8.5. CnELlHAnbHblE BVlAbl PEI-ytll,lPoBAHhfl CTOKA
KacraAnoe peryJrnpoBaHHe croKa. KacraAnoe HcnoJlt'3oBaHHe BoAorol{a Aaer
Bc|3MO)t(HOCrb YJtytl111r't'u I(OMnJleKcHOCTt HCnoJIb3OBalJI{ff BOAOTOKa AJIfl Hy}KA BXC,
a. Tar{x(e noBbrcurb Kog$Orrurrerrr r.rcnorb3oBaHuff noreHIrHaJIbHoI? 3ueprHn BoAoroKa
3a cqeT noBbtuJetrHf creneHr.r HcnoJb3oBarJl]fl rJanopoB H pacxo/toB. c roqxH spellHfl
M aI(cHMaJrbHofo HcnoJrb3oBaHHfl BoAoroKa Heo6xoAtluo HaJII,IqHe oAnoft nJIornHHofi
fOC s ycrbe. OAsar<o oro BeAer K yulep6aM r.r3-3a saroflJlenuft, ,qaxe ecJIH Bblpa'
6orxa rawoft craHUrln npeBbruraer noreHUHaJIbHbIe Bo3MolxHocrn BoAoroKa B
ecrecrBeHHoM cocroflHur.r. Coopy>renue coMKHyroro KacKaAa nJlort4 HHbtx fOC yBe-
'rrrr'D 4ar vqv b --- ry^qw w b.- rI nq vAovAnA fee rI.III,ITe.nhHoro nervrHDoBaHHqdrararlDqvr r\qr\ ,v w , rr r\ f, r -- J -- r -- ------ -
croxa kw g ka 6.nusxg r{ eAHHHrre. B or,lnque or KacKaAa nJIor?IHHbIx f3C yne-
JrHqeHHe qgc;a cryneHert KacKaAa ,4epHBauHoHHbIx craHllnfi noBbl:lnatcT kw tt kn 3a
cqeT Jyr{uero HcnoJIb3oBaHHfl MeCTHO|O CTOKa n nonBeAeHHOro Hanopa' xoTfl npH
sTOM OAHOBpeMeHHO yBe,'ruqHBarorcq ero norepH B BoAonpoBoAfllIIHX coopylKeHHffx.
,4Jrq CCCP HaH6o,'ree xapaKrepHbr r(acr{aAbr f3C a.nnteJlbHoro peryJlHpoBaHHfl
cror(a (Boax<ctto-Kaucxufi, .[luenpoocxllii, Anrapo-EHuceficxuil u AP'). KaN,lloMy I{3
BoAoxpaHHJtHrrl raKux KacKaAoB npHcyntri 3HepferuqecKl'Ie oco6eHHocrl'I, paccMorpeH-
Hbre B S 8.3 u 8.4. Kpor',re roro, o6reAHHeHHe fOC s KacKaA yBeJIHqHBaer o6lltufi
no;resssrft o6.seu BoAoxpaHHJrr.rU Lt Kar( cJIeAcrBHe crenel{b SapefyJlupoBaHHocrl'I
cror(a peKH B Ue,'roM. floao6urre KacKaAbr flBJlttorcfi, KaK npaBI'IJIO, coMKHyrbIMH'
T. e. ypoBgg HH)t(Hero 6r,efla R KalK/loM crBope npeBbtularcr I'IX ecrecrBeHHoe cocroq'
HHe AJlrr nrc6ux pex(HMoB f3C. 3ro oanauaet, r{To BoAoroK npeBpalqaercff s u€'
noqKy npororrHblx HcKyccTBeHurrx oeep. B ?THX ycJlosuqx fOC ocBo6olKAalorcn or
3rrarlHTeJrr,rrbrx 6a30gbrx nonycr(oB B ttHixtutfi 6re$ no rpe6oBallnflM BXC n, cJIeAo'
Barer,rbHo, yBeJ,rHqHBaercq crefleHb HX yrlacrHg B noKpbITHLI nHKa rpa$uxa Harpy3KH.
Conpeuetgue O3C HHor.(a BK,'lrorlanr s oe6s ttccKoJlbKo KacKaAoB. B csqsH c
srHM oco6oe 3HaqeHr{e npuo6peraer 3aAalra coBMecrtiofo ucno"nb3oBaHHfl fOC pas'
Horo BHAa peryrHpoBaHHff croKa B oAHoM rpaol{Ke Harpy3Kl.I c yrleroM T3C u A3C.
Kopperrnoe Ha3HaqeHrre pe>r(HMos O3C AJrfl npoeKTHblx H SKcnJIyarauI{oHHbIx 3a.l(aq
Bo3MoxHo roJrbKo c HcnoJIb3oBaHHeM 3BM'
Orueruu oco6eullocrH, r(oropr,re ueo6xoAHtvto yttllTbIBarb B pacqerax pex(HMoB
r(acKa,u,oB.
HarH,{He KacRaAa npHBoAr.rr K neo6xoAlltuocrH yqera rHApaBrl{tlecKI{x pex(u-
r,tos f3C Mex(Ay co6oii, r. e. cBfl3n no pacxoAy H llanopy. ,Ilro6oe H3MeHeHI{e pe-
xHMoB /-fi fOC KacKaAa cr(asbtBaercr Ha H3MeHeHI{e uoAnopa (/-l)-fi f3C (censr
no Hanopy) u npvrouHocru x (/*l)-r? cranuuu (censl no pacxoay)'
flo1nop B HH)r{FreM 6re$e I-i4 fOC yBerlrr{HBaer norepl{ A/Vu.o, Ho oAHoBpe'
MeHHo yMeHbrxaer noreprr sHeprr.rH B BepxHeM 6reQe (l+l)-fi craH[ul't 3a cr{er yBe-
ilHqeHwfl Hanopa. B Kacr{aAe 3a crrer nepexonHbtx npoqeccoB B BoAoxpaHHJIfiUax
oco6oc 3lrarrclnc nltno6pcracr l<oppcnrnt,tii noA6op Hx MareMarHtlecKHx MoAeJIeft
AJrfl BOAHO3HepferUqecKlI.\ pacqeroB.
flpu xacxaAr{oM HcnoJrb3oBaHHH Bo1oror(a BecbMa cnox<Hofi saAaqefi cTaHoBHrcfi
peureHHe Bonpoca o Mecre BoAo3a6opa BoAbr A,'tff BXC, Koropafl Mox(er 6r,rrr pe-
[IeHa ToJIbKo Ha ocHoBe paccMoTpeHHfl pex{HMa Hcno,'Ib3oBaHl{fl BCerO BoAoToKa B
ueJroM.
B KacKaAe 6ee peryJrnpoBariurr croKa ,lo6aBflenHe eue oAHoft noAo6Hofi fOC
yBeJrHqHBaeT cTefrerrb r.rcnoJrb3oBaHHfi BOAOTOKa, He MeHflfl BHL peTyJIHpOB aHafl,.
B Kact(aAe c I(paTI{OgpoqHblM peryJIHpoBaHLIeM ro,rlbl(O BepXHfftl fOC KacKaAa
228
nepepacnpeAenffer paBHoMepHHft B TeqeHHe cyToK npHToK B HepaBHOMepHbtfi B CO.
oTBercrBnu c rpe6onaHurMn rpaQHKa Harpy3KH, pa6o"ran g cauofi eepxnefi ero
qacru. Bce nocneAyrorqHe fOC pacno.rrararorcfi, KaK npaBHJro, Hfix(e B nHKe rpaOHKa
Harpy3t(H, nepepacnpe,u,eJrtr uepanHoueptrr,rii rpaQnK npHroqHocrH B coorBercrBHH
c rpe6oBaHHflMH P"(t). flpn sHaqnre,'rbHbtx rso6 rpa$nr Q"p(l) x xa:xloi'r f3C
KacKaAa BbIpaBHHBaeTcF.
floqru He cKa3blBaercff Ha pelKHMe pa6orbr KacKaAoB Ao6aBfleHne B Heto BoAo'
xpaHH,'ruqa c MeHbrrrHM rlHKJloM pefyJrHpolaqvfl, croKa (no Ip."), qeM cyqecTBylo'
rtlue B KacKaAe. 3gaqHre.erHo cJro}KHee BJTHffHHe Ao6aBJreHHt B KacKaA BoAoxpaHH.
Jruqa c 66.nruHu lper, BeM cyurecrByrolqfle. Ec,rrH AonotHHTeJ'IbHaq fOC pacnono'
>KeHa B KoHue KacKaAa, To pexuM BepxHHx fOC npn gToM He H3MeHfferct. B npo'
THBHoM cfiyr{ae Mox(er H3MeHHrbcr pe}KHM pa6orn cyiqeerBylouiiix i3C. HanpHnlep,
Ao6aereHHe e KaqecrBe BepxHeft f3C nro6oro BHAa peryrlnpoBaHHff B I{acKaA 6e3
peryJrHpoBaHHs c MafibrM Tso6 noJrHocrbro noAqHHHT pexHM HH)KHtlx f3c pexHuy
arofi crasUuu. 3ro no3BoJrr{T npeAcraB,trqrb nolo6Huft xacxaA B BoAHOsHeprerHqec'
KHx pacqerax B BHAe oAHoii grsHsa.neHrHoft rHApogJleKTpocraHuHt{.
fpynna F3C 6es rilApaBJr[qecrofi cBfl3H. K srofi fpynne orHocfircff f3C, pac'
noJrolKeHHble B pa3Hbrx peqHtrx 6acceftsax. nnn sroro BHAa peryrupoBaHtlt cTOKa
xapaxrepHbt oco6eHHocrr.r, onncaHHbre a $ 8.3. Mecropacnorox(eHne Hx B rpaQnKe
Harpy3KH Moxer 6urr onpeAeJreHo Ha ocHoBe onrHMH3aqnoHHbtx pacqeroB na 3BM
(crra. r.n. l0 u ll).
Ha.nHque B gHeproct{creMe HecKoJrbKIrx fOC gacraBJrrer yquTbtBarb H aJIeKTpH'
qecKyro cBs3b Mex(Ay Ht{MH, a raKx(e cBfi3b fOC c TOC n AOC.
Pa6ora fOC na qea rpaQnKa Harpy3xu. B rex cnyqaffx, KorJI,a Bo3Mox{Ha pa'
6ora fOC Ha ABa rpaQHra Prr(l) n P"zU) no KpHrepHIo MaKcHMaJIbHoro BblrecHe'
HHq T3C u A3C H3 nnr(oBofi uacrH, pelKt.tMbr pa6orr,r fOC tuoryr 6urr onpeAeJleHbl
c noMorr{bro uHrerpanrnofi rpHnofi npoAorrxorrerlbHocrn Harpy3KH lr(3ifl) H
t,(e:1.) .
KacxaA Asyx fOC c KoHTpperyJrnpoBaHnena. 3ror BHA KoMnneKcHofo Hcno.'Ib'
3oBaHHfl BoAoroKa noflyqaer sce 6oflruee pacnpocrpaHeHHe e HauJeIt crpaHe. Bepx'
Hffff f3C o6uqHo BbrcoKoHanopHar, 6onturofi MouIHocrH, o6ecneuHBaer AJIHTeJIbHoe
peny,'rnpoBaHHe croKa H pa6oraet B pe3r(onnKoBoi\,r pex(HMe. HHxHqr f3C HMeeT
He6ontruoe BoAoxpaHHJrHue KparKocpot{Hofo peryJlnpoBaHnff, pacnoJlaraercs e6nH3H
aepxHefi fOC H nepepacnpeAelqer pe3Konepeuenuuft rpaQux ee nonycKoB B paB'
HoMepHyr,o orAaqy s HlrxrHHfi 6ueS xacxaAa B ueJIoM, HanprtMep Canuo'[IyrrreHcKaff
u MafiHcxaq. flpu sroM oAHoBpeMeHHo peualorcfl Bonpocbl sHepreruKn I'l oxpaHbt
cpeAbr B pernoHe HHIKe AaHHoro KacKaAa. 3tu fgc HMercT or{eHb TecHylo cBfl3b
Me)KAy co6ofi KaK no Hanopy, TaK H no pacxoAy H Ao,'INiHbI paccMarpHBarbcfi B pac'
qerax rar oco6ufi sua fOV.
flo csouM 3aAaqaM raxoft KacKaA 6nHsox x 6yQepHoMy perynHpoBaHHIo croKa'
B r(oTopoM HH),t{Hee BOAOXpaHHJtHqe ocyuecTBJIfleT peryJIIIp0BaHHe CTOKa B CBOeM
crBope c yqeroM rpe6onauuri BXC H Bo3MolKHocrefi nepxHeft f3c.
I(oryrneHglpyroqee noAoxossficrBeHHoe peryJrnpoBaHHe. 3aAa'{a 3Toro Bl'lAa pe'
ryJrupoBaHHfl CTot(a - O6ecrleqeHHe 3aAaHl{oro rpa{lHr<a pacxOAOB B HyxHoM MeCTe
rr Bo BpeMeHH. B sro1{ cryr{ae BoAoxpaHHJrHlqe pacno.laraercfl B Hau6onee 6naro'
npHfirHoM Mecre c roqKg 3peHufl ero TexHI{Ko-3KoHoMHqecKHx noKa3are.nefi, HanpH'
Mep B fopax, yAaJreHHbrx pafioHax. Csouilau rronycKaMH oHo KoMneHcHpyer HeAocra'
rcu{Hfi o6reu pacxoAoB B 3aAaHHoM crBope HH>Ke no TeqeHHIo peKH.
8 3ar. 387 229