrHer-
cfl Bbrrecr{flOu1afl MouIuoCTb. Ona onpeAe.riffer co6oft:cpdlerr fOC
28* 435

--- PAGE BREAK ---

X vi:'fi," : PIT*'.
/:l
Bo aropolt BapHaHT0 r\{sricHMaJrbHarr pa6ovan rrorrllrocTb, rpe6ye-11afl OT rpyfHx sJreKTpocrasqHi? cntcteuu, 6y4er 
"*"o,ua
irri;;'< P:'j*".
i=l
3ro crilrir(er.rHe r onpere.rreT BbrrecHflrouyro I{ou{riocrb foc
-ntl
i/i3l Poo : I ivff$ii"' _ X,V;$-;r...
i:l j:l
flo.nrryr.o BbrrecHfltouyrc Mou{Hocrb f3C Ha AaHiro}r pacqerHoMypoBHe l{ox{Ho noxyqHrb, €C.i1H K i/ffll0"0 4o6aerrrn uu.io pe3epB-uofi IrouIFrocrx 3l{eprourcreMbr, r{c",l€Coo6pa3Hyro Ajts, pa3Mer.qer*lflHa f3C.
OlHlrv tr3 rpaxropon, BJrlffrourHX Ha BbrrecHqouyro Mourtrocrbf3c, flB'rqeTcq raparrrlrpoBaHHafl, HJ,H o6eine qeFrHa fl,M O U{ rr o c r b, KoTOpafi onpeAeJrfiTcfl B pe3ynbraTe BOAHO3HepfeTH-qecKHX pacqeTOB-_-C_ yqeroM rpe6oearruft' SHepferHqecKoft cHCTeMbrrI yqacrlirlKoB BXI(. Ec.'iH Boro.xpaHHJIHII{e r3C n. 
- 
oo..neqrrBaerAI'ITIT€TbHOC pefyJlHpoBaHHe cToKa, To fapaHTHpoBaHHafl MoIqHoCTb3aBHCltT OT CTOKa H er-o pacnpeAe,TeHHfl B 3nMHlre ilrecrit{br Ma_TOBOA-
19to roAa' flp" HaJIrIqltH Ha f3C ce3oHHoro onn 6onee AaHre,rbHoroPCN}.I-IHPOBAHI{q CTOKA f APAHTHPOBAHHAfl, A CJICAOBATCJIbHO, TI BbI-TECH'IIOulA'I MOU{HOCTb NOBbIIIIACTC,I 3A CqCT PC|YAHPOBAHHfl CTOKAeoAoxpaHlr"r-rHUreNr. flocxorrxy B 60lrurHHcrBe cryqaeB yAeJ.rbHbreKanrrrafloB"rrox{eHrrfl u HsAep}r(KH Ha AonoJr}rHTeJluHufi KHJroBarr Ntotir-HOCTTI T3C MEIJbUJC, IICivt AJIfl 3AMCHflCMbIX K3C, OKA3bIBAETC,I UE-necoo6pa3HbrM rroBbruarb BbrrecFlrIIo[Iyfo, a cneAoBaTeJIbHo, H ycra_IIOBneHHyT M0rufrocrb ro ee MaKCHMaJrbHoro 3HaqeHHfl. I-lpn 
',rroi,
pe){*rM }rcnoJrb30BaHlrfl BOi.loXpaHH,THU{a eu6apaaiao ru*n*, qro6rrodecne'tttru rtatt6oltruee aiir.rarua BbrrecHflroqefi *roirrHocrr,r.
436
Kpor're yKa3aHHbIX Qaxropoe Bbrrecnflrouras Mou{Hocrb 3aBHc?rr
or ypoBHfl liarpysKH: qeM BbIUre ypoBeHb Harpy3KH, TeM ilpH roft
)Ke rapaHrapoaauuort Mor{HocrH 6yaer 6onrue /iFSl.Bnecre c reM,qeM Bblllre, a cJreAoBare.rrbtro, H orAaJIeFrFree flo BpeMeHH npnuii-
MaeTCfl pacuetulru'l ypoBeHb ltafpy3r(H 3[repfocHCTeMbr, TeM A,'IrireJlb-
Hee oKa3bIBaeTCfl flepLIOA, B TeqeFII{e KOTOpOfO ilOCJTeAHHe CMOHTH-
poBaFIHble arperarbl He cMoryr 6urrr HCnoJrb3oBaHbt B aHeprocLrcre-
Me, a 3aTpar{eHHbIe Ha I{trx KanHTaroB";ro}KeFItrf 6ylyt coorBercrBelt-
Flo <<oMepTBJIfl TbCf )>.
@anropsr, B.trrr{icurue lta pa3}rep }crauoB.tcrrrroii rrou_luocrrr npoerrrrpl,erroii fJC,
ycJOBHo 11o.;+\Ho pa3AenHTb Ha Tpll rpynnH: nprtpOAHbre, crrcreltubre Ir CBff3aFrHbte
c BoAoxo3rircreeHHoii clrcre.uoli.
L Oarcropur npilpo.lHbie: fHrpo,loil{qecKile, ronorpaQur{eL-:rifie H feorofrrqecKtre
ycnoBHt; CTeneHb pef.\'JlHpoBaHHfl croKa; 3KoHOMltqecKt{e IoK?3?T€flrr, npe]Kte Bcero
yAe,'lbtlble KanllTanOB.:IO;+\eHlln lla AOfiO,ltllt'feJ'tbHbti{ KItJOBaTT l{OtUHOCTH.
2. oarropu cttcreltHue: ltacrura6 3rteprocucrerubr rr nperno.rarae.\{He re.\rnbr ee
pa3BuTtrf; pe;+itr5{ 3i€KTpOnOrpe6JteHtfff; coBpe}reHr{aR crp!,Krypa reHepi{p\.ouilx
Itoquocleii ll npelnoiSf?€Ilblc HanpaB.reulrrr ee pa3Brtrrrq, B Tou qrrc.re fiepcrleKTgBbr
rtl.lp03HeprocrpoHTe.;lbcTBa; SKOHOr{urrecFitte floKa3arertt no 3ayet{ReMbry 3.leKTpo-
crallulltlll 1t ron.ltlB-\'; pa3Hitrtte 3JeITpxrrecF.u\ cereii rr tr.\ 3KoHo]rH(recKue noNa-
3aTe.]tr.
3. Oanropbr, caq3alrHHe c eoAoxo:sircraeusoir crrcreyofi: cocraB KourroHeurorl
so.l,o.to:sitcrBel{ttoro Ko.\{II.:reKca, lracura6u rr pe)fin\r o16opoa BojlL* t'r3 BepxHero
6ueQa; rpe6oeaultH, npe.{,'buBJfle}t brc K nonvcKa}r rr ypoBrrRNr Bo;1,br B }rH;{iHey 6r,ede.
cBfl3aFlbl c H3MelleFlHri\tH pex{u}ra HCno.ryb3oBar{Hfl f3C B 3HeprocH-
creMe H c pa3BI{THeM ct'tcre}tbr Bo BpeMer.tH. Orcyrcrnue ariannrlt-rIecKl-lx 3aBHcHftlocreft tvtex(Av ociroBHbri\ftr rlepeMehtHbti\{H He no3Bo-
J qeT HCiIoJ'l b3oB aTb Ki'I &CCH tl €CKH8 M eTOAbI SyHXUSO HaJ'I bHOfO aH aJI ti3a
pacqernbrx yponuefr rrarpy3r{H, a raKxie saBr.rcHrv{ocr}r J.ec : / (trif.)
H /vF:ft: I(/), rle rvfit- Hcno.rrb3)/eMafl no ycrroBuflrr pa3BHrHfl 3Hep-.rocHcreMbr MourHocrs f3C.
rto N{orrlHocTa B gHeprocrrcTeMe. BorrecHq}ouarr N{oruHocTbcrorir r'r3 BbrTecusrcruefi pa60uefi H pe3epBgol'r wrou{socrer?
trFBt : rV ibjlnau + 1rF.3...
f 3C co-
(23.7)
Bstrecnnroilraff pa.6ouax lrourFrocTb ofipeAe/rfleTcfl no AaHHbrru ro_AoBoro 6anauca pa6ourax ivrou_(uocrer? .rcrero,. o;t^;i.;craB.,Tflerco6ort pa3Hocrb rvrelKAy rvraKcHManruoft norpe6uocTbro B pa6ovnx- tft erieprocncreMbr 6eg BBoAa [po_oAa.
ranluofr pa6ortr cHCTeMbr B Teqe-Hafl MaKCHMa.'rbHafi pa6ouan tvrox_t_
creMbr, uKclrMa,ruuofi Harpy3Ke 3HeprocH_
({
I
uj
'1
i
I
i
II
i
i
i
)
437

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Pnc. 23.3. 3asxcrr*rocrb coerHe-
NII{ofoJerHeir eupa6orrrr I-3C or
ee ycraHoe.renHofr Mor.uHocrit
trteT
Pac. 23.4. fpaQnx Hapacranrrfl Bo
BpeMeHH xcnoatsyerrori N{orqHocru
f3c
Pnc. 23.5. Xapaxrcp ri.ii{cHeHHfi y.le.lbHbr.\ tia-
nHTaJoB.to;reHHft Ha -1,ono.rIHltre,tsttutft KH;"to-
Barr MorqHocrrr f3C B 3aBficHvocrn or yBe-
,,'rHqeHHfl ycraHoBneHHoir vouluocrn fOC
flepnan 3aBHcrrilrocrb (pnc. ZJ.B)
B o6UeM cryqae rpeAcraBJrfler co6ori
I(pHByro c 3aT)/xaFOUIprlr [p HpocToM
cPeAHevHo[o"lerHeri Bbrpa60TKU 3"rreK-
rpo3Heprlltr 3r:c no Mepe Bo3pacra-
HHr ycrarroB.rrenHor'r uoulrrocru Att;3t,
TaK KaK nprr 3HaqHTe,.lbHONr BO3pa-
craHHr{ rttilSa Bbrpa6orxa yBeardqH-BAETCfl 3A CqCT AONOJIHHTCJIbHO.O HCNO"TIb3OBAHH'I CTOKA TOJIbKO BOqeHb Il HO|OBOAHbTe fo,qEr.
MOU{FrOCrli Ha r{eKOrOpOe rioHeqHoe 3Har{el{He Al/. oduqHo AA/ -
ITIOL(HOCTb OAHOTO 11",'ILI AByX TIOIIO.I'IHLITeJIb[{O yCTaHaBJIHBaeMblx arpe-
raToB. 3 anlrc a nocrb yAe,rr bH brx KanHTarToBJlox{er{HiI Ha AonoJIHHTe.n b-
Hbrii KH.,ToBaTT MoulHocrr ttoKa3aHa Ha pHc. 23.5.
Xapar<repHbrMrr Ailn f3C lB,'Ifftorcfl coorHoIUeHIIf rcflonrec(Kflic
A trf;onrec((ilBc, r. e. Kanl.lraIOB"rloX(eHHf Ha AonoJIHHTeflbHbIft
KHroBarr na f3C Hl{xie rar(oBblx r{a ocFIoBHoft KHJioBaTT H IIU}Ke,
qCM HA KHJIOBATT IVIOU{HOCTIi FIA K3C. 3TO flBJIflCTCfl CYITECTBEHHOft
npeAnocbr,,'rKok Ailn o6ocHoeaHllf pa3N{eu{eHHfl Ha f3c r{acrH pe3ePB-
Hbrx Mou{Hocrefi sHeprocHCTeMbi, a raKX(e qacrH rvrou{HocrH, ricno.lb-
3yeMofi B 3HepfocHCTeMe i{e cp.a3y nocJle ee BBoAa.
Bvecre c reM KpuBafl trrvonrec : i (/V) B o6ut,eu cJlyqae ni\,reer
TeHAeHqHn K BO3paCTaHrilO I]O Mepe yBerHqeHI,If ycTaHOB.IIeUUOfi
lvrou-t,Hocrrr f3c. oco6erftro riltreHCr]BFro 3To rlpofrB;1flercfl Ha rilr3Ko-
HanopHbrx 13c, rf,e yBe.rHqeHHe NrouIHocr tr ?r, cile,1oBare.lbHo,
MaKCHM?;lbHOrO paC.\OAa npHBOAHT K no;lbeivly ypOBHfl [{llXiHerO
6reQa H cHHir{eHHro Hanopa, ? iloca'I€AHee trpHBoAnr K cHrlxlenHro
pacno"llaraeMoft MorrlHocrr.r rnAporyp6uH /y'p".n. flosrouy ilptI npH-
rrflTo}{', T}rne o6opyloBaHHf vcra HOBK a rz-ft f HAporyp6aurr rr 3arpa-
qeHHbte Ha 3To Aono,,'tHLrT€,,'IbHbte KanHTa.{oBJ'to;+(eHIrg A( I]pHBeIyT
K )/B€;Tr{rreHHIO MOU{HOCTH r3c He ita /Vr, a Ha N.-AMp acnft, rAe
A,!'p".n - cHH>xeuHe pacnonarael{oit r\{ourHocrlt xax<nofi Typ6nHbt ilpH
ycraHoBKe n ru,lporyp6urr llo cpaBHeHrfio c ycraHoBKoft rra f3c
n-l rnApor!'p6Hfr.
Ha cpe,rHerJaflopubrx H BbrcoKoHanopHbrx f3C tBerrrqelrrre Ks:nroc
MO}l{eT npOrlCXOIHTb CKar{KOO6pa3HO B CBf3t.t C H3MeHeHHeN{ TOnO-
rpaOHqecKHX tr reo.rorHqecKnx ycroBrri{ pa3MeueHHr 3Aarrrrfl f3C,
H3rvreHeHlrei\r napai\.reTpoB BoJ.onpoBoArrurrx coopyiKeHHft ri np. Ha
yBeJIHqeHHe rf;onrsc C)|U{0CTBeHHO N{OFyT B;'lllfTb 3aTpaTbl Ha JII{HHII
3neKTponePeAa,{rr [r noAcTaHrIHrr. TarHr,r o6pasou, yBe.rrr{qeHHe
rcfon rsc il{ox{eT oKa3arbcl orpaHrrr{HBarorqHM Qaxropou npH o6ocHo-
BaHHH ycraHoB-rIeHuor'r rvtolqnocrH f3C.
Pacqeru npH nur6ope onrr{MaJ:rbHor'r ycranoBJerurol:r ivrolurlocrll
Irblno'lHfllOTCff C YqerONt )rC;1oBIIff OflTHr\laJIbttocrll (23.2) A3p36: A3s.ru.
3anuuev reBylo qacrb ypaBHeHHq 6orree noJ.po6Ho
A3rec : Eul{onp36 A.iy'pes * "il* A.ly'p3s, (23.8)
f,(e r/p36 --: jAeJ[bHble npHtseAeHHbte H3AepxKrt nO f3C.
B o6uelr cJIytlsg yBeJrprqeHHe ycraHoBneHrrofi Mou{Hocrr{ npoeK-
rnpyeruofi f3C npHBoAHr K yMeHbuJeHHro ycraHoBJreurrorl rvtou{HocrH
3aMer'rRrou{}rx (AononHnr.ouIHX) 3JreKTpocTaHr.lHfi 3rrepfocHcTervtbt 'Ha
A/V..r,, Bbrpa6o'rKrr 3/reKTpogHeprHH - Ha . A3.r*n H pacxoAa ron,rtHBa
B 3HepFocHcreMe - Ha ABeK. 3rouy 6y.q,et coorBercrBoBaTb cHli)*(eHHe
3arpaT no 3aMerrfleN.rbrM BapHarrTaM lta a3.un:
(23.e)
439
B'opax 3aB^cHMocrb (pac. 2J.4) onpeAenrercfi Ha ocHoBe co-craB'r]ellHg 6a'naucoa MaKclrMa"rtbHbrx ${orqHocrefi 3Heprocprcrervrrr .a,rRHECKOjIbKH.X PACqETHbIX VPOBHEIl HATPYiXTI HA TICPCIiCKTHBY. 3rA3aBHcprMocrb orpax(aeT_ BO3MOX(HOCTH Hcno.{b30"a*r"q pa60uefi H pe.3epBHoiI [tou{Ho..'et? rOC B aHeprocHcreMe ,,o il{epe ee pa3BHTHrr tr,cnenoBareJlbHo, pocra ee 3aeKTponorpe6,neuun H frafpysKH, B TOM
;,::;l ; " I "n "f 3H n 
" ; 3 ;:X. ; I i"r'J i;, 3, iii, i'J_" u,. ;:?1'1'# ffi : : : l ;Aaer 3Haqqreirrnurfi npHpocT eHepruu. floarouy B :ror1 qacrH KpH_
nor't HHreHcHBHocrb irapacraHHfi HCno.i1b3|cyo_H yorq'ocrrr riEt 
";;;-Aei-Iqercfl TeMnaMH BBOAa MoulHocrtt Ha-f3C. B Aarrtgefiu-re'pr HHTeH-cliBHOCTb OCBOeHHfi MOr.qHocTH OnpeAeJTfleTCfl reM[aMr{ nptrpOcTa nH_xoeofr Harpy3r(H B 3HeprocHCTeMe.
, . B pe3ynbrare gveiuo'QuttaucoBbrx p.acqeroB onpeAenrreTcs qacrb
KanrrraJloB.rro)+(eHHfi e coopyxerrnx lr 
'b60pyAoBaHHe 
C MOHTaXOM,HeJlocpeAcTBetrFro saBHcfftuafl or ycranoeleHHoir Moulriocrlr fOC.racqerbl npoH3BOAflTCtl Anf Hecr(o"rrbKHX BapHaHTOB yCTaHOereHF{ofrMOUIHOCTH.
- ^-Als nu6opa MourHocrt{ Bax(no FIe croJrbno a6co;rrorr{oe 3HaqeHHeKanHTa.rTon.,toxenrrfi, cKo.flbrio HX npHpalr{eFrHe AK npt{ IIOBbTtIIeHHH
438
(t) I
tit_.
<l
!
I
ii
ii A3ror, : EuKi-usc Mr.,, +;(t; AMuo,, f ABr^3rnn,

--- PAGE BREAK ---

rAe KpoMe rrpHBeAeHHbrx paHee o6osruaqeuartcroflFrHafl cocraBJrflror4arr r{3AepxieK Ha K3c;MbtKarou{tte 3aTpaTbr rra Ton,[HBO.
BseAs KosQ 0 nrr HeHr BbrrecHeHH
craHqner? Mou{rro cTH 3 a M e H reMbrx
3He jl rocllcrefvt bt o"-.NruulNrrr, noJIyr{HM:
A3r"., : 8"(i;c A//r:cot + r{* Mr. acaN _f A8r*3.on.
Perueulle 3aAaqH o6ocn-o^safii{s ycraHoBaeHirofi Morr{HocrH cBo-Arrcf K corocraBr'reHHro (23.9) H (23.10). IJ,eaecoo6pasHocrn no_BbrrileHHfl 6yaer orpaHHqHBarbc.r paBeHCrBoM 1Zb.Z7I-lpn paccMorpeHHH BapHaHToB ftse;'rHqeHHfl Mou{Hocrrr MoryT HMeTbI.leCTO Tp H pacqeTHbr.\ c.r'ryqafl.
l-ir c,ryuair. llplrpocr riorqrrocrri J,y1_.s ilpe.lcTaBi.rf er co6ofinorHorreHHyio BbrrecHfliou-yro i\.10urHocrb. B 3TOM Cflyqae otr) 1 nnplrpauleqrre , j^alpar iio f3c H 3arleHfleMoMy BapHaHry onpeAe-irFrorcrr no (23.8) H (23.10)_^ f ra Qop,vry,ru coorBercrByror ycrro-Brrfl.\r, KofAa BBOAHMafl Ha f3c rvrourHocib ocBaHBUUra": uHeproca-cre-uoii B roA ee BBOra. Ha [paKTHKe, KaK flOKa3aHO Ha pHc- 23.4,OCBOEHIIC OTCTAET OT BBOAA Ii NPOHCXOAHT NOCTEIICHHO NO MCPC PA3.BHTTIfl 3HCPfOCHCTEMbI. B HCI{O.TOPbIX C.{YqAfX, HANPHMCP TIPH CTPOH-TE.'IbCTBC KPYNtIbIX f3C N C116IIPA, SrOr NCPIIOA COCTABJ'IflCT AOI0 .leT- TarH,r'r o6paeorr, eur6op'y.rurioeJelrHofi Mou{Hocrrr foc
cBo-rrrcfl K OnpeAereHr'rrc 3K.HOMrrqec^r-r onp_aeAar{Horl /vis c y,{e-TOr\r cpo*OB OCBOeHHfl ee B SHepfocHcreivre. 
-B 
pacqeTax ,io yqHTbr_Baercff yil{eHbueHHeM npHDauieHH.q 3aTpa.T no 3aMeHfleMoft uou{-Hocr't B (1+E-.") t pas,'r4e f".;- ;;;"t{, Q irq H e H r n p H B e A e-
p asHuri 0,08, a t - cpox, qepe3
r{errHe Mor.rlHocrn 6y4er rroJrHor{en-
x(aeT ToT Qarr, qro 3aMeHfleMafl
)My B Te CpoKH, KOrAa oHa Mox(eT
JieT rro3)Ke, qeM NIoIrIHocTb f,OC.
OCYilICCTBJICHbI 11 3ATPATbI HA HCC.3arpartr Ha ron"rtHBo yrlnrbrBar,oicx 6es yKa3aHHoro cHHX(eHHff,TaK KaK 3JxeKTpo3rleprllr f3C HCIIortb3yeTCfl B sHeprocHcreMe, KaKnpa_Buiro, no Mepe eurpa6orxH.
Taxulr odpaaou,_ y_c.ToBrre onrr.rMa.,IbtocrH noBbr[re'Hf ycr?Hos-reHnoir Morquocln f3c MOX(HO 3anHCaTb raK:
( E * rcX,,nrc c + Iitr.) AA/p.6 : (6*trfl:c "t +Iflr. o,v; ArV,=s
-f ABr*3ron.
(23.1 l)
(l -F E".n)f
2-fi cnyuar'r. llpupocr
JIlrp)/touyrc (cesoHrryro)
soBana ria fOC ro"rbKo
440
Mou{r.{ocrrr /Vi:t npe.,l,crasJrrrer co6oft Ay6-iuoLuliocrb, Koropan MolKeT 6ltrr HcnoJib-
B roAur rr nepHoAbt noeuuertttotl Bo,lHocrH.
lli(sc - yAeJrbHaff lio-
Ston - yAe/IbHble 3a-
fl. rHApo3/Ie
3/IeKrpocTa
r(rpo-
HIIHft
(23.10)
flpn :ror\,{ Ha 3ro Bper.{n 6yler cHH;Karbcfl pa6ouaa ^,rori{Hocrs KOC,yil{eHbirIaTbcfi HX eutp a6orxa !I SKoHoerHTbct rolr'r HBo. llocno,rlxyAiVrec He 6y,qer BbrrecHflT'b -coo-rBercrByrou{yrc 3aMeH.fleMyro ruor_r{-HOCTb, ro AN..*-O H c,rN-0. Torla np"pauler''e 3arpaT no sa-MeHfleMoMy BapHaHry
A3. or, : ABr,<3ron : A3ron.
Taxau o6pasoM, Aoiro,rHHTe.,,rbrrL,re 3arparbr no fOC 6ynyt cono-craB,rlqrbcfl TOJIbKo c 3KoHoiuueil 3arpar H? ToII.,tHBo. VcnbeHe onrlr-Ma"rrbHocru (23.2) npHMer BHI
Ajr:c - A3ron.
Jannuey 3To Bbrpax(eHue 6onee nogpo6ilo
E,,tr,rtonrec L\';"q * uat 
" 
Ar\i;H : Dr,,ArVf :q lt3rsn,
fAe- br* -!AeIbHaf gKOHOMHf TOir.rrHBa Ha I XBr. .I AOIIO;TritiTe.rlb_Hoft errpa6orra 3HeprHH na foc; h- rorroBoe qficJro r{acoB Hcrro,rrb-3oBaHHt AOno.{HHTe,;-lbHofi rrOuluocrH f3C.
Pasre.'lnrl BCe q"ler{br ypaBHeHrrfl lia 
- 
a//p3c Ir peLUHM ero orr{o_csrelsHo ft:
E"rcsvonf3c +Zlec
6sx.3ron
(23.12)
(23.13)
(23. r 4)
rAe h:hr*-\tttftlr-\ra.TbHoe 3KoftoMI{qecKH onpaBAaHFIoe fo-roBoetlilc.lo tlaCoB IICnoJb3oBar{Hfl J,o[o"{Hlrre"turroir i,irarron;euHoir r\ro[I-rrocrr{ f3C.
llorryuenlloe 3HaqerrHe hr* cJ-reA),eT conocraBHTb c QaKTr.rrrecKtrBO3MOX{Hbr}{ riltcJloivt qacoB ItCnoJIb3oBaHHfl AOnO.lFrltTeJ.IbHOfI Ce3OH_IIOI? MOII{HOCTII ft"O'.'" NO,:iYqCIIHbIM B PC3YJIbTATC BOJ,H03HEPf CTIIqC-cKHX pacueron" B pe3y.:lbraTe 3Toro conocraB.reHlrr lloixer 6orrroi]peAe"'leHa TaKlKe H SKOHOMlrqecKH OnpaBAaHHafl ce3orrFrafl i\{ou-(-
rrocrb f3C trF5..
Ec"rH^ npHHrrb, rrro B nepno.d ncnoJIb3oBaHtrrr cegonuoir N{ottl-lrocrH f3c pa6oraer nprr Hl-lv, ro n" o.uioraHr{H Bo,r,rro3HeprerH-tlecKil.x pacqeToB-.MOX(HO OnpeAenHTb cpeAHHe iltou{rrocTr.r no BoAo_ToKy 3a raxAutfi pacueruurfi ilepHoI BpevreHH, BK;.rroezfl rrepHoAc6pocoe, H IrocrpoHTb KpHByro npoAortxgTe"rrbHocrH cpeAr{HX r\,roq_socreri (p"c. 23.0). Talr xe-npnBeAeHa KpHBafl npoAoJrlr(r{reJrbHocrH(o6ecne'reHnocrlr) nrrKoBbrx Mou{Hocrefi dn"*. To,{xa 1 cooreercrByeT
A/
i-l
PHc. 23.6. K onpeAe.ireHurc ce-
eouiloir Moulnocrlr rpynIbr fOC
441
,' Jx Pz PI

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;?-fi c.nvqari. Sror c"lyvafr xapar(TepeH A,,rfl sHeprocricreM c Ma-
ilbrlr ce3oriHbrr.l cFrrrlKerJlterl Hafpy3KH, T. e. 3fiepfocHcTeM, B KOTOpbTX
rpe6y_ercn ycraF{oBKa cr-re(r-r3.r-rbHofo pe3epBa !,ilfr. BbrBoAa B n"[a-
Hoer,rui KarLrra.risuorfi peMorrr o6opy-aoe allfl, 3J'IeKTpocranunfi. Taxofipe-i_epB nperYcillarpHBaercf o6urqHo Ha K3c r{ HCnoJb3\rercfl, Kpyf-
;i t ui rOl.
Pacc^rrorpnu rra npoeKrrrpye,uofi f3C yBeJrHqeHHe ee Mou{HocrH
3a crleT cesoFrFiofi, HCno.rtbsyelroir ro.,TbKo B nepHoA noetrtueHuoli
Bojilocrtl. 3ro [Io3Bo.IIHT Ha Bpervrr Hcr]oiib3oBaHHt cesouuori Motr{-
BHrei:rnr'qacrb N,ioulHocrri pelroFrrrroro pe3epBa Ha K3C. OAnaxo
ec.,tlt yqecrb, qro Bpeltfl ljcnoJ]b3oBaitrrtI ce:oHHoft ivtourHocrll f3c
B cPei.He,\l B Teqettlie rof,a 6y:rer N{eHblre, qeM Bper{fl [rcnoJ'Ib3oBaHrrfl
pe.\rorrrHoro pe3epBa K3C, To oqeBH;1Ho, t{To cirnx(eFitre tvloit{Hocrtr
.pe3epBa 6yaer ilieHbue cesoHHoft MorlHocrrr, r. e. A,\'F3L ( nnt";'"
3ro os;-taqaer. qro xoeQ$HuHeHr BbrrecHeHHr 6yaet rn."orl eArrHrr-
ubr, r.e.0{qN<1.
3xo;.ioirrHqecKr{ oflpaB.TaHHoe roroBoe qHc,,io qacoB r{cnoJrb3oBa-
HHr ce3onuofi MoulHocrH oflpei1eJrfleTcfi no QopMyne
r" - EH*a\onrsc *7Je. - (E,,^ilec'i7;f..1"N
"3K-, (23.15)
rie Bblt{LlTaeil{oe B HHC;lIITe.[e npeACTaB,i'IfleT cO6Oft 3aTpaTbt rro TOft
Aorr_e_ pellotlrHorO pe3epBa, KoTopyro BbrrecHf er f3C-
Llerrox<eHuaq MeToAriKa pacr{eToB orHocHrcfl K cnyqan o6ociro-
4e.'tbn re.vHttKo-JaoHoJtltqecrcu.y pacqeros flBiJt€TCfl, onpedetteHue atco-
Ho.+ttuecftu 4enecoo6pasHoeo npe}etta paslurun iloulHocrtt rcaucdott
I JL c lJtt€Tott,t u.v cozilecrHod pa1orot I aHepeocucrette..[[,rn 3Toro
B npoqecce pacqeroB npoH3BoAr.trcff conocT aB,1€HHe gKOilOivt [rrtect(HX
442
noxagare,rei.r esaur,ro:hMeHqeMbrx npupau{eHuli
f3C H K3C.
MOI]IHOCTII f PYNNbI
(23. t6)
SxorioNtllqecKHM KpHreptieil.{ rBJrflercr o6rqHrl r{pHrep}irt - rrasHlr-MyM 3arpaT. oAUarro pacqerbr HrvreroT B 3TOM Cfiyqae pflA CneuuiFlr-qecKHX oco6eHHocrefi.' 
flo cyMr{apnoil o6ecneqerrHocrH Motr{HocrH cyurecrByroultrx,crpoflu{Hxcs H npoeKrHpyeMbrx f3c H rpaonxau Frafpyst{rr 3Hepfo_cHcTeMbr Ha pa3Hbre pacqeTHbre ypoBHH MOX(rro noJIyr{HTb cyi,,rNIap_Hyto nHKoByro l!{oulirocrb A,rs pa3_Hbrx pacqeTHbrx ypoeHefi Harpy3KH2[rl ". C yr{erolr qacrtr pe:ieperiorl NroulHocrl 3*t_ep_rocHcrervrbr no.{y_qaercfl cyr,rMapriafl Bbrrect.rrroulafl Mou{Hocrr f3C. Ecln Bbrqecrb3aTeM BblTecHflfoUlyto lvioLL(l{oCTb CyUIecTBytottlHx f3C, To oCTaHeTcflcylrMapHafl BbrrecHf rouaq Mou{HOCTb npoeKTHpye}lbrx f3c, KOTOpyOnpH oTCyrc]'BHH KOMneHCHpOBaHHOfO pefyilHpoBaHHf CTOKa rrrolKrronllHHHTb 3a ilx,\'cTat{oBJeiJHyto ItouIHocTb Ha Kax,lo\{ pacqeTrtorl
)'poBHe. flp" na;tHr{Hr.r KOMneHCHpoBaHHoro pery"r.rHpoBaFrr.rr 3Trr parc_I{eTbr,4,o,rri{-.rrbr frpoH3BOAprrbcf c yqeToM HepaBHOMepHOCTH 3apefy_n HpoBar{Hor? lrou{HocrH.
I-lolyveHgyro cyMtvraprryrc ycraHoBr.reHHyro Mou{FrocTn Heo6xoArrMopac[peAe.,lllrb ]{e)i(fy oT-xe.:rbrrbli\rH f3c ilo frpHrrur{ny NlrrHr{i\.1\.}.133arpaT B 3HeprOcHCTeMe. rl..trs 3TOrO npeABapHTeJrblro Ajrfl XaXlofr
13c no..xHbr 6uru paccr*rraHbr 3aBHcr{ro.ir as.u.: /(/vi5t), r,qe
asie. - Y.le"rbHbre I]pHBeAeFrLrbre conocraBHMHe 3arpaTbr i{a AOi]O.]-HrrreJssrrir Krr.'josarr il{oulHocrn f3c, py6/ (xBr. fo.r,) :
asisc - tntr.tonrec * ufl* -- Ao,,b.*3ro,,.
Heodxo:HyocTb ltcno.;rb3oBaHHfl Arfl
norrroro [oKa3aTe;1f 3zTpar o6tqcHfleTcq
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H no3rolvry rpeSyerca npHBeAeHHe K
MOI IFIOCTH.
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rAe l, 2; . . ., l- nopflArioBuil rrouep fOC.
B 3aBlrcrrlrocrr or lrcxoArroft o6craHouxor Nrol*errraq orpaHrrqentrr npeAe.,iuuofi il4ou{Hocru fOC.
pacqeToB yAe"'rbHofo, a He
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Ha pa3Hbrx f 3C pa3rrHqHa
oArrHaKoBot\{y sSeer<ry no
(23.1i)
6urr ABa cny-
4,13

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Pwc. 23.7. K em6opy ycragoB-
neHuori NtorrtHocra rpynnu fOC
Pc
1' llp" FIzi'IItHII[i 6o,tl,tult.x eu{e He ncnoJrb3oBaHHbrx rrlApopecyp-
CoB II rll-lTeHcl{BHoro cTpol{TeJIbCTBa f3C orpaHHqeuHeM npeAeJrb-
Hoir ){ourirocrH rro Bceft BeporrHocrH 6y4er cyMMapHafl MourHocrb,
BO3:'iOiKHafl K HCIrOJtb3OBaLrHlo B rpaSnxe Harpy3KH Ha AaHsrrfi
p.ic:erutrir )'poBeHb. flp.:..'rbirafl ),craHoB.teHHafl !rou{Hocrb xaxtroi?
f3C oilpele.Trercr H3 \'c.loBHfl paBeHcrBa AonojrHHTe;rbHbrx cono-
craBllllblx 3arpaT no cpaBirriBaeMbrivr f3C. llpH 3Tolr pacrrerbr Ll
nocTpoeHF{ti c"ileAyeT noBTOpflTb, nepexoAfl nocJ,IeAoBaTe.r-tbHo K oT_
iia"leHHblvr ypoBrrfli\l c 6olee BbrcoKrll\.{ 3JreKTponorpe6neHHeM.
nnn2-f]p" IICqepnaHttn rn-rpopecypcoB HJrrr NrarrloM yAerbHoM Bece
I JL B 3tleprOCHCTeMe npe;fer'Ibllzf MOUIHOCTb MO)KeT 6Srrt ilO/ry-t{eIia B pe3}'.rlbrare conocTaB,'ieFIHf Aono"l'utnreJ'IbHbtx 3arpar 11o f3C
c raKil}|lr )$\e iloKa3areJf ]ur no 3a]tetrfle!{br}r K3c. Pacnpe4ereHHe
c) uilaprrori frpe:,e.ruuoir lrou(rrocrH \{exrfy orlerbFrbrMH igc npo_
u3Bo-tilrcf raKi{te ro )'cJoBtrro (n.ry). Taxrru o6pasor,r, B nepByrs
oqellefb )'Be.'IHt{ttBaeTctr }iournocTb f3C c HaHMeHbtrrlr].r 3HaqeHrreNr
iloKa3are.,Ifl Ar.ra, 'tTo ortpeIeJfeTctt KaK yAe,tbHbI]tH KaIIuraJIo-
B.to){(eH}Ir NtiI Ha AonoluHte"'rsHntr.i KH.iIoBarr MoulHocTH, TaK w rIHC-
.,;lou qacoB r{cno.]b30BaHHfl sroft rofro;'rruHre.ltHofi MotuHocrH.
23.3. 3KOHOMHqECKOE OSOCHOBAHHE OTMETKH HOPMAJIbHOTO
noAnoPHoro yPoBHfi
orverrca Hfly Bo,roxpaHn,rrHU{a onpeAenner He roJrbKo eHepre-
Ttr qecfiHe rroKa3aTerH f 3c, HO Lt rr.rn, KoHCTpyKr{Hro tI ra6apHrtr
fufpore.xHHqecKHX COOpyxeHnfi, a 'raKlKe 3oHy saronneHr,rfi H rroA-
Jon.tesuir; orlrerKa HflV oilpeAeJrfler H 3arparbr rro tipoeKrrrpye-
rrori fOC. CyruecrneHHoe BJrHflnHe orMerKa Hny AaHHoro rHApo-
y3"''Ia IloxteT oKa3btBarb Ha IlapaMerpbt H SHeprooTAa,{y ApyflIX
TIIIPOY3JIOB I.IA AA[IHOII BOAOTOI(C. I-IOSTOUY OTMETKA HNY HAMC-
qaeTCff H nperBapilTenbHo o6ocuonuBaeTCfl Ha caMoM ilepBor\1 npeA-
npoelirHoM 3Talie - npH cocTaB",TeHHH CXeMbr HCnOJ'rb3OBaHHf BOAO-
TOKa, KOfAa B pe3ynbraTe TexHr'rKo-3KoHOMHqeCKOTO COnOCTaB/reFIHfl
BapllaHTOB nut6Hpaerct{ cxeMa Bcero Kacr(aAa. B 4ansneir[reM, npr-r
cocraBr'r€FInrr T3O A./'rfl nepBooqel)eAHoro o6teKTa, orrurerKa ero'HfiV
yTortrrfleTcfl.
Bur6op onrttrta.nuttofi orMerr(ri FIny npoH3BoArrrcfl B pe3yJrbrare
cpaBI'teHrtfl BapHanroB. I-la AHarra3orr Bo3ri{oxr{br.\ BapHalrroB orMe-
ror( Hny rrrrpoi'3.i1a Br,'rr.trrer pqA Qanropon. Tax, eepxuurl npeAeJr
,\toiiieT ofpailrrrrflBarbcR IieAonycTr.rMocrbto 3aronJIetiltR tipynrrbtx Ha-
,tAlt T't
ceJIeHHbIX H rlpoMbtll"TeliHbtx r{erlTpon, TpaFrcnoprHttx o6tet(ToB, ycJro-
BIIrrli{ xacxaAHofi cxeivlbi ltcno.ttb3oBaHI,rfl peKi.r, a TaK]r(e TOfiorpa-
SuvecrulnH H reolortlqecKHivrH ycroBHflrvlH B crBope frJiorHHbr H ;1ox(e
B?AoxpaHHJrlH[ia. Hlixftiuli ilpeAer{ Mo}r(eT or-rpeAe,,'rflTbcfl pe3Kr.rNr
fiarerjrreM 3HepfoorAarjT npH yil{eHbueHrrH Ha[opa H o6teua BoAo-
xpairHJrHil{a LrJlH rpe6oeauHrrMll He3rrepfeTHr{ecKHX BOAOnO/tb30BaTe_
neii x ero MHF{nNlaJrhrro AonycrtrMbrM ypoBHflM.
Ecau_ yKa3aHHbrx orpaHrrqenliir 
-iier, 
ro pacueruuri? Ai.rana30Hqe"recoo6pa3Ho nplrHrrb no nperBapirre.nuusili coo6pax{eH1trM, noTpeill-qeTblpell ToqKavI nocrpolrrb ripr{Bbre 3HepfeTHr{ecKHX r{ 3KO-
HoMIrr{ecKHx noxa:are,refi fHLpoy3jla Ir Bbtnod.,IFirirb rexFrlit(o_3I(oFIo_
MriqecKtre pacqerbr no o6ocuoearrarc orNlerKr.r Hny. ?rw pacqerbr
LI al{aJII3 ylia3allHbt.\ 3aBi.tcHuocrefi .{,aA,v"T B03r{ox(Hocrb esl6part
onrrrlls"tbFrbrir eapt{arrr n,Trr onpeAe.,,rffT (e..lecoo6pa3Hocrb pacur.r-peulrff lrcc.-iof,-t'errofi :o{rbi Bapr{ar{ToB orNreTori Hny.-
liHrepea.r paccuarpr.rBaeNrbrx Bap[raHroB Hny 3aBr.rcr.rr or Ha-
:9f_, npoexrripyeuoii f3C. tleivr Bbrue Hanop, rerr nprrHHivraercfl
oo"'-rbrtrHfr HHr_e_pBan. Ann BbrcoKoHanopHbrx nnoiuru Hypexcxoii, Tox-rory.]lcxofi, I,lHrypcxoir fOC paccivrarprrBaJrr{cb BapHaHTbr orMeroK
|lIY cn urrrepBa-{o}r l0 r\{. A.rq rrHsKoHailop,.,o,*' inapoyr.no" Hauor'lre, AH-enp_e paccNIaTpttBa,rIacb ue,recoo6pa3rrocTb noBbriIIeHIrfl or-I\,leTIiH Ha l-2 rrr r.r Meitee.
FIq pHc. 23.8,a nl)ercraB.ireHbr )iapaKrepHbre rpaQuxn 3aBHCrr-irrocreir 3HepreTrrqecKu.\ noxagareleir ir,r1psy3.1s or orNrerKrr Hn),.
JTII f PAQHKII CTPO'iTCfl NO PC3\/":ibTATA \1 BONHO]FIEPfCTIIqCCKIIX PAC-tleroB lt Ha ocr{oBe cocraB";ieHr.rt{ ro.loBbrr 6a;rancoe rr.rouuocrit rr3IICPTIIII CHCTC}IbI. KAX BH;lI{O, NPIf NOBbIUIEIiHIt OTMCTI{H HNY B
ruHpoKoI{ IHana30ile Bo3pacraHHe ycraHoe.[euHori r{ou{Hocrr,i f3c
(o6ecneueuuori rtrouluocrn) BJ nruor noBbrruerrr{e Hanopa H vBeJIlr-qeHrle HCnorTb3):eMoro croKa (npn ).BerrrqeHrrH o6reud eoqo*paHr.r-naura)' Olnaxo npll 3Ha(ltireJlbHolr noBbnueHrirr Hny rr, KaK cneA-crBrre, no"le3iroro o6telra BoIo-\parrHJrltuIa BrHfi{He BToporo Sax_TOpa 3ary.\aeT, rrel{ o6tqClrsercs Ir 3aTy.\aFrrre nprrpocra 3HeprHH.3aryxaune npr{pocra ycTartoejreHuori *loil(no.rn, obrrc"qer.s 3ary-,).1'j.:t1^ 1ptlp9.ta o6ecneqennoft -Mou{rrocrH, a raK}Ke noKpbrrrreNrI JL Bce Oo.,re€ fl;TorHoir :orilr rpaQHKa rrarpy3xri.
llporneono"'toxctott? xapaKTep Hrvreror KpHBbre 3aBi{cHMocrefi Ka-
i ii i ." ?rli8i;: il, "'n o #f,?:l=,-'", "'J * *, n' ffi $' TJ.,, ;l if j* # *ITANJITIBACT,IbIC H NOITANJIHBAEMbIC NJIOIT(AAH H I.IIHPHHA CTBOPA, B P€.3yJIbrare qefo pe3Ko BO3paCralor 3arparbr flo 8oAoxpaHnr,r"u1y ku,co6creeHuo lio rH4PorexnIIqec_Kr{ilr coopyx{eH HflM rr{Apoy3na r(.r.H cyNIMapHHe no r HApoy3"qy (.r. oco6enno xapaKTepHo 3ro AJrnIIH3KoHanopHblx..rHApoy3,'IoB, Bo3BoAr{ivrbrx Ha paBr.rHFtHbr.\ peKax.Aua"roraqusrrt xapaxrep r{NreeT rr r(p!{Bafl rr3Aepx(er( npoH3BoA-CTBA.
Ha pHc. 23.9
3fiep f eTr't rt ec K rr.\
. flPeACraBJreHbr xapaKTeprrbre rpa(lrrxrr rr3MeHerrHff(a) H 3Korroi!{lr,recriux (ol noxasa.eJreir 3a}lerrrie-
415

--- PAGE BREAK ---

a,';rt
/
+ Hnv
a) ilrzc,3rx [) l{rrc a) flton 13 tc,rt d) trrze
Puc.23.8. 3aeHcHrrocrs gHepferHqe-
cKH.\ (a) u 3KoHoMHqecKHX (6) ttora-
3are;-r€r"r f3C or orrterxlt FIfIV
PHc.23.9. 3aertcuvocrn 3Heprernqe-
crnx (a) H sKoHovHqecKHX (6) nor<a-
3are.refi 3aMeHqeNrbrx BaDHaHToB or
orMerKH Hny f3C
illbIX BapllallroB. CoeMecrHoe paccllorpeHHe o6elrx rpyrl[i xpHBbrx
iloKa3blBaeT, qro HaqHIJafl c HeKoTopofo npeAeJra noBbr[IeHl1fl or-
MerKrr Hny npHpocr 3HeprerHqecKoro a$$exra f 3C cHrrlxaercfl,
a KanHTaJroBJro)KeHHf H H3AepX(KH fHApOy3na BO3paCTatoT [rHTeH-
cHBrree, qeivr 3aLleHrreMofo BapHaHTa. ovennguo, B sToti 30He cHtr-
xaercfl 3KoHoNHqecKaq aQQexrlrBHocrb rroBbr[reHHfl orrueTKfi Hny.
Taxnv o6pasoivt, 3aAaqa Bbl6opa onrnp{aJrbHorl orilterKtr Hny cBo-
EHTCI K BbifB;leHlltO ee npeAerrlbHOfO 3HaqeHHfl, nOBbI[IeHIIe CBepX
KOTOpOft 3KOHOMHqeCKH r{eUe.teCOO6p aSHO.
floca eAoB are,'I bH ocrb p a c qer a no on p eAe,,'r eH r{rc onr H Nr a JIbHor-'r noA-
ftop Hor'r oT]leTHil :
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Qa :a;rarorcff HecKorlbr*nv{Lr BapuaHTaMH orMerox HllV;
2) Afiff KaxAoro BapHaHra onpeAexflrorcff ocHoBlrbre 3HeprerH-
qecKlie noKa3areiTII fipoeKrHpyeuoft f3C (ycranoureHHaff rvroulHocrb
H cpeAHeMHOroJrerrrflrr Bbrpa6orxa) n HX rtpHpaurerrHfl nptr noBbr.
tueHHr-r orMerKH Hny. Ec,rn f3C npoeKrHpyercff B KacKaAe, ro
SHepreTHqecKHe noKa3aTeJrH onpeAe"rrflroTcfl c yqeToM BJIHflHHf. npo.
eKrHpyeMoro rlrApoy3Jla Ha ApyrHe fAC KacKaAa. Ens KoMrrJreKc-
HblX rHApoy3r'IOB BOtrH03HepreTH(leCKHe paCt{eTbI BbIrlo.r'IHRIOTCfi'C yqe-
ToM Tpe6oBaHfifi BCex KoMnoHeI{ToB KoMrrJIeKca. flpyrue; cBs3aHHbre
c Hny napaMerpbr (yMO, /Vf!t) B 3rHX pacqerax .rrH6o opHeHrH-
poBot{Ho 3ararorcfl, nrr6o nu6uparoTCfl B pe3yJrbrare rexHHKo-3Ko-
HOMHqeCKOTO COnOCTaB,'IeitHH BapHaHTOB;
3) Arfl Kax(Aoro BapHaHra Hny onpeAeJrflForcfl 3KoHoMr(qecKue
[oKa3aTenH fHApoy3JIa - KanHTanoBJro]KeHHrr H rr3Aep]KXH H HX npH-
pau{eHHfl npH fioc.ileAoBareirbHoNr noBbrrueHHr{ Hny. B 3THX no-
Ka3arer,qx yqHTbrBarcTcfl TaKX(e r3MbHeHHfl KanHTaJtoBJIolKeHHft H
H3AeplKer( no ApyrHM f3c. KacKaAa, no JrHHHflrvr 3,'1€KTpOflepeAarrlr
H NOACTAHI{HflM. fIPNT NPOEKTHPoBaHHH KoMTIJIeKCHblx rH.qpoy3JloB
yqHTblBarcTcfl TaK)fie 3aTpaTbr no oTpacJreBbrlr H conyTcTByrou{HM
coopyx{errHflM;
4) coorBerc'r'BeHrro KaxiAoMy BapHarrry Hny onpeAeJrfftorcfl arrep-
leTllqecKHe H 3KOHOMHqeCKHe nOI{a3areJlH 3aMetrreNtbtx HflH AonoJI-
HnloulHX BaprrarrroB. Anfl KoIln.i'reKCHbrx rHApoy3JIoB onpe4eJrrercfl
446
p Hnt
,,TTC cyt'rMa 3arpaT rro saMeHflroruHM BapHaHTaM [,iln KaX(AO|O KOMTTO-
rier{Ta.
Bce 3KoHoMHqecKHe noKa3areJrn KaK tto Baprrar{TaM rHApoy3Jia,
TaK rr IIo 3aMeHfleMbr]r (unn Aono.rrFrfroultrM) eapnaHTaur onpeAe-
JIflrOrCfl c yqeroM Qaxropa BpeMerrH. llp" 3roil{ cJreAyer orMerHrb,qro no cpor(aM crpoHTeJrbcrBa H BBOAa MOTTHOCTefi Mofyr pa3rTH-qarbcfl r.lelKAy cooofi He roJrbKo BapHaHrb,r f3c H 3aMeHfleNlbre,
rro r{ BaplSxr?r f HApoy3Jra npH pa3rrbrx Hlly. Tar, no Mepe no-
Bbniler{Hrr Hny Bo3pacraror Bbrcora r{ A,'utHa ttoAfiopr{brx coopyxie-
nrrfi, qro Mox(er norpe6oBaTb yBeJTHqeHHfl o6u{ero cpoKa crpoHTeab-
crBa FHApoy3.,la; cBr3at-rHoe c noBL'rureHneM HllV yBexH(rehr[re ycra-
HoeneHi+oit ivlott{Hocrrt f3C Moxier npHBecrH K yAJrHHeHHro cpoKoB
eeicBoeHrrrr; fBe",'rHqeHHe o6teua BoAoxpaHHJ'rHUra (npn noBbrrIIeHur.r
FIny) IIox(er 6otru cBflsaHo co srraqrire.rrbHbry .vr,TrrHeFrurervr cpoKa
ero nepB_ofiaqa.tbHoro FIanoJi-reHrrri ri :alepxxoir npoenruoii aHepro-
orraqlt f3C; B orAeJlbublx Bapr{ar{rax Mox(er or,'rurqarbcrr Bo Bpe-
rileFrrr B.''rLrffHHe [rpoeKTHpyeMOfO BOAOXpaHHfltrua Ha 3HepfoorAa.{y
Apyrri.\ f 3C KacKaAa H r. A.i
5) eu6op orlruMa"rtbHoro 3HaqerJHfl orilrerKrr Hny. npog3BoArrrcr
no oJirorry Hs npHBe^teriHbrx e $ 23.1 ltpnrepliee:
a) no MHr{t{My}ry qeaesoir e1'urqnlr,' npe.dcrae,'rflrou{e.ft co6oft
cyr{}r apHbte npr{Beret{Frbre 3arparbr no 3riepfocrrcrer\.re,
3r.+min.
3arparlr no 3rreprocHcreMe
fAe 3.y; - 3aTparbl IIo rHApOy3,ly i; 3xacri - 3aTpaTbr rro
f3C KacKaAal 31on,-cyMMa sarpar no conyrcrByrorr{HM
rrrlf Ir rr r{epoflplrflTtrfi}1; 3qon; - 3arpaTbr no AorroJ.tilflroll{[1M
e_nlu:ci - uryi -T-
B oOu{eN{ c.,'Iyqae 61'lyr
3ru""i*X3*";*3ro,,;, (23.l8)
,{,pyf HM
cooPyx{e-
3neKrpo-
BapHafrry nH/]po-
(23. l e)
cTarrqlrflI{ CHCTe${bI, BKJIIOqaq 3aTpaTbt r{a TonnHBo;
6) no paBeHcrBy AonoJrHHTeJrbFrbrx 3arpar rro
y3.rra rr 3aMeHflelrnrit BapHaHT
AS.yi(i+r) \ A3ear,iri+r),
rAe A3earri(d*rl - nPHPau{eHHe npHBeAerrHbrX 3aTpaT. npH nepexoAe
or BapHaH'ra i K BapHaHry if l;
B) no paBeHcrBy QaxrnuecKoro cpoKa oKyffaeMocrr.r npHpau{errgrr
AOIIOJIHllreJfbHbtx KanHTaJloaroxeHlrrt Lt ero HopMaTlIBHoro 3HaqeHHfl
r;(i+r): : _ (23.20)'' (Hr,n(r+r) - Es^r) - (E"y(d+r)- Err,r) 
- -H'
llpu r{cflo",rb3oBaHHH ;rro6oro H3 KpHTepr{eB, yKa3aHHbrx Bnn. (a>-(B)>, pe3yJrbraTbr, pa3yMeeTCfl, AOJ',IXrrbr 6urru oAFrH H
Te xe. oxonqarerrurrrrrl nsr6op nolnopuofi orMeTIiH Ao,.rx(en 6srrr
ocyuecrBneH c' yqeToitl Bce.\ 3[rep rertlqecKHX sa XrOpoe. B orAeJrb-
Itbl.\ cJIyqaflx, llanprtMep npll treo6xoAtnvtocTH coxpaHefrr{fl Bbrurepac-
447

--- PAGE BREAK ---

IIO.,'IOX{CHHbIX TOPOAOB
HblX yqaCTKOB 3€lv{"t1H'
MerKY HflY, qeM 3ro
repHeB.
HJlr4 HeBO3MOIKHOCTH 3aroIIJIeHnn' oco6o (eH:
npHXOAHrcfl npHHlINIarb 6onee HH3KyIo oT-
iloryqaercfl ll3 ycJIoBHfi paccMorpeHHblx KplI-
23.4.3KoHoM}iqEcKoEo6ocHoBAHhEonTHM,AnbHo}4rnySHHbl
CPASOTHH BOAOXPAHHnHU{A
|Ipl,QurcnpoBaHHoiIoTNleTKeHnyKoFIeqrIaffJ'1y6HHacpa6oTKlI
onpeAejlqeTyponerrnNlepTBofoo6leltaBoAoXpaHHJIlIuIa,efollo-
;;;";tii o6rervr' H, c,leAoBareJlbHo, HenocpeAcrBeHHo B"rlHfer Ha N4otu-
;;;;;-n 
"otpaoorKy 
3ne,.1 po3Hep'{H f 3c'- - -Btipa6oixy 
f3C 3 ric nPLi HailHt{HlI BoAoxpaHllJlHula MoxiHo
[peICTaBIITb Cocroqu{eii H3 IByX qactetl: Bblpa6orxlt 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH
3a cqeT TpaH3rrTHOf c itoria }rp pel"(Ll, nporeliaroulefo Bo
BpeMfl cpa6'TKH BoAoxpaHH,,I"*u,-ll BbIp^6oixnr 3a cqeT cpa6orKH
BOAOXpauHnltula 3':
Srgc: 3
O6e cocraB.ilfll'otqlte cBfl3aHL'l M
ella rpaH3HTHO|O CTOKa li Hafiopa'
OT pex(tll\{a [l XOneqHOl't r'1y6HHbl
Bbte 3aBllctlMocrl'l o6ettx cocraB"'1fl
r6tRcHsercq Bo3pacraHHeNl norepb
. 3Heprlrs' 3" pacrer no lvlepe yBe-
y6nn cpa6orKll 3Heprlln BoAoxpa'
tHylo 3a cr{eT TpaH3}ITHOIO cToI(a
Ky 3,'leKrP03HePrH?I f 3C 3a Becb
Ec.ntt H3NIeHIITcT TpaH3IITllbl!{
eT I{eHb[IelYty 3HaqeHtllO 3a BpeMfl
loe yMeHbIreHHe Moxer 6urr c'{eA'
ccTH, TaK H COKpaIqeHHfl IIepHoI'a
le floJIOlI{eHtie 3aHtlra H KpHBafl
:HMyM BbIpa6orKH B 3TOM C'i1!H?e
Altalorsqiruit xap aKrep.- Hlvlee
pa6orxu 3,'leKrPo3HePrrru,.f3C Hi
IeHHfl KpHBblx 3"oui:l (h'Puo) H
craHl{e roAoBOfi BbIpa6orKI',l il1eH(
Manbllaf roAoBafl Bblpa60rl{a II
rny6HHe cPa60rKH, qeM BblPa60r
448
h rpoi
Pnc. 23.10. 3aexcHrtocrs cocraB"{flto-
utax Bblpa6otxlt 3HeprIiH fOC or r,ry-
6HHu cpa6orKH BoJ,oxpai{H.rnura
Pnc. 23.1 l. 3aeucnrrtocts nupa6orxu
sHeprHH 3a nepHoA cpa6orxn Bo4oxpa-
HH,'rHUIa lr roAoeoft eupa6orrn ouep-
rHH or r.ry6nnu cpa6orxn BoAoxpaHH-
NHIIIA
.{OB,TCHO TCil{, IITO B NCPHOI HANOJ-IHCHHfl BOAOXPAHPIJIIqA BbIPA6OTKA
yMeHbixaeTcfl 3a cqer cHHiKeHHfl H Hafiopa, H pacxoAa.
Ha pHc. 23.11 rrynIirHpHbIMH KpHBbIMH noKa3aHa BbIpa6orKa
f3C c yrreroM AonolHHrerrsoft Bbrpa6orKH Ha ApyfHX f3C Kac-
KaAa. C yqeroM sQSercra Ha HHx{eJIe}Kau{}tx craHIrHflx KacKaAa
rly6nua cpa60rKH, o6ecneqnBarcrl{aff MaKcriMaJlbHyro Bbrpa6orKy,
nonyqaercs 6o.ntrueli.
Hlax, Kalr(AoMy correTaHrrro HCXoAHbIX ycJIoBHfi (rpaHsarHuft
cToK, pex(Ht\I tI AJ'IHTe.IIbHOCTb Cpa6OTKH, CXety{a KaCKaAa H T. A )
coorBeTcTByer cBofl r,ry6uua cpa6oTKH BoAoxpaHlIi'IHu{a, ilpH Koro-
pofi 6yayr HlreTb ilrecro NraKCHMarqbHbre 3HaqeHHff o6ecne.teHHofi ro-
AoBofi eupa6orxn 3J'IeKrpo3Hept'HH f3C. OAHaxo 3ra uy6nua cpa-
6orxH He MolKer 6lrrl npHHflTa oKotiqareJlbHo B KaqecrBe onrH-
ManbHoft. AnarH3 npeAcraBJreHHLJX BbrIIIe rpa0uKoB Aaer JIHrltb
3OHy, B npeAeaax l(oropoft cJIeAyeT [IcKarb onTH]lanbriyrc rny6HH],
cpa6orKH BoAoxpaHrrJrnura. Ann o6ocHosanas ee KpoMe H3MeHeHHr
3HepferriqecKlrx noKa3areJleri npHXoAHTcfl yqHTbIBaTb vr ApyrHe rlo-
cJreAcrBHfl cpa6orKH BoAoxpaHHJiHxIa.
Hapnay c yBdJrlrqeHHeM Bbrpa6orKH, o6ecneqeHHoiI rr ycraHoB-
JrerrHoii Mou{tiocr}r Bo3pacraHHe rlone3Hofo o6r'eua npHBoAHT K
pocry 3arpar. Tax, 6olee rny6oKafl KoHeLIHafl cpa6orxa BoAoxpa-
HHflHula cBfl3aHa c 6o.nlrust't 3arny6reHneM BoAo3a6opa H yAopo-
X(aHHeI{ 3aTBopoB H THApOTeXFIHqecKHX gOOpyXeHHfi Ha AK.r. H
LHrr". VeerHqerrHe ycraHoBJIeuHoti Mou{HocrH npoeKTHpyer'roft fOC
TaKX(e CBrr3aHO C AOrrOJrHrireJrbHbrMH KanHTaJiOBJIOX(eHrrflMH a(lY H
H3AeplKKaMH AHN. 3ro - 3arparbl Ha pacIIrHpeHHe sAaHHfl f3C,
yBeJrHqeHHe cyMMapHofi MoITIHocTH feHepaTopoB, sJIeKTpKrIecKyto
qacrb, Typ6Hr{Hoe o6opy4onaHHe H T. A.
Aono.nHnreJrbHbre 3arparbr no ryp6HHHorvry o6opy4oBaHHro BbI-
38aHbr yBerHqeHHeM AHaMerpa KoJIeca HJIH qHcJIa ryp6un. 06a
MeponpHflTT'., HcrloJrb3yrorcfl AJrf yBeIHqeHHrr ycraHosreHFIof,r Morrl-
Ilocrlr H KorflneHcauHlr crrHx(eHHrr pacnoJlaraelrofi MolqrrocrH ryp6url
nprr cHr.rx(errHrr pacqerHoro Franopa H3-3a 6olee rny6or<oft cpa6orxn
BOAOX p a II H,q lluIa.
29-64 t0 449

--- PAGE BREAK ---

aRrsc : aKrrc + A,(" * AK*r.* * aK-.on. (23.22)
n
Asanoruquo olpeAeJtfirorcfi Aorro.rrHfirerbgbre H3Aepx{{H l, ntt
n i:'
Ii rIpHBeAeHHrIe 3arparbl ) a3. Bce 3KoHorvr'secKae noKa3areJlg Hc-
l:l
rIoJIb3ytorcfl B pacqerax c yrleroM Qaxropa Bper\{eHn.
CooreercrBeHuo Anfl BapHaHra rrpoeKrgpyerrrofi rOC paccqHrb{-
Balorcfi 3aMeHffeMhIe BapllaHTbJ, Ar'l Koropblx raKX(e onpeAe.rtflrcTcfi
H3MeHeHHff KanHTaJronnoxeHaft, H3AepX(eK H 3arpaT npH nocJreAo-
BareJrbHoM- flepexoAe or npeAbrAyurero BapHaHTa K nocneAyroqeMy.
B o6qeu cnyqae 3arparbr tto 3aMenfleMb{M BapHaHraM HJrH HxH3MeHeHr'rff A3rr*, [peAcraBJrflror co6oft cyMMy sarpar (nnu rpHpa-qeHHfi) no saMeHfleMb{ri{ sneKrpocraHqnfllvr, ToilirurBy H conyrcrByro-
II{HM MEPOIIPI{flTHffM
Sr"* : J3", t a3*" t 3r.r.*o. (23.23)
3tax MHHyc npa BTopoM cJraraeMoM Mox(eT HMerb Mecro npn
nepexoAe Mex(Ay BapHaHraMH B 3oHe or ho,oo Ao lh (psc. 23.1i),
T. e. KOrAa npH yBe.rrHqeHHH uy6nuu cpa6orr<l.r Morr{HocTb npo,u,o"ry-
)KaeT _ yBenHqHBarbcfl, a roAoBafi nupaoorxa y)Ke HaqHHaeT cHH-
x(aTbcfl.
OAsaro cneAyer HMeTb B BHI.y, rrro yMeubrueHne eupa6orxn
He BcefAa ToxAecTBeHHo yMeHbr.ueHrrto 3KoHoMHL[ To[.rIHBa. 3ro
MOX(HO O6tqcFrHrr reM, qTo yAenbHaff 3KOHOMHTI TOnJTHBa br* Bpa3HbIe ce3oHbl roAa pa3rHqHa, B rIacTHOCTll, SHtr,tofi BbI[le, tleM
B BeCeHHe-lerssft rlepHoA. flos.roirly npH yBerHqeHHH nupa6orrlr
B nepHoAbr cpadorxn BoAoxpaHHJrHula (aHuoE) H yMeHbrxeHHK ee B
fiepHoA HanonHeHHff BoAoxpaHHJrHUr, HecMorpH Ha o6ulee yMeHb_
rileHHe ro4oeofi nstpa6orrn, cyMMapHaff 3KoHoMHfl TorrJIHBa Mox(eT
He cHHxarbcf, a Bo3pacrarb. Anq npaBHJIbHofi oueuxH arofi cocraB-
nnrcqeri 3arpar, oqeBnArro, Heo6xoAHMo pacqeTbr no onpeAeJrer.tHro
3KOHOMHH TOTTJIHBa npoH3BOAHTb pasAenbHo no ce3orraM.
450
!4
Bce noKa3areJr14 no 3aMeHfleMbrl{ BapEaHTaM AoJr}r(Hbr onpeAe-Jrflrbcfl coorBercrBeHHo rro,lHoM| eQsexry Ha npoeKrHpyentoft 'f3c
H ApyrHx fOC KacKaAa c yqeroM pa3HoBpeN{eHHocrH -rroJryqeHgfl
H TICNOJIb3OBAHHfl CrO.
o6ocHosaHHe orrr'Marl'ofi uy6uHsr cpa6orxn BoAoxpaHHJrHrqanporr3BoAHTcfi no oAHoMy H3 npHBeAeHHbrx B S 23.1 ycnonafi:
L) no paBeucrBy npHpaqeHgff 3arpar npH H3MeHeHHn r.ry6uHnrcpa6orxr Ha Lh
jor.r.: j0r,,,,,
i:l l=l
2) tio paBeHcrBy QaxrnuecKoro cpoKa oKytiaeNrocTn Aor]oJrHH-
TEJIbHbIX KATIHTAJIOETOXCHI.Ift TIOPMATHBHOMY NPH tBE,,'IHHEHHH CPA.
SorxH na Lh
Ta:Tn.
llpr rpoeKrHpoBaHHH rHApoy3jjoB c BoAoxpaHHJrHrqaMr{ MHoro_
;]€TH€|O pefynHpoBaHHfr. UeO6XOAITMO AOTTOJTHHTeJTbHO npoBoAHTb pac-qeTb{ no oIp€!€"'leHHro cpol(oB nepBoHaqa"qbHoro ero Har]oJIHeHHfl
H pex(HMa Bbrxora f3C Ha npoeKrHyro sHeproorAaqy.
23.5. OCOEEHHOCTH BbISOPA NAPAMETPOB rASC
OcHosHstMH . napaMerpaMn |AOC rBJTflrorcfl noAnopHbre orMer6rr(Hny H yllo), no,resHHfi o6rer,r BepxHero rr Hrrx(Hero 6accefiHoe
H YCTAHOBIEHHSfl MOII{HOCTb; OCTAJIbHbIC NAPA}{CTPbI fA3C-HAIOP,
nupa6orxa H [orpe6reHrie 3reKTpo3HepfH]r H xpyrHe 3aBHCfr OT
OCHOBI{bIX NADAMCTDOB.
Bu6op uipauerpon fA3c o6uquo ocyqecrBJrflercfl B cnelyro-
rllefi nocJreAoBarerbHocrrr: Ha npeAnpoeKTHbrx craAr{ffx IIpoeKTHpo-
BaHlrs (cu. S 19.4) nprr pa3nHqgbrx 3HaqeHrrRx HflV ..auor.,
BapHaHTbI IIo./'Ie3Horo o6leua BepxHero 6accer?Ha. llp"AaJrbHbre 3Ha-qeHHfi noJlesHoro o6lelra..onpeAelflIorcfl c yqeTorvr ronorpaqHqec6Hx
Ii reo,TorHqecKrrx yc"nonaft B palioHe npoeKrnpl,errroft fAOC H Bo3_IroxHoft, 3OHb{ ee paoorru B nepcneKrHs"lri 
'rpaQnrax- 
Hafpy3r(H
3HeprocHcTeMld' tl_To oIIpeAeJIfieT AJIHTeJIbHocTb UHKIa aKKyMyJrHpo-
BaHHfl, -cyroqHt*fi, He4e"rysnufi HJIH ce3oHHufi.
Ann npHHflTbrx BapHaHToB nofie3Horo o6reua ar{KyMynHpoBaHHs,
cpeAHHX sHaqeHHfi Hanopa H {nl fAoC orpeAenrerc, nslpa6orxa
sneKTpo3HeprHH^npH paspa4e 3n"*. vt norpe6nneMafi 3neKTposHepfHff
npH ee 3apqAe JsaP.
flonyleuHue 3Ha.reH'fl oHeprHH 3apflAa H pa3pflAa fAoc pac-
noJraraloTcs B CSO6OAHOft 3OHe nepcrreKrHBHbrx- rpaQHxoe Harpy3KH
3HepnocHcreMb{, qro onpeAeJrfler pexHMbr pa6oru 
^rA3c.
Ann saAaFrHbrx pexHMoB pa6ofnr fAoc 
^no 
pesynbraraM BoAHo-gHepferl'lqecKHX,_pacqeToB yrorrHslorcfl 3HaqelrHfl 3He_prHlr 3apflAaH pa3pflAa fA3C, onpeAeJrfleTcfl pa6ouar Morqrrocrb i/.o*, yqacr-
lfguar B noxpbrrnrr lanarrcoB Mor{rrocrH sHeproo6re,qHrieir ui. Ens,Bblopauuotl pacuernoft pa6ouefi MoulHocrrr r{ Agana3oHa rr3MerregHrr
n. 451

--- PAGE BREAK ---

pacxoAbl Hr, ripH6fiH3Hre/rbHo MonyT 6lrrt oflpeAeJieFrbr cJreAyroulliM06pa3oM
trtrnec: {ffi+ (m.2s)
rAe p - npoqeur orqnc.neunr? or KanHTaJron.nox<eHufi, panuuft AilflcoBperreHHux f A3 C Z,S-B oh.
Kporure nocroffHHbrx H3Aepx(eK seo6xoAHruro yqHTbrBarb H exe-roAHbre 3arparbr rlo noTpe6"rneuoft 3rreKrp03HepfHr.r Ha sapfA BneprioAbr npoBanoB fpaQHKa Hafpy3KH 3rrepfocHcreMbr
eP
\-/ran -
'*r 100
nU
Pre. 23.12. Cyroquue
c rT3 (6)
fAOC cocraB/rfler 0,7-0,75.
flocronrrrrbre H3AeplKKrr no
oTqHcrefilrf lra aMopTH3arIHrc
452
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peirrrubr pa6oru aueprernuecroir cucreMbr c fA3C (a) H
LIITH
(23.26)
(23.27)
,\,tYcT
? _- iuiAScf
-3ap Jnoq --i--_-,
.rfA3cHanopa 'B T)'p6HHHOM Lt HaCOCHOM pelKHlrax f A3C Bbr6Hpaercfi
TH[I' KOrHr{ecrBo H ycraHoBJIeHHaf MoIqHOCTb OCFTOBHOfO 3HepferH-rrecKoro o6opyaoBariHfi .
Bu6op nepeqacreHHbrx napaMerpoB fAac ocgoBbrBaercfl Ha HC_nOJTb3oBaHHH MeTo.Aa CpaBHHTe;'IbHoft 3KOHotvtltqecrort eQQexraBHocTH
(cu.$21.2u21.4)
06nr'{uo npu eat6ope napaMerpoB |ASC B 3aBHcHNrocrrt or 30HbrnoKpbITHff cyroqHoro rpa$nxa HarpysKH 3HeprocncreMbr B KaqecrBe3ary{eHffeuoft a,rexrpocraHr{Hrr paccMarpHBaor .{a6o fTO, rn6o KOCc MaHeBpeHHbrMH naporyp6HHHbrir{H 6.noxaun. Ha pHc. 23.12 no-Ka3aHbr pex(Hl,rlr^ pa6.orbr 3HepfocHcreil.rbr Anfl AByx BapHaHroB:c y'racrueM rASc (a)_-n_c 3aMeHneMoft fro (6). fax xe, KaK Hilprr npoeKrrlpoBaHHH r3c KanHraJroBJrox(eHHfl B rASC orpeAenfl-
IoTCfl Ha OCHOBe COCTaBJ-IeHHfl CMeTbt H.{H BbIrro.rTHeHHfl cMeTHO-
QaxaucoBoro pacqera (ctrr. $ 2l.S). llpupau{eHgfi KannraJroBJrox(e_wttit paccqHTbrBar.orcff .11116o Henocpe,qcieeHgo, lu6o KaK pa3Hocrb
MCX(AY NOJIHb,IMH HX SHAqCHHflMII.
Pacqer ex(eroAHbrx H3Aepx(eK no fAOC orJrHr{aeTcs or coor-BeTcrByroqero pacqera no fOC reM, .tro nfls |AOC AorroJrnnre,rrbHorrylr(Ho onpeAe-4flrb H3Aepx(r(H rpH sapflAe rA3c, cBf3aHHbre c Hc_[oJTb3oBaIIHeM 3.IIeKTp03HeprHH LJrfl nepeKaqKH BoAbr H3 HH]KHefoB BepxrrHfr pesepeyap.
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sapflAa, HaxoAflTcfl B cJreAyroqeli 3aBHcHMocrH:
g* : t?rA'c J."p, eg.Z4)
rAe lrnsc - KI-IA fA3C, 3HaqeHHe KOTOpOTO AJrfl coBpeMeHHbrX
|ASC Hrtec, BKJIIoqarcIqHe B ce6r
H un H npnNrbre 3KcnJryararIHoHt{bre
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Tor;la pacqerHbre 3arparbi no rAoc. Moryr 6rrru onpeAeneHbrKaK-^
Sresc : E,,(rnEc * ?lroet^ * 3r,o - Srnrc * S."0, (23.2g)
rAe
Sinec:E*Krnec *Hro*.
KannranoBJrolKeHHfi B sail{eHfleilryrc gneKTpocraHi{Hro ortpeAenfi-rorcfl no Qopvy,re
(.r,,: trroMl'll
fAe Kyr - yAer'lbHbte 'KanHTaJIOB",TOIK€HHfi
CTAHUTIrc
(23.2e)
B 3ailf eHffeMyro 3"ryeKTpO-
flocrosHuue pacqerr{bre 3arparbr fr3 (6ee yqera TonirHeuoflcocra eirsrou{efi ) cocraeJrfl rcT
3'r"nr:E'"Kr.n *H "^*. (23.30)
PacqerHue 3aTparbr Ha roAoBofi pacxoA Torrr-rlrB& gauesseuoftgJleKrpocraHr{HH, py6 lrol,, Mox(Ho onpelelnru no Qoprrryne
3-n : ( l, I -:- I,05)l/rnec a*nbrnT. I0-', (23.31)
nAe Sron - yAeAbHble 3alvlbIKalOU-iHe 3aTpaTbI Ha yCJtOBHOe ToIIJIHBO,
Py6l"r; bro- cpeAHI'rit y4e,reuurt pacxoA ronJrrrBa gaueugeuofi oJreK-TpocTa HTIHH.
TorAa noJrHbre pacrrerr-ibre saTparbr Ha fro cocraBflT
(23.32)
453
I tJ
?-_?tt2v3att-u 3aM-f.Jron.

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Vc.rroBae aSSexruBHocrn |ASC 'no cpaBHeugro c
BapHaHToM Mo)KeT 6nrl 3arrucaHo B BHAe
Siarc * 3."0 - Spex ( 31"' f .3*o,'. (29.33)
fAe 3p"* - 3KOHOMHff p aCqeTHbrX SaTpaT B SHeprOCHCTeMe BCtreA-
crBHe yJryquelrHrr pexHMa pa6oru 6asHcHHx TerrJroBbrx H aroMHbrx
sireKrpocraHr{Hfi B rrepHoA npoBaJroB rpaQaxon Hafpy3KH cHcTeMbr
(cHHxeune aBapHfiHocrH arperaroB renJroBblx Lt aroMHbrx craHqnfi,
yMeHbr.rrerrHe rrpocToeB .B. peMoHre, yJryqueHHe cTpyKTypbr FeHepH-
pyroulHx rvroqnocrefi B 3HepfocHCTeMe 3a cqeT BBoAa 6o.nee 3KoHo-
MHqHbrx 6asonHx KOC c KpyrrHb{MH arperaraMa, yBeJrHqeHHe yAeJrb-
Horo Beca A3C n r. A.)
3Q$exr B oHeprocncreMe or BBoAa |ASC onpeAeJrffror ryreM
cpaBHeHHfl noxasarenefi onrHnalrHofi crpyKTypbr 3HeprocHcreMbr c
|AOC 14 6es fA3C. B ilpeABapHreJlbHbrx pacqerax 3ror a0Qexr
fA3C Mox(Ho npHHHMarb rro 3KoHoMHH pacqerHbrx 3arpar Spu* -
6 py6/roA Ha I xBr Hacocsofi Mou{Hocrn fA3C.
flpu eu6ope napaMerpots H orrpeAeneHnn 3KoHoMHqecKoft aQQerc-
rHBHocrH fA3C raK xe, KaK npH npoeKrHpoBaHHH f3C, cneAyer
yqHTbIBarb sar<rop BpeMeHH, a TaKlKe AononHHTeJrbHbre 3aTpaTbr
no JTHHHf M 3neKrpolepeAaqH.
23.6. PACIIETHAS OEECNEqEHHOCTb 3HEPTOOTBAqh T3C
flon pacuerHofi o6ecneqeHHocrblo oHeproorAaqH rHApo3neKrpo-
craHunrr pp noruHMaercfl BepoffTuocrb roro, qro 3HeproorAarra 6yaer
He MeHbilre HeKoToporo 3HaqeHHf, onpeAeaeHHoro B npoeKTe H npH-
HflToro B 6anancax uourHoc, eft 3HeprocncreMbr. Pac.{er}iaq o6ecne-
qeHHocTb onpeAenfleT rapaHrHpoBaHHyIo cpeAHeMecflqHyro MorrlHocTb
/1/i&, xoropoft f3C pacnoJraraer B pacverHnrfi uanonoAHufi roA
B MoMeHr npoxoxAeHHs roAoBoro MaKcHMyMa Harpy3KH. C.[eAoea-
TeJIbHO, pp Onpe,(eJ'rfrer codofi ycraHoBJreHHyio Mou{HocTb f3c, rrpH-
cqere ycraHoBneHHyto Mou{Hocrb fOC, cBoAHTcfl K conocraBJreHuro
3KOHOMHH B HapOAHOM rOSnfiCrne or yBenHqelrHs Mou{HOCTH r3c
npH nepexoAe K MegbureMy 3HaqeHuro odecneqeHHocrH c AonoJrHH-
Te.rrbHhrMH 3aTparaMn (n.ra yuep6artut), nosHHKaro[TIHMH Ha cropoHe
norpe6llrelefi B ycnoBHqx BoAHocrH, coorBercrByroudrl 6oafurefi
o6ecneqeHHocrg.
PacqerHas o6ecne,ieHHocTb-3Hepro3KoHoMHrrecKafl KaTeropHfl,
oAHaKo ee 3KoHoMHtlecKoe odocHoeauue cBs3aHo co 3HaqgTeJrbribrMH
TpyAFIocrflMH. I-Ioerony Mox(Ho crrHTarb AonycTHML,rM BbrffBJrelrHe
onrHMaJrruoft 3oHbr pp, B rrpeAenax xoropofi rapaHTHpoBaHHafl MOUI-
HocTb f3C cyurecrBeHuo He lrsMeHflercfl.
154
3AMCH'IEMbIM PacuerHyro o6ecneqeHHocrb ueo6xoAunto o[peAeJrflTb Ha ocgoBe
OilTHMH3aIIHI'{ ypOBHfl rlaAeX(HoCrlI cHCTeMbI B I{eJIOi\I. Ho B r.racToff.
il{ee BpeMfi eure nojlb3yrorcfl uero4nxofi, ocHoeaHr:oft Ha coxpaHe-
HHH B rrepHOA AesHUHrOe MareprraJrbHoro 1ananca 3a cqer npoue.
AeHHf C[eUHaJrbHbrX MeporrpHsrnfi KaK B 3HepfocHcreMe, TaK rr y
norpe6ure"nefi.
o6lrsfi 3KoHoMHqecxnfi xpnrepnft, HcrroJrbsyeunrft AItfl nnr6opa
pacqerHofi _o_6ecner{eHHocrH, Tor x€, qro H npH eu6ope ApyrHX rra-
paMerpoe fOC, a riMeHHo:
. :3+min.
flp" su6ope pacuerHoft o6ecne,Ieuuocru san6onee yAo6no rroJrb.
30BaTbCq BbrpalKeHHeM
A3screC: ASecKec,
rA€ ASscrec -AOIIOJIHHTeJIbHbI€ 3aTpaTbl, BO3HHKaIOx{He B eHepro-
cHcreMe H y norpe6ateneli rIpH yBenHireHprn ycraHoBJresHorl uou1-
Hocrn f3C w coorBercrBeHHoM cHHxeHHH pacueruofi o6ecneqeH-
HOCTH; A3scKeC-AOIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIe 3afpaTbl, BO3HHKaIO[UHe B oHep-
rOcllcTetrle npH yBeJIHqeHHH MOI{HOCTH galr{eHqer\aofi KOC.
!,ononHnre,Tbgbre 3arpaTbr rro gaueHseuofi K3C onpeAenffrorcfl
raK 
T., 
KaK H npu nu6ope ApyrHX napaMerpoB, a HMeHHo:
ASscKsc - {AKr<u. * LH{r.f 3,onA3br*,
HJrH, pa3AeJrHB BCe Ha AN, no.nyqHM:
AJscKec : EJrrc o" +AIi{*o" + 3"o,!o*,br*, (23.34)
rAe hnon -r{HCflO iIaCOB HCIOJIb3OBaF{Hfi AOnOllHHTenbHOft MOU{HOCTH
K3C. Ocraluuue o6osnaqenHs re x€, trro H npa au6ope ApyrHxrapaMerpoe l3C (cu. S 23.2).
AononHnreflbHbre 3arparb,r no f3C orJrHqarorcff or 3arpar, Hc-
norb3yeMbrx npH nu6ope ee IIapaMerpoB, Ha Aeouqur asn"o, BO3-
HnrarcuIsfi y rrorpe6HTe.reft B ycJroBHf x BorHocrH, npeBbrru'arcuefi
3HaqenHe pacqernori o6ecuetreHnocrH:
, A3.ea : E"(rac * Hrx,* A3^.+, (23.35)
rlpKqeM
AS,c"+ - ftau4ANaeeoree,
rge ho"q- npoAoJrx(HTeJrbHoCTb aeQuqHra; ANA.Q - cHHx(eHHe MOrrI-
455

--- PAGE BREAK ---

BHJIo;. orpaHHqHBaerc.fi OAHH H3 HaH6oJIee sJIeKTpoeMK[ix rorpe6H-TEJICfi.
r t]
Riyoop: Axiii,
i -l
rAe Fr - yAeilbHbII? Bec Ka)Kloft rr3 C6CTSB.,-1flroUllrx ce6eCTotri!{ocTrrnPoAyxr{nri i-ro norpe6rire./'rfl; x1 -Ko3QQHr{rrerrr yAopo}KaHHfl KaX{-Aoft cocrsBilrlou1efi ce6ecroEMocrH.
-.^ _fglou yAopox(aHHe ce6ecroHMocrH rpoAyKi{HH norpe6Hrenr orHCAOTIO",'IYIICHHfl I XBr. I{ 3,IIEKTPO3HEP|HH COCTABHT:
rAe si - ce6ecronnocrb npoAyKr{HH i-ro norpe6areJrr; e1 -yAenb-
Hoe sneKTpo norpe6oreu ue.
Moxno onpeAeJIHTb _ H cpeAHee yBenr{LreHge ce6ecrogMocrr.r ;1po-AyKI{HH nO BCeM rroTpe6[rTeJl.flM, nOAJ'te]Kai.r{HM orpaHHr{eHHrO, H, CJIe_
AOBATCJIbHO, CPEAHIOIO YACJIbHYIO OIIEHKY 3ATPAT OT HCAOOTNYCKA
sJreKrp03Hepf rrH:
h
\-]4r.O: Lqio"62i,
t:l
rAe z1 - yAellriuri Bec pa3nHqHbrx norpe6are.neli, noAflex(flu{sx
OTPAHHqCHHIo; ft-qHCIO OIPAHHqHBACMbIX IIOTPC6HTCJICI?.'
3Han auo, onpeAeJrfleM npeAeJrbHo AonycrHMoe qHcJio qacoB He-AoHcnorbsoBaHHfl MorrdrrocrH fOC hnre, Koropoe MolKer 6rrrt 3Ko_HOMrrqecKH OnpaBAaHO:
A3xsc -[- hoonbr*srotr - A3rec
BITCCTC C TCM ftNU+ ONPCAE./'IffCTC.fi II3 COOTHOITEHHfi
h_
A3,r.0
(23.36)
^i/ff$"
" B 3aBHCHMocrH oT (laxrr,ruecKor? o6ecneqeHHocrH, a cJreAoBa-TE./'IbHO, H BOAHOCTH FICAOHCTIO,TIb3OBAFIHC MOU{HOCTH 6Y.A., PA3..'IHq-HblM. Maxcarua.tibHoe 3Haqel{He AruT:It cn.,rRtrTn.ra\/ar nn nn n,rr,6^--
rrofi Mou{HocrH f oc, rioropari nc.i},i2.t." ;;;';i;;#;;;;J";;,i-HOCrH 13c B pe3yrTbrare cHH)KeHHff pacuerHoft o6ecneqeHHOCTH.flpo.q,onx'reJrb'ocrt AeQHuara ho"q, onp*4.n.HHyro H3 oKoHoMlr-qecKHX COO6p axennfi , conocrasrrror c rnaponor"naa*o f, * up u*r.pHCTH_xofi npo4o.rrlxnTeJrbHocrH ua6.iiroAeHHbix pacxoAoB; 3aTeM rrpon3BolflTBOAOXO3-gr?creeHHrre pacrreTbl H -OnpeAe/rfiioT O6acnaoeHHOCTb, npHr<oropol't H noryti*Tcfi 3HaqeH'e ho"o, coorBeTcTByioqee ho,ue.r*.vre"llHlie 3aTparbl Oas6 3&BIiCflT .riu60 0T ilreponpnrrnfi, KOTOpbre6yayr lpoBoA'rbcjr B sHeproc'creMe AJfl Ko]rneHcaq'H AeQHqnra(pesepnu y norpe6urelefi, pes.p"o, 3Heproc,CreMbr, ABor?Haff rexHo-JronHfl y fiorpe6rrre"nefi, H3MeHeHHe pe]KliMa -3neKTpOnorpe6ar*r),.nlr6o or yu{ep6a npn orpaHHr{eHHH 3JreKrpoc*a6xeH'fl. l
Ec'ns B 3Heproc'creMe HMeercff HecKoJrbKo rdt; 
';"cnonox(eHHbJx
tIA PA3HbIX BOAOTOKAX, fAC MAJIOBOAHb{C I{HKNL{ JICT MOrYT HACTYNHTbHe oAHoBpeMeHHo^j::l:ltoliHocrb croxa), ro pacqerhr no orpeAene-HHIO pacqerHofr oSecne,{eHHocTH AoJrx(Hbr npoBoAHTbcfi oAHoBpeMeHHoAflfl HecKoJrbKHX f3c, T. e. no scefi conoxyn*rocrH BoAOTOKO, iru* "u_3brBaeilioe KoMrreHcripoBaHHoe perynHpo"uru"j. i(;;;u"nino, B aroMcnyqae l\{ox(Ho HATII Ha CH}IX{eHHe pacqeTsoi? o6ecnauaruoarH rro or-AeJrbHbrM fOC, qro, B cBoFo oqepenb,^npnBeAeT K yBenaqeHaro cyM-uapHofr ycraHoBJreHHof,r rwoulriocrl.r fOC. 
^
Ha pacneTHylo o6ecneqeuHocrb oKa3bilBaror BJrHrHlre TaKHe Qaxro-pril, KaK yAenbHbrft eec fOC B oHe
HHfl croKa, crpyKrypa feHepHpyrou
pe3epBoB, crpyKrypa norpe6arele
3KoHoMHqecKHe [oKa3arena no f3(
nO AononHHTeJrbHbrM 3aTpaTarvr H yul
fi r. A. Halr6onsuyro rpyAHocrb npeAcraBJrser orreHKa 3arpar H yqep-6oe Ha cropoHe norpebimeneit o.lra'orcyrcrBrrfi HaAex(nofi rcxoAHofi
e fipoeKrrrpoBaHHR fHApoeler(rpo_
.THBrd pacverHoft o6ecneqeHHocrH
:pe6ofiHux ner), Koropbre orpax(a-
H B rvr anoBoAHbrx ycnoB*sx. B oontffrniHi:"t#nt;X?' o"";t,||;lt#;f3c peKoMeHAyercff pacqerHaq o6ecner{eHHocrb, paBHafl g0-gsyo not{Hcny 6ecnepe60finslx .,rer. Hcno"rrb3yrorcfi TaKX(e HOpMaTHBbT rr 11oApyrHM $oprrran pacveruofi o6ecneq-eHHOCTtr, HarIpHMep no r.ny6uuenepe6ox rt o6llletuy o6ter"ry lleAol-rocraerreHuoft sneKrpo3HeprHr.r. Onna-Ko 3TIl HopMarHBL'I He I'lcK"rlnqafor Heo6xoAltMocrt{ TlliarejtbHoro aHa-JIH3a B Ka)I(noi\{ KotlKperHoM CJIyqae B,lHflHtut Bcex nepeqHcneHHbIXcpaxropoB Ha pacqerHyro o6ecneqelrrocrb.
(23.40)
(23.37)
(23.38)
456
ftieo.r*
4ae0
(23.3e)
457

--- PAGE BREAK ---

TJIABA 24
Bbt6op ocHoBFto!'o 9HEpTETHqECKOTO OEOpygoFAHHff
rF{gpoSHEprETHrtE c1$4X yCTAH OBOK
21.1. O6[4HE nOnOIKEHHg
K ocHoBHoMy 3HeprerHqecKoMy o6opyAoBaHnr.o fOC orHocrrcr
ruAporyp6sHai v rHApofeseparopbr, a |AAC - o6parHMbre raApotra-
IIIHHbT H ABHTaTeJTH-reHep aTopbr.
Ha crartr npoeKTl.rpoBaHHfl nu6op ocHoBHoro sHeprerHqecKoro
o6opyaoBalrHs flBJrflercff cneAyrouluM 3ranoM nocJre BoAHo3Heprerli-qecKHX pacqeToB per/.r-IHpoBaHHfl croKa H IipeABapHreJlbHoro cocTaB-
JIeHHff 1ataHcoB MoIIIHocTH 3HeprocHcTeMbr. Ha sroM 3Tarre H3BecrHa
MoLIIHocrh npoeKrHpyeiuoft rHAposHeprerHqecxor? ycraHoBKH, r(oTopan
AOJI)KHa 6urn !'craHoBr'leHa HcxoAr H3 yKa3aHHu.x 6a"naHcoB B Br.rAe
cyMMbr BbrrecHrrrorqeft, pesepeHori H .uy6nHpyrourefi (cesonnoft) Mour-
socreft.
- llpu eu6ope ocnoBHoro sHepreruqecKoro o6opyaoBaHprfl onpeAeJrf-
rorcrr rHil H rrapaMerpbr efo, Koropbre rIpH saAaHuofi liuQopuaqlrH H
yAoBnerBopeHHH Bcex tpe6yeuux onparunveHafi AoJrlr(Hbr o6ecnesuro
paSBHTHe 3HeprOCHCTeMhI 3a Cqer CTpOHTenbCTBa H gKCnJryara:JfiH npo-
eKTHpyeMofi cranqnu c MHHIIMaJIIHbIMH HapoAHoxosnficreeHHhrMH 3a-
TpaTaMH.
Or ocHoeuoro o6opyAoBaHufi 3aBHcrrr cocraB H KoMnoHoBKa rrrApo-
TexHHqecKHX COOpyXeHUir, KOHCTpyKqHf 3AaHHf, napail{eTpbr 3JreKTpo-
TexHHrrecKofo H BcnoMofareJrbHofo o6opy4oeaHHfl. llpn no46ope oc-
HoBHoro o6opyaoBaHlrfl yrorrHflrorcr 6anaucsr MorrlHocrr.r r{ 3HeprHn,
ilonyqeHHbIe Ha ocHoB a HHII BoArro3HepferHqecKnx p acqeToB, BbI no.,'I HeH-
HbIX rIpH cpeAHeM nocroxHgoM 3HaqeHnn KfiA cTaHrIHH, a raKx(e Karrx-
TaJIOBnOX(eHHrr n O6OpyaOBaHHe H efo MoHTax(, cpoKH crpoHTenbcrBa
H BBOAa B 3KcnnyaTaqHrc rHApoysna B ueJroM.
KpnrepneM peueHHr raKofi saAa.rn sBJrfiercfl MHHHMyM cyM-
HapHbrx ilpHBeAeHHbrx saTpaT rro gHeprocHcTeMe B rlenoM.
TexuHxo-3oHoMHr{ecKoe o6ocHoeauae orrrHMaflbHono BapnaHra oc-
HoBHofo o6opyaoeaHHfl BbrnoJrHflercfl Ha ocHoBaHHH aHaJrH3a Bcex
Bo3MolKHbrx BaprraHroB o6opylonatnfl, yAoBneTBopflrorqnx rexHuqe-
cKHM ycJroBnrrM Lr pex.(HMHTJM rpe6onaHHffM npoeKTHpyeMoro o6rerra.
OcsonsuMH pacqerHbrMn rroKa3areJrnMH Kall(Aoro BapHaura o6opy-
AoBaHHfl flBJrflrorcfl THn ruAporyp6uHu H rnAporeneparopa, cHHxpoH-
Hafi qacrora BparqeHHr pa6ouero KoJreca ruAporyp6nHu H poropa rHA-
pofeHepaTopa, qHcro fHApoafperaToB, HoMHHanruufi AHaMeTp rHApo-
ryp6unu H napaMerpb,r ee npouHori qacrH (cnupa.nrnofi KaMepbr,
HarpaBJrfirou{ero annapara H orcacunapqefi ryy6u), BbrcorHoe pacno-
Jrox{eHue pa6ouero KoJreca, Ha3Harraenue no ycJIoBHro o6ecneqeHilx
6ecxannrarrHonsofi pa6ornr ruAporyp6anu, ycraHoBJIeHHa.fi Motrrnocrb
reHepaTopa H ecefi craHrrHH, FoAoBaff nupa6orxa sJIeKTposHeprHH, Ka-
ffHTaJLOBJTOIKeHHfl H 3I(C[nyaTaqHOHHble H3Aep]I(KH.
HcxoAHuMH AaHHLJMH AJIfl au6opa ocHoBHoro o6opygoeaHHe, nB-
nflloTcg:
158
, npeABapHTe"rrbHo cocTaBJreHHtrfi
oaJraHc MoIUHOCTH 3Hep|OCHCTeMbr cyqacTHeM CyqecrByCIrqAx H rpoeK-
rnpyeM brx rHApo3JreKrpocra uurafi ;cyMMapHafl MOr]{HOCTb, KOTOpyrc
Heo6xo_4aMo ycraHoBHrb Ha npoeKrn-
pyeuofi craHr{HH AJtfl o6ecneqeHriq
npeABapHreJrbHo cocraBJreHHoro 6a-
JIaHCa MorrlHocTtr SHeprocricTeMbr Ha
ocHoBe pe3yJrbTaToB BOAHO3rreprerH_qecKorc pacqeTa pery.rlr{poBaHHfl
CTOKA;
xapaKrepHbre pex(HMbr pa6orrr
npoeKrHpyeuofi craHr{HH B cyrorrHoM
rl foAoBoM pa3pese;
MaKcHMa.nsutrfi, pacverunrit w MH_
usnaantuuri Hanopbr rHApos,Tenrpo-
CTAHI{HH;
rpe6oaaHrin BoAoxo3fificreeFruoro
KoMlrneKca (nanplruep, caHHTapHhre
HnH 6asoebre nonycxn) H oxpaHb{
oxpyxanuler? cpeAbr (uanpHuep,
orpaHHr{eHHg, cBff3aHHbre c 3afpr3-
HeHr{eM BOAHbrx pecypcoB B p$ynbTaTe
perynHpoBa HHfl rrrnporyp6xH) .
i
I
)
EO
70
OU
50
JO
20
/0
P, o/u
'/00 r
PHc. 24.1. Pexnu pa6oru npoeKru-pyevoft f3C n xapaKrepHor,r cyrov-HoM rpaQurce Harpy3KH suepiocn-
CTCMhI
npoTeqeK MaCJra H3 CHCTeMb{
Ea'rraucrr MorrrHocrH 3Heproc'cTeML{ Ha nepcfieKTuaHsrfi ypoBeHbee pa3BHTHfl COCTaBnflTOTCfl npeABapHTeJrbHo Ha ocHoBe pe3ynbraroBBOAHO3HepreTHrrecKHX paCCeTOE pefynHpoBaHHff Anrr tHApoJrorHr{ecKHXyclonxit rIpH 3aAaHHbIX 3HaqeHuflx pacqeTHofi o6ecn.u.*noara croKa.\JHH He flBJIffIOTCfi OKOHqareJlbHblMH, nocKonbKy cocraBJrrIroTcff HanpeAbrAyrqeM 3Ta[e Ao nog60pa o60pyAoBaHr{fl H Aar,or BS3MOX(HOCT6onpeAenrTb cyMMapHo pacqerHyro MoulHocTb, Koropyrc seo6xoAuuoycraHoBHTb AAn o6ecneqeHHff BOAHO3HepferHqecKofo 6a.naHca.
Pex<nvu pa6oru npoercTgpyeuofi cTaHr.(HH B xapaKTepHhrx cyroq-Hux rpaQl{Kax Harpy3KII pa3nnrlHLilx ce3oHoB roAa oflpeAenrror Br,rpa-6orxy 3neKTpo3HeprHrl_I{ roAoBoe qncJ-ro qacoB HcnoJrbsoBaH'fl ycTa-HOBJICHHOfi UOTTIUOCTH. 3tN PCXHMbil, TAK }KC KAK H CBqsAHHbIE C HHMH6anaHcEl Mou{HocTH 3Heproct{creMbr, yrosHfirorcff Ha noeJleAy}outnx
craAr{fix npoeKrHpoBaHHfi rrocJre noA6opa o6opyaoBaHHfl* Ha plic. 24.1rrpnBeAeH TT{nOBOfi CyrOvnurr? rpa$HK Harpysxn eueprocHcTeMbr q oA-HHM I{3 BO3MOX(HbIX PEXHUON PA6OTbI NPOCKTHPYCMOfi f3C B TOAOBOMpaspe3_e. Ha_1nlQHKe BbrAeJresbr qerupe xapaKrepHbre 30HLil no BpeMe-
Hir pa60ru f3C. llepeax 30Ha 11 coornercrnyer: pa60re . o.purrnnu-
HHCM NO MHHHMAJIbHOMY PACXOAY BOAbI NO IPC6OEAHHflM EOgbXOgqIi.
cTBeHHoro KoMnJrexca c MorrlHocrbro iy'orr. Bropan, TpeTbfl HqerBeprafl soHbr (t2, ts, ta) xapaKrepH3yror yqacrae foc , nonp"rn,ncooTBeTcTBeHHO yrpeHHero MaKcHrvryMa, A[reBHoro cHprx(eFrlrfl H Beqep-Hero nHKa Hafpy3KH c BbrAener{HeM 6asosofi MouIHocrH.
Baxsef,urHM HCXoAHbTM napaMerpoM Ang eb{6opa rHAporyp6HnHo-
159

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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ro obopyAoBaHplff rBJrfleTCfl Franop, Koropbrfi nsvregsercs B gaBHcHMoc-
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460
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

5rq 5,5!.
AHana3oH H3MeHeHHfl Harlopa, B ToM r{HC.,r€ ero pacqeTHoe no MoxlHo-
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qerHas roqKa HaxoAHTcfi Ha qacTHoM rpaQnxe Mex(Ay rpaHHqHhrMH
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

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.165

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Hvrfl.,Koropbre lrMeroT 66nriuylo rpoilycKuyro cnoco6nocrr H Jryqulie
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sar.ny6.neHHH H KoJrHqecrBe' ycraHoBJreHHbrx arpera ton. O nr u'wananatil
sapua.HT ocHoBHoeo o1opgdolaHufl F?C 6gder coorlercrloBorb rttlt-
Hu,flA,vg cgfr{rrapHbt x, npueedeflHblx sarp&T no. eHepeocucreJue.
O6racrn AorIycrHMb{x pex{HMoB pa6oru rpoeKrHpyeuofi f3C
o6uqno HasbrBaercfl peIKHMHbIM tIoJIeM no pacxoAy H Ha-
nopy (puc. 24.4). Bepxnefi f paHnqeri pex(HMHoro norlfl flB-
Jreercr 11 aropHafl xapaKrepHcrHKgl_p_H pa6ore -fOC c Ha-
tloJrHeHHbIM BoAoxpaHHnHqeM Ao oTMeTxu H[IV, H LI ]K H e il r p a_qH_-
uefi-Hanopnas xapaKrepHcrHKa nprl pa6ore f3C
c BoAoxpaHHrIHnIeM, -cpa6oTaHHbtM Ao orMerKH yMO. llocrpoeHne
sTHX XapaKTepHCrr{K Bblno,ilHsercfl no cneAylouleMy ypaBHeHHIo:
Hrx(Q.ec) : zs.6(U"p"o) _ 2n.6(Q".u)- AH".r, (24.3)
rAC Ze.o(U"p"o) -oTMeTKa ypOBHs BOAH B BepXHet{ BOAgXpaHHJIRI[e,
KoTopafl H3MeHfleTcg B 3aBHcHMocTH ot o6'reua cpa6orrn {/cpao_ oT
Hny Ao VMO; z".o(Q'.0) -oruerna ypoBHfl BoAbI B HHX(HeM 6le-
Qe B 3aBHcgMocrrr or pacxoAa Qx.oi Af/"." - norepg Hanopa B Bo-
AOn poBoAnulPrx cooPyH{eH Hfi x.
florepu Hanopa AH".. Ao nu6opa rHAporyp6uuHoro o6opyno-
BaHHfl Moryr 6urs yrrreHbr roJIbKo npn6"rrHX(eHHo B BHAe npeABa-
pHTenbHo rrpHHflToro cpeAHero 3HaqeHHff, nocKoJIbKy cocTaB, KoM-
466
l;',i;# I oo.:TJfi;"' 
none npoerrapveuon r3c no
oAflIIIHX cooPYxeHufi 3aBHcfr or
rtIHr fOC. florePrr HanoPa Yroq-
lJIe pacqera napaMerpoB no tHA-
- HMHoM noJle (Pnc' 24'4, JIHHHfi
t -2) flBrrffercfi MHH'Malluuf,r pacxol BoAbI #s: ^-o:3--.l..nseivtulit
3aAaHHbtM ofpaHHqeHHeM no ycnoeunu QyHxuuoHtIpOBaHI'Ifl BO'['OXO-
ssftcreeFrnoro KoMn.r'leKca HJIn bco6exuocrhlns pexuloon pa6oiut f3C
B rpaQHrax HarPY3KH.
OrpiauuueHgeNt cnpaBa Ha pex(tiMHos{ noile flBJIferc' "ILIttHfi 
pac-
,{erHofr ycraHoBaeHuoii *,outnoirn (34), ypaBHeHHe xoropofi Ii}leer
cre4yrcutuit BLIA:
ff!"' : A* Q.r"H.r", (24'4)
rAe kN -xoa$QuUHeHT i!{oUIHocTH, H3lt{eHq}Ouafrcs B npeAexax oT
..g,0 Ao 8,8 B 3a.BHcHMocrH or npHHflToro 3HaqeHHfl cpeAHero KnIt
-1
,2'-
j'-[
f 3C lrec'
Hrxe roqKa pacqerHoro Hanop-a- per(HMHoe noJle
.nnsnefi nponycr<*oir cnoco6ttocrn f3C (4-5), Koropafl
ryp6nrrHoio o6opyloeaHHr Moxer 6utrl nocrpoeHa n'o
3ABHCHMOCTH:
orpaHHqeHO
Ao eu6oPa
c.ne4yrcueti
Qrac: QT3t' VH;.|{ o': , (24.5)
rAe AF3tr - MaKcHMaJrbHaff nponycKHafi cnoco6uoctl f3C, coorBer-
Grvilrili" puooi" iaC nprr pacrrerHog no Mou{Hocrg Hanope Hpn'
llolyueuHYro o 6.n a c r b A t
6oru npoeKrHpYe*rofi f3C flo Ha
r{ecTH Ha rJIaBrIbIe yHHBepcaJIbHbl
MeqeHHbIX K paccMorperlHlo THnOI
BapHTeJIbHo HeofxoAtlt"to B Kaqec
rrRTb MaKcHMalsHufi AHaMeTp pa6OuerO Ko,leca trnn KaIKAOTO THna
rHAporYp6srt, HcxoAq H3 yc.noeHfi llx H3ForoBreHllfl II AocraBKH Ha
fAC, i^ nu rflaBHbrx yHHBepcaJIbltbtx xapaKrepLrcrl'Kax 3aAarbcn
30' 167

--- PAGE BREAK ---

,fo"r\
i o,/^
R
rus
l.v
ltl
t"- l$o
)t\
,{t
l^$
Ia"'
so
l$-'l6t
+'
\r
/t00 6t
Puc. 24.5. faasHas
6tttt-ur, coB MeuteH r{ afl
800 /000 /200 - /+00 1600
yHHBepcanbHan xapaKrepHcrHKa troBoporHo-.'ronacrHoft
c pell(HnnbrM noneer npoeKrHpyerroft f3C
Ha pnc. 24.5 n 24.6 nPuBeAeHb
TepHcTHKH TIOBOpOTHO-,,'lonacrHOfi U
coBMeUleHHbIe c pelKHMHhlM IIOilel
n'r H Q'r. llo,rYueuHoe coBMeuler
I.IHCM OITHMAJIbHOft 3OHbI KIIA B T
noJIfl H RBilflercfl BnoJIHe yAoBAeTBOpHTeJIbHbIM'
orrueffia pacnoJrox(ellHfl pa6oqero KOJIeCa ErLfl O6ecneqegufl ero
6ecxael4raunoHHofi pa6orbl onpele"rraercn no Qoptuy'ne
Y zp.r:Y z,.o(Q-.u) *H,, (24' I I )
rAeYz^.o(Q".0)_-oTMeTKaypoBH'IBoAbIBHHX(HeM6leQeIIpHpac-
XOAC Q*.0, COOTBeTCTByIOUIHe pacqe
Pac'IeT HIINIH ycJIoBHflMH f BJIri(
BHflM KaBHTaqHH pex(HMbI Pa6oTI
K)Ke pa6ora BCex arperaToB npH
pacqerHoM no MOU{HOCTH Hanope'
Bucora orcacblBaHHn Hs Bbltlncrsercfl no Qopuy'ne
H r:6 - V z"'qlQ"'o) - kooH,
rAe B -6aporvrerpHqecKoe AaBJIeHI
QHqtteHr 3anaca ro KaBHTaUHH nl
6"Ho K uarYPHofi, nPHHHMaeMblft
qHeHT KaBHTaU,HH, OnpeAenffeMblft
)AY BoAbil Qt -o'
H, Bbl6HPanr TaKoe' Koropoe
ieHHI,O O6OpyAoBaHHfl, T' e' o6ec-
pa6oru B o6lactrn AonycrHMblx.
3C.
napar'rerpu rHAporyp6nsHoro ooopyAoBaHHfl no3BO-
JrgloT HaMeTHTb cooTBeTCTBytoqHe BapHaHTbI napaMeTpoB rHApore-
ilft";;;. 
-H; 
fOC o6uqso ycraHaBrHBalorcr rpex6a3Hue cuu-
xpoHr{Lile rHAporeHeparopbl cepHfiHOrO rHna BePTHKaJIbHOTO HJIH ro-
pH30HTarbHoro HcnoJIHeH l{fl .
OcuonnuUu napaMeTpaMI'I rgAporeHepaTopa gBJItlIOTcfl nOJIHatl'
HJIH Kax(yilIaffc'I, MoIIIHocTb, HanpflX(eHHe, cHHxpoHl{afl tlacToTa Bpa-
uleHHfi, KO30sHIrHeHT MOUIHOcTH
AeficrBtlfi. CuHxPoHHaff qacrora BP
crore BpauleHHtl pa6oqero KoJIeC
MOIIIHOCTH O6bIqHO H3MeHfleTcfl B I]l
flonHafl MourHocrb'onp(
t000 4i'nlc
rHAporyp-
{24.t2)
400 s00 /000 //00 /200 fJ00 /+00 el,nlc
Pnc- 24.6. haeuas yuHBepcanbHafl xapaKrepHcrHKa panuanbHo-oceeor? rn,u,poryp6u-
Hbr, coBuernerrHar c pexnMHbrM noreM npoeKTnpyeuofi f3C
174
Sr:N./cos q,
FAe Na - ycraHoBileHHaf MOIIIHOCTb afperara'
(24.13)
471
s5{/o omilHa\

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fu4poreuepaTop noa6apaerc.H rro cnpaBOrrHbrM AaHHbrM cepaft-HbIX THiIOB no pacqeTHbIM 3HaqeHHflM ero nolnoft MoIIIHocTH H cHH-xpoHHOr? qacroTe BparqeHrifl. flonHaq MoqHocTb nu6paHHOfO Ce_pnfiHoro rHAporeHeparopa o6utqHo [peBbrriaer. ee pacqeTHoe 3Ha-qeHHe.
Kax,q,uft rr-rApore'eparop HMeer cBoro pa6ouyro xapaKrep HcrrrKyB BHAe QyHxi(rra H3MeFreHHfi ero KnA or Harpy3KH, Bbrpaxensorl
B OTHOCHTC"IIbI{bIX CllHHHUAX.
Ann 3KoHorvrHqecKoro conocTaB.,'reHHfl BCex KoHKypHpyrorlrnx Ba-pHaHroB ocHoBHoro o6opy^toe aHtfl, rloMHMo paccivroipenHlrx BbrirrepacqerHhix ilapaMerpoB, seodxoAnnto otrpeAenHTb cp-elgevruoroJreT-Hroro nupa60rxy 3rreKrp03H_qpilH npoexiupyeuoft f3c c yqeroMQaxrHvecxoro repeMeHscro KIIA o.nouno.o "o6opyaouu""". b n;;:BoM npu6nuxeH[IH B Kar{ecrBe cpeAueMHoroJreTHeii" uotpa6orra Mox{-HO IIPHHfiTb BbIPA6OTXY 3/ICKTPO3HCP|HH C- YCCTOM HC BCC.O HMCrc-r(erOcfi- rHIpO,rOr;IqecKoro pflAq. paCXoIoB Bolbr, a Toilbr(o Anfrycnosufi pacqerHoro roAa cpeaHer? eolriocrs.
Aas onpeAe'reHHfl sroft' snrpa6orxri sJreKrposHeprgH Heo6xoAsr"roBocrroJrb3oBarbcfl ucxoAHoft lHgOpuaquefi o xapaKrepHbrx pex(HMaXpa6orsr npoer(rHpyer*roft f3c (.". s 24.r) H pesyrrbraraM' BoAlio-3HeprerHqecKoro pacqera peryJrHpoBaHH.fi CroKa Ailfr cpeAHeBOAHOfOroAa. flo 3THM AaHHbrM HsBecrHbr ts KalKAoM pacrrerHoM HHTepBaJreQrec n iy'p36 vr coorBercrByio^lr{afl^H}r npH nocroflHHoM KnA cpeA_yII_H pa6ovan MorqHocrH f3C. Oueen4rio, qro eci,rn QaxrauecxHftKnA oc*oBHoro o6opyAoBaHHfl 6yaer or""uurocs or npHHflroro pa-Hee cpeAHero ero 3HaqeHHfl, To npH Tex )Ke Haflope H pacxoAe B AaH-HOM pacqerHoM HHTepBane MouIHOCrb H aupa60ixa sHep.orn TaKX(e6yayr orruLiarbcfl.
,,,,^n*{.on1l^.A.j^.1nx_ QaxruqecKoro KnA, c KoropbrM o6opytoea-HHE I JU PAOOTACT B AAHHOM ^PACqCTH.ON{ HHTCPBAJIE, HCOd}bArrUOcooTBeTcrByrorrlHe 3HaqeHHfi . Q.:g tt Hrec nepecqHTaTb B npHBe_AeHHbre floKa3areJru Q,, fi trrL iltts nepecu"ia Qrsc Heo6xoAauorlpeABapHTeJIbHO OIIpeAeJIHTb qHcJIO BK.[rcqeHHbrx af peraToB KaKqacrHoe or AeJreHH.rr pa6ovefi MouHocrH fOC Ha y.ir*ro"neHHyroMOUIHocTb OAHOTO arperaTa H BbreHC"r-rHTb pacxoA OAHOTO arperaTa.flolyueHurre siraqegrg Q', H tL'r 
"unoa"r'a" Ha rnaBHyro yHHBep-canbHylo xapaKrepHcrHKy n B srofi roqKe orrpeAeJ,rflercfl Qirrnub-cxHft KnA MoAeJIH,- xoropurl flepecqHrhrBaercfi Ha HarypHbre noKa-sarelr.H. I-Io pa6ouefi xaparrepHcrHKe -rHAporeHeparopa H rroJryqeH-noft Qaxr'.recxoft ruonl'ocrx rulporyp6agai onpeAenflercrr ero KnA.Tarnu o6pasor*, s KaxiAoM pacqeTHoM HrrrepBaile yrorrHffercfipelKHFl pa60rri npoeKrHpyeuofi isC H BbrriHcrffercfi ee foAoBann up a6orKa 3JreKrposueprlln.
MeroA nor6opa_o6opyaoBan'fl ro rJraBHhrM yHHBepcaJrbHbrM xa-paKTepHcrIIKaM ryp6HH gBJIffeTcff aHaJIHTHqecKHM Ir{eToAoM. On o6na- iiy:in;.AaeT nocrarorlHo srlcorofi TorlHocTblo, Ho He HMeer HarJIgAHo crnr-'"'{'nocKOJIbI(y aHaJIH3 BCeX I(OHKypHpyroI]IHX BapHaHTOB BbrnoJrHfleTCqNO TJIABIIbIM YIIHBCPCAJIbHbIM XAPAKTCPHCTHKAM OAHOTO ATPC|ATA 6CApaccMoTper{Hff cTaHr{HOHHbrx xapaKTepHCTHK.
472
24.4. nOAEOp OEOPvAOBAt-tltrl r3C C HCfiOJIb3OEAHHEM
TOTAPHOMHTIECKOI,I ChCTEMbI HOOPAI,IHAT
f paQuqecxlrfi MeroA pacqera Ha ocHoBe lorapxSlctqeoxor? cncreMbl
KoopAHHar lgH-lg Q uoxer 6urt ucnoJrb3oBaH B Tex cJryqaflx, KorAa seo6xoAltvo
6ucrpo r4 HarJrffAHo rrpodHflr'rusprpoBarb 6ornuroe qHcJlo KoHKypnpyroulrrx BapHaHroB
6es gucoxori roqgocrn oueHKH noKa3areJleit raxAoro H3 HHx.
Hseectno, qro ap6aR KpliBarr, nocrpoerrHafi B JrorapnQuuuecxnx KoopAltHarax,
npa H3MeHeulrn a6c(lrcc rr opAHHar Bcex ee roqeK nepeMeu{aercf B HoBoe no,'tox(eHne,
He H3MeHflq cBoax pa3MepoB u Qopr'ru. Cxeva,rorapucpltnqecxofi cHcreMil B KoopAH-
Harax lg H-lg Q, Ha Koropyro HaHeceHbr rr3oflnHrrH craHAaprHbIX AHaMerpoB II cHH-
xpoHHb[x qacror BpaqeHrrfi, a raK)*(e H3o"ruHn!I rvtou{HocrH trpn nocroflrJHoM KnA
oSopyaosanHx f3C, rpeAcraBfieHa Ha pnc. 24.7.
vragauHoe csor?creo,rrorapricp'lilrqecrorl crrcreMb[ n03BoJrger oAHH pa3 nepe-
crpourb rnaBHyro yHHBepcanbHyio xapaKreprrcrHKy rnaporyp6nnrr B KoopAuHarbt
lg tr-lg Q fiprr KaKoN{-,ru6o coveranuu D1 H n (rouxa I), a 3areM A"rrfi ;lpyrono
rux coqeraHaff, rpyloelrraft [epecqer 3a]reHnrb npocrL{M nepeMelr{enueM xapaKrepn-
crHKH rulporyp6HHbr B HoByio ror{K}' (rouxa 2), ?rw rosKn o6r,tquo Ha3brBaror 3a-
KpennflIorrIHMr.r.
HsMeHeHae Koopr,HHar Bce.\ roqeK xapaKTepHcrBKB 6yget coorBercrBoBarb
H3b{erieHrrro KoopAHHar rorrttri I (Ht, Qr) npu nepexoAe B ToqKy 2 (Hr, Qr).
3saqenrR H u Q e xa;xAori lI3 3rH.\ ToqeK onpeAenflrorcr no usoecruun Qop-
MynaM noAo6r:ii :
/ nrDt,
('4
I
I
j
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I
i
I
;1,
H2
Hl
t
li
t-lttl-
Q.: Q;4 rl-; Qs: Q'r1r+ (24.15)
nI nl
BupaaHv fioryqeirHLJe HoBb{e 3HaqeHHfl Koop,q,}rHaT Hz, Qz qepe3 Hx HaqarbHoe
cocroflHae Ht, Q(
H" _ (nrDrr\'. Lr _Lr ( nrDr, \'.
HL- \rrDrr/' "e-"t\nrDr, )'
+:f(#)'' Qr:Qr?(,#)'
BeeAev o6oeHaqeHHq !: n2ln1;
6:Dnl D11 H IIoCJO no.I.CTaHoBKH Hx B
(24.16) E (24.17), norryqul{ ypaBHeHHt
Hz:Hfi262; Qz- Qrv63.
flpoaora p lr Q u H p ye r'.r
(2a.18):
lg Hr:lg Htl2lg vf2 lg d;
lg Qz:lg Qr*lB vf3 lg 6.
)', Hz:(T)" (24. t4)
(24. l6)
(24.17l}
li
tt
fI
tt
II
i,l
il
tl
il
tiM
rg,v I
(24. I 8)
BbIp a )KeH Hfl
(24. I e)
(24.20)
TaxHlr o6pasov, n loraprrQvnqecxofr
crrcreMe KoopAilHaT npr{ nepexoAe oT
oAHoro coqerarrHn Dt il n K ApyroMy
Puc. 24.7. I'l:o,rattstt AttaMerpoB, qa-
cToT Bpaiueilfig lr }{oulllocTH B IIoJle Jlo-
raprr(run,rccxH.r Koop.n,HJ{ar
473

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Bce roqKH xaPaKTepHcTHKH rHAporypdHHbr cMerrlaroTcf [apanneJrbHo ocH
Ig H ua 2 lg vf2 lg 0 n raparrrerbHo ocu 1g Q Ha lg v-F3 lg 6. llpn aroM rv{acrxra-
6u oceli KooPAHHar, tpopua H pa3Mepbr xapaKrepHcrHKn He HsMen-rrorcfl H He 3aBr{-
cfiT or npHHffToro coqeraHHfl D1 H n.
B qactuott cJlyqae, ecau -D1 ocraercff nocrofiHHbtM, a l.t3MeHfercfl TonbKo n, T.o
d:l u KoopAHHarbr HoBbrx roqeK 6ylyr oflpeAenflTbcfi ypaBHeHIrflMH:
lg Hr: lg H1f2 Ig v;
lg Qr:lg Q1f lgv,
T. e. Bce roqKH xapaKrepHcrflKH nepeMecrflrcfl napannenbHo ocH lg H
napannenbHo ocH ls Q Ha ig v BAotrb npnuoft c yrnoM HaKJroHa a
I^,,^ o/ 7\
\pHc. z.r.r/, raHrei{c iioToporo paBeH:
tso- 4El-:r.rgv
lIpH nocroaHHofi qacrore Bpar{esnr n H nepeMeHHor{ 4uaverpe D1 H3MeHeHHe
KoopAHHar roqeK 6yler onpe.q,enflrbcfl ypaBHeHHqMH
lg H,: lg H1f2lg 6; (24.29)
Ig Qr:lg Q1f3lg 6, e4.24)
T. e- Bce roqKH xapaKrepHcrHKH nepe.vecrflTcrr flapanneibHo ocH lgH aa 2lgd n
n&parrr€JrbHo ocH lg Q ra 3lg0 eAort npauori c /ffloM HaK,'roHa p K ocH lg Q(puc. 24.7), raureHc Koropofo paBeH:
(24.2t'.
(24.22\
na 2lgv u
K ocn IgQ
(24.25)
(24-26)
/0
J
d
Coeorcgnnocrb u3outtlurt crandaprHbtx dua,xerpoo D1 u cuHxpoHHbrx qacror n,
HA3uBAe.#An toeapu$,uuqecrcoil cerrcoi Dr-n, cosiler\eHHafl C noeapuQxuaecrcuil, na-
'te.u lg H-lg Q, npednaen.qer co6oil noaapuLxuaecKgn cucTeilg rcoopdunar dnn eot-
6opa eapuaH?og ocHosgoeo o6opgdoaaHun ftpoegrupgexort t3c (puc. 24.s).
Jlorapx$uHqecKylo ceTKy Dt-n orHocHTenbHo aorapnQvuqecKoro noJrff
Ig fl-lg Q s o6u{eu cnrlae Mox{Ho coBMerqarb npoH3BoirbHo, Ho qenecoo6pasuo
3To Aei:lrb TaK, qro6ut B noJle aorapuQuttqecKax Koopi(HHar pa3Merr{aJtcfl Becb AHa-
tra3oH H3MeilellI{f CTallAaprHL{K AHaMerpon D1 H cHH.xpoHHblx qacToT Bpau{eHfifr. n.
.[rs notrHorbl lttt$opua(rs na ,norapuQuHrteoKoe none lg H_lg Q Hagocflrcfl
lf3oruHHH t'tou-tuocrefi N npn nocroflt{Hou KtiA. Pacnoaoxer{He r{3or'rHuHft r*ouHo"
crH ollpeAenflercfl ypaBHeHHeM, nonyceHHbru B pe3ynbrare aorapxQruHpoeanlrn Qop-
Mynb{ MorrrHocrn QaA):
/00 '50
MRrI IUI
' &o1q/ /o
Jq t'"
Pnc. 2.1.8. PexnyHoe none npoexrupyeuoir f3C e noraprrQr*anecxofi cHcrere Koop-
T,IIHAT
crlpaBa rBJrrrercfi J]HHHfl p acqerHol? ycral{oB.IleHHol? Molr{HocrH do
H nponycxHofi croco6HocrH oe npoeKrnpyel\.{ofi f3C. To'{xa o co-
oTBercrByer pacqerHoMy no MouIIIocrH Harlopy.
PexHultoe nOJIe onpeAeJlffeT AHaIIaSoFI H3MeHeHHfl Hanopa npo-
eKrHpyeMoft f3C, no KoTopoMy ttah.{eqaForcn trJlfl. EaltbHefituero aHa-
JrH3a BO3MOX(HbIe rHnbl rHAporyp6HH.
llepecrpoelrHe rJIaBHbrx yHHBepcairbHbrx xapaKTepHcrHK B JIora-
pHQMHqecKHe KoopAHHarbl lg H-lg Q YAo6iro. Bblno'Tnnrb c no-
MoII{bIo JIorapHSMHqecKoro noJls lg n'r-19 Q'r (pnc. 21.9), Koro-
poe trocrpoeHo c yqeToM Tofo, tlro6bl MacuJTa6 no oqH lg n't coor-
BercrBoBaJI Macllrra6y ro ocH lg H, a flo ocll lg Q'I' - Macura6y
no ocn lg Q norapn$NtHqecKoro norlfl lg H-lg Q. CooreercrBue
Macixra60B Heo6xoAHMo Anfl Bo3MolKHocrn AanbHefitxero rteperlte-
rrIeHHfi repecrpoeHHofi .xapaKrepHcrHKH fHAporyp6Huu npH pa3JIllq-
Hbrx coqeTaFrHHX Dr H n B nofapH(prv{Hqecr(or'r cHcTeMe KoopAHllaT.
Ha aorapuQMrrqecKoe noJre lg n'1-19 Q'r HaHeceHa raKx(e 3al(pen-
Jrflroular{ roqKa I c npirHflTbrMH paHee KoopAHHarailrH H H Q, KO-
Topbre coorBercrBylor B AalrHoM npHMepe ftt1:f$ o6/r"ruH !I Q"-
-0,395 m3f c (pnc. 24.9).
Taxstvt o6pasou, nepecrpoelrHe r,rannori yLrHBepcaJrbHori xapaK-
reprrcrHr(rr B JrorapHQMHqecKHe KoopAHrrarbr lg I/-lg Q ocyqecr-
475
+020
tgF:# 2 | -
I llrsta trout{ocmu y'/'
lg rV:lg An*lg Q*lg ff,
mKy.q,a npx flocrosnrJux 3HaqeH]rflx N u kN cJleAyer, qro
lg Q*lg H:corst,
T; e. H3oJrltHHH Mouluocreft npeAcraBfinror co6oft npffDrbre c yrnoM HaKnoHa K ocu
lg Q, paeHurq 135' (puc.24.7).
PexrrruHoe noJre raK x€, KaK H B paBHoMepHofi cncreMe Ko-
opAHHar, OrpaFIHqeHo cneBa nnHr.teft Mr{rrHMaJrbHoro pacxoAa a.b,
cBepxy H cHH3y - rranopHbrMrr xapaKTepHcrHKaMH f3c COOrBer-
crBeHrro npH padore c orMerKaMH Hny H yMo. orpaHaqeHHeM
474

--- PAGE BREAK ---

nj, od/nun
0,4 0,50./
80
qn
/00
//0
/20
4Zn
/+0
750
160
170
160
/90
?00
?rJ 0r4 0r5 0,6 0,70,849/rq /,5
Plrc. 24.9. XapaxrcpucrnKa rrraporyp6HHbr B
2,0 2,5 Q|,n31c'
.aorap rrQrl{qecKr.t x Koop.{.KH ara x
2,O 2,5
60
70
BiIf eTCfl [epeHOCOM TOqeK c KOOpAHHaTaMH fL't, Q't Ha JIO| aptiQ-
MHqecKoe roJre lg n'1-lg Q'r. Ilnurll onpaHuqeHHfl nporiycKHofi
cnoco6gocrg rnAporyp6lrH nu6upaiorcf Ha ocHoBe npHHUHnoB, H3-
JIox(eHHbrx B $ 24.3.
fiepecrpoeHHaff B norapnQutnuecxne KoopAHHarbr xapaKrepEcrl{-
KA ryp6anlr nepeHocHTcfl Ha KaJrbKy BMecre c 3aKpenJrfrouefi Toq-
xofi I, Koropafl 3aretvt coBMeu{aercq c oArrnM H3 Bo3Mox(Hbrx co-
rreraHHft Dt H n B no".'re lorapuQMlrqecKofi cHcreMbr lgH-lgQ
(prtc. 24.lA,a) npH BE{noJrHeHHrr citeAyrou{HX peKorvreHAarIHir:
I ) pex(HMIIoe noile AoJIX{r{o noKpL,rBarbcfl eoHofi HaH6oilbuero
KtlA xapaKrep HCruKr-r rr{Aporyp6nuu ;
2) r{HC.r-ro arperaToB Aonx(Ho onpeAefiqrbcfl nepeMeu{er{HeM xa-
paKrepgcrHKr{ rlrAporyp6uHui BMecre c 3aKpernflrouefi ToqKofr Bnpa-
BO nO fopH3ol-lra.rlH or HaqaJIbt-iofo rroJlo)fieFlr{fl, onpeAenfleMoi-o npH-
HflTbIM coqeraHlieM Dt I'I n H coorBeTcTByloulero o;THoMy arperary,
Ha lg 2, lg 3 n r. A. (rour<n 2,3,4 Ha pHc. 24.10,a). VeeraqeHHe.{ircna arperaroB 6yler ocyulecrB"flffrbcfl Ao rex ilop, iloKa ilwHtfl,
orpaHHqelllIfl nponycxttofi cnoco6ttocrN Typ6HHbr He coBMecrHTCrr
c _ro,{ror? o, coorBercrByrouerl pacqerr{oMy no ilrou{FrocTH Haflopy
f3C. B 3Tor"r ro(lKe rreo6xoAlrl,ro Bbrqrrc*rrurb c yqeroivt ipanrnuecxnx
napaMerpon pacxoAa rr I(nA Mou{nocrb ar-perara (no 24.6) H ycra-
uoB.,ler{H}to Mou{r{ocru f3C, Koropafl AoJrxifra 6lrrs He Merree ee
476
d=0r25 7rJ 0,J50,+ 0r4t
Btrt. 2 aep. 6uz.J aep. flnn.4 azp.
u1
v -u,r
Z47,P1
Q8
gi
zu.6(U)
g5
y+
200 J00 40c 600 a2c /000.\oj
Pnc. 24.10. CraHuuosuas (a) w KaBHraunonuan (6) .\apaKrepHcrt{Kl-t npoexrnpyerlot?
f3C aes BapHanra ryp6uHrroro o6opy,u,oBaHr{tt a nolapHrfr}lHttecKl{x KoopAHfl ara.(
pacr{eTHofo 3HaqeHlifl' C'reg1'er oTil'leTt{Tb, tlTo I'I3-3a I{€JIotlHcJIeH-
rrocTLI lt3rueHeHrifi qHCJIa arperaToB yKa3al-lHoe coBMeuleHHe ile BCe-
rAZ Bo3Mox(Ho. B 3ToNr cnyqae AonycKaercfl, q'ro6ut ycraHoB.IleilHafi
Mox{HocTb npoel{rttpyerrorl f3C 6u,,ra Ha L-2 olo fi6n6rtre pacqer-
rroro 3HaqeHHfi, qro 6y,rer coorBeTcrBoBarb nepeceqeHHlo JII{HHH
pacrreTHoro Hafiopa H nponycxnofi cnoco6HocTH ryp6rII'lbI npaBee'
TOTIKII O;
3) qHCJro arperaroB no Bo3MoxiHocrH AoJIx(Ho st't6upaTbcfl Ta-
r(r{M, trTo6bl ofpaHHqel{He no NttII'lHMaJIbHOMy paCXOAy pzicnoJlaraJlocb
B pa6oqefi soHe xapat(repncrrlKu rlrAporyp6nrtnt.
I-lp" nocrpoer{Hrr I'raeuofi yHrrBepcanoHoil xapat(repttcrt-tKIt rrtA'
poryp6Hnu lte yrrutrbtBa"ilacb nonpaBKa IIa flpllBe;1€lltl)'lo rla'
cToTy Bpau{eHIIfl npll nepexoAej oT MoAeJIII K tlaType. B cBtl3ll c
3THM npHlrffTbtft Bapr{arrr cirrrxpoHr.roir qacrorbl Bpa[ietnttt Ao.'t;'t<etl
477
"A0n
k,
TIII
(t' '
t-6=0,8
,' u,/
2,0

--- PAGE BREAK ---

6uts yror{HeH
no, Qopuyne
c yrleroM yxasaHHofi nonpaBKH L.n't, tsbrqHcJIffeuofi
,,
Ln1 - l1t (24.27\
rAe n'1- rrpHBeAeHHag qacrora BpaIrIeHHfl rIpH pacr{erHoM rlaflope;
T", rlu - KnA ryp6unnr H MoAeJrH B onraMyMe Hx xapaKrepncruK.
flocle yToqHeHHfl qacTora BpauleHrlfi OKpyruIfercfl Ao cranAapT-
Horo 3HaqeHHf cHHXpoHHori qacrorbr. Ecllt noilpaBKa cocraBJIfler
ruenee 3 % npHBeAeHHofi qacToTbl BpauIeHHs n't, To oHa MoX(eT He
YIIHTbIBATbCg.
PaCcuorpeHHblM BbIIIe IvIeToAoM FlaMeilaeTcfl pflA KoHKypHpyroUIHX
BapHaHroB ocHoBHoro o6opy4onaHHfl fAC. A"ns Kax(Aoro KoIlKy-
papyloqero BapHaHTa o6opylon arrfl.. paccr{HTblBaercn roAoBafl BbI-
ira6i,rxa srextpo:Heprntr (.tt. S 24:3). 3iia'ieHrls firzc H Qroc l"Ilfl
xapaKTepHbrx pelrHMoB pa6oru f3C HenocpercrBeilHo HaHocflrcr
Ha peX(HNrHoe no"rye 6es' npel,BapuTeJlbuoro H,\ nepecqeTa B IIpHBe-
AeHHbre noKa3arelu (rourin 1, 2, 3,4 sa puc. 24.8).
Orr,nerxy pacnoJrolKeHHfl rHAporyp6nHu HaH6oi-Iee o6ocHoeasHo
MOX{HO OnpeAeIHTb Ha ocHoBaHHH IIOCTpOeHHff H aHa",'IH3a K a B H-
T a r{Ho H io ft xapaKrep HcrrIKH f3C (puc. 24.10,6). Aflq
3roro KpHByIo CBfl3I{ HHx(Hero 6oeQa z,t.a(Q'.0) rlenecoo6pa3Ho no-
crpoHrb B rroayJlorapnQrrrnuecKofi cucreMe KoopAHHar z".o-lg Q
jtJrfl Bo3Mox(Hocrti coBMeqeHHfi inKanbl pacxoAoB c norapnQunuecxuvt
no,'reM lg ff-lg Q.
I-locr<o,rrry Hau6olsulee sar,ry6leuue rI'IAporyp6uust Ailn 6ec-
KaBHTaquouHoft ee pa6oru coorBercrByer Han6o",tttunvt HaIIop aM
T'3C, To rrocrpoeHne KaBHTarIHonHoft xapaKTepHCrHKH Heo6xornvo
BbrnorrHflrb Anfi yc.nonnft pa6oru f3C npH orneixe Hfly, r. e. c
HC[Oirb3OBaHHervr HanOpXOft XapaKTepHCTHKH, ffBJiflol]{eftCff BepXHHM
orpairHr{eHHeM pex(HMHofo noJIfl.'Bucora 
orcaco,""ut{q H, paccqarbtBaercq no (24.12) B ToqKax
nepeceqeHuq HsofiHHIafi xoaQQauuenra KaBHTaqHH o' c_ e_epxHeft HE:
nopuofi xapaKTepHctrlxoti n nHuuefi orpaHHqeHHr f3C ro ycra-
Hoererruofi MorrlHocrr{. flo.noxureJlbHbte 3Har{eHHfi Ht orKJIaAbIBa-
rorcfl BBepx or xpnnofi cBflSH z*.0 (Q*.0) , OTpHqareJIbHbIe - BHH3
(puc. 24.10,6). B roqKax nepeceqeHHfl Hanopuofi xapaKrepHcrHKH
fOC c JTHHHflMH BKrtorreHHs arperaroB, Koropafl fiocrpoeHa rlo
TOqKaM fiepeceqeHHfl Hsor]HHHfi paBHHX KnA, KaBHTaIIHOHHafl Xa-
paKrepHcrHKa HMeer pa3pbIBbI HeIIpepbIBHocrH. flocxo"nuxy npH
tsKJrtoqeHHr{ Kax{Aoro nocneAyrcr.qero arperara xoeQQNqHeHT KaBH-
Tar(sa pe3Ko cHHx{aercs. no cpaBHeHHn c npeAI{AyxIHM ero 3Ha-
qeHrreM yKa3aHHarr xapaKrepHcrHKa 6ynet HMerb cxa.Ixoo6pasuufi
x.aPaKrep.
Hs aHaJrH3a npnne4eHrofi Ha pnc. 24.10,6 KaBHraqnosHoft xa-
paKrepHcrHKH caeAyer, qro pacnoJloxeHue rHAporyp6Huu Ars o6ec-
Treqenlrr ee decxanurat1rronuofi pa6orsr AoJI]r(Ho 6urr He Bbr[re ot-
MerKH 2,A coorBercreyroueft lrarpy3Ke oAHoro arperaTa Ao Molrl-
Hocrn, npH xoropori npolrcxoAHT BKrIorIeHHe BToporo arperara.
478
OAuaxo B pffAe cryrraeB Hau6o.nee onacHoit no ycJIoBHflM Ka-
BHTaUHH MOIKST OI(a3aTbCff pa6Ora oAHOI'o arperaTa c yCTaHoBJIeH-
Hor? N{oIIIHocrbro nb JIHHHIl orpaHHqeHHfl d'pP1 rtpH orMeTKe Hny
paCqeTHo.M . Hanope, TO neOfiXOAUvrO FIaJIOX(HTb OrpaHnqerlae Ha
pa6ouylo'MoulHocrb oAHoro arperara no yc,rloBHflM KaBHTaIIHH' Ao-
nycrHMoe sHaqeHge 6OOSSnUHeHTa I(aBI'ITaqHH B 3TOM C/'iyqae BbI-
qucJlflercs IIo Qop tuY"re
*
{,
Zq-
B- 
-^'o -H,
900
" !,on - k 
"H rgc
(24.281
floA6op o6opy4,osaHrrr B,,rorapr-iQrvrHuecitoit ct{creMe KoopAHHar
ilo cpaBHeHHIo c no46opolt no TJIaRI{bIM yHHBepcaJIbHblM Xap-aKTe-
pn.tri*uM o6naAaer 6o.rriureft Har,{rAuocrbto H Bo3Mo}I(HocrbIo 6onee
ilo;-rHot-O aHa.,tH3a H yqeTa pex(tiN,loB pa6orst npoeKTHpyevroft f3C.
OAuaxO, KaK II .ryro6Ofi rpaQuuecXrrir MeToA, HMeeT 3HaqflTeJIbHyto
nOrpeulHocTb, KoTOpafl oco6euHo Cyu{eCTBeHHo Bo3pacTaeT c yBeJIH-
r{eHHervr tlHc.ila afpefaToB. B cBfl3H i 3Tl{M npH qHC-{e afperaToB
6o;ree l0- l2 pacclrrorpeunorfi MeroA craHoBt{Tcr IpaKTHqecKH I{e-
np HIleHHMbrM.
24.5" OCOEEHHOCTH BbIEOPA OCHOBHOTO OSOPy.qOBAHHq rA3C
OcHoeHHe oco6eHHocrH aor6opa o6opyeoBaHHR fASC onpeAe-
JIRrorcfl pex(HMoM pa6oru 3rHX 3,,'lsKrpocraHqufi, LoIgpJIe oTJIHqa-
roTCfl or o6bIriFIbtx f3C ilpex(.{e Bcero TeM, qro fA3C He Bblpa-
6arntsarcr OJIetiTptlttecKyto 3t{eprH}o, a flepepacttpeAeJIfltoT ee Bs
BpeMeHH, pa6Orar Cliar{afla B HaCOCHOM peX(HMe, a 3aTeM B Typ-
6nsnou.
Ha ocHoBaHHH onbrra rIpoeKTIrpoBa FIHr, crpoIITeJIbcrBa ]{ 3Kc'
nJIyaratIHH f A3C B KaqecrBe ocnoBHoto o6opy4oBaHHfl peKoMeH-
AyroTcfl o6p aTHMbIe PaelIa.{bHo-oceBbie H AHaro-
H aJ.'IbHbIe IIoBopoTHo -JI O I a CT H bl e rHA p o M auI H FI bI C
c H HXpOHHbI M H AB Hf aTeJI flM H - r e H e p aTo p a M H c OAH-
Haxonofi .racroroft BparqeHgfl B HacocnoM 14 ryp6HHHovt pex(HMax-
B HacrofiU{ee BpeMg B Hauefi cTpaHe paspa6oraHot ABe MapKrI
o6parurvlttx rHApoMauHH: o6parnuan paAHanbHo-oceBafl Ha MaKcH-
MaabHbrfi Hanop 115 M rxra OPO115i 812 H o6pl1tlan. MaroHarlb-
Hafl noBoporno-nonacrHas Ha Harop 100 r'r rnna OAIII{100/7. f.rrae*
Hbde yHHBepcaJIbHbIe H MoAenbHble xapaKJePHCTHKH 3TIIX rHApoMa-
rrrHH npeAcraBfieHbI Ha pHc. 24.11_24.13. Kpor're roro, paspa6a-
TbrBarorcs 6o.nee coBepueHHbre MoLeJIH o6partl'r,totx AHaroHaJIbFIblx
rHApoMa[IHH na Hanopbl 50 u 100 t't.
Oreqecreeuuofi npoivrbrru.[errHocrbro H3roroBJlert]l- o{P arl4Mble p a-
AHaJrbrro-oceBbre rHApoMarrHrrbr AAfl I(Hescroti rA3C c ycralloB-
479,

--- PAGE BREAK ---

n:t"
g0
//,n
/6 nn
a/o)
\ t'
t\ ,Y(q)
.1 Y x
20
^tl
ao=241RS- 2 o/o)
a
/,
\
ao=r/6 nn 20 2+ \\
/6\
d
q,J 170
q2 fto
q/
40U 20 60 00 /00 /20 /40 760 /00 O,nfc
p arH a.'16Ho -ocen ol't ru.l,p 9 11s1x p111 61
n:700 o6/ur.rH)
(21.2s)
(24.30)
Puc. 2.1.12. &Iole.'rluafl xapaxrepricrnKa o6parr:rtoii
rHna OP0ll5i8l2 e Hacocuo.u pexcr)te (D:0,3J7 lr,
7?0
J00 +00 500' 600 700
Pnc. 24.1l. frasuar yHHBepcanbHan xapaKrePHcrnKa o6parHvoft
rrApoMauruHbr rHna OP0l l5/812 n ryp6HuuoM pex(Hilre
480
PexHMHoe no",re rAoc orJr'qaercq or rorq foc reM,qro ero Bep-\Hefi H rtnxHel't rpaHHqaMH ff8.,'IffrOTCfl He HaIIOpHbte
.xapaKTepHcrHKH, a JITTHHH nocrorrHrrbrx HanopoB Ajtfl o6onx pelKH-
MoB (pnc. 24.14). BepxHflfi rpaHHr{a AJrfl Hacocnoro pe}KH-
Ma - MaKcnNranrHtrfi Hanop npH 3apflAe HI:f" A;rfl ryp6nHuoro
pe){(HMa - MaKcHuanrHmfi Hano.p npH pa3psAe //#I'. 3rn Hanopbr
onp eAeJr s lorcfl rro c,,'r€[]rc ilIH ]r Sop rrrya a u :
Q| , n/c
paAHanbfro-oceBoH
Hil:I" - vrxfu vry.To-Affu.".p".i
l/yfJ' - v rISv v.YTo+ AH,.".,u0,
rAe Y.X3", v tY.To - ori\{erKa ypoBHfl BoAbr coorBercrBeHHo B Bepx-HeM 6accefise rrp' Hny H HnxHeu 6acceftHe rrpH yMo; AH"...pr.,
Aff"...."p - noTepH Hano?a_ E B-oAOnpoBoAffU{HX COopy)KeHI{flX pex(H-
Ma pa3p.qAa lr 3apfAa fA3C. 3rn norepH 3aBrrcflr or KoHcrpyKrlHHH napaMeTpoB BoAonpoBoAstr{Hx coopyx<errufi H Ao eu6opa ocuoB_
3t -& l0 48r
50
50
95o/o /'/nps6
eo= /2 HM

--- PAGE BREAK ---

,oEf nnn
Q'7rn/c300 +00 500 600 700
Pnc. 24.13. faasHan ynueepcanbHafl xapaxrepHcr'Ka o6parunoft AnafoHaJrbsoft no-Bop orr{ o-.1 o n,acru oir ruqp oM a ur H H H rnrr a O trnn I 00 I 7 :
- ryp6nnxuil pexrru; - Hacocsurl De*it{x
/05
/00
Pnc. 24.14. Pexnunoe noire |AOC:
- ryp6uHusrfl pexuv; - uacocHufi pelKHM
482
ll, x
//5
/10
95
90
4'--\
Horo o6opynon allfl, Moryr 6ntrl npHHffrbl B pa3Mepe 4_= 8 ofa roA-
BeAeHHOTO Hanopa K arperaTHoMy 6JioKy, a B AaJIbHefiileM fiocJle
onpeAeJleHufl nponycKHofi cfioco6Hocrn rHApOMa[uHHbI yTorIHeHbI.
HsxHeri rpaFrHqefr pelKuMHoro IIoJIfl fln,'Ifllorcfl JIHHHH MH-
HHMaJrbHbrx HarropoB B pex*IMax pa3pflAa H 3apntra fA3C, o[pe-
AeJrfleMbre no sopuy"uau:
HrJ : V':To - V'l:" - AHu.. o,u:
H:'JJ : V'lTo - V'l?" + ^H ".c.3ap,
(24.31)
(24.32)
(24 33)
(24.34)
- yMo - Hnv
rAe !2"'u", vr;.;" oriuerKrr ypoBnr{ BoAbi cooTBercTBeHHO B Bepx-
Het{ 6accefiue nplt yMO H B HHX(HeM 6accefise npn Hny.
OapaHHqeHHe c.teBa Ha pelKrrMHolr{ fiol-Ie Mox(er att6o
orcyrcrBoBarb, ;'160 coornercrBoBarb MHHHMa','IbHot? Harpy3Ke fA3C
no ycJloBnarvr QyUKI{HOHHpOBaHHq B 3HepfocHcreMe'
.IIrnnn orpaHHqeHHfl rro pacqerHofi ycraHoBJIeHHoft Mou{HocrH
1-2 u 4-5 (puc. 24.14) crpofrcfl no cleAyrclqnll aHaJIHrHqecKHM
3ABHCHMOCTflM:
Anf pexHMa pa3pflAa
trlI : e,8 rQF[cirilLiil* ;
Afif pex(HMa 3apsAa
e.8lqT3cHiTe.
lV tuP
)'cr ,
"irrrec
rAe anLq.i*_pacxoA H noAaqa BoAL{ B peH{H}re pa3pnAa r.{ 3a-
pnll |ASC; HFiLfl'.T* - Harropbr rnApolrar.ufiHbr B rex xie pexHMax;
ti.T*, Ili.-cpeAHHe 3Har{eHHrr KnA rnADo}rauIHHbI H ABHrareiln-
reHepaTopa e ryp6uuHoNl rl HacocHoil'l pexiHlqax.
JInHnn otpaHHqeHHl nPonycKHofi cnoco6HocrH 2-3 H 5-6 Ha
pnc. 24.14 crponrcx c ncnorb3oBaHHelvl (24.5) Ann ycnoBufi ryp6HH-
HO|O H HaCOCHOTO peX{HI{OB.' Pac,{erHbtft no MoutHocrrl Hanop Anfl o6oHx pex(Hlt{oB (rourtt
2 u 5 Ha pHc. 24.14) onpe[sIftercfi no pe3ynbraraM pacqeroB BoAtlo-
3Heprernr{ecKnx pex(HMoB pa6oTbt I'A3C. PacqerHoLu Hanopoil npu
pas'pn1e flBnfr,ercfl, t4uHu^4artbuurt Hanop, npu ltoTopoll o1OpgdoaaHue
|ASC ,+t@fieT pa|ararb I rAp1utHolt pecvutfie c gcTaHosneHHou
.ilroulHocTbto, trTo coorBeTcrByeT o6m.IHo nocJleAHeMy YgI _npoxox-
AeHHfl MaKcnMa.nutiott Harpy3KH 3IieproCHCTeFtbI AJ'Iff fA3C cyroq'
Horo tIH--Kna aKKyMyrHpoBaru{s (puc. 24.15).
Pacieruot,et Hano pot ttpu sapnde re llflercfl. rvarccufia,nbHb[it' Ha nop,
npu Koropon o1opgdoaanue \ASC e HacocHort pescuwe Jflo,Jtter pa7'
Bulorb AcraHos/teHHArc iloulHocrb. BcleAcrnue He6onrruoft npg+o^t
x{HTeJIbrlocrH nepHoAa IIoqHoro cttH)KeHHn Harpy3l(H p,Jtn fA3C
cyrortrroro UlrKJa aKKylrryJrHpoB anlfl Anfl o6ecneqeslrg cBoeBpeMetl-
3l* 483

--- PAGE BREAK ---

11,
t@
o z 4 6 6 /0 /2 /4 /6 /8 20?2241y
Pnc. 24.r5. pexav pa6oru |AOC B [epcreKrHBHo]r rpa-
Quxe HarpysxH
tloro HanorHeHI{q BepxHero 6accefiua rpe6yercn pa6orart B Hacoc-HoIl pei+(HMe c ycraHoe'-leHFIofi Moulrlocrblo He To,lbKo rptr M lrrpr-ua,rsuofi Hafpy3Ke 3HeproctrcreMbr, Ho H rroc,I€ .€€ npo.\ox(AeHr_rq
JOu.. 24.15). floerolry pacqerririfi Harrop rrpn 3apnAe |AAC-;t;"6.,rnxaercfl K MaKCHMaTbHOMy Hanopy.
il,ns coBMerI(eHHfi pex{HIvIHoro noJfl c rJranHofi yHHBepca.{lHoirxapaKTepHcrurofi o6parHuoft rHApoI{arxHHbr Ha noc,reAHe,? Heo6-xoAHillo HaMeTHTb orpaHuqeHHe nponycxHoft cnoco6uocrlr B Hacoc-. HoM n-'ryp6nHHoM pex(HMax.,4aq paAaa,,rtno-oceeori rnApor,ra[rrrr{brauHuerl orpaHHqeHHfl B.ryp6HHnoy iexnMe rrBrfiercs rr.rHin Soi 
",o-ro 3anaca MorrlHocrH (cpr. pHC, 2!.ll), a AJrfl HacocHoro ofpaHH-rreHHe, cooTBeTcrByrou{ee N{aKCHMaJrbHO AO[yCTHMOMy XOeQQHT{HeHryKaBHraurnr o- (crrr. p.Hc. 24.12). .[nq OAIIII-rnApor,rarr]HHbr orpaHn_qeHpre B ryp6uHHOl'r pe)hH_Me peKo_MeHAyercfi au6iiparl no ycnoBHroMaKcHMantuoft nponycxHotl cnoco6socrl.r, a B HaCOCHOM pex(HMe -
c yqeroM Bo3MOIKHbrX orpauaveruaft no sarny6,neuHrc arpef ara HMaKcHMaJrbHo AonycrHMofo 3HaqeH(fl o- (.*r. pHa. 24.13).coeveqeH'e pe)KHil{Horo floJrfi H .nur"oh y*rr"up6u.nrnoft xa-
PAKTEPHCTHKH THAPOUAIIIHHbI AJIfl BA,PHAHIA -tipHHffTbIX NAPAMCTPOB
D1 H n AoJIx{Ho cooTBercrBoBarb pa6bre fA3C eo 
"..* 
Anana3oHeH3MeHeHHs Ha[OpOB no Bo3MO)KHOCTH C MaKCHMaJrbHbrM KnA o6o-
PYAOBAHHfl KAK B HACOCI{OM, TAK H B TYP6UUHON,T PC}KHMC.BcaeAcrBHe qenoqHcreHuocrH H3MeHeFrHfl rrncra arperaTon |AOC,
AHcl{peTHocrH H3tueHeHHfl craHAaprFrbrx siiaqeHHfi Dr H rL npH yKa-
3aHHOM COBMeU{eHIrH pacr{eTlrble fl}tHHH or"paHHqet{r.rfi B ryp6nH-
HOM H HaCOCHOM peX(HMaX CoOrBercrBeHHo 1-2-3 n 4-5-6 (firr.
484
pac. 24.14) Moryr e o6uerd cayqae He coBllaAarb c aHaJiorHqHbIMH
JIHHHflilrr.r no o6opyAoBaHlilo I'-2'-3/ 14 fl-5'-6'. B orou cJlyqae
rueo6xoAururo npHHsrb uenuruuft craH4aprHlifi AHaMeTp Dt, qro6u
coKparHTb noryqeHuoe pacxox(AeHae. Eng roro .Iro6H He yBeJIH-
qHBaTb qpe3MepHo r{Hc.[o arpetaToB flpH yMeHbuIeHHfi AHaMeTpa,
Bo3MolKHo npHHfiTb AJrrr AaJllHefturero 3KoHoMnr{ecKoro o6ocHosaFIHR
BapHaHT C MHrrHMaJrbHbtM TTHCJIOM arpefaToB, HO HecKoJlbKO 3aBbI-
uessol:r ycraHoBJrertuofi tvtou{Hocrbto o6opy4oeaHtfl, IIo cpaBHeHHm
C paCqerHbrM ee 3HaqeHHelt, 3ro ttpeBbtIIIeHHe B o6oax pe]KHMaX
peKoNreHAyercr nprrHHiltarb He 6olee 1-2 0lo ycraHoe,'IeHHoft MoUI-
I{ocrn fA3C.
6orree AeraruHurflr aHa.IiH3 pe3yJ'tbraroB etr6opa napaMerpoB
ocHoEHoro o6op1'Aoe aHHfi MolhHo BbirroirHHTb Ha ocHoBe llocrpoe-
nrrfl aKCrr ilyararlrronHbrx x a p a KTep I{cr H K o6parn,uol't
rrr-11)o\rarilriHbr f,.;rfl HacocFroro pr ryp6rruuoro peir(HlloB pa6orst fA3C.
flpHlrep raxoft xapaKrepHcrnKH AJrr o6paralrofr p2!,Ha.rlbno-oceeofi
frrJ.poivrallrHHbr npeACraBJ'reH Ha pHc. 24.16, H3 ?H2"rllH3& rOrOpOfi
cJreAyeT, qro npH su6paHHbrx rapaMerpax o6opyrtoBaHHfi ruApo-
MauLrHa pa6oraer Bo BceM AHana3oHe H3MeHeHHfl HanopoB, oco-
6eirtro npn pacqeTHbrx ero 3HarreHr.rrx c AocraroqHo BbICoKHMH
Kn,[, e o6oxx pexHMax.
Vqer vacurra6rrof o s$Qerra rtpH nepexoAe or MoAeJ'rH K Ha-
rype rilfl,ryp6r{HHoro pexcrirra BbrnoJrHrercr rro (24.7) raK }Ke, KaK
rl .d,"rs o6uquur.r rnLporl'p6uri, a jl;'rr HacocHoro pelKHMa no cJIe-
Ityrouteir 3aBHcHr{ocrlr
rn: l-(l-r,,) (+)"- (24.35)
f;!e llrr, rl* - I(nA ttoAelruofi H HaTypHoft o6parHNlblx rnApoMatrlHH.
t\lou{rrocrs arpefara B HacocrroM pe)^r{HN're Bblr{HcJlflercfi IIo Qop-
MVTC
9,glQ,tHD r" HTl'
(24.36)7iH1.qe
rAe n,re - I(nA ABniareJrff-rerieparopa B HacocnoM pex(HMe.
Ars oueHKrr 3HeprerHqecxofi sQQercrHBHocrH KoHKypHpyrou{HX
BapHaHroB ocrroBHoro o6opylosaHHfl. fA3C, a raKlKe FpH BbtnoJI-'
FreHHrr ApyfHX pacqeToB npH npoeKTHpoBaHtrH H sKcnnyaTarlHH qe:
necoo6paaHo noJrb3oBarbcn 3 H ep reT r{ qec KH N{ H x ap a Kre-
prrcruKaMH pex(r-rMoB pa3pflAa H gapffAa fA3C (puc.24.17),
nocrpoeHHe Koropbrx Mo*ier 6urs BbrnoJrneuo rro cJreAyrolrlnM QyHxt
Lll{OH arrlbH bI IvI 3 a B HCI{ MOCTtI M l
AJrfl 3apfrLa
/non". (ai"rlu" tsap; ffl-]fs6 (l/n*n".)
(24.37 )
485
I
I-.1
I
;
StoP 11/,*,.',*.) :
36 7, 2 13r]f, 6 ( fp'.l{* fr i'rlsc )

--- PAGE BREAK ---

,,HfIIICil 11
f50 i6C 173 ieC 7s0 200 2/0 Q^,n3/c
Pnc. 24-16. 3xcn.ryarar{lroHHafl xapaKrepHcrnKa o6parnvoft paAHa.TbHo-oceaoir rH,{,-
poMaruHHbr e ryp6ruuoM H HacocHou pex(HMax
Anf pa3pfla
3o"t (V*r..) - /n*.. (0F1k tp^,) HprT=6 (r/n*r,=) 'IFXL fQii,iri3ily
367,2 '(24.38)
rAe Vno,.., - rroJle3Ho Hcnoilb3yeMbrfi o6tev Bo.qbr npH 3apn-{e rr
pa3pffAe |ASC npoAo,l)riHTeJrbHocrbro coorBercrBeHHo t3aP H lpa:.
kIs aHaJIH3a srHX 3aBIICHMocrefi cJreAyer, r{To 3HeprerHqecKHe
xapaKrepHcrHKH pex(rrMoB 3aprAa H pa3pflAa fAOC yr{HrbrBarcr
BCe norepH npeo6pa3oBaHHf 3HepfHH B HacocHoM H rlrp6nHHoNr
pexHMax, qro H36aBJIfleT oT Heo6xoAHMocrH HcnoJrb3oBaHHfi npH pac-
rlerax pelKHi\loB pa6ornr fAOC c.IIox(Hbrx oKCnnyarar{HoHHbrx Xa-
paKTepHcrHK ocHoBHOrO 3HepferHqecKo[o o6opyloBaHHs,.
I-Iocrpo_eHHe_ 3HeprerlrqecKHx xapaKTepHCTHK pexirMoB 3apqAa rr
pa3psAa |AAC BbtrlorHrercfl cneAyloIrIHl!{ o6paaolvr. Kpuesie o6t-
eMoB BepxHero H HHlKHero 6accefiuos za.o(V) H z".o(V\ npeAcran-
Jrrrrorcfi B AHana3oHe or HtiY ao yMO B BHAe riycoqHo-luuefineix
486
Puc. 24.17. Snepreruuecr(afl xa-
paKrepHcrHKa pelKHnroB 3apffAa
H pa3pnAa |ASC
33al
lnonet L
Hbrx c yqeTo\{ noTepb, HaIIopa B BoAonpoBoAf u{ilx coop};+iellllflx,
no cpe,xHeHHTepBafibHoMy 3HaqeHHro reoMeTpHr{ecKofo Hanopa onpe-
AeJrf rorcf coorBercrByroulHe 3HaqeHHf KnA pelKHMoB paspfAa H
3apn.ta. fa.ree ro (24.37) H (24.38) Bbrqncrlflorcfi Ha KalKAoM
HHT€pB?;1e npHparr(eHrlf 3HeprHH 3apn!a Ii pa3pffAa A3;3ap lt A3;Ptt.
floc;i e,roBare,'I bHoe cyM M HpoBa Hne s iaqe nnft- A,U noile3i, A3;"t p n A3,nts
Aaer Bo3Irox(Hocrb nocrpor{Tb 3HepfeTHqecKHe .xapaKTepHcrHKH pe-
x(ruoB 3apnra H pa3pnra lA3C (pNc. 24.17).
Ocsontioe AocroHHcrBo gTH-\ xapaKTepHcrHK 3aKJlnqaercfi B ToM,
I{TO ,],Jfl 3AAAHHbIX OTMCTOK IINY I{ YMO BCPXHCI.O H HH}KHCTO
6accel'rHoe H napa MeTpoB ocHoBHoro o6op1'AoeaHHr oHt{ He 3aBIi-
cflr or H3.\leHeHHfl pex{H}IoB pa6oru |ASC H nosroMy Moryr 6ntti,
nocrpceirbil oAHH pa3 lr MHoroKpaTrio HcnoJrb3oBaTbcg B pacqeTax
Ha craAHflx npoeKrHpoBaHHfi pr sKcnJryaraqHH f A3C.
24.5. TEXHHKO.3KOHOMHT{ECHOE 060CHOBAHHE OCHOBHOTO
oEopvAoBAHHf, THAPO3ilEPTETHqECHHX yCTAHOBOK
- Hs BCex i(oHKypripyrontux BapHaHroB ocHoBHoro odopyaoBaHHff
rlpoeKTHpyeruoft crairqHrr Heo6xoAlrrt,{o enr6parb raKofi, xoropuii yAon-
nerBopfeT KpHTepHCI M lrH HMy M a cy M Ma p Hbrx npHBe-
A e ir H bl X 3 a T p a T B 3HeprOCHCTelvle.
Cyltltapuute np !rBeAeHHbre 3arparbr B sHeprocHcreMe
BapHaHra o6opy4oeaHHf onpeAenflrcTcrr no c.,]€,{f roulefr
3i:E^K,*Ht*A3r,
rAe r(i, Ht- npHBeAeHI{bIe KanHTafloBJIoX(eHHff H H3AepX(KH B npo-
eKrHpyeMyru f r{Ap03HeprerHqecKyio ycraHoBKy Ann c-ro BapHaHra
ocFroBHoro o6opyAoeaui.rn; A.t - H3MeHeHHe 3arpar B 3HepFocHcre-
M€, CBs3aHHOe C npHBeAeHHe.M COrrOCTaBJIgeMbrX BapHaHTOB K OAH.
lraKoBoMy aHeprerrrqecKoMy a$Qenry npH pa3nHqHofi cpeAHeMHoro-
neTHeiI nupa6orKe 3JIeKrposHeprHH fnApo3ueprerHr{ecKoft ycraHoBKH.
Cocrasrnnulafl A3i B (24.39) xapaKrepH3yer AonoJrHHreJIbHbre
3aTpaTH Ha TOIr,r'rttBO B 3Hep|OCHCTeMe nprl . CHHX(eHrllr Bbrpa6OTKH
487
ll*rtt,Br
g0L-
1+0 150 t70
I
790 210 25.0 r1/r rl'18.r2i0
l^nfl i-ro
Qopvry.ne:
(24.3e)
nPaSl rt 'l
.7 ( / nO,tel)
'O
e
kionet ;

--- PAGE BREAK ---

t
,l
i
{Ii-
sneKTpo3HeprHH AJrfl pa3ilHr{Hbrx BapaaHToB O6opy;roeaHr.rfi. E ns
BapHaHTa c Hau6o.ntruefi ntrpa6orxofi eHeprHtr A&:0, a A,,rR Ba-
pHaHTa c sauueHnruefi nr,rpa6orxoft A3; 6y4er uan6o,rtruilnr. B o6-
uIeM Cryqae A3, vroxHo onpeAer,rHrb no sopMyfle:
A3-; - L3;byosronpl,
3ron - 3aMblKaOU{He 3aTpaTbl Ha Ton"IIHBo Ljtn perHoHa, B r(oTopo}{
BBorlHTcf._nP.oerrllpyeMafl ruApO3HepreTHqeCKaf yCTaHOBKa; pt:
:( I i-ln.n)'frt - rioerp0rruLreHr yeera cpariropa Bper,teHrr.
PIsveueHr.re napaMerpoB ocHoBrioro o6opyloe aLrnfl f3y npi.rBo-
AtlT K H3t.reHeHtrtO He BCeX COCTaB"IffrOil{[rX KaI]trTa./,IOe,IIOXieHtrft ]r
H3AepxieK, a To"rtblio HeKoropbtx H3 HHX. Eclu BblAeJ,rIirb ocHOBHbre
COCTZBT'lftOlqHe KaIIHTaJO$";IO;NeHLrr? rr H3AepX(eK, KOTOpbre 3aBI{CfT
or snr6opa napar{e-rpoB o6opyaoeaHHr, ro Bbrpa)KeHue^ (24.3g) npn
npoeKrHpoBarurur f3C lror{Ho fipeAcraBHrb B cJrer,yrcilreM BHre:
3i : E" ((r..i*(ooi* K'o,iri*Kn..;) pr*
* (l/""i* H,i) pt*A3is.onby.rpr, (24.4t)
f!,e .Kr.ci, (o6i, (rroxri, (n.ai - COCTaB,:If IOUltte KantiTaJOenOXeHtti.t BfHAPOreXHlIqecKI{e coopyiKeH}rfl, BCnO[{OraTe"lbHoe }r ocHoBHoe o6o-
PY.qoeaHHe, ero r{oHTax H HeyqreHHbre 3arparbr; H a*,i, H ti _ 32,-BHCHltafl or ocHoBHoro o6opy,tos aHtfi. r{acrb a}roprH3arlrrogrrbrx H
sKCnnyaTauHoHHbrx H3AepHeK.
flpa eudope ocHoeHoio o6opygonaH'r |AOC Heo6xornMo yrrecrb
BO3}{O}KHOe pa3.irlrqHe He Toirbxo B eupa6orxe 3;reKTpo3HeprHH nprrpa3pffAe, HO rr pa3rHqHOe ee norpedreune npH 3apsAe. B sroM
c.,'rfr{?€ 3aBr{cH}1afl Or napailrerpoB o6opy4oBaFurfl |ASC r{acrb
cylv{MapHbtx - npHBeAeHHbrx 3arpar B 3HepfocHcreMe 6y4er orpeAe_
JrflTbcfl no $opM}/.J.rei
3i : E* (K"."i * K*, * Kuo*,, -l- K"..;) pr -F (Lf ^,,i * H ,,)pr *
+ t(Atl'"e,:;'+^3;"0 b,r|\ 3*nl Pr, (2+.42)
rAe A3tpa3 cHHx(eHHe_Bbip36orKu sHeprHH B i-lr BaprraHre o6opy-
AoBaHHfi npH pa3pffAe |ASC no cpaBHeHHro c BapHaHroM c MaKcH-
MaJrbHbrM ee 3HaqeHHeM; a3rr.p - yBenHqeHHe norpe6nneivroft 3JIeK-
Tpo3HeprHH B rOM X(e Bapr{aHre o6opygoBaHHfl no cpaBHeHr.rn c
BapHaHTOilr c MHHHMairbHbrM ee 3HaqeHHeM; 6pot - Cpe.qHnft yAeJrb-
Hufi pacxoA ronrrHBa saMerrneMofi TOC npH pa3prrre fAo c; bl.lo
cpelHHfi yAenbrrbrfi pac.xo4 roflflHBZr lia T3C l"rrr Bbrpa6or*. fonon_HHrelbHo norpe6nrelrofi 3JreKrpo3HeprHrr,AJ,r"o.
488
Cae4yer orMernTb, qro BapHaHT o6opy4oBaHnfi c Har,iMeHbruLrMH
ll3AeplliKaMH H KanHTa,rtoBJIox(eHHflMa H MaKCHMansgofi nnrpa6or-
xofi sHeprHH, a Arr- fA3C, KpoMe Tofo, H c MHHHMa"rrbHbrM sHa-
qeHHeN{ ee rlorpedrreHH-q flB.rlflercfl a6colmHo eSQeKTrrBFrbrM- H onrH-
Ma"r'rbHbrM cpeAH paccMarpHBaeMbrx BapHaHToB. B 3ToM CJryqae, oqe-
BlrnFio, He rpe6yercn pacqeT npHBeAeHHbrx 3arpar B 3HeprocHcreMe
no !2a.a1) Hlr4 (24.42).
.E,cd,'Ipt cpaBFiHBaeMbre BapHaFITbt paBHbr no 3aTpaTar\{, To npeA-
IIoLireFrHe peKoMeHAyercn orAarb Bap r.raHTy, np tr KoropoM rrpotrc-
xoAlrr 6lrcrpoe I{3roroBJIeHrre H MoHTax( ocHoBl-ioro H BcnoN{0ra-
TeJ'IbHoro o6op1r4oB aFr nfl .
TJIABA 25
ocHoBbt ABToMATH3A4UH npOEKTHpOBAHHfl,
THgPoSHEPTETHTtECKhX OSbEKTO B
25.1. OElqHE fl OJIO}KEHHg
KopeHrroe y.[yqueHLie npoeKTHo-cNreTHoro Ae,Ta, noBbr[reHrre Ka-
qecrBa npoeKrHpoBaHI{f rr HayqHo-TexFrHqecKofo ypoBHs npoeKTHbrx
peuenliii, coKpaLqet'{ne cpoKoB ltpoerir[rpoBaHr{fl rr crpoHTeJrbcrBa
o6texroe, BHe,rpeHne AocruxeHlrf,r HayKH Ir re.\rrIrKr.r B npoH3BoA-
crBo Bo3rlo;+(lio rO;-lbKo npll ullpoKo\l BFIeIpeHIII.I c I-t c r e r{ a B-
ro I arir3 !rp o B a rr n o ro ilpoeKr rr poBa H r{r (CA|IP).
B rtpoeKTHpoB a HHH rit-Ipo3HepreTHqec Ktix o6rrex'roe Bbrr{HCji r{Te,'tb-
tlbte MauJltHbt npHMeHqloTcfl raBHo. Csaqa,ra oHH HcrioJqb3oBaJIHcb
KaK 6urcrpolef,tcrnyruiuee cpeICTBo Bbrr{HC.Te Hlrrt {;1fi Bbrrio;THe HHr
c"ToiK[rbIK HHX(eHepHbrx pacr{eToB, IIpIl 3ToM peIleHIIe o roM, KaKHe
napalrerpbr ti KaK ri3il{eHfiTb, uro6tt lroilftlHTb onrnr'raJ'IbHbte BbI-
xoAHbte xapaKTepHcrHKH, ocraBaJrocb 3a npoeKTHpoBu{HKoi!r. HHlrivnl
cJroBarilr, HMeJr Mecro l,{auHnuuir aHaitH3 B noN,rorrlb npo-
eKri'rpoBu{Hriy. Taxoe nprrMeHeHtre SBAt coxpaHflercfl erqe H B Ha-
croflgiee Bpe${fl. Hanpnuep, pacqer Ha 3BM HeycraHoBlrBrxefocff
ABHrxeHlrrr BoAbr B r{H;NHe}r 6ue(le rHApoy3xa [o3Bo.r-rfleT oqeHttTb
ocHoBHbre xapaKTepLrcrHKH pelKtrlra ypoeneft B yAaJ-ieHHoM HHiKe-
Jrexau{etvr crBope. OAHaxo saAaqefi npoeKrnpoBurrrKa flBrflercfl He
oueHKa 3THX XapaKTeptrcrHK, a npHHflrr.re npoeKrHbrx perueHnfi (rou-
crpyt(TlrBHbrx HJ|H pexrrrrrHur.x), o6ecneqHBarouIHX, HanpHMep, yAoe-
nerBopeHxe rpedoeaunft BoAHoro xosnficrn a. H sra saAaqa- per.ilaercfl
JIOBeKa-npoeKTrrpoBrrlHKa npH nor.rcKe H enr6ope onrr{Ma,lbHoro Ba-
pplatrra npoeKTrroro peuelrHrr. Tax, MoAeJrb pefy"'r HpoBarrHn croKa
(24.40)
489

--- PAGE BREAK ---

KacKaAoM fAC, peaJlasoBaHHaff B BHAe ilporpaMMbl Ha 3BM, ro-
3Bofifler rrpoeKTupoButtrKaM pa3pa6arHeart AucnerqepcKne npaBHJIa
ynpaBJreHr{fi BoAoxpaHHJHillaMH fOC pa3/tur{Hbrx KacKaAoB Ha ocHo-
Be pacqeTa orrrHMaJIbHbIX pex{HMoB peryJIHpoBaHHf cToKa B foAbl
pasnuunofi soAHocrn. B 3aAaqax raKoro rHIIa Bo3MolKFlocrpi 3BM
HCnOJI.b3yrOTCs npH OCyqeCTBJTeHHH OnTHMH3aTIHH: rlpofpaMNIa caMa
H3MeHffeT rrapaMerpbr raK, qro6n npH co6nrcAeHua 3aAaHHbIx orpa-
uaqennft Ao6nrucs oflTr{Ma/rbHbrx BbrxoAHbrx xapaKTepHcrHK . npoeK-
rupyeMoro o6rexra. flpoexrnpoBrr{HK }Ke npHHHMaer peueHHe o6
H3MeHeHHH orpaHH.{eHair H KpHTepfifl onr}IM?rbHocrH.
Kax rrpaBH,,'Io, IuoAeJ'rH, c rloMourblo Koropbtx BeAercfl npoeKTH-
poBalrure, ilocrpoeHbr He T0,rIbKo Ha ocfloBe cTpofIIX MareN{arHqecKHX
MeroAoB H AaHHbrx rpHKJIaArrbrx HayK, Ho H Hc[oJlb3ylor Qop-
MairuI3oBauHufi KoJr"rIeKTHaglrfi H HHAHBLrlya,rlrintfi onbIT 14 HFITyH-
rl,Hl,c cneqHa.iIHCToB (ltore ".I 11 3B plrc r H q e c xo fi o trr r.t ill tl 3 a-
qHpr) . Peurenr{e orAe;'rbHbrx npoer{Ti{brx 3aAaq Ha 3BM flor ]'npaB-
JreHHeM npoeKTHpoBxrHKa npeAcraBJrfler co6oft coepeveuuntfi cnoco6
aBroMarH3rrp0BaHHoro rpoeKTHpoBaHHfl rHApo3Heprerr.tqecKI.IX o6r-
EKTOB.
3ror cnoco6, 6yLyuH Aocraroqflo eQQexrllBHbti-{ cpeACrBoM pe-
IIreHHfi or;lerbHbrx 3aAaq, rre o6ecneqsBaer IoBbtuIeHHe aQQexrrrs-
HocrH QyuxunoHHpoBaHHff cHcreMbr rrpoeKTHpoBaHHfl B r{e,rloNr B cHJry
p aso6rqeH HocrH, Hecof JIacoBa H HocrH, HecoB MecrH MocrrI oTJe.rr bH br x
sJelreHroB aBroMarH3ar{HH. lloarouy Heo6roAiruo npnAarb aBToMa-
TH3HpoBausoii cHcreMe HoBbIe Qyitxuull-creJTarb ee He ronbKo cpeA-
crBoM peo;'IH3?(ttH qacrHbrx ltoAerefi, Ho H cpeAcTBoM llx o6l-
e;lI{HeH}Iff, HHTefpaiIHH B eAHHytO CHCTeMy, eAHHstii Tex-
Hoirorrrqecxufi xoueefiep rpoeKrlrpoBaHHff - CA|IP f AC. B orirHr{H€
or no,ryuHnrueir rrrHpoKoe pacttpocrpaHeHHe Bbrr{HcrHre.rlnoir rex-
HI{K?I Anfl peIrIeHHfl orAe.,-lbHLdX npoeKTHbIX 3aAaq CAnP f3C KaK
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493

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c .u,JIHTenbHE{M qI{KJIOM npoeKlHpoBaHHfl' cTPOHTenbcTBa H 3KCnnyaTaIIHH ocJIO}I(HfleT-
cn BblgoKofi. cTenegblo tleonpeAeneHuocTll ycaoauft npoeKTrpoBaHttfl H cBs3allHbIMH
c 3THM TpyArrocrrrMH co3AaHHfl AOCTaTOqHO'ItaAexHoft H o p M a T H B H O fi 6 a 3 u'
no3Bont,ouerl paccr{rrTarb neo6xoAllttyto npoAox}I(HTeJIbtlocTb BblnoJIHeHHfl fia}KAOfi
npoeKrHoft OnepaqIIII, noTpe66ocTb B 3arparax TpyAa npgelfiHpOBuII{KoB c yqeToy }l:(
xna.lnstliaqtttt I{ cneUHan}l3aUHH, noTpe6HocTb B pecypcax 3Bl\t rt nepnQepttitttttx
TeInltqecKt{x CpeACrBax H AP. BsAnlto, srnu o6lncHfeTcfl ToT +aKT, qro AelicTByto-
496
uIHe B Hacroftqe6 BpeMs T,IIft npeAHa3HaqeHbl Ailfl npoeKrHpoBaHH'a npocreftrun-x
npoMbrirrreHHbrx 3AaHuft. flpuueM eQ$eKrliBHocrb BHeApeHHf srHX TIIfi B peuapuer'I
cTerreHli 3aBHcHr oT [oBropfleil,locrH (TIrpaxupyeMocrH) npoeKra' ,[,axe Aflq npo-
crefrunx oObeKToB T,r'Ifl <xecrKoro> rnna 3+QeKTI{BHbI rlpli noBropfleMocrq He I'le-
Hee HecKo.qbKtix coT npOeKrOB. OqeeliAttO, qtO ratiofi flOAXOA He npI{eMJleM Anfl yull-
t(anbHblx ootexroe r[{AposHeprerHKl.i'
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aJlbHo!1 npoli3BOACTBe B HacTof Iqee BpeMf cBfl3blBaeTCfi c pa3-
BtrrHeII rHOI(ltX aBroN{aTH3HpoBaHHblX npon3BoAcrB (|AI-I)' flo aHa'
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a fAn B rpo\lbllll.reHHocrH B IIpoeKrHpoBaI{HH yHHKaJIbHblx
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ipoua... (; roNI qnc,,'Ie pa3Bllrue 6aHKoe AaHHblx H AHa"IoroBblX
cHcrel{);
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npoeKrttpyeMoro 66texra lI coorBercTByIoUIi{X MeroAoB npoeKrH-
;;;;;;t;; 06pasy1ou{H.\ cBoeo6pa3rrHe 6as* 3HaHHft H no3Bo'rlnIo-
ufrr* nurbrrpain I(oH1iperilyrc Te,\HonorHIo o6pa6orxtt AaHHbrx B 3a-
BHclrlrocru or HX no,rlHorbl H AocroBepl{ocrtl, a i aKX(e rpe6yeMoli
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pa3BIlTIIecpeACTBI!1OJ.e.,'IIIpoBaHItfiTeXHo'.]of14qecKHXnpoueccoB'
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TI-II;
pa3BllTlle cpeAcTB nIaHHpoBatlIIfl BapHaHTHblx IIpoeKTHblx npo'
pa6OrOX, OCHOBaI'IHblx Ha MeTOIaX OIITHMa,ilbHOTO niiaHlIpOBar{l'ifl
3KcrrepHrleHTa H SKOHOMeTpHT{ecKHX MOAenfx H npeAHa3HaqeHHbIX
Anfr IIJIaHHpoBaHHg H KoopAHHaUHH SyHxUrtoHHpoBaHHf B eAHHoM
TexHoJorltqectioM npoqecce orAeflbHblX noAcHcrei\{ TIIfi;
TecHoe B3altN{oAbficttr* TIIII c noACHCreMaMI't ACV-npoerr, FIe-
o6xo.l,urtocrt yqacTHf B pa6ore TIIn HapflAy co cnel{HaaHcraMI{
nO npoeKTupoBaHIIIo OTAe,TbHblX COopyH{eHHiI H TeXHHqecKHX orte-
MeHTOB II C[eI{HailHcToB no TexHoJIorHH npoeKTHpoBaHHfl H ynpaB'
JIeHIIIo npOeKTHblM npOH3BOACTBOlvl.
CoeliFIHe rn6rni aBroMarH3HpoBaHHblX T,l^ln A9JIX(Ho BHecrH
H3MeHeHHfl B Opf aHH3aI{HOHHytO CrpyKrypy npoeKrHofo npoH3BOA-
CTBA.
HctopHvecxH nePBoit Qopuoft oPraHH3aqHH npoelffHpoBaHHfl 6brntl o 6 t' e x r-
rrHe npOeKTHbtre 6pHf aAbI, KOTOptde O6beAHtIlJIlI B eAHuuri KoJIJIeKTHB BceX
cneqHanHCToB, yqacTBoBaBIUHx s pa3pa6qTKe KogxperHoro npoeKTa OT H893;l3 H Ao
oKot{qaHHn. tlpu Taxofr OpraHH3aUtttI nefKo o6ecneqxearcrcfl TPe6oBaHHn TexHoJlorllq-
Hocrtt npog3BoAcrBa, ocofeHtto Anq tte6qaouux t{ Hecno}Krlbl'x npoe1ToB' flo Mepe
ycJroxiHerrHfl npoeKTIIpoBaHHR, pacuHPeHItR HoMeHKnarypbl npoeKTHpyeMHx odleKros
noflBjrfleTcfl neo6xoAH:vtOCTb yrny6neHrI'r cneuHanrr3auHH IIpOeKTllpoBulHKoB H pa3Bll-
1,
32-64 r0 497

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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cnel.{HanH3npooaHuoft crpyKTypb[ o6ecneqHsaercr BbrcoKoe Kaq,ecrBo peureHHff orAeJlb-
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npoeKrHpoBaHHfl, pe3ynbrarH QyHxuuoHHpoBaHHfl Koropbrx npeA-
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floAcucreult CAnP, H3 KoropbIX Qopr'rupytorcfl TJIn, MoryT
6t,iru o 6 te KT HO - O p H e FIT H p O B a HFIbI M H H H HBa p H a HT-'
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co6br onHcaHHfl o6'beKToB, TepMHHoJIorHn, HopMarnBbl, craHAapTbI
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B rroAcHcresrax cAnP. Sleruesru MeToAHqecKoro o6ecneqeHus pea-
Jrri3yrorcff B BHAe 6as AaHHbrx HopMarHBHo-cnpaBoqHofi HHoOpMaqt{h
B COCTaBe HHoOpMaqHOHHOTO O6eCneUeHnR, a TaKlr(e B BHAe Cne--
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q e c K o e, Koropoe ooteAgHger MareMarHqecKHe MoAenH H ?JIfo..
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3.qeveHrrr MareMarHqecKoro o6ecneqeHnr peanH3yrorcfl B nporpaMM-.
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THnoBHe HpoeKrbr sAasHfi H coopyxrenHf,;
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CNHCOH NHTEPATYPbIAocrHX{eH}ie BbIcoKHX KorHqecrBeHHbrx (ealoeux) noxasarenefi]: co-
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peHilHx qenefi Syur<quoHHpoBaHHfl CAIIP B rHAp03HeprerHr(e. 
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Batitito cHcrevlb{ npoeKrHpoBaHHf t{ coorBercrBeHFro re sJreMeHTbr
cAnP f3c, Koropbre HMeror ue,rybo onrHri{rr3ar{Hro crpyKrypbr rr
ocHoBlrbtK napaMeTpoB npoeKTHpyeMOrO O6texra, rloBblrrreHHe as_
rpenrusuocTlr ero cTpoHTe/rbcrBa H oKCrriTlzrar{HH, tloBbrrrle}iHe Ka_qecrBa npoeKTHpoBaHHfl, nOHHMaeMoro, npex(Ie Bcero, KaK AOCT|_x{eFIIIe BbICOKO|O ypoBHfl TexHHKO-SKOHOMHqeCKHX nOxagare.neft nDo-
eKrirpyeMoro o6texra.
. SQOeKrprBFiocrb or.4€.,rbHbrx noAcHcreM H KoMnoHeHroB CAnp
nporBJ-IreTCfl TOJIbKo B o6qeu rexFIoJIorHqecKoM lrpoqecce npoei(-
THpoBarrHfl. LIacro r{eJrb orAeJrr,Horo 3JreMeHTa Cfinp Qopr,,,ry.rru-pyercfl HaK AocrnxeHae HarlBblcueft eQQeKTHBHocTH (rovHocrn pac-qeTa, r,ry6rrHsr npopa6_orxrr H T. n.) lrMeFrHo .(aHHOrO 3.rreMeHTa,
:laHHoir npoexrHofr p_a6orsr, Ho raxorl rroAxor HeKoppeKTeH. I_[enl
KAX(AOrO 9JIEMCHTA CANP AON}KHA 6UrI CKOOPAHHHPOBAHA C qC.
Jlflillll BbluecTofiqerO ypOBHfl HepapXHH H B KOHeqHorvr HTOre C rrro_
6a;runoii qe,'rbro eceft 
-cHcreMH 
[poeKrnpoBaHHq.
Taxnu o6pason, aQQenr HcnoJrb3oBanHfl cAnp f3c rpex(Ae
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i

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KJtrtuesH'I f. B. 3nepronpoqecc rli,Apo3nepreraqeaKux ycranonox. .II.: Oueprur,1969. t
Kpnnvenxo r.--u. -fulpauuq_ecKne Ma[Ii.rr{br. M.: oHeproaroMu3Aar, lgg3.Kpuuxnfi c. H., Menie,ru M. @. fngpo.aoraqecKue ocHoBbr ynpaBneHgr peq_Hbr.\r croKorr. M.: Hayxa, lg8l.
KpHqxHli c. H., Menxe.nr ll{. o. fnApo,TorsqecKHe ocHoBbr ynpaBJreHHfl BoAHo-xogsircreeHHbrMn cHcreMaMH. M.: Havxa. tga2.
Kysnn T. JI. ocnoeH ru6epueinrit. T. I. Mare.lraruqecKne ocHoBbr xu6epue-rrrKrr. M.: Sneprnn, 1978.
Jlayxc ,(., crenuHxep [x., xefir 4. flraHnpoeaHue H auanu3 soAoxogrftcr-BeHHblx ctlcreM: fle-p^.^9 aurn./ flol pea. f. B. Bopirnaeea H n. n. genniaHoea. A1.:3ueproarc,'uue.qar, I 984.
JI_yvueea A. A.- flaaxrHuecKaff fn.qpolorns. .II.: fnlpovereoK3Aar, I976.Ma,rnHuH H. K. Teopelnqecrue ocnoBbr nHApo3Heprirnxn. el.:- eHeproaroM,rr3-aar.1985.
Alo4entnue HccJtetroBalqc rqnnorvn6rlsl dlr
trp. "'I. : ,\1a urnruoctpo.*,'t", 
-i 
971 . 
^ "Ar -
Ilerpocnuq A. M. AroirrHas gHeprnfl B HatKearorrrr3-t.ar. 1981.
- [Ipn;rHBrrbre sreKrpocraHuHHl II. 6. Eepnurreiru, B. H. cuaaroe, c. fl. fenr_Sep I :p / I-lo1 p:4 I E. EepurureriHa. M.:'OnepnoaroMH3Aar, lgg7. 
'
llpy3Hep u- Jl.' Slaronolscxxfi A. H., Hexpacoe A M.3xosou6Ka ggeprerrrKrrCCCP. .V1.: Bucrua.q urora, 1g84.
PegxxxoscxHfi A. III., Py6nnurefiu lr1. H. {ucnervepcKne fipaBnna yrpaBneHHflp€)r,irl\faMH BoAoxpaHfi.nnni. 01.: 3geproarouseaar, I gg4.
LnpaBoqHHK ro rflAporvp6usaul llon pe.l. H. H. Kosareea. II.: MaruuHoc.rpoe.nse, 1984.
- _ TeoperuqecKHe ocgoBbr cHcrevHbrx ncc.te.qosaHHfi a ageprenrxe/ A. 3. fauu,A. A. Maxapo-a-, E_. I-. CaneeB rr ,{p. Hoaocrr6rp.i, ffiy*r, 19g6.TnryHoa M. f. Vnp^anaenne pexnyaux f3Cl lt3H. lt-, tSa+.<DHnxnnoea T. A. onrsvxsa(Hff -snepteruqecKnx pexHMoB rnApoarperaroB rHA-pc3.tefirpocrauunfr. l{.: 3neprss, Ig7e.
lleetxoe E. 8., Arc6uueea T. M-, IlapQeiroe JI. F. OnruvaJrbHhre pex(HMr{ilrfposnexrpocrauuxrl^ B 3HeprernqecKrrx cncrevax/ llo,q pet. E. B. Ileerx6sa. M.:SHeproarovHsgar, I 984.
9epHyxxu 4r A., Qaarcepuan IO. H. groso.vrxa 3r{eprernKn CCCP. }1.: 3nep.roarovH3Aar, I986.
SxoxoltHKa rlrApoJexHllqecKoro H BoAoxogqficrsenuoro c-Tpoareascraa/ A. C. lIIa-Be.'IeB, *^9 fy6rn, B. JI. Kynep.vau H Ap.l llo,l pel. A- C. Ut."*""u-.-ivi., Crfo*-Hs;lar, I986.
Sneprernra uwpal. !o.c p.c. ! q. HenopoxHero. M-: 3neproarouH3Aar, lgg2.Sueprernxa urrpa/ I-loa ierr. n. c. Henoioxnero n B. H. 
'n;;*orr. 
1i.,' 5;;p:foarortu3.r,ar, 1985.
- 3HeprernvecKfie cncreMH. Kn6epHernxa 3neKrpnqecKHx crcreu/ llo,q peA.B. .{. Bennroe;i. &1-: Bucuas ruro;ra. 1974.
-..___ fl*.plar sHeprerHKa, qerroBeK rr oKpy,+(apuras cpela/ H. c. 6a6aee, B. e. ,[,e-MrrH, Jl. A. klnbHn H Ap./ noA peA. A. fI. A.nercairtpora. M.: Oneproarolrn3Aar,I984.
B. Anocoe, A. B. EenodopoAoe n
H npoubrixJreHHocra. &I..: Onepro.
OTflABJIEHHE
flpe,lrIcJoBt{e
9acrl 1. CocroqHue H nepcneKruBbl pasBHTHfl sHeprernKH
faa ea l. Snepreruvecxue pecypcbl H HX HcnoJIbsoBaHHe
| | /-\<,..,.^l.l , \-,/ULUrlC llUJlult\(:n]l)l
1.2. I-ipowaBoAcrBo u norpe6reHue 3HeptopecypcoB
1.3 OrpaunvenHocrb 3arlacoB H3B,'teKaeMoro rontHBa
1.1. FIeo6.roJ,rrI{ocrb coBeplxeHcrBoBaHirfl crpyKrypbr 3Heproitorpe6"tenus
faaea 2. BogHue H rHApoeHepferHqecKHe pecypcbt
2.l. O6urt€ flor'roxe HHfl . r
2.2. Boluue pecypcbr
2.3 f ;rlpoeueprernqecKre pecypcLil peqHoro croKa
2.4. I-ir:po3HeprerrrqecKlle pecypcb{ rtopeir II oKeaHoB
f .tr a a a 3. fxApolorxqecxue ocHoBbt rHApoeueprerxKH
3.1. O6que fio.rroi{eunfl
3.2. Ocnoenbre noi{flTufl
3.3. Harl'puue Ha6;rpAenHR s r{x HCrrorb3oBaHrt€ B rl{,xponorHqecKn-\
pacqeTa.\(
3.-1. llero:u craTrrcrHqecKoro Mo.{,e.'rHpoBaHHfl B rHAponorttt.r
3.5. fir^l,po,rorHqecKHe nponHo3br
3.6. fn:poJortrqecKaff nriqonvaunfl Anrr peuleH[fl HeKoTopbIX BoArIo-
3HepreTlt'{ecKr{x 3aIaq
3.7. Bo:o.xpaHrr.'rrrqe H ero ronorpa$nqecKHe xapaKrepHcrlir(fi
f r a s a -1. KounaexcHoe HcnoJlb3oBaHHe H oxpaHa BoAHhrx pecypcoB
4.1. O6uiue no.:roxiegnfl
4.2. Bolo.xoasricreeHHaR cncreMa H Konnr-r€KCHo€ Hcnonb3oBaHHe Bo,:t-
trbrx pecypcoE
4.3. Pery.:HpoBaHr{e peqHoro croKa BoaoxpaHrrnHu{aMu fOC .
4.4. 3xo;rornqecKHe acnexrbr rn.qpogneprernKn t
4.5. OxpaHa Bo.lrrbr.\ pecypcoB . F . t
4.6. llepcnexrlrBbr pa3BHTr{r rHApo3HeprerrrKrr . .
3
a
D
5
IAIT
l8
20
20
22
25
30
33
33
35
42
53
59
62
65
68
68
bY
73
78
84
88
90
90
92
95
r03
108
faasa
5.1.
5.2.
5.3.
5.4.
5.5.
5. SaexrpoeHeprerHqecKHe cHcreMbr
O6urge nonolKeHnrr
fpaQnxr Hanpy3KH
Harexnocru H De3eoBbrpe3epBbr
fraaa 6. [Ipauqlrnu nocrpoennd cxcrem
npoexTHpoBaHHfl r ,
6.1. Odrqne nonoxeuHfl
6.2. Lle,reeoir noA.\oA K ynpaBner{Hro
1*o*:rn.*n .n 
Eansoft 
. "rtl'r":
aBToMaTH3aqHH ynpaBJ|enHq H
.t
.baJraHcbl MoU{HOCTH H 3HeprHH
Po;r rHAposHeprerHKlr B pa3BlrrnH
ntqecrofi cl{creubr CCCP .
l14
l14
It9
509

--- PAGE BREAK ---

6.3. Hn$opuaqnoHuuft noAxoA K ynpaBrreunrc
6.4. flpnunure peureuaft
6.5. llpruHuhnbr nocrpoeHnfl aBToMarH3HpoBaHHbIx cncreu . - ..
6.6. HHQopMaitHoHHbre, nporpaMMHbIe H TexIIHqecKHe cpeAcTBa ACy
H CAIIP
tI a c r r 2. @Hsuro-MareMarHrrecKue ocHoBbI onrHMaJrbHoro Hc-
noJlbsoBaHHfl rHApOeHepfHH B HapOAHOM XO3flfiCree
f rr a e a 7. MareMarHqecKan u SyurqHoHanbHac MoAeJH npouecca npeo6pa-
30BaHHs sHeprHH HA rHApo3HeprerHr{ecKHX yCTaHOBKaX
7.1. O6rqge,rroJlolK€HHrI
7.2, O6o6u\euHafl MoAe!'Ib rexHoJlorHqecKoro npoqecca npeo6pasoBaHHq
aHeprHH Ha fOY .
7.3. Earaxcu pacxoAoB H Hanopoe fOV
7.4. Bananc Moil{HocrH H sHeprHH rHApo3uspfer,Hr{ecKax ycraHoBoK
f.rr a s a 8. SneprernvecKHe xapaKrepHcrnKn rHApoarperaroB, rHApoarperar-
Hbrx 6,roxoe H MeroAbl HX pacr{era
8. 1. O6urue floirolKeHrrq
8.2. 3HeprernqecKHe xapaKTeprIcrHKH ryp6Huuux arperaroB
8.3. 3HeprernqecKHe xapaKrepHcrHKrr HacocHbrx arperaroB
f.n a s a 9. 3neprernvecxHe xapaKTepHcrHKH rHApo3HeprerrrqecKHx ycra-
HOBOK H MeTOAbr Hx pACqeTa
9.1. QSulre noJro)fieH'nfl
9.2. 3HoprErHqecKrre xapaKrepHcrHKH f3y c pa3uHvrr arperaraMx
9.3. SneprernrrecKHe xapaKTepHcrHKH t3y c oAnuaKoBbrnlr anperaraMlt,
f .n a n a I0. Hanopnue xapar(repHcrHKn rnApo3Heprernr{ecKHx ycraHoeoK
H MeTOAH HX pacqera
10.1. 06urne rorox(eHlrfl
10.2. Haqopniile .\apaxrepncruKu f3C .
10.3. Ha.nopHHe xapaKrepHcrnKa fA3C, HC
feaea ll. Ocnoeu MeroAoB pacqera soAoxoscf,crBeHHoro H BoAHo3Hepre-
THqecKoro- pexHMa rHApoSHepFeTHqecKHx ycTaHoBoK
I l. l. O6urxe nonox(eHuq
I 1.2. Pac'{er cpa6orKH-Hdrro.rtH€HHfl BpAoxpaHHj'rHUI I*3C
I1.3. Pac,{er cpa6orxH-HanoJrHeHHrr BoAoxpa*rrnuur fA3C H
ApyrHx THnoB
faaea 12. Pexxuu pa6oru rHApooHepreruqecKrx yctaHoBoK B pa3nuq-
Hbrx ycnoBHcx tsoAHocrH H perynr{poBaHHs cToKa
12.1. O6rqHe nono)KeHnrr
12.2. f3C 6es peryflHpoBaHHrr croKa H f3C c BoAoxpaFrHiurulaMrr
r0paTKocpotrHoro pef yJpH poBaHHf
I2.3. f3C c BogoxpaHHnHulaMH AJrHT€,r'rbHofo peryJlnpoBarrufl
12.4. Pexn.vuue oco6eruHocrx f3y nprr cneqnanbubl.x BHAax perynrr-
poBaHHg gToKa
122 .-=ii.
124 " ',,j.
130 :
L{ a crr 3. Ynpan.neHne- H sKcnJlyaraqutl r}IAposHeDreTHr{ecKHx
ycTaHoBoK . ..
f n a e a I 5_ llpxxrlnnu ynpaBneHHq rH/u,poeHeprernqecKflMH ycraHoBKaMH B
sJreKrpo3HeprerHqecKot"t H BoAoxoscfrcteeuHoft cttcreuax
15.1. O6qHe no"'IolKei{Hr
15.2. Auc,nerqepcKoe yrpaBreHHe 3neKTposHeprerauecrofi cucreuofi
15.3. VnpaBneHHe eoAoxogsricteeuHoli cltcrettofi
15.4. BsaH,uoAeficreue cltcreMbl ynpaBJIeHHn f 3V c ApyruMH orp&cJt?'
Bbl\lH I{ .uex(OTpacJIeBb{MH C}lcTeMaMu ynpaBfieHHfi
f n a e a I 6. Ilpe4craenerrne rrApoeneprerHqecxoft ycraHoBKt{ KaK o6texra
ynpaEJeHHc
16.1. 06ultre no.rroi{<eitIIfl
16.2. 3HepreruqecKoe o6opy,losauue f3C
| 4 C I-,. -^^-^.,,, ^^^^,,-,.^,,,,-
IU.J. I lllPUtCAnn!t<Ll\llC LUUPJfi\snnx
16.4. Pe;xnuuue IIoKa3areJ'In f3C, KacKaAoB f3C H rHApo3Hepferu-
qeciill.\ Kor{n.leKccB
f a a e a 17. Te.rno,qort{qecKoe yrpaBaeHHe H eKcnr}arauHff f3C .
I 7. I . O6urue ronoxeH Hfl
17.2. KoHrpo,tu It .1uar*ocrHKa cocroflFtHfi
17.3. Pery,:rrpoBaHfie napaMerpoB cocroffHHf
17.4. BereuHe pexHlra
17.5. Te.rnl{qecKHe cpe.{,crBa aBroMarK3a(Hrt ynpaBneHHs f3C
B sHepFgrllqecxoit
r34
280
280
280
283
287
9qO
297
308
31i
3lr
315
319
324
333
392
5ll
13y
t37
t37
t37
138
t42
r55
r60
160
168
t77
180
r80
r82
200
206
206
208
213
216
216
2t7
228
235
2s5
235
242
245
246
246
267
-269
271
297
299
304
338
345
354
359
Irlasa 13. Pacqeru Kparxocpoqrrbrx
ycTaHoBoK
pexHMoB rHAPOSH.epreTHqecKHx
npoeKrHpoBaHHH fOC
20.1. O6urHe nonox{eFllIfl
20.2. floc;re/loBarenbHocrb eo,qoxogqficrBeHHblx n
- pacqeToB
2Q.3. HcxoAHue AaHHbIe Ailfl soAoxosgitcrBegHblx
KHX pacqeTo8
20.4. &lero,cu goroxosnftcrBeHHHx u
fHA,p03He.o..i.n".:**1 
364
, 364
- 374
uoa"or".pr*nr..*oi 
37+
H BoAno3Hepiernuec- 
3Ts
378
BOAHOgHspre',IrHqecKHX pacqeroB 381
nT"*:"ol."l* .'no.
H yqer SaxroPa
f.naea I8. YnpasaeHue pelKHMaMt{ f3C B sHeprerxqecxoft cflcreue , 338
18.i. OOLque no,To;+ieHitfl
18.2. J,o"rrocpoqHoe nxalurpoBaHite pe;+(I{}toB
18.3. Kparxocpcr{Hoe ILqaHHpoBaHfie pe}KHMoB :
18.-1. OneparrrBrioe ynpaBrleHHe pelrittva MH f 3C
citcTe\re
tlactl 1. OcHoeH npoeKTHpoBaHHfl
o6texroe
fflaea I9. BeeAeHHe B npoeKrHpoBaHne
l9.l . O6urue noroiKeHHfl
19.2. C.reva Kovr,'r€KcHoro Hcnorb3oBanxfi H oxpanbl BoAHHx pecypcoB . 365
19.3. C.te.ua pa3Bl.{rlts n pa3Meu{eHuq sneKTpooHepfernKu 368
19.-1. TexnHKo-sKoHoI{Hqecxoe o6ocHosaHHe. TexHnxo-eKOHoMHqecKHe
:::::3??
npaBr{n HcnoJIb3O'
. 373
faaea 20. BonoxoscficreeHHue H BoAHosHeprerxrlecxne PacqerH npr
Dacqerbr
19.5. hpoexr
19.6. Pa6oqaq AoKylreHTaqHs. OcRoeHue noJlox{eg?{fl
BaHrrfl Bof,,Hbr.\ pecyptoB BoAoxPaHHnHuI
13. l. O6urse rroJroxeFrHfl
I3J. Pacqerbr KparKocpoqHrilx pex{EMoB f3C
13.3. Pacqeru KparKocpoqHux pexlrMoB |AAC H f3y ApyrHx runoB
%2
263
f I a a a I 4. Pacqeru AnHTeJrbHbrx pexHMoB rHAposHeprernqecxHx ycraHoBoK . 267
f aaea 21. MeroAsra onpeAeneHHc eQ$exrnanoctn
posHeprerltqecrnx odrertog : .
21,1. O6r{He nono}KeH}rr
21.2. SxottoMHqecKoe cpaBrIeH[{e BapHaHToB
21.3. FIopuarHBHbre xosrpQnqHeuru oQQexrueroctH
BpelreHl{ , ,
14.1. O6uHe nonoxelruff
i4.2. SHeprentqecKHe xapaKrepHcr.HKH
pe)KHMOB
14.3. PacqerH AJI+rreJtbHbr.t pelrHrvtoB
rbY 
's 
i.cn.rr* AnnrerbHb{x
389
389
390
rbc
5r0
n *r.*.oor faC

--- PAGE BREAK ---

o
o
o
o
21'4- Vcnoaus eHepretnuecxofi H oxolrorvruqecxofi coflocra'HMocr'Bap14aHTOB
3!.5. OripeaeJre'He cprersoft cror{Mocr' .rponr.no"""u
"' "' ffi,ffi"t; ;{8ffix"' " ";T:fff fl :", "il;?ff [x"#l,:"'" oi.'" u nl:_;i'fra$$ercrnnnocrH
21.7. Kanurano'JroxeH'ff u e)KeroAHhr" ,r,qap**" 
'npoirauo4arr^ ' 
no3aMeHffeME{M o6texrav
21'8. Ton.rnnnnui_eQ6ex" 
*npo.*rnpyeMbrx' 
fo'c H 
'3a'brKarou{Hu ' 
.u-TpaTbI Ha TOIIIIIBO 
t21.9. 3arparbr Ha npgBneriegue pa6oueft cu,ru .21.10. oco6eu'octn' r*o*o"aqeckoro o6ocHosa'us fAOc2l'll' oco6erisoc*t onpeAeneHnn sKoHoMnqecr<oli e$plxin"no"n peKog-crovKr{trH Aeftcreyioutllx fOC2l'12' Piinpeaenenue 3arpar Me)KAy rracrHHr(arrH soroxosnricrBeHHoroxou-nlerca
21.13- OnpeAeneune sQeexrnenocru Hafrno-HccneAoBare..tbcKrrx pa6or BfHApoSHeprerHKe,,.rl
fna ea 22' ocHoeHble eKoHoMHqecKHe xapaKrepHcrHKH r'ApogHeprerrqec-'KOrO CTpOHTej'IbCTBa
22,1. Karnrrs;.'oBnolK€HIrE B rlrApo3HepferHqecKHe o6rexru22.2. Ce6e+rouyocrb snepri{H iri f3C 
- 
. 
-l'
22.3. IIpon3BoAHre/rbHocrl rpyAa B nu,tpooHepreraKe
f .n a e a 2 J. Bu6op ocnoaHbrx napaMerpoa F3C n I-A3C23.1. O6que nonox(eHHfi
23.2. SxowovilcecKoe o6ocHoea'He ycra'oBJ.rensor? .vourHocTH foc : :23'3' 3ronolf*secKoe o60cHoeaH'e orMerKr HopMaJbHoro noA,,OpHOCOypoBHs
23'4' Sroiro'HqecKoe o6octroeaH'e onrsrra.rrsoir uy6nuu cpa6orrrrB04OXpaflr{nrrI'IIa
23.5. Oco6enHocru_eu6opa nrpur,.rpog fA3C23.6. Pac,rerHaff o6ecneq&H*ro ,".pfoorAaqu f3C . . . .r " ?.".;*.3-1. ti.t"J-"::i":"to. sHeprer*qecxoro 
. 
ou:oro:"a:r's ,."10*.n.0:
24.1. O6urne noJroxeHrfl
31.? #:**l r.H"rporyp6no *g_ HoMerrrLTary?ez+.o. rroroop ocHoEHOrO o60py40sannr f3t 
-no 
rJ,raB'br.u y'HBepcaJn,-HbrM XapaKTepHcTrrKaM
24-4. rron6op o6opiaor'."n" i'gc' 
" 
Hcnonb3oBu"n.*, nor"pn4*r"n**oicHcTeybr KoopAHsar
24'5' oco6errHocr* 'nn6opa 
*"or"oro' o6opyroBa'rfl' r.qgc :24'6' TexHHI(o-sKoHoMHqecKoe o6ocHosanHe' oc'oBHofo o6opyaoyaH*rrffiIposHeprsTHqecKHx ycTaEOEOr(
npoeKrHpoEaHHfl rHAposHepreTrrvec_
t
KTHpoBaH.fla
ernqecgnxo6rexron : : 
',
n IIpoeKrHpoBaHHfl
.'.ll'
392
395
tI a,
fna
fra
fr:
fa
400
401
407
410
414
4t5
420
422
OneqarKH
nn.!r,,i^r',. ^r'^ 11 14llvallr,ulr r\ yrrv. :'
.'T 'iiiTijt'I 5 <3i-icpii.Iti)>.
::n t:1 I',^tr t._ a't,r 0, Il l V-\.l l l!: l (\ U jiL. \
Ha pHcyHKe BMeCTO (3JIeK-
B\rgcTo <A3C> C,lCIll.T qti-
126
426
427
429
430
430
435
414
fa
448
45r
454
458
458
461
466
473
479
487
l
489 i
489 ;
496 i498 i
sos i
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5:
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