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fOC - rHApo3rrer{rpocraHrlr{r (Nrec );f3y - rnApo3HeprernqecKaq y.ruu&*u (ffrev );r.y - rnApoy3err (H".r);
r.n - rntrpaBrurrecr(He norepr{ (AH".");
AB - ABHrarerrb (Nu" ) ;
AHH - AuHaMuqecxurl (1./n,,,, ) i
Aep - AepHBauHfl (en.p);
sa6 - sa6upaeuuft (e."0);
Hcn - HcnapeHr.re (er.");
Hp - HppHrarlHfl (e"p);
KacK - KacKaA (N"^"n);
.rI - lbAoo6pasovatme (Q" ); nunvtvr ?/reKrponepeAaqH (Ap");
t'l - r"rope (2, ) ;
MH - t"tHOrO,rerHnfi (l/*",);
Mecr - uecrHrrft (ero.r);
r{ - }iacoc (lI,,);
Han - HanoJrHeHHe (ft,,an);
n.6 - HHx<Hr.rft 6re$ (2,,.0)i
HC - HacocHar craHrlnr (//nc);
orB - oreoAqurnfi (Hor");
nOJIe3H - nOJIe3Hbrft (7r,orr.r");
noAn - noAnopHbrrt (zoooo);
np - rpHro,rHocrb K crBopy (enp);
P -PacqerHufi (HNp);
c - cucreMa (p" ) ;
crB -crBop (ff.r");
TOC - TenJroBar grreKrpocraHrlHff
ycr - ycTaHoBreHHaq (1/"".);
yp.p - ypaBHnrerrrHnr? pe3epByap
Q - Qu,'rrrpauHn (Qo ) ;
(ilrec);
(z"p.p);
x.c6p - xorocrbre c6pocsr (e*., op) ;
x.x -_ xo.nocroft xo4 (e*.*);
i :1, 2, -.., k - Ilor\.4ep pac,-ieriioio iiiirepBii,,tii, arperara;
i :1, 2, ..., ffi - HoMep i-ri TOC nnn AO-C;
l:1, 2 ,..., r?-HoMep t-ft TeC H.qH IAOC (cnepxy BHH3
yMeHbrrJeHHq orMeroK noAoroxa) ;
Y : l, 2, ..., s - HoMep y-ro y3Jra HarplrgKr.r gHeprocucreMbr;
0) :1, 2, ..., r -HoMep ot-ft nuruwu sJre^TponepeAaqH salaHHoro3Hep r-ocHcTeMbI.
-\
BopxHHe HH.rLeKcbr
6.p - 6es perynHpoBaHHfl (Jo.r;.
6as - 6asucHufi (N 6u") ;
r.p -roAur{Hoe peryJrupoBauue (Jr.n);
Aon -' 4onycrHuurri (eron;.
3aA - saAaHHHft (ff."x);
3aP - 3apflI (3u"o);
Mtl.p - Mr{ofoJ'rerHee per-yJrHpoBaHHe (Jr,nr.n );Han - HanopHtrri (AH""";.
H.p - HeAe!'lbHoe pefyrrHpoBauue (3n.0 );
Heper - Heperyrrnpyenruri (ffHener ,.o - onrHManrsuflr (l/o);
noA - noABeAeHHuli (3noa;.
nor - noreHrluaJnHsrrl (J"or;.
nn -_ no.nynuxonuri (l/"n);
n6 - nor'ry6a3r{cHbrfi (ffn6);
IIHK - nHxosblfi (A/nrrrt; .
Per - perynnpyeuuri (pnr.;.
Pa3p - paspnA (!naan; .
c.p - cyroqHoe peryJrHpoBaHlre (Jr,.n);
c.H - co6crseHHue HyxAbr (i/..n;.
YA - YAe.rrlHuri (qv(l.
B HanpaB"TeHHH
y3,'ra Harpy3KH
tB cxo6xax Aarrbr npHMepbr HanHcarrHrr BcJrHrrHr{ c Hn,,1eKCzj\4r.r.

--- PAGE BREAK ---

BBOAHAT rrABA
8.1, V1CTOLIHV1KV1 ThAPO3HEPIVIVI V EE OCHOBHbIE
OCOEEHHOCTH
T u r,p o e H e p r 14 fl,- oro MexaHuqecKafl aHepruq, xoroport o6na-
Aal,oT nepeMeqarcIIlHecfl BOAHbIe MaCCbr, B ToM rrHCJIe noBepxHocrHble
BOAOTOKH eCTecTBeHHOTO H HCKyCCTBeHHOTO [pOncxO)KAeHHs, BoJrHbr
B IUOpflx H oKeaHax, [pr.rJrr4Bbr 14 orJrnBbr Ha no6epexte, MopcKHe u
OITEAIICKHE TCIICHHN U T. A.
I'nApoeueprut - oAHH Hg caMbrx MorrlHbrx r.rcroqHr4 KoB eogo6Hoe-
JIflIoIqpIxcfl aHepropecypcoB Ha 3emne. Ona Mor(er MHoroKparHo r4c-
noJ-IbSoBaTbcfl Arq npou3BoAcrBa gJreKTpogHeprr4H 6ee HsN,reHeHllr Qn-gH.recxori rrpupoAbr ee Hocr.rreJrfi - BoAbr. B arom cyuecrBeHHoe orJrn-que rHAposHeprr.rH or ApyrHX sauoonee pac[pocrpaHeHHbrx Br.rAoB
oHepfHH, HcrroJrb3yeMbrx AJrr nofiyrreHHfl sJreKTpogHepran. B Mr.rpoBoMgHepreTuqecKoM 6anance rnApogHeprufl cocraBJrfler Bcefo HecKoJrbKo
fipoqesron. Bnnecre c reM a6co.nrcrHoe sHaqeHue 3anacoB raApo3nep-
ll4lj AalKe IIpI,I He3HarIHTe.rIbHOM ypoBHe r]cnoJrb3oBa[Hfl, ee Ha coBpe-
MeHHOM sTane MHOTOKpaTHO [peBbrrxaer MHpoBoe norpe6neune
sHeprHH.
fu4poenepreruqecKne pecypcbr noBepxHocrHbrx BoAoroKoB. l4x nc-
TOI{HHK - [OBepXHOCTHbIe H per{Hbre BoAbr, yqacrByrolqHe B BeqHoM
SHeprHr noBepxHocrHofo croKa orreHr4 Baercr HeKoTopbrMH cpe,u,-
HHMH nOKa3aTeJIffMH LI3-3a H3MeHqHBOCTH H HeTTOBTOpfleMOCTH efo pe-
>KHMa BO BpeMeHr4 vr cocraBJrfler B foA oKoJro 80000 TBr.u. !,,rrn cpaB-
HeHHfl yKax(eul, qro MHpoBoe norpe6.neune Bcex rtepBr4rrHbrx anepro-
pecypcoB cocraBuJro B 1975 r. 78 000 TBr..r. OArraKo He Becb noren-
UHaJI noBepxHocrHoro croKa Mo)Ker 6nrr HcrroJrb3oBaH p^nfl noJlyqe-
HI4fl sHepnHu. B cBfl3n c arHM npHHflTo AeJrHTb ero Ha rplr KareropHH:
na.loeHfi (reoperuuecxuri), TexHar{ecxurl ?r aKoHoMuqecxufi.
B anoB brM (reop er H rre c x H rvr) rr o T e H rr H a Jr o M Lrrrt
noTeHuHaJIbHbIMH rHApOsHepropecypcaMr.r Ha3brBaroT sHepreTHqecxuft
noTeHIIHaJI BCefO nOBepXHOCTHO|O CTOKa HJrH TOJTbKO rraCTH - perIHOrO
cToKa.
TexH Hqecxn ft rHAp os H e p n o n or e H rI H a Jr - qacrb Ba-
JIoBoro, roropurl Ha coBpeMeHHoM ypoBHe paBBHTHfi HayKr-{ H TexHHKH
Mox{er 6sItl HcnoJIb3oBaH nyreM cTponTeJrbcrBa rnApogJreKTpocran-
t\Ltfi, On onpeAeJrsercfl c yqeroM Heng6exnbrx orreMoB BoAbr Ha He-
t0
gueprerHqecxHe Hyx(Abr, noTepb BoAtr Ha rpHnnrpaurrrc, rrcnapeHrre,loTepb Hanopa, cToKa H MOIIHOCTTT Ha caMr.rx rr.rApog.net(TpocTaHu]rflx.
SroHoMr{rrecrufi n oT eH u n a n-qacrb rexHHr{ecKoro no-TeHUIlafia, HcnoJIb3oBaHr.re xoropofi oKoHoMtrr{ecKr.r ue.necoo6pa3Ho B
Ii:l?lTee_ -BpeMn c yl{eroM rpe6onauHft ronrlnBHo-aHeprerHqecKoro
oaJIaHca perHoHa, KoMnJIeKCHOTo HcnoJrb3oBaHHfl BOAHbrx pecypcoBr{ oxpaHbr oKpyx(arcqerl cpe4u.
SuepreruqecxHti noreHqlta"r oueHlrBaercff, KaK npaBrrJro, B I(rrJro-Barr-Ilacax B roA (1-Br'q/roa) v coorBercrByer cpeAupnr rnApoJrorn-qecK?rM ycJroBzflM. Kaxaurt BH.[, rr4Apo3HepreruuecKoro noreHuuaJra
H3MCHqCTCfl BO BPCMCFII,I B PC3Y/IbTATC COBEPUJCHCTBOBAFIIIfl TIIAPOJIO.
rr.rqecKux pacqerots, H3MeHenptn o6reMoB o16opon BoAu Ha HeaHepre-TI{qecKHe Hyx{AbI, pocra croHMoCTH [rCKO[aeMOro TOn.irrHBa Ha 3erurneI4 MHofllx APyrux Qaxropon. Han6onee r.rsMeHqHB Bo BpeMeHr.r sKoHo-mu.lecxnli noTeHr{traJr. OAHaxo H garoeoli rroTeHrlrraJl TaKx(e Mox{errlperepneBarb 3HaqHTeJIbHbIe u3MeHeHt{fl. Hanpzlrep, B Hauerl crpaue
OH BbIDOc g 23 DA?A R nonrlnn n lOlA - nn,rn .r-^r. _, r,vA v ^vrv r. A\J .crcrl.l.tEl.L., rjpgl\/ltrHll, a tJ /illu-
lrr4r.r - e 176 pa3 c lgl0 no lg76 r.
B Hacroffulee^ BpeMfl usyueuHurl eanoeofi rr.rApogHeprerlruecxur?noreHquaJr peK 3eunr.r cocraBJrfler 84g2l TBr.u/ro4, a ixouoiurrrqec_xuri, no oueHKaM Mnponor? eHeprerrlueqxorl xon6bpJnqr.r,- (MI4p3Ki,oKo,TO 9700 TBr.u/ro4, HJrr,t oKoJro 2g ols Ba.rroBoro noreHur,raJra.B Hacroflu{ee Bpettfl I'HApo3Heprerr.rKa 3aHHMaer cyil{ecrBeHHoeMecTo B sHepreTHKe MI'Ipa, cocTaBJIflfl B cpeAHeM nnTyN r{acTb BceXn,torqHocrert oJreKTpocrasqul)i kr Hx eupa6orxa npn r.rcnoJrb3oBaHrrlrMeH_e_e 20 olo sKOHOMHrrecKofo rr4ApoeuepronoTeHuHadrra.
Ha couHaJrHcrrrr{ecKne crpaHbr npnxoAtrrcfl onoro 2golo Mr.rpoBoro3r(oHoMHqecKoro noTeHr{HaJra rHApoeHepfeTHKrr, a Ha pa3BHBarcUIHeCflcrpaHbl - 48 %. IIpnr groM ocHoBHar qacrb Her{cnoJrb3oBaHHoro Mrr-poBofo 3l{ol{oMIITIeCI(OrO lroreHutra,[a oTltocilTCfl rri\leHHo K pa3BilBato-u{llMCtI CTpal{aM, B KOTOpbIX K HacrofluleMy BpeMer{H ocBoeHo or(o;'rot "lo llx SKoHoMHr{ecKoro [oreHUHaJra H 5 olo HaxoAr.rrcff B craAr.rr.locBoeHHf. Hecuorpn rra oqeHb HHSxrrfi ypoBeHb ocBoeHlrfl frrApono-TeHIIHaJIa B pa3BHBaIOUILIXCff CTpaHaX, rnApo3r{epfertrKa 3aHHMaerBO MIIO|LIX H3 HHX BeAy-Uee noJrolKeH14e B s"rreKTp03HepferHKe (3a-Hp - 97, EpasrrJTHtr - 85, fl.py - 78, Konyu 6nn'- 6g,'r{rr.n u _ 4T ols
u r. 4.).
Bltcor ypoBeHb ocBoeHHR r,AposHepreruqecKoro rroreHu'aJra BpIAe pa3BHrbrx Karrr.rraJrr.rcrHqecKtrx crpaH: B lg77 f. cllIA _ 45,
KasaAa - 4.2, f no'lrq - 58, Opanq in - g4, lllu.ur" - gg, LIra-nvtn-72, Ancrpnn -7G, [Iser?qapr4fl_ gS % ; r: e,-g psee crpaHrl4AposlepferHKa 3aHLIMaeT BeAyrr(ee MeCTo B HaUr{OHallsofi aHepre-
l1le. H_anpauep, g l{gpu.rrir, - g_9,g, llleefiqa pvw - zg, ABc" iii^ -
65,9, LIf seiIHH - 58,2 0l; kr r. A. B noc.neAHee necffraJrerae B cBflaHc pe3KrzM rroBbr[reHHeM 3aTpaT Ha npoH3BOACTBO 3JreKTpOgHeprHH BMHpe IIpOUCXOAHT flepeoueHKa 9KOHOMT{qecr(ofo noreHrlr.raJra frrApope-
{Pcon B cropoHy ero noBbrrrreHr.rfl. B raK4x crpaHax, KaK opr,Qpanqus, [Inefiqaprfl' KasaAa, enpa6orxa roc B rclg r. npeBbr-cHJIa 3l{atleHI'le SKoHOMHqecKoro rllApoIIoTeHUHaJIa, otleHeHHoro B
il

--- PAGE BREAK ---

MHMO pOCTa cToHMOcTH HcKOnaeMOfO TOnJIHBa gTO O6tscHqeTcfl
BaHHbIe MaJIbIe 14 cpeAHHe peKI{, BepxoBbfl Kpy[HbIX peK, 3aKoHcepBI4-
pOBaHHbIe H Hel{cnoJlbgyeMble ts sHepreTHKe nJIOTI4HbT BoAOXO3flftcTBeH-
pocTaHrluilt u l.rx Bbrpa6orxu.
K 2000 r. rpeArroJraraercfl AaJrbHeftnee ocBoeHue MupoBoro rHA-
po3HepronoreHUHaJra. fio oUeHKaM MI4PAK, orHocHreJrbHafl AoJrfl
fHAposgepferuKr4 B Mr4poBorl sHepferr.rKe Bbrpacrer c 4,9 0/s (1985 r.)
Ao 5,40f0 (2020 r.), uro o6ecneqr.rr aKoHoMHro oKoJro I,8 unpA.r yc-
JTOBHOTO TOnaHBa B fOA B MHpe Ha ypOBHe 2020 r. Bcero aa repHoA
c 1985 no 2020 r, ruApo3Heprnfl rro3BoJrr4r caKoHoMurb, no npeABapH-
TeJrbHbIM OrIeHKaM, AO 46 MJrpA. T HCKO[aeMOrO TOnJIHBa.
fn4poeHeprernqecKHe pecypcbr Mopefi n oKeaHoB. Oneprnn rpn-
JIHBoB-orJIHBoB. IIpnpo4a ripHJrHBa-orJrHBa onpeAeJrflercrr B ocHoBHoM
B3auMoAeftcrsuer/t cr4[r npr{Tfl)KeHuff B cucreMe rpex He6ecHbrx reJr -
3eunr, ,Ilyua, Conuqe (pnc. B.1). Pasnuque Macc 14 paccrorunfi B
oTofi cucreMe rrpHBoAHT K ToMy, qro Jlyua 4eficrnyer Ha Bo.[Hbre Mac-
cbl 3eunu 6onee qena B 2 pa3a cHJrbHee, r{eM Conuqe, yAaJrenHoe or
3eu"nH Ha paccroflHue s 400 pas 6onruree, qeM or ,IIyHu. B pe3yJrb-
t2
Snnuncou0
ngHH02o
npunuBo
Puc. B.1. Cxerr,'a o6pasonaH'r npHJrHBHofi eorHH Ha 3elt,re
RBa1pamgpa
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3 - 3eMnft
A-ngua
e -cofiH\e
Tare BsanMoAeficrel4s yKa3aHHbIX He6ecnnx reJr BoKpyr 3eunn Bo3-HI4KaeT noJIe 3JIJIHncoBH4uoli Soprr,rsr npHJrHBoo6pa'syrollleft cHJrbr,ABalKAbr o6erarcuerl 3eunrc B rerreuHe iyrox. g.r.a'.""". 3Toro Braxlorl TosKe \nodepexbfl oKeaH ABaXAbr B cyrr(H <<Hacryfiaer> Ha6eper (npu"rrHn) rr ABax(Abr <orcrynaer>' (ornuii. g ;,;;y roro, r{ro
Ba oAHH o6opor Boxpyr 3eunn Jlyna cMerlaercn Ha ll2g du.r, csoer?opoHTbr no oTHorrreHHro K npeAbrAyqry cyrKaM, fBJreHHe npHJrprBa-OTJII{BA NOCTOflFITIO SANA3AbIBACT HA 12 MIIH 30 C B I(AX{AbIC CYTKH.
fepeao"?H'e npHJrHBa-orJrHBa [po'cxoA'r reoper,qecK' qepe3 6 rr12 vwn 30 c. [pH eroM A'arason yponHefi npn,rr,rBa-oTJr'Ba Bo MHo-roM onpeAeJlflercff B3aHMHbIM pacnoJloxeHHeM 3eu.nlr, ,[ynst lr conH-qa. Ec.nu ux ueHTpbr rfl)Kecru HaxoArTcfl Ha oAHofi npanaor?, ,o np"-JrHB MaKcptruanrutrfi (cnsurHn) (pHc. 8.2). Ec.nn o"" b6pa3yror npfl-
Fr.rc. 8.2. Mapeorpauua npa-
BrJrbHoro noJrycyToqHoro npH.
JrHBa B TetreHLIe nyHHOro Mecqua
zn(t)
13

--- PAGE BREAK ---

MoyroJrbHbrrl TpeyfoJrbr{HK (cOnHue <nelilpaJrH3yer>> cHJry npHTfl}Ke_HLtfr. ,rlyHu), ro npHJrr.rB MHHHMa.nrgufi (rnaaparypa). c*.", cr43H-rufl- KBaAparypa nponcxoAnr Kalr{Abre T cyr.
D ACHCTBHTCJIbHOCTH ffBJICHHC NPHJIHBA-OTJIHBA .OPA3AO CJIO)KHEC:.Ha Hero Brtufltor H ApyrI'Ie ue6ecHlte reJla, Mopcr(He TeqeHnfi, Berep,xapaKrep noOepexu, rny6uua BoAbr B 3aJrHBe r{ T. ,q. Hecuorpn Ha3TO, creneHb nporHo3a noBeAeHHff ypoBHff.OKeaHa B AauHofi TOrrKe.no6epexbff rIpaKTI'IqecKH Ha nro6oir "moten" BpeMeHH AocraroqHo Bbr-coKa.
fIoreHuHaJrbHaff 3Heprr.rq rr p H rruBoB- o rJtuBoB:cBr3aHa c MexaHuqecxofi aHeprzer?, xoropofi olna1aror orpoMHbreMaccbr BoAbl, nepeMeil{arcIrluecs B 3ro BpeMfl no no6epexu*d. np;-JInBHaf BoJrHa p^acnpocrpaHffeTcfl B rny6r oKeaHcKoro no6epe>xraI{HorAa Ha 200-900 xpr (pern f aur, AvrasoHKa). Buco"u np"r,HBHbrxBo/lH Bo MHoroM onpeAeJlflercs xapaKTepou no6epexsr. tlerr,r MeHb[re.lt yxe 3aJrHBbr HJIH ycrbff peK, TeM 6o"rriure npH,THBHar BoJrHa. B sa_
:Ltil5 Mopflx npr4rrnBbr He npeBbrrrralor E0_20 cpr (rlepHoe, Cpearr_seMHoe).
Cauue BbIcoKHe npHJIuBbI Ha 3enane HMeror Mecro Ha Ar"naHrr.r-
:?fI^oT. *"!:ry-*""e^ CenepHofi Auepura, s6nleu .punrqo, Me)r(Ay\-LuA ll AaHaAoH. SA^ecl pacnoJrox{eH 3aJIHB @an4r.r,- B KoTopoM npr.r-JIHB AOCTHTACT 18 20 M H HMCioTCfl XOPOTIIHC YCJIOBHfi AJIfl CfO HC-
{BHbre Bo.rrHbI HMeror Mecro B Ma-
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a B CCCP l2,g vt y Mbrca Acrpo-
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npaJraBa 6o.nee 3 M AaHbr Ha
O6urne reoperul{ecKue MapoBbre 3anacbr npHJrHBHori anepruu ou,e-HHBaIorcfl_slpy6exHbrMr,r yrreHbrMn e 3 TBr. oAHaro, ronuio 2 ofs ee,nna 0,06 TB! MolKer 6trit AocryrlHo AJrfl ncnoJrb3oBaHHfl B Hacrofl-il{ee BpeMfl. flo AaHHbrM r. Erj.pyurert_Ha, M?rpoBbre 3arracbr ilpn-npreHofi eHeprrru paBHbr 1240 TBr..l/roa. Vs HHx Ha Aorrro CCbptlpHXoAHrcfl 210 TBr.u/ro4, B roM rrucJre lT0 TBr.q/roa- 6accefiH
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SueprHq Bo,'IH l't Ntopcxux reqe uptn. I,lseecrHu MnoroqrcJreHFlbre
nonhlrKH HcnoJIb3oBallHtl 3lrcprHH BoJUr rrc./roRcr(oM. flcpuan rronrrrrr(zt HrJ)tierrepHoro
Hcno"Ib3oBaHHt 3HeprHH BOJIH 3aperHcrpllpoBaHa s 1799 r. C 1856 no 1973 r. roJrbKo,
n Aur"rrrru 6unw BbtAaHbl cBblrue 340 nareHros Ha HcnoJrb3oBaHHe sHeprHr.r BoJ,rFr.
Cafi'{ac B MHpe ycraHoBJIet{o 6onee 300 Hasr.{rauHolrrrbrx MagKoB, pa6oraroqnx Ha
3HeprHH BoJIH. I'lHteucHsHtte pa6orrr no rIcnoJrbsoBaHHrc gHepfHH BoJrH BeAyrcr B
At+c4t'tl't. O no6epexne Anrrurl B cpeAHeM <<pas6nnaercfl>> oKoJro 120 fBr soaHoeofi
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B orJII{qHe or npunHnuofi sHeprHH BoJrHbr npH6unarcr x AauHoft ToqKe no6e-
pexbfl cnyvafiuo no HanpaBJIeHIiIo, aMnJILITyAa Hx H3MeHflercfl HenpepbrBHo Bo Bpe-
MeHH, cMerrflrrcb rlrnJreM H lrrropMou. Oro 3arpyAt{qer }tcnoJrb3oBarrne grreprHtr BoJlrl
B sHepferHxe. OAsaKo I( HacrorilreMy BpeMeHH H3BecrHo MHono esqexrnenbrx npo-
eKToB I{cnoJIb3oBaHHfi eorHonoll sHeprHH. OnurHo-npoMbrlrrJreHHbre Bo.rrHoBbIe g.;reKT-
pocraHunH (Bfoc) HMerorcff n AHrruH, flnoHHrl, clxA H Apyrrx crpaHax.
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<<nJIaBaroulne> aJreKrpocraHuuH o6.rla4arcr psaonr Aocror.IHcrB no cpaBHeHHn c Apy.rHMH Ilcrot{HI'IKaMH aJIeKTpogHepfHr. Tax, oHr.t no3BorqloT gKoHoMHTb 3eMJrIo, gauH.
[Ialor 6eper or pa3pytuatoqeno nos4eficrnHr nprr6or, npHHHMafl Ha ce6s eno sHep-
rHro, yMeHbuaror npoqecc HHTeHCHBHOTo nepeMerIlHBaHH' BOAtr Ha MeJrKOBOAbe, qTo
cnoco6creyer pa3BeAeHnrc pu6u, H T. A.
OrporuHan oHeprHfl aKKyMyJrHpoBaHa B Mop*(Hx reqeHnrx _ Ao S TBr. B CIIIA
6unvr paspa6oraHu npoeKrbl HcnoJIb3oB anus grofi gHeprHH nyreM pa3Merrlegr.rfl Ha
oKeaHcKoM 4He ryp6HH AHaMerporrr 170 M. B groil{ cnyqae roJrbKo reqeHue lonr$cr-
pI{M y [oJlyocrpoaa O;ropnAa TeopernqecKn Mox(er o6ecneqHrb HecKoJrbKo rHfaBarr
Mol.tIHocTH.,4o l0-15 fBr MoxHo H3B,rIeqb Hs MopcKrrx r'eqeuHft y 6eperon Aur.nHn.
Pea.[Hsaunq noAo6Hux npoeKToB BogMoxHa 3a rrpeAeraMr, no-Br{AHMoMy, JrHlub
2000 r.
l5
l0tuuai

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fn4posneprernqecKue pocypcbr neAHHKoB. Oro.no l,6b go ecefi.BoAbr sa 3enrne
H+xoAHTef, BJITA€ JIbAa BnoJlflpl{b,lx H BblcoKoroilrEx perubrrax (n l65OO pas 6oir-ule, qAM B peKax 3eunn)' npHqeM 3HaqHTeJIbHoe KoJrHrrecrBo JTeAHHKoB pacfloJrox(eHo
na 6onrruofi sHcore no orHouIeHHIo K ypoBHlo Mr.lponoro oKeaHa. ,4o cux rrop HC:noJlb3oBaHue eHeprHH ra'qoli BoAbI JIeAHHKoB npon3BoAuJrocb c noMourblo crponTeJrb-crBa 'BoAoxpaHHJIHIII riHe 'apeaJla JIeAHHKoB, pacnoJroxeHHblx, KaK npaBHJro, HLrlKefloaapuoio Kpyra Ha 3eune. oAsaxo yx<e cefiuac paspa6arbrBarorcff npoeKTbr Hc-loJlb3oBaHdr sHefiruu ra.nofi BoAbI JIeAHHKoB Aa>Ke B BbrcoKr{x rrHporax, Hanpl{Mepn fpeHnaHAuu' Bo BpeMq JlerHefo nepuoAa orpourHbre Maccbr raaofi BoAbr (ao600 xu3) creKalor sAecb e orea'. odqas nrou{aAb JrbAa B fpeH.nau4up - oKoJro40 rurc. xu2 npz cpeAHeM repenaAe Bbrcor 2000 rr,r. VccneKosaHun yKa3brBaror HaBO3MOXHOCTb CTpOHTeJIbCTBa 3Aecb rH[oBbrx f3C rr,torqHocrtlo no 5000 MBr xax-
Aaf, (10 arperaroB no 500 MBr rnna Kpacuoxpcxorl fOC e CCCP u-nrr gepun.na-
@ornc s KaHa4e)' Koropble Moryr HcnoJlb3oBarb sHeprHrc ra.nori BoAbr fleAHHr{oB
fpeH'naH,quu H o6ecne'{Hm nupa6orxy 3HaquTeJrbHoro KornqecrBa gJreKTpogHeprg'.
flpn etou railaff' BoAa no pa3BerBneHHori cucreMe KaHaJroB BHaqarre 6yler co6Hparr-cfl B HeeKoJIbKo KpynHblx BoAoxpaHuJrurrr, a 3areM c6pacunarbcr B oKeaH, npeABa-pfiTeiibiio npofi-as qepe3 ryp6uulr i-3c. Tar<, s IoNHofi lpeurrau4H', fAe ec* yAo6_HbIe Mecra AJIff coopyxeHHfl BOAOxpaHr{JrHriI, npH cJroe ra.nofi BOAbr I rr,r u Hanope1000 u MoxHo noryrrnrb Ao g0 TBr.'{/roA
OcHosHuIe rpyAHocrn peaJIH3auH n erlx npoeKToB - crponTeJrbcrBo soAoc6poc-
HbIX KAHAJIOB H BOAOXPAHHJIHUI H HCNOJIb3OBAHHE NOJIYqCHUOfi CCSOHHOII '".P.,",
TeM 6onee qro ocHoBHbIe norpe6nte.nu ee HaxoAflrcq Ha paccroqHrrr.r 1000 rrra B
AuepHre unn 6olee 2500 ru n Eopone.
8.2. frlApoEHEprEThvEcKnn noTEHt-ll4 An u Ero BhAbl
HI,Ifl AAHHOI? TOqKH IIO OTHOIIICHHIO
a,a2l2g - yAenbHaff KzHeruqecKafl
xosS0HrIHeHre Kopnonuca.
floreuuu aJrbHat BaJroBarr
KE, Lp paBHa pasHocTr4 3r u
K CBO6OAHOI1 noBepxHocTrr BoAbr;
SHeprHfl >Kr.rAKOcTH, M, npH 0 _
sHepfHfl BoLOTOT{a, TepfleMatr Ha yqacT_
3z{r
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c yuerorr,r 6nusocrw crBopoB l-l v 2-2 H o6o3HaqeHufi, AaHHbrx Ha pnc.8.4, sanurrreM
3n= pg\tr (Vzr- Vz) : ggVHn, (8.4)
rAe Hrz:Yzr-vz2 - yAerbHafl noTeHrrHaJrbHafl sHeprr.rfl noToKax{HAKocrl'I' HasbIBaeMatI HanopoM I,I TIHcJIeHHo paBHar naAeHHro ypoB-Her? no6oAHort fioBepxHocr' no4oroxa na yuaciKa Lp.flonyveuHoe BbIpax{eHHe cooTBeTcrByeT zssecrnbrM eusuvecrnvrnoJIox{eHI4flM o roM, qro sHeprHfl B "rrro6oft Qopnae npoloiugoHaJrbHarIPOI,IsBCACHHIO QAXTOPOU 3KCTCHCHBHOCTH N HHTCHCHBHOCTH. B AAH.HoM cJlyqae Hanop H ngnnercn Saxropona HHTeHcHBHocrr,r wJrr4 noKa-3areJreM sHeproeMKocrH X(HAKOCTH, O6teu BoAbr w - QarropousKcreHcHBHocrH HJIH KoJIHrrecrBeHHbrM noKa3areJIeM norile6"rreHrseHepropecypca.
P 5 'i-'t.'# ; I fl ,q O F" I
il* P,r !- rr { } {-i -$'{.- I7 ,A
k) -(,,+ -u) * ( ""1--""; ;1
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AoToKa HaA HeKoropoll 3aAaHHofi, unu ilpuHqrort nnocrocrbro cpaBHe-HHfl; plpg - yAeJrbHafl [orenuuaJrbHar oHeprafi AaBJreHHff, M, B Torr-
$e l{eHTpa-Tflxecrn x{HBoro cerreHHff BoAoroKa npv He6nToqHoM AaB-JIQHHH p' frz, B orofi TorrKe; p -.raolHocrb xrrAKocrH, wrfvi';;f;;-
KopeHHe cso6oAHoro naAeHafl, ry|"r. nns BoAoroKoB c'orKpmSrt noa_Hofi noeepxHocrbro Bernq uva pl (pg) H3Mepqercn rny6 rrof, norpylKe-
r6
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Puc. B.4. K pacuery r'Apo3Heprer'qecKoro rroreHrrH,.,.rs Bo,.oroK,
17

--- PAGE BREAK ---

PaeAe"nuB 0n HA T, c,
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a
Ntz:=?:
HIH, ytIHTbIBaff, qTo g:9,81
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W
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3600 367 ' (B.8)
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Qr : miFt'I0-3. (B.l l)
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Hx pacrrera Mor.yT 6um [pr.rMeHe-
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uofi- uux<eHepuori ruAponoruli.
Ha ocHoBaHHH ''eperIHc,TeHHbIx AaHHbrx paccqr.rrbrBaeTCfl Borrro-SHepfer,qecxnfi r(aAacrp_BoAoTOr{a, Bn.-[rcqarctqurlr B ce6r.: irpo.lo,,.,b-Hur? nposanr BoAoroKa yz:yzG_l , iiiri."*o.ro rr3MeHeHr.rn pacxo-AA BOAbI NO AJII,IHC BOAOTOKA Q: Q (I) , 3ABI.ICIIMOCTb II3MCHCHIIff NO.TeHUr'raJrruoli MorrlHocrH BoAOTOT(a no efo A,nnHe lr:,ri(r), 3aBrrcrr_Mocrb rl3MeHeHH,l .IAeJIlHoii noreHlltt anmoir Morqrrocrrr BoAoror(a noero A/rHHe iN:iN(L) , rAe l*, MBr/Nir,r, ofipeAe,,rflercfl no cpoplr_v;re
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Qrz : 0,5 (Qr * Qr). (8. l0)
I8
(8.12)
l9

--- PAGE BREAK ---

T a 6 Jr H q a B.l. Bo4HosHeprernqecnufi KaAacrp Bo,qoroKa
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[r :0,00 3l la,F 171;
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2l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

4rur
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npu 0ili+ 0,
LrxM

--- PAGE BREAK ---

tlpu eroM KH
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f E. EepnyrefiHona npeAJrolKeH MeroA orreHKH noreH_UHadTa npHJrr4Bnofi gHeprlrr{ Ha Har{ ailbuoir cTa-AI.H nPOCKTUPOBAHUfl NPU HAIIH'I4LI AAHHbIX O IJIOIIIAAIT 6AC.ceftHa F, xM2. H noniroli aMrrJr'ryAe np'Jrr4Ba A, M (crrr. p'c. B.g).Sror MeroA npr4roAeH AJrr pacqeToB sr{eprer,qecKoro noreHuua-Jra npHJrunuofi sHepfn' AaHHOro'6accelzHa ni" y.noB'H Her.r3MeHHOCTHro4Hofi noBepxHocin 6accef,isa 3a BpeMn npHnuBHoro ur{KJra, B nr'.,eA.
X:#iil:Xfrf*I'noBeHHoro 3anorlHeHnn oaccir.ina -; -;;^;'"p 
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rge A-B M; F-e xlr2.
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HeH3MeHHa r cpeAHflfl rvroul*ocrb Bo BpeMeHH(B. 25). Sruu np'JrrrB'afl sHeprun cyqecrBeHHo orfiHrraerc.rr or pe3-KOrIepeMeI{HbIX H IiSMeHqI'IBbIx Bo BpeMeHH SHepferlrqecKr.rx noKa3are-NCft CCTCCTBCHH'IX BOAOTOKOB I,{ BOJIH rVrOPCfi H OKCAHOB.
I-u4poeneprernqecxnfi noreHquaJr eHeprrrn BoJrH Mopefi n oxeanor. paccuorpuMocHoBHbIe coorHoIIIeHHfl, HcnoJrb3ylo[{Hecs AJrfl pacqera noreuqHa,ltHoir sHepfHHBOJrH' Ha pHC' B' 10 Aano cxeMarrrqecr(oe uso6paxrerrue cHuycolrAaJ.rbHoir BO,'rHbrAnusofi lo M, np' npoAOrlKHTeJrbHocrH ee nepHOAa 7, c. oruerxa VZ., o60gsaqaer
soor' e:-F-lrtO az(t)dttJ
0
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,p - spgVzoao 'f ,, , , 2n a,
r J ; rr bin T ur- 6) dt: - &eAaro- r,n
24
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lf:;luttlat
tJ
0
(+')(8.24)
25

--- PAGE BREAK ---

PaccuorpnM Bo"lHy eAHHH'tHofi urapnuoft L:l Nr H HariAeM ee noTeHrrga.rrbHyro,MOlllHOcTb.
(8.26)
L --^-_-rAE 'ts - Pacc'f0flHHe no BepTIlKaJrI{ Mex(Ay IIeHTpaMI{ Tfl}KecTId AByX noJIyBoJIH,cBr3aHHOe c aMnJrHTyAoii cr.rHycoup,anuuoft BoJrHbr ftn coorHonreHr.reM
h": h2'' - zllT
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E: mghs
HJrH c yqeroM (8.26) n (8.27)
E- I ^' t2-: 
E- Phanig'
BorHoeaq qacrora 4ln rny6oxori no4u, r. e. npn Ltt>O,bIE,
coorsercrBeHHo pa6ora B eAHHHITy BpeN{eHH HnH Morr{Hocrb noJryBoJrHbr y'y'n"nptl qacrore rone6auuri aonH f
il," - fE: # plf[ e"/, hl.t1-s,
rAe y'y'o" -e xBr/rr,r; )"", h"-_B M; p -B xr./u3, g -n vrlcz.
EcrPt HssecrHa He 1,", a T, 'ro MorltHocrb noJryBoJrHbt MolKHo TaKxe no/ryq'Tbno (8.31), 3aMeHHB lvs Ha T, cne|ywuHu o6pasou.
B roqKe l xpyrooori op6u*r.nrc6oft ToqKH BorHbr AuaMerpotvr fts npH crlf:OycKopeHlre a H g o6pasyror BeKrop A, orr.ryoHeHHnfi or BeprHKaJrH Ha yroJr a.vcropeune 4 MoxHo Hafirn no Qopl'ryJre r{er{rpo6exHoro ycKopeHr.rfl npn cKopo cr. o
ts*-t:W
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h (t) : I sin at,
TorAa tga 6y4er paBeH npon3BoAHofi h no t npn cDt:e nnn
tga': I cos tol - 'h" : nht
221r"
CoorsetctaeHHo
npn yqeTe TOro, qTo a: Zfi/hs,
flpupaoHuean (8.35) H (B.83) u
peuan ornocuTeJrbHo 1,", noryqaeM
(8.33)
(8.34)
(B.35)m: p| ,r,
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(8.28)
(B.2e)
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nyqaeM noreHrluanbHyro MoulHocrb j
nonyBoJIHbI Ha I rr,t ee uupnHbr, z
rBr/rr,t: 
1
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r,qc ?n*s c; /ro-r u; p-nJror-
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6oAHoro naAeHHff. Ans cpeAHHx
ycnoenrf npH 0:1045 xr/u3, g:g,81
Hocrbro Ao 2 olo no Qop,nyne
N, x Thf;
0 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 Njxfifv,
Plrc. B.l L florclrqrra,rrrran Moult{ocrb
BoJrH nprr 3HaqtrreJrbHoft rny6nHe MoDs
A.rtff pa3Hbrx 3HaqeHnit h, u ?,."
rtr/c2 pacver lV" MoxiHo npon3BoAurb c roq.
x 0,8hf;lf$ (8.38)
(8.36) 5
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B%,
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Ha puc. B.ll noKasaHbr 3aBHcHMocrH //lot or 1," H h, no (8.3g), no Koro.
pbIM MolKHo HaxoAHTb noreHrlua,rr sonHoeofi sHeprnH A,rrfl yc,aonHfi, KofAa V Z")
>0,5 In.
26
(8.32)
27

--- PAGE BREAK ---

l-naaa 1
TE XHON OTNqECKAfl CXEMA NPE OEPA3O,B AHVLNSHEPTNN HA ThAPOSHEPTEThT{ECKI4X YCTAHOBKAX
1.1. OCHOBHb|E Tnnu rhApo?HEpfEThL{ECKl4X
YCTAHOBOK
1.1.1. OBUlhE noJ'to>t<EHv1fl
B orJrHr{He or ApyrHX BHA.B coBpeMe'Hbrx aJreKrpocrasuuft foyHe r'r3MeHfler rpnsuuecNyro cyu{Hocrb sr,reproFrocr.rre,rq (uoasr) B npo-i{ecce rexHoJlofHrlecKofo IIHK.,ra. 3ro o6crosreJrbcrBo rrMeer 6o,ntruoe
3HAq.CHI,IC TIPH KOMNJICi{CHOM HCIIOJIb3OBAHH]r- BOAHbIX PCCYPCOB.B cocraB f3y BXoAflT rllAporexi{r.rqecKue coopy)KeHlrfl., ocHoBHoe
14 BcnoMorareJlbHoe oSopyloBaHtle, I(oTopbre no3BoJlflior ocyu{ecrBgTb
npoMbIIIIJIeHHOe HCIIOJIb3OB aHr{e f r.]Ap osHepf oIIoreHuH aJr a AaHHOf OyqacTKa BoAOTOKa, a raK)Ke nprrJrr{BHyrc v.\H BoJrrroByro sHepfr.rro Mo-pefi u oKeaHoB,
B saeHclaNlocrz or crloco6a npeo6pa3oBaHkrfl 14 r4crroJrb3oBaHufl rr4A-
paBJIHqecNoti 3IIeprH14 pa3/II.rqaror cJreAyrotrlHe ocHoBrJbre rHrrbr f3V:
TO.IKII 3peHIIfl TexHoJIorrIH rrcnorb3oBar{rrfl lr npeo6pa3oBaHrrfl rr.r/{paB-
nuqecxofi SHeprt'Iu, a .Tal{x{e podrrr rr 3r-raqeHl,rr{'f3V B cocraBe gHepre-
TrlrrecKHX I,t BoAoxosgrlcreelrrlbrx cr.icreM.
1 .1,2. f V1 ApO3JlE KTPO CT AHuVlVl
fOC npeAHa3HatteFla r,Jtn nrrpa6orr<n sJreKTpo3Heprur.r tr nepepac-
npeAeJIeHI'Ifl BO BpeMeHH peqHofo croKa c floMoulbro BoAoxpaHuJtHr]\a
AJIfi YAOBJICTBOPCHHfl NOTPC6NOCTCI1 3KOHOMHKH CTPAHbI.
28
fOC-TpaAHIrLIoHHbIe rHApoaHeproycraHoBKr.r c ycraHosneHHor'r
crBope Harrope ueo6xoAurrao nponycrHTb croK peKH qepe3 frrApoafpe-
rar, cocronqufi vs ryp6rrHu H rrrApofeHeparopa. HcroqHrrr< rrrApo-gHepronoreHuHaJra, Hc[oJrb3yeMoro Ha f3c, - KpynHbre n cpeAHHe
peKH, KpynHble vppHraUI4oHHbIe cucreMbr H cHcreMbr BoAocna6>xeHlrR,
cKJIoHoBbII? cror JIeAHHKoB H Ber{HbIx cHeroB. f3C B ocHoBHoM or",'rrr-qalorcfl Apyf or Apyfa cnoco6ovr co3AaHrrfl Hanopa, creneHbrc pefy-
JIHpoBaHlIfl croKa, TI,InoM ycraHoBJreHHoro ocHoBHoro o6opyroBaHrrfl,
KoMnJleKcl-Iocrbto l.rcnoJlb3oBaHrrfl BoAoTor(a (o4uo- rrJrrr MHoroue.leBoe
uasHaueHue) H T. A.
flo cnoco6y eoe4atufl Halropa l3C pa-R.ruqarror rpri ocHoBHbre cxe-
MbI: tIJIoTItHHaq, AepuBauI.roHHar- Lr rrJrorrrHFro-AeprrBar{rroHHaq. Bo Bcex
cxeMax o6qsarenlHo IIarrlr.rqrre n.rroruHbr. BoAuoe npocrpaHcrBo, o6-
pa3oBalIHoe IIJIoTHHofi Ir HMeroiltee 6o.nee BbrcoKHe orMerKr.r ceoeir no-
BepxHocTLI no oTHo[IeHn]o I( ecTecTBeHHoluy cocToflHlrro perirr, r{a3bt-
Baercq BepxHHM 6leQou (BB); BoAHOe npocrpaHcrBo 3a n,'ro-Tuuoft BHH3 iro.TeqeHnro peKH Ha3brBaeTcfl Hr.rx(HrrM 6leQou
(HE) (pnrc. l.l ) . .\
flnorunnaq cxeMa peaJI143yercr rJraBHbrM o6pasou Ha paBHrrHHbrx
peKax c MaJIbIMLI rHApaBJIHqecKHMr.t yKJroHaMH. Hanop, rrirLt pa3Htrr{a
yponuert BepxHero It HI.t)KHero 6reQoB, co3Aaercfl 3a cLrer coopyxieHrrfi
TIJIOTHFIbI. llpu sToM orMerKr.I BoAoxpaHr.r,,'rr.ru{a BcerAa Bbrue ecrecr-
BeHHOTO cOcTOflHHf peKH.
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2n.6,- YMO, HnY u QflV:
yMO - ypoBeHb MeprBoro o6reua Lr,qrr [,rirHrrM?.r.rbHo tronvcrrrvrtli
ypoBeHb_BepxHero 6ne$a ro ycJloB?rflM uopMaJrbr{oro cpyurtqrroHupo-
BaHrrrr fOC;
Hny - HopManlsutl nognopnlrfi ypoBeHb rr,'rur ypoBeHb BepxHero
6reSa, npH KoropoM f3C pa6oraer c- co6npAeHrieM 3aAar{Hbrx Hop-
M AJIbHbIX TCXHI,IqCCI(HX VCJION III? :
Ony - QopcraponaHnufi no4nopHufi ypoBeHb Hrrr4 MaKCHN{arrbHo
4onycrunalrt? ypoBeHb BepxHero 6reQa B gKcrpeMaJrbHbrx ycJroBrrrx.
llp".HarHr{r{H 6Hrosoro npHroKa BoAbr B BoAoxpaHrrJrrrule (Qo Ha
puc. 1.1) B BepxHeM 6re0e co3Aaercfl KpvBan noArropa, xapaKrepn-
Syloulafl AonoJIHHTeJIbHoe [oAHflTHe ypoBHr BoAbr B (<xBocroBorl>> qac-
TH BOAOXp a Frr.rJrr.rilIa.
flo Mecry pacrIoJIo)KeHZfl 3r,aHne. fOC rJrorHHHbre cxeMbr pa3Ae-
Jtrfior Ha pycJroBbre H npHnJrorHHHbre. B pycrosor? r3C, npuMe-
Haeluorl npu Hanopax ao 30-40 lt, s4auun c ycraHoBJreHHbrM B HeM
ocHoBFrbrM o6opy4oBaHHeM rrpHHHMaeT yqacrHe B co3AaHtrH Har-ropa;
B npHn[rorruHofi-oHo pac[oJrafaercff 3a nnornriofi H yr{acrHfl
B co3AaHHI,I Hanopa He npHHHMaer. B 6olluraucrBe cflyqaeB s1atr4fl,
29

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Pgcno0anCXEMq
I
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Puc. l.l. fl.rroraHHaq cxeMa KoHr{eHrparluu Hanopa:
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IIpHnJIoTHHHbIx f3C pac[oJloxeHbr Ha noBepxHocru BeMJrH, 3Haqr{-
reJrbHo pelKe - rroA 3eMJrer?. Bola K afperaTaM noABoAHTCfl nO OTHO-
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HHfl or BepxHefo 6leQa Ao rHAporyp6HHHoli ycraHoBKH. fIoAnoA so-
,[lt K _a_rpelqryM 3AeCb OcyqecrBJrflercff no HHAHBHAyaJTbHbTM BoAoBo-
AaM. Ha f3C,_5q5 npaBLIrIo, ycraHaBJluBarorcfl copoyAeplKuBarorrrue
coopylKeHl4fl (CyC) AJII BaIIIHTbI arperaroB or r{pyrHbrx rJraBarorrlgx
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B HHX(HHI? 6neo qepe3 BoAocJrHB , Mr4?yfl. fHApoarpefarbr.
30
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Bo,qu or roJloBHoro y3JIa qepeg Aepr.rBar{urc, pacnpeAeJrHTedlrbuoe
3r

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Hanopnan 1epu1a4ua
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

croKa. Hanop f3c 60aee 200 u, Ha3Har{eHHe - sHepref,qecKoe. rlpn_yepbl apyrrax fOC noao6Horo plaa - HurypcKan, /Iia*u,rypcKafi,DefiopeqeHcKafl, CeuruneeBcxafl, ^CnHcryxr"anr".
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Pexnu Hc onpeAeflqercfi rpe6onaH HnNrr4 norpe6zre.ryerr BoAbr _ceJrbcKofo xosrr?crna, ''poMbrruJreHHOCTH, KOMMyHaJrbHo_6uronuunHylr{AaMH A Ap. Bo,qoxpaun.rruua B Hr4}KHeM H, BepxHeM 6reoax Ha_cocnofi craHIlKH no3BoJlflIor LIC[oJTb3oBarb r4x Kax norpe6nrener?-pery-JIrTopoB Harpy3KH B cHcTeMax.
b 3ABHCHMOCTI,I OT HAIOPOB HA HACOCI{bIX CTAHUH'X MO|YT YCTA-HagilHgarbcrr oceBbre, rnaroiaJrbHbre palnannHo_oceBbre (ueHrpo6ex*uue) Hacocbr. llpu ua.nrr" 
"uno pax w 6onlurnx pacxoAax ycrauaBJrn_Barorcn ropu3oH-rarrbHbre arperaiu (cu. pzc i.sll a;;;;'rrr;;;^;ffi_IrHfi BecbMa npocra H nparrn uecKn cocronT ToJrbKo ug sAaHHfr.aaH_
34
HuarotanopttaE
D
Quc
6)
Pnc. 1.5. TexHonoruqecKne cxeMbr pa6oru HacocHbrx craHnHfi:
(l-cxeMa ocHoBHbrx coopyxesnfiZ 6- nnaH rHApoy3Jra; s_o6o6u{eHHas cxeMa fOC; l_noABoAfluraf, AepHBal{Hq; 2-g,u,aHue HC; g-orsda;utar AepHBaqflR; 4-r1Apoarperar; s-copoyAep}KlIBatouIHe coopyxeHHq
uofi craHuHH. flpto cpeAHHX H 6onruHx Ha[opax crpoflrcfl HacocHbre
BoAoBoAa_MH (crrr. prrc. l.S) .r6opa e HE H BoAonorpe6Hre.nefi ero nocroflHHbrMr.r (xaHan _ xaHan),
ue BoAoxpaHr.rrrgilIa B HE w BE).
L"A*=" rrpeMx ts ULUH ylKe [ocTpoeH Hrrr4 cTpoHTCg pflAHC, pa6oTarouux Ha 6onrrrrnx KaHaJrax, TaKr4x KaK r4o.pafaHAa, ,,[l,uenp - AoH6 acc ,H Ap. Moh"o.";- HC'^ ro.i,AOCTI'Ifaer HecKoJIbKO cOTeH MeraBam. Oco6enno MHoro HC e lo*"otqacrr.r CCCP. fl.naHzpyercfl BBeAeHHe KpynHbrx HC-"r-,!u..u* re-pe6pocxH croKa no reppuropr{H Haureft cipanu.
I J.4. rnApoAKKyMynzpyror4hE 3JIEKTPOCTAHLIhh
- l'-"apoaKKyMyJrHpyrorqfie eJreKrpocraHqnH (fAAC) rp€r,crae,,rflror
9169fi y-craHoBKH lto rexnoJlorHqecKoMy r{HKJry, coBMerrlarculge n ce6eroc H Hc. 3aAaqa rAoc 3aKJrroqaerc' B aKKyMynr.rpoBaHprrr rr,ApaB-
lf::Ion eHeprur H no*cJreAyroqeu pacxoAoB aHHLr ee B HylKHoe ArrfisHeprocHcTeMbr BpeMff. B csssH c gTriM pa3fiuqaror pex(HM 3aDff-
BttcoxotanopHue
2* 35.

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B6
DD
n3APqrAgc
23
6)
86
o)
Pr.rc. I 6, TexHo,roFHqecxas cxeMa |AOC:
a _-- nJrar rn.[,poy3Jra; 6,_ pazpez no ocHoBHbrM BoAonp(uIeHHan cxeva i.tei t ,J t"p"va"prii"Barcu{rje "oopv*"",?l:o;Yyor;":otffJi,""j _";:ffi3:BoAtuIHe coopy)KeHHr (soaoeoasr); I _ rrrapoarperar
D\a 14 pa3p nra fAac, KorAa oHa pa6oraer KaK HC 14 fac io-OTBCTCTBEHHO.
|AOC, TaK x{e KaK f3C w HC, paslrlr.arorcs rro AJrHreJrbHocr}T
51Tl-' paPsa-pa3pflA, rl{ry Hcno,rb3yeMoro ocHoBHoro o6opy AoBaHHfl,KOHCTpyKTI'IBHOMy I'ICnOJIHeHI4Io H UeJIeBoMy Ha3HaqeHHlO, a TaKlKe noTJ I IAY 
JI{AP O A X KYMYJI H P OB AHT4 fl .
UO'3ATCJIbHbIE S.IICMCHTbI |ASC: BCPXHCC I] HH}KHCC BOAOXPAHI,I-rlrua unn 6accefisn (86 H HE no u"uro."" . rgciliu"". fAacc ycTaHoB./'reHHbrM B IreM ocHoBHr)rlrl o6opyAoBaHHeM; BO/tOiloABOAflUlr.rew BoAooTBOAflUII'le coopy)'l{eHI'rrr, KoTopbre MeHffroT cBoe Ha3HarreHr4e B3aB'cr4Mocrr4 0r Bura pa603y^ fASc (sapra-p aspnr,) (prac. i 
-ul 
.B HeKoropblx cryl{atx Ha fAOc 
"or*onr"u ycraHoBKa ypaBHprreJrb-Hbrx pe3epByapoB (pHc. l.T, a).
b 3aBvcHMocrH or o6rema BoAoxpaHr4Jrr{xla pa3fiHqaror fAScKPATKOCPOTIHO|O H ANHTCJIbHO|O AKKYIWYJI UPOBAHI4fr.
flo Hanopy fAoc MolKHo pa3AeJr'rb Ha rpr rpyrnbr: HH3KoHanop-Hbre-.qo 60-80 M, cpeA'-eHanopHbre-or so i00 t; id0100"il,BbrcoKouaropHbie - cssiilre 300-400 na.
fAOc uoryr 6'rs HecoBMeu{eHHoro (ur.rcroro) wcoBM eueH HOr O (c vr e ur a H H o r o) rr{ApoaKr{yMyrr[poBaHnfr.B nepeovr cryqae ecrecrBeHHafl npHTorrHocrb n oepxuHfi 6accer?u or-cyrcrByer noJlHocrblo, B uuxHafi - qacrur{Ho. Huixnur? 6accefiH liclno-nb3yercr rorrbKo Arrfl HyyA |AOC. I-Ipzuep raroft |AOC Bc9cl- 3aropcrar Ha p. Kynrs s6nasv ^r. su.op.nu Mocr<oncxofio6'n' flpraroK p. Kynln sAect HcnoJrb3yercff ToJrbKo A,Tfl Boc[oJrgenr,rflnorepb.BoAbr rr3 HHlKHero B nepxunr? 6accer?H.
ts coBMerrleHsor? cxeMe rHApoaKKyMyJrr{poBaHufl cyrqecrByer ecre-
:::.ItirAl npr4roK B nepxHr.rrl 6accefiH (p"i. t.z) .. oriu-iitoxpaHHrrr4-u{a I AJU I{JIH oAHo lt3 Hux flBJtflercfl cocraBHol)r .racrtro fOC. flpn-
Yep raxofi |ASC B CCCP - Kaeecxas Ha p. !,uenp, ""*r"* 6re-Qovr xoroporl rBflqercfl BoAoxpaHuJrr4rrle KHedcroir fOC. B pnAe cJry_
36
Tgpfuua
.l
pexa F
PHc. 1.7. Cxerurur fA3C cMeuraHrrofo rHna:
c - nloruHHaf, cxeMa; 6 - na nepe6pocre crora;nopa; / -3Aanrre |AOC; 2 - uanofnrr-e eoAosoAtr; ^a-AepaBaquonnat; e-yBergqeHHoro Ha.3 - ypaonurenbHbrft pe3epByap
qaeB B oAHoM rr{Apoy3Jre Moryr 6uTb coBMerqeHbr f3c u fA3c. qrono3BoJrfler KJraccuQurlnponarb Hx xax fOC_|AOC.f"apagnr.qecKoe arinyrraynHpoBaHHe sHeprrrH Bo3Mo)KHo rr nvreMHC[OJrb3oBaHnf cxeMbr c nepe6pocroir croKa Hecxonr-KHx plK (puc.. 1.7, 6) _npltyep_oM raxofi cxeMbr Mox(er crrylKnrbnpoeKr Tepe6nn-Puxcxofr fAoc,'6asupyroqeiicn 
", .ytq.crsyrcqeficxeMe r4crro"rrb3oBaHHfl nepenaAa yponHer? peK Tepe6"rlH H pitxn BI(apnarax.
llpr.rHqnnHailb*o Bo3Mox(Ha ycraHoBKa arperaroB |AOC Ha cy-rrrecrByrouux KacKaAax fSc. JgryKHyrofo rHna (perc. 1.7, a) . n innoBbrueHr.rs HanopoB TaKHx |AOC B pex{HMe paapn/.a Bo3Mo}KHo Hc-noJrb3oBaHae AonoJrHHTeJIbHOro BoAoxpaH HJrHil\a, coopyxaeMofo Bgafiorry cyilIecrByrcrqefi foc Ha oAHoM pr3 BhrcoKrrx 6eperou per(H.floao6nafl cxeMa noflyr{Hfla Ha3BaHHe f o c - ItA o c 
- 
v r^u Jr H q e H-Hol_o Hanopa (puc. l.T,e).
Huxnufi 6accertH rr 3AaHHe fAoc Moryr 6rr* H noA3eMHor-oTHna. B arou cJryqae nuxnui,t^6accefiH pacnoJraraercs, KaK 11pa BH{ro,ua 6onrurolt r"rry6HHe (6olee 500 nr).
|AOC qucroro aKI{yMyJIHpoBaHprfl, KaK rrpaBHJro, HMeror Hanopbr
Hacoc
37

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Pnc. 1.8. Cxeuu ocHoBHoro o6opylonaHHq IAOC:
d - qerbrpexMaurHHHafi; 
4- rpexr'raurHunarr; 6 -,[ByxMaruHHHaq (O6parnusrfi arperar) I ./ - re-
teqlrop; 2-ryp6uwa; 3-An_r.lnare.nr; 4-nacoci f-4nnrarenb-reneparop; 6-'coeguna-Te.nbHaf, myQra; Z - Hacoc-ryp6uHa (odparnuan ru4pouauruna)
6o.nee 200-300 M, tITo o6tqcnqeTcfi Heo6xoAnMocrblo yMeHbrxeHnfl
nJIoxIaAH 3aro[JleHufr ypu coopy>KeHr{H BepxHero H HH}KHero 6accefi-HoB. CosNrer{eHHbre |OC-|AOC- no Anara;oHy H3MeHeHHfl Harropa
oqeHb pa3Hoo6pa3Hbl. FIa |AOC ucnoJrb3ylorcfl cJreAyFouIHe ryp6r.rHbr:
,q,naroHaJIbHble, noBopoTHo-JIOnacrHbre, paAHa/tbHo-oceBbre H Hacocbl:
oceB-bre, AHanoHaJrbHbreJ _p_aAr,raJrbHo-oceBbre (uenrpo6exHue) .
..BoaoxpaH_HJIHIqa |AAC Moryr AonoJrHuTerrbHo cJrylKHTb AJrff rle-
nefi BoAocHa6)KeHHfl, peKpeaUHH H pa3BeAeHHfl Du6.
flo cocraey ocnoBHoro o6opyAoBaHr.rfl |AOC AeJrflrcrr Ha rp14 Ka-
TeropHH: qerbrpex-, Tpex- H AByXMaUrr.rHHbre cxeMbr (pHc. 1.8). r{e-
TbrpexMa:0[wHHafl cxeMa (prac. 1.8, a) npeAcraBrqer co6orl
coqeraHHe B oAHOM CTBOpe f3c r.r HC c coorBercrByrorrlHMH arpefa-
TaMH: typ6wua-reHeparop, ABHrareJrb-Hacoc. On npurtaeHnercfl, KaK
npaBuJro, 41fl 6onrurux HanopoB Lr Ma.rrbrx pacxoAoB (6o.rree 1000 M
I{ Ao l0 rr,r3/c B oAHoM afperare) . f,ocroaucreoNr eroli cxeMbr flBJrfler-
cff Bo3MoX(Hocrb oIITuMaJlbHoro HcnoJrb3oBaHuff HacocHoro n ryp6nn-
Horo o6opyaoBaHHfl |AOC. HeAocraroK - 6onnruue 3arparbr no r-HA,
poy3Jly B. rIeJroM. .flo rrerbrpexMauuuHofi cxeMe nocrpoeHa fA3C
Sqrann_ (Ancrpzn) c AByMfl arperaraMr.r rpr Hanope l6b5 M, Morrl-
I{ocrb 544 MBr; LAOC TzpQea (tllee/rqaptn) npu Harope 292 M,
MorqHocrlro 900 MBr H Ap.
TpexMatrrr'rHHafl cxeMa r4Meer oAHH o6parnnarrfi ABHra-
TeJrb-reHeparop, ryp6r.rHy H Hacoc (prac. 1.8, 6). 3xoHomaqecKH 3ra
cxeMa 6o.rlee aQQexrnBHa, xorfl H cJIolKHee rexHoJronr4qecKn. Oua rpe-
6yer 3HarlHTeruuor? Bbrcorbr sraHlfl, fAOC npu Beprr.rKaJrbHoM BaJre
anperaTa uiln efo AJIHHbT npH ropH3oHTa,rrbHoM pacrroJrolKeHHr4 BaJra.
Tpex- H qerbtpexMatrl14IJlrbre cxeMbr npeArroJrararor r.rcnoJrb3oBarJHe
38
pasfil.ltlHblx TplnoB rlt{pgYqulrlP., H AO nOCJreAHefo BpeMeHr.r oHrr rxilpo-
KO npr.tMeHflJrrrcb Ha rASC B Ancrprrrr, oPl, luneriuapnlr 1l ApyfrrxcrpaHax Ha Hanopax Ao 1000 na.
B nocJleAHee BpeMx B .MHpe nan6o.nsruee pacnpocrpaHeHr.re noJry-qI,I,,TIa AB.yXMaluHHHag, cxeMa, l.rJIII CXeMa C O6parnMblMit arpe-
raTaM?r (prc. 1,8, a). Taxan cxeMa Han6onee 3KoHoMrrqHa, Ho H
cJIo)KHee rlo rexHoJIorHI4 H3roroBJreHHq H 3KcnJryararlnrr. O6parHnrbrMH
Mofyr 6lttl rloBopoTHo-JIonacrHble, paArra.itbr{o-oceBbre rr ArraroHa,rb-
Hbre rHApoafperarbr. nHanasoH HanopoB o6parllvrux fHApoMa[rHH B
qa-cJo_qqlee _B_peMfl H3MeHflercs or HecKoJrbKHx Ao i000 r,,r (Hanpnn,tep
|AOC JIa Kou no OpaHqr.ur, Hanop 930 n). |ASC c o6parnMbtMtr
arperaraMH HMercTcfl B Ancrpnlr, AHrnlilr, VIcnaHHil, . nHP, CCCP,
CIIIA; oco6enHo MHoro Hx B'fnor'tru. EAunuqHan Moqsocrb o6parn-
Mbrx _arperaroB AoxoArrr Ao 700 MBr (npoexr fAOC Epeivru s Opf ) .
B CCCP B Hacroflxree Bpelaq AeiicrByer Krreecr(as lA3C MoulHocrbro
225 MBr npn HaIIoIg 7l'J . o6parvtvrbry-r{ .r.r HacocHbrMH arperaraMH.
\-TpoflTcff ABe I AJL - JafopcKafl rr KarirurraopcKafi MourHocTbro
1200 H 1600 MBr coorBercrBeHHo c o6parnurruri pa1lanbHo-oceBbr-
MH arperaraMu (uanop 100 M Lr MoulHocrb 200 rrlBr) . Haueqaercfl
cTpoHTeJIbcrBo eule Hecr(oJIbKHx fA3C B eeponefrcr<ofr rracrlr CCCP.
1.1.5. npru'thBHblE 3J]EKTPOCT AHUVlrl
llpnrnnnbre eJreKrpocraHunu (nOC) ucnonr3yror n'or.*ura.,rbHyro
sHepfHlo npHJrHBoB AJrfl nupa6orxn sJreKrposHepfHH. llepnue ycra-_
HOBKH no4o6Horo rnna HcnoJrb3oBaJrn B ocHoBHoM KHHernqecKyro
sHeprfiIo npHJInBa (r. e. npHJrlIBHoe reueuue), KoTopafl BecbMa HeBe-
JlvKa. AeficrnuTeJIbHo, MaKcHMa.nnHufi noreHIIlra.rrrHsrfi noroK Motrt-
HOCTH, npOXOAflUIrdrl qepe3 I u2 x{HBoro cer{eHHfl noroKa s npn MaK-
cHMaJIbHotl ct<opocTn npr{JIHBa u:2,5 u/c rrloxer 6urt paccr{nTaH no
Sopuy.ne //:9,81 QH:9,81 (uS)u2l Qg) rr cocraBrrner 7,35 rBr.
Vqnrrrsas cuHycor.rAanouurrt xapaKrep H3MeHeHHfl cKopocrn npu-
JIHBa BO BpeMeHH, MOIKHO yrBepx{AaTb, qro cpeAHeB3BeueHHoe 3Ha-
rleHue N 6yaer se 6onee 3 xBr Ha I rvr2 xueoro ceqeHun npHJtHBHoro
noToKa, qro BecbMa MaJro AJrfl coBpeueHHorl oHepreruxu. OAHaKo AJIfl
HsOJrr{pOBaHHbrx pefuoHoB c MaJrbrMr{ Harpy3KaMH, rAe coopyx(eHHe
KpynHbIX nOC HeIIeJIecoo6pasHo, noAo6uoe HcnoJrb3oBaHue 3HeprHH
npuar.rBa MolKer 6url o[paBAaHo.
n3C B ocHoBHoM opHeHTHpoBaHbr Ha HCnoJrb3oBaHHe noTeHr.lHad'rb-
Holi aHeprHH TIpHJIHBa (aHeprun AaBJreHHr rr noJro>xeurrn) rr orHocflTcfl
K Hh3KOHanOpHbrM f3v; r{x Hanop He flpeBbrrrraer 20 rvt 3ro onpeAe-
Jlrer run r4cnorrb3yeMoro ryp6nHuoro o6opyAoBaHus; B ocHoBHoM 3To
roptI3oHTaJIbHble KancyJrbHbre noBoporHo-JronacrHbre arperarbr. Pe-
x{I4M nAC Bo MHoroM 3aBHcHT or npr.rJrnBHo-orJruBHbrx seneHHr? Ha
3eu.ne u cxeMbl craHIIHI,I. Pagnuqaror oAHo- r.r MHoro6acceliHoBbre n3C,
oAHOCrOpiIqefo_4 4Bycr-opoHHero AeficrnHs c pa3HbrM pa3Meu{eHHeM
sr,aHzn nOC (f 3C w FIC) . Kouqeurpaulrq Haropa nh n3C ocy-
urecrBJlfercff 3a crler cTpoHTeJrbcTBa rnyxoii nJroTr.rHbr rr coBMeu{eH-
Horo 3AaHHfl fOC. 3rtr coopyll(eHLIfl pa3AeJrrror BoAHylo ar{Baropr{lo
Qx
Q7
39

--- PAGE BREAK ---

6acceiu
6acceiln
Puc. 1.10. BosruoxnHe cxeMbr
Ti3C:
--.. - ryp6HHHurfi p€>r<HM; -+
gacocunil pelKHM; --+ -xoro.
ctore c6pocu
Puc. l.l l. Cxeua pa6orr,r oA-
uo6acceiiuonoli n3C c o6parr-r-
MbIIVIH ATDCTATAMH
rlpn ycranoBKe B rori x(e cxeMe noc o6parrrMbrx arperaroBeHeprnfl 9yaet BbrAaBarbcn npH npnrruBe rr or/rnBe (p". l.lb, o) 
"TerIeHHe 6onrlrefi qacr[ cyroK. 3iecr cyuecrByer BbrcoKafl Beporr_Hocrb coBnaAeHHfl pexHrr'ra flSC c nuxolt na.pyir<,t. i,ia cxeMa o6ec-IIerlHBaeT AcnoJIb3oBaHHe AO 34 0lo gHeprHH np|.r|HBa.
B AByx6accefiHoeofi cxeMe arperarbr Morvr 6nrn pa3:MerueHbr KaK Ha ocHoenorl nJroTHHe, orAeJrffrcurefi 6accerlnu or Mopfi,TaK r.r Ha Bc[oMorareJrbHoft, paele.nsrcrrter? Becb 6accefiH nbd 
";;;;2?-2T!-?gpxHroro Lt Hr.rx(Hloro (pac. 1.10, e- e). trns iircorr.*.,,nHoyAel HMerb Mecro orHocHTeJrb-Ho HenpepbreuHfi pexrnr Bbrpa60rxrr3HeprnH noc npH 3HarrarenlHofi .tor*b.'rn caruror? craHuHH. B sas4-cHMocrH or Mecra ycraHoBKa o6opyaoBaHHflnOC fl [pHHrILrna AeneHHFl6accefiHa craHI{HH Ha qacr' crefleHb r.rcnoJrb3oBaHrrff aHeprrrrr nprrJlr{BaB 4ryx6accefiHosofi cxeMe xone6nercs or iC rl, , ;;'.;. A.*.p"
J,p".. 1.10, e) ry^27.! olo B cxeMe n.p"rtei"u (piic.-r.r'0,^rr. B cxeueI('noaa (pHc. 1.10, d) ttp.anonaraercfl HaJrrrqHe olHorl Hacocuofi craH-
uHIIHAByxreHepI]pv}oIlIA.xveT2I{oRn!{P!-I!I1\Tr:'-J4vT.a.
qr4Baer oieaqy rioc";p" ;";;;;;;;; yojoffiil",."J'; ;;;"t;#:CTBA
vsen,qeHpre creneH' HcnoJlb3oBaHHfl, gHeprHH np,JruBa B oHepro.cHcreMe BOSMO)I{Ho nyreM pearr:|^sarr|^? Ha ngc racocHoro pe}KHMaAJrfl ycKopeHn.fl 3anonHeHHg t4rr\ oflopoxHeHrrfi 6accefiHa HJrH [Qt1Q.ry;FIIITE.IIbHO|O NOAHflTIIfl CrO YPOBHfl NO OTHOIICHH}O I{ YPOBHIO MOP,(puc. 1.10, B, e, e). 
J ' .\
flo A"nrareJlbHocrt'I uI4KJIa pery,'rzpoBaHufl nOC orHocffTcfl K 3JreKT-pHl{ecKllM y-craHoBKaM KpaTKOCpOqHOfo pefy/rHpoBaHHs. Oco6eHHocrbpelKuMa |ISC - H3MeHeHHe noreH(r4 anlHor? sHeprHH npHJrHBa B cororBercrBLlH c JIyHHblM, a He coJIHeqHbIM I{aJreHAapeM.
D,nn ''oscHeH].rs npHHrIu na HcnoJrb3o BaHHfl npHnnnHofi 3HeprHHHa pHc' l'.ll aasa cxeMa pa6oru nOC c oAHr{M 6iccefiHorr,r u o6parw-MbIMH A|PCTATAMH ATI'1 HEKOTOPO|O NOBTOPflIOIIIC|OCfl IIHKNA B NCPH,or tT-ts (puc. 1.10, a).
llycrb B MOMeHT BpeMeHu t,6 ypoBeHb BOAbr e 6accer?HE 26 60.urueypoBHfl BoAsl e Mope zM,Ha BeJrr4rrr.rHy Hr, Aocraror{Hyro A.rrn pa6orrtarperaroe IlSc s rpnMoM ryp 6Lryror pexHrrre (p'cl l.iii:,[,o MoMeHra npeuenH lr arperarn nbc 
-dvovt 
orAaBarb aHeprnlo BcHCreMy. B uoueur 11 pasHrzqa yponHefi zi n zM craHer npeAeJrtuofilo ycJroBrrflM HCIIoJrb3oBaHHff afperaroB B npflMoM ryp6nunou pe-
X{HMC.
B HHrepBaJr e t1-t2 npoHcxoAHr XOJrOcrOfi c6poc BoAbr Hg 6accefi-Ha B MOpe H AonoJrHHTeJrbHar nepeKaqKa BoAbr B MOpe AJrfl ycKopeHrrflonopolKHeHufl 6accel',rna (o 6 p a ru ur li H a co cnsr r? p . #, 
"i.fleprao4 tz-ts coorBercrByeT pelKHMy, KorAa zo:vMo:.;;;t,a zM nonHHMaercfl B cooTBercrBHr'r c Mapeofpauuofi.
B rep-HoA ts-ts Harop Ha nAC a6.ruiouen Arrrr pa6oru arpera-TOB O6PATHOM TYP6UIIHOM PC)KHMC, KO|AA BOAA HgMopfi nocrynaer s 6accefiH.
B r'rHTepBaJre..BpeMeHH t+-ts. npoHcxoAHT XOnOcrOr? c6poc BorblHs Mopfl B 6accefiu Ans 6ucrperiur6no noAbeMa ero ypoBHs, a raK)Ke
Pac. 1.9. Cxeua KoHrreHrparIHH Hanopa o.quo6accefiHosoft fl3C:
a - nila'l THJIDOV3Ia; 6 - paspes- no crBopyi !^- o606qeHuan cxeMa FISG; ,l - rayxaR n,no-tuna; 2 -noa6cauenar naoirH'ai J - saaHr.r-e'I-IOC
Ha 6accefiHu rlSc H Mope (oxeau) (perc.r.g). Hanop IIOC co3Aaercr3a cqer HcKvccrBeHHoro noAAepTaHHfl pa3Hr4r.tbr ypoeneft B Mope H6accefiHe H bnpe4enaercr cxervrol)r .raH,trn H pelKr,rMoM ee pa6oru.flo rexuoJrorur{ecKoMy uur{Jry nOC npaaarrrJrflFor co6or? cor{era-HI'Ie fAC H HC Huaxorb Harlopa c 3aMKHyrbrM BoAHbrM 6acceriHol,rH MOPEM - AKBATOPUCI'I .C HC3ABI,ICHMbIM OT N3C PE}KHMOM H3MCHC.HHfl ypoBHfl BOAbr. fpa$Hr esrpa60rxu 3Heprr.rH n3c cyqecrBeHHo3aBr4cHT Or CxeMbr rHApoy3Jra.H ycraHoBJreHHoro o60pyaor*"" i"o:HocropoHHero Aeftcreuq unu o6paruuoro).
..Ans oAH o6 acceftnoedfi . *. * or noc oAHocropoHHero
Aericreur (pnc. 1.10, a) BoAa, co6paHH u, i 6accefrse, rDH orJrr,BeMox(er 6nrrr npony[IeHa qepe.B ryp6nHu n3c. Mouluocrs'oyaer sbr-.[aBarbcfl B TeqeHHe ueHlruefi noJroBHHbr npHJTHBHOTO uzxni. KoeQ-
SnqueHr ucnoJrb3oBalufl floTeHuzanHroflr e".pr"H npr.rJrgBa 3Aecb HenpeBbrrrra er 22 ols.
H ope
40 4l

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HacocHafl noAaqa BoAbr B 6accefiH (npquor:r HacocHufi pe_
*{l)_ _flepr.ro4 ts-ta - pe}KHM o}Kr.{AaHHq; Aaflee Becb uHKrr pa6orsrl 19L noBTopreTcf .
Ha paccMorpeHHoM npnMepe qerKo rrpocMarpuBaercfi 4rzcxpernufiBo BpeMeHH pelKrtM IISC - HeAocraroK, xoropsrrl qacrr.rrrHo MolKHoycrpaHHrb, rcnoJrb3yfl rrruoro6acceriuonyro cxeuy n3c.
1.1.6. KACKAAbI rhApoSHEprEThr{Ecr(hx ycTAHoBoK
KacxaAu r3y nP€Acraelslor co6olt Han6o.nee o6lryro rexHo.rro-rHIIeCKyro cxeMy [epepacnpeAeJreHHfl no4Hor? sHepnHH SO BpeMeHH ntrpocTpaHCTBe, ee HC[or'Ib3oBaHHfl 14 npeo6pa3oBaHr4ff HecKoJrbKHMH
f3y oAHono H.rru pa3Horo rHna. EyAervr'HasbrBarb KacKaAoM fOV co-BoKynHocrb ycraHoBoK pa3HOfO THna, pacnoJrolKeHHbrx Ha oAHoM Bo-
AOTOKC. KAHAJIC, BOAOBOAC, UJITT B OAIIOM PCqHOM 6ACCCfiUC , HJTVT B
pa3HbIX 6accefisax u HMerouIHX Mex{Ay co6oft rnApaBJrarrecKyro cBff3bilo Hanopy 14 pacxoAy. I1uor,.a sra cBfl3b AonoJrHflercq opraHH3auu-
nttrrn ^-.^-o,
\.f.tlnlJ-yrrpaE JltrnLrtruKurl 14 3JleKTpltqgcKoH cBq3qMH,
CoopyxeHue KacKaAoB f3y cBfl3aHo c rpe6oeaH nflMH KoMnJreKc-
Horo HctIoJIb3oBaHLIfl H oxpaHbr BoAHbrx pecypcoB, c Heo6xoAuMocrbro
rIoBbIlIIeHHfl eQQexruBHocrH 3Heprerr.rqecKoro ucnoJrb3oBaHHq BoAo-
TOKa, c TexHoJIofHrIecKLIMI4 H npOrII4MH OrpaHHqeHHflMH r4CnOJIbSOBaHHfi
rHApaBJrH.recxofi 3Hepf 14H B 3KOHOMHKe ,rrro6Ofi crpaHbr. KacxaAuf 3y Moryr cocrosri us foc, HC, fAac r4ryn4 foc-fAoc 
'paefrfi
CXCMbI KOHUCHTPAUHI,I HAIOPA, BHAA PCTYJII{POBAHHfl CTOKA H MOUIHO.
cru. flpn e_iorvr oco6oe 3Har{enre npno6perd.gr _il.rA peryJrr{poBa Hy\ _ype4yM pa6oru nepxHefi fOC uilr4 Hnxseft HC B xacxaae f3y.
KacxaAu n.norHuHurx f3c Moryr 6nrrr coMKHyrbre 14 pasoMKHy-
TbIC.
CoMKHyrbre KacKsAtr (puc. l.l2) HpeAcrasJrflror co6ofiqenoqKy o3ep-BoAoxpaHHJIHIrI, ypOBeHb BOAbr B Koropbrx 3HaqHreJrbHo
flpeBbllxaer ypoBeHb BoAbr B peKe B ecrecrBeHnoM cocroqnr4n. B raxux
cflyrlaflx roBopflT o HaJIHqHH noAnopa B HHIKHeM 6reQe fOC AHnoao.
lloAnop HMeer Mecro Aax{e rpr{ HyJreBbrx pacxoAax fOC, qro BecbMa
BaxHo AJIff o6ecneqeHllff MHororleJreBoro [cnonrsoBaHnfl rHApogJreKT-
pocraHuurl. Ha nflornrrr{brx rOC (prc. 1.12, a) noAnop Aocrnr.aer
3-10 rrt.
- B pa3oMKHyToM KacKaAe HMerorcfl yqacrKr4 peKr.r, Ha-
xoAffIIIHeCfl B TeqeHI{e BCefO fOAa WJIH qacrr ero B ecTecTBeHHoM CO-
croflHHH, qro BeAeT K yMeHbueHr.rrc creneHH HcnoJrb3oBa{vs. Hanopa
BoAoroKa Ha pa3Mep norepr AH,ror.
Kax 6trno cKa3aHo Bbr[re, B KacKaAax rrJrorHHHbrx fOC, oco6euno
coMKHyrbrx, HMerorqHX Han6oniluee pacrpocrpaHeHHe B CCCP, Cy-
IrlecrByer rHApaB.rrHqecKafl cBfl3b ruApooJreKrpocraHqufi vrexay co6ofi
fiaK n0 pacxoAy, TaK H no Harropy: t4sMeHeHHe pexaMa oAsolt fOC
cpa3y x(e cKa3blBaercfl Ha pex{HMe Bcero KacKaAa. Bc"rreAcrBr{e aroro
peqb Moxer rLTH ToJrbKo o6 onruMr,r3aur.ru pe)Kr,rMa Bcefo KacKaAa
fAY B qerroM.
'. '[epuBaul4oHHsle f3C TaKX{e Moryr o6pasonbrBarb coMKHyrvtfi unw
42
Paeourngmud rqcxa?
trLz 6)
Pnc. t.12. TexnoaoruqecKne cxeMu racxaaos fOC
pasoMKHyrufi KacKaA (puc. 1.12, 6). B nepBoM cflyqae eotosa6op
HuxHefi fOC coBnaAaer c Hr4x(uurra 6leQoM Bepxnerl i3C; Bo BropoM
cJIYqag ]v1exay HI'IX{HI'IM 6reQona nepxHer? fOC H BoAo3a6opor"r HH}K-
Hefi fOC ecrb yqacroK peKH B ecrecrBeHHoru cocroflHnu.Tnxso.norHqecKafl cxeMa npeo6pa3oBaHHq sHeprHr.r Ha xaxaofr
orAenruott f3y 6yae_r cooTBercrBoBarb KoHKperHbrM cxeMaM, pa3rrr-qarcurr{Mcfl no cnoco_6y KoHueHTpauuu Ha[opa. Texso.[orHqecKafl, cxe-
Ma Bcero KacKaAa 6yAer onpeAeJlflTbcn B fexr.rrr,rHor? qacru r.r BIAgMpacr{eroB-AJIHTeJrbHbte HnH Kp.arKOCpOllJbre, cnoco6orvr KoHr{eHrpa_
UHH Hanopa H Br.rAoM KacKaAa (pnc. l.l3). Tax, AJrfl rrJroTHHHOfi CXe-
Mbl B pactlerax AJIHTeJIbI{bIx pex{rrMoB r.IMeercr cBe3b f3C B coMlirry-
roM KacKaAe rro pacxoAy rr Haropy npu yqere 6or<oeori npHroqHocTrr
LI HHepUHoHHocrH ruApaBJrlrqecKHX rrpoqeccoB (Ha.nHur.re BpeMeHu Ao6e_raHnfl BoJrHbr pacxoAa MeN{Ay crnopaun). B pa3oMKHyroM KacKaAeHMeeTCfl CBfl3b TOJTbKO nO pacxoAy.
B pacqerax KparKocpoqHbrx pexurvron KacKaAa fOC AJtvreilbHoroperyJrHpoBaHr.rs pex{r4MHaff cBs3b no pacxoAy Lr Ha[opy B_paccMarpr4-.
BaeMoM r.rHTepBaae Bperyre_HH npaKTrrqecKH orcyrcrByer. Apyr.ae Bo3-Mox{Hbre BHAbr cBqsn fOC B r(acKaAe 6ylyr paccMorpeHbr HHX{e nptraHaJrH3e pe)Kr{MHbrx 3aAaq.
I-IC c BoAoxpaHHJrHtrIaMr{,
H3 AByx f3C c KoHrppe-
_- Ha pHc. l.l4 nora3aHbr cxeMbr KacKaAoB
|ASC r{Hcroro aKKyMyJrHpoBaHr.r n H KacKaL
ryJrHpoBaHHeM,
TexuonoruqecKaff cBfl3b
cfl B TeMrre BpeMeHr.r H no
B KacKar,ax HC w |AOC ocvuecrBJrrer-
o6rerray nonycxoe. B KacKalax f3C sos-
Conrngmert xacxad
43

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Couxuynud xacxad Paaontrugnui racxa|
t6s6*0 Z6s6=F0
Qo,np+ o Q6.np* o
6)
(ctvr_.__puc. I , l4) . flplruepu noAo6Hbrx r(acr(aAos - I{a fiHcrraq rr Caq-
Ig-ryyueHcKafi rac Ha_p. EHacert, MrrarnrrHcKaff r.r uiip*et:t.*anf3C Ha p. Cynax ra Ap. Bi:pxHrn fOC B rar{or\r Kacr(aAe HMeer 6o,rl-
ilyrc MoITIHOCTb H Ha[Op H BeAeT AJrr.rTeJrbHoe pefy"rrHpoBaHrre peqHofo
croKa H HeonpaHHr{eHHOe KparKocpoqHoe pefyJrHpoBaHHe, peuafl TeMcaMbIM npo6"rrerr'ry fioflyqeHus pery/rupyrorr{Hx vrouuocrefi B cgcreMe.HHxHsq KoHrppery,,rupyForras' foc iireet Ma.,,rbre Morr{Hocrb rr Ha-nop 14 BoAoxpaHHJIllIIle, o6ecner{HBa}oilIee roJIbKo cyroliHoe-HeAe,'rbHoenepepe_fy_JrHpoBaHHe rpaiiHe HepaBHoMepHoro pelKHMa nonycKoB Bepx-1lefi fOC B paBHoMepHbIe, orpeAe/rseMbre rpe6onaulrffMr{ aKoHoMrrKr.rperHoHa I_ olpaHbr oKpyx{arcuez cpeAbr.
Srrr fDC,- xax npaBvrro, 6nusio pacro.rox{eHbr Apyr K Apyry rrrMeror recHyro rexHo,'roruqecKyro cBfl3b. BcreAcreHe 3Toro pacqer rronTHMH3 aryHfl .nro6oro pelKHMa raKHX f3C Mox(er ocyuecrB"rrflTbcfl.Jrr.irxj npH Hx coBMecTHOM paccMoTpeHHrr.
flp-_MaJroM BpeMeHrr ao6eraHlrq eo.nHbr pacxoAcB Mex{ry crBopaMHsrtlx I'3C L-4- orcyrcrBzH 6cxoeoft npiiro'-iHocrri ts BoAoxpaHri,,-iriiii€
ruxHer? f3C (grr.-pnc. l.lB) nolo6uirh wacxal- MolKHo rpeACraBnrtB BIIAC olsor? f3y c nocJIeAoBareJlbHo-napa/rJreflbFrbrM BKJrrcqerrrreMarperaroB npfi cnequQnqecl(Hx npaBrrJlax ynpaBr'reHrrfl rrMrr (grr.pr{c. 1.14) .
1.1.7. SHEpTOTEXHOnOThqECKhE KOMnflEKCbI
SHeprorexHoflornqecKue KoMnJreKcbr (OTK) ilp€Acras;trror co6ofiCJIOIKHOe [poMbIlxJIeHHOe_[PeAnpuflTHe KOMrrJreKCHOno Ha3HaqeHrrr, BcocraB Koroporo BXoAHT f3y H Xpyfoe npoMbnxJreHHoe npeA[pr4frHe,TeppHTopHaJrbHo H TexHoJrornr{ecKn cBfl3aHHbre Me>KAy co6oft. B cJry-qae rovr6uuaqHn f3y c ApyrHMr4 BrrAaMLr 3Jrexrpocrauqrrii 3TK Hil-ckr Ha3BaHHe eHeprerr.rqecKof o KoMnJreKca (3K). B o6-rIIeM cryqae 3Heprl4ff f3y Mo)Ker 6rtrr HC[oJrb3oBaHa y B pertroHe
rHApocraHuHr.r AJrfl noJryqeHHfl xaxor-o-nr.r6o cy6npo4yKTa, HanpHMep
>Kr.rAKOfO BOAOpOAa, aMMnaKa H T. A.
CosAaHHe gHeprerHr{ecKoro KoMnJreKca n03Borrfler a$cpexrlrnnopa3petllllrb pflA 3aAatI, IITO Aaer eMy npetrMyuecrBa no cpaBtretiltro
c Bapr.raHToM CTpOHTeJrbcTBa r.r3oJlHpoBaHHbrx 3/reKTpocrag\wk. 3ro _
KOMNJICKCHOC HCTIOJIb3OBAHI,IC BOAHbIX PCCYPCOB PA3HbIMII BIIAAM[,IgJIeI{Tpoctanqltit, Jlyquee IIcnoJIb3oBaHr.re tfx rexHoJrort{qecrirrx oco-6euHocrer?, yryrrueHHe pexHMHbrx norasa'rereft aJreKTpoc tant\wft,
coKparrleHr.re nJroII{aAH OTqyX{AeHt.rfl r.Jrfl crpor.rreJrbcrBa r{ 3arpar Halrefo r.r T. A.
U,enecoo6pasHocrl coopyxel{Hfl O.K onpeAerrflercfl H pocroM no-rpe6"'ieHufl BoAbr Ha KpyrrHux T3C ra AOC. 
' 
Ans aroro rpe6yerc n Ha-flI'lt{He 3FiaqHTedrlbHblx o6leMoe.BoAbI, Koropble M9TJII.I 6stru trcflorb-
3oBaHbl Ha fOV ans noJIyqeHIIfl AonoJrHHreJrbnofi eHepruvr. O6rflcHfr-'ercfl 3To reM, qro coBpeMeHHbre [pyAbr-oxJraAr4TeJrH T3c n A3c
rIpeAcraBJIflIoT BoAoxpaxr4JrHrrIa 3r{aqrrre,r'rbr{oro o6teua. HanprrMep,
TOC rr AaC B 4-6 fBr norpe6nnm 6eseosnparHo 60-6g MrrH. re
npecuofi BoAbI B roA npu LIcloJIb3oBaHHw npyAoB-oxJr a1ur.enefi r{ oKo-
Pnc. 1.13. O6o6rIeHHar cxeMa npeo6pasoBaHHfl,
4 - AnfiTerbnoro perynnpoBaHvf,i 6 - KparKocpor.lgoro
Kacxad HC Kacrad fAaC
eHeprHH B KacKaAe f3C:
peryrnpoBaHHf,
Kacxad c KoHmD-
peagrrupo0atueu
Hcl a)
wffiwo\HcI I lHcZ l-+
4
Puc, 1.14. Cxeuu KacKaIoB HC, |AOC ra f3C c r(oHrpperyrrupoBar{HeM:
a - TexgoJrorrrrecKne cxeMbr KacKaAa; 6 - o606u1enHbre cxeMbt KaCKa,4a
MolKHo HaJII{que I{ 6o,nee cJIo}KHbIx cesseri: BpeMeHl.i Ao6eraHHfl.,6o-
xosot:I npHTor{HocrH, cBfl3u no pacxoAy.
B cccP KacKaAbr foc Ha Bo.ryr-e, I(aue, f,nenpe, AHrape, EHn-cee v Apyrl'IX peKax o6ecne.tt{Bator cna6xeHue soAnorl npoMbrixJreH-
HocTH, ceJlbcKoro xossficrBa, AaIoT AeueByrc gJreKTposHeprnro, rrpHHH-
Maror Ha ce6q 3HaqfiTeJrlHyro rracrb TpaHc[opTHblx l]epeBo3oK H T. A.,HHbIMH cJIoBaMI4, oHH o6ecnequBaloT 4er?crnureJlbHo KoMrr,rleKcHoe I{c-
rioJrb3oBaHr{e BoAHbrX pecypcoB. _flpuvreponr KacKaAoB AepHBaUHOH_nux l3C rBrrflrorcfl PaoHcNwfr s fpysuu l.r CeeaHo-pasAaHcxHr? e Ap-
MCHI,II,I.
flpuvrepauu KacKaAoB HacocHbrx crauuaft Moryr cJry)Kr.rrb KaHaJr
Mocrsa - Bonra, Bo.nro-fiorlcNofi Kalarr y Ap.
B [ocJreAHee BpeMfl Bce 6o.nee uprpoKoe pacrpocrpaHeHr4e Haxo-
AffT oco6tte BHAtr KacKaAoB rl3 AByx fOC c KonrpperyJrripoBaHneM
4'L
rASC 2
45

--- PAGE BREAK ---

{oto"
tpc- rAsC
d)
PHc. 1.15. TexHororuqecKue cxeMbr 3HeprernqecKnx KoMnJrer(coB
no 2,5 MJrH. n,t3 s roA npr.r HcttoJrb3oBatnv rpaAnpeH. Ann cpaBHeHHfi
yKax{_eM, qro noneguufi o6reu BepxHero BoAoxp at:ailr4u\a 3aropcxor:i
rAOc MourHocrbro 1200 MBr cocraBJrrer oxonb 20 MrrH. vr3.
L{enecoo6paeHocrl rexHoJrorzqecKoro Hc[oJrb3oBalr4n BoAbr Ha
TOC n A3C H3 BoAoxpaHI4JIHIII f3y o6tqcusercs H flyqrruMn ycJro.-
BHflMr.r oxJrax(AeHuq, qro noBbIIrIaeT Kn,U, TenJloycraHoBoK.
SuepreraqecKne KoMnJreKcbr noJryqHJIH pacnpocrpaHeHHe sa py6e-
x(oly (CIIIA, Ancrpur, IOAP H Apyrze crpauu). B CCCP Ha p.'IOxr-
qryrl_ Byr crpor.rrcfl loxHo-vxpauucxwfr -oK, sxrrcqarcIrIufi B ce6sAac, Taunuxg{y_ro fAoc, KoHcranraHoBcKyro foc-rAoc w Aner-
caHApoBcKyrc fOC c KoHrpperyJlnpoBaHr4eM. TexHonorurrecKaff cxeMagToro KoMnJreKca norasaHa Ha pr.rc. l.lE, a. B erori cxeMe Koucran-rHHoBcKafl |OC-|AAC cHa6xaer eoAorl ceJrbcKoe xosqfrcrno (sa6op
BOAbr H3 BepxHefo 6reSa), Aaer rapaHTHposaHHHr:r o6tem ro[]cKoB:
B HHx(HHft 6le$, pa6oraer B nuKoBoM pe)KHMe ra o6ecneqHBaer AonoJr-HHTeJrbHylo- noAKaqKy BoAbr u3 Hr.r)KHefo BoAoxp aHzrru:rq.a. Hacocnlre
cTaHIIHH I(oHcraHTLIt{oBcKoro BoAoxpaHuJrr.tilIa t4 o6parrruue arpera-
Tbr Taurnsrxcxor? |AOC o6ecnequBalor pex{r4M ee 3apflAa. [o6anou-uufi o6leu BoAbI |AOC Mox(er 6srrr no,rryuen 3a cqer He6onrnofi
npHToriHocTH.
Orpa6oraHHafl BoAa AOC c6pacunaercq B BepxHee BoAoxp aHHItL1-
46
rue IAOC, a aa6uplqrcs_6noqHbrMn HacocaMrr rr3 BoAoxpaHuJnrula
KoucrauruHoBcKofi- f3c-rAoc, qro .upu"irrpy.r ee BbrcoKne rexHo-JJOfH',qecKHe noKa3areJrH (Hr-rsxar TeMneparyp a H qHcrora BoAbr).Ha puc. l.l5 nor<a3aHbt H Apyrr{e Bo3MoxiHbre cxeMbr sHeprerrrqec-KHX KoMnrreKcoB. lllngfy.r, H? pHc. l.l5, 6 noKaeaHa cxeMa, BK/rro-qarcurar s ce6s TOC (AOC) u fA3C. flpya_ox/raAHrerrr T3C'(agClpacnoJrox{eH Ha BbrcoKoM 6epery per(H. Bola r{s Hero c6pacunaercfluepes |AOC B HHlKHee BoAoxpaHHJrHue H B HacocHoM peiKHMe fAOC.
b H Aa/ree Ha TOC (AOC). C6poc
oc_yq(ecrBJrflercff B npyA-oxn aAH_
t4 HC H cxeMbr fA3C oHa Mo)Ker
KpyrflocyTorrHo, yAoB/reTBopffR Tex_
, HI|W qacTb cyTor{.
r a KX{e B Kr ro q a rcruero, .. o'# oret' 
ffie cT?p f;5H i?T " f;;'#,ff#;flqe.ryHMe BoAa H3 npyAa-oxJraAurenn c6pacbrBaercff B HH>xHrrii^6accerln[AOC. 3ta cxeua flpeAnoJlaraer HarHr{He 3HaqnTe.rrHofi nDHroqnocr'E npyA-oxJraAHTeJrb.
-.I? pLc: 1.15, z noKa3aHa cxeMa 3HeprerHqecKoro KoMn,rreKca cf,A3C H fOC (Krzencxaq fOC H..I{OC).gqr}o*Hbr H Apyrne cxeMbr,qanpuryIgp l43C v nOC, ABe f OC a' fAOu Mex{Ay Hr.rMH H r. n,.(pnc. 1.15, d).
Ha puc. 1.15, e noKa3aHa npHHr{HnHaJrbHaff cxeMa SHeprorexHojio-
THqCCKOTO KOMNJICKCA - T3C H NPCANPHffTfiC AJIff NOJIYqCHHff KAKO|O-
au69 cy6npo4yKra.
ucooeHHocrH npouecca npeo6pa30BaHHfl sHepfHH Ha f3y, Bxo-AflIrlHX B SHeprorexHoJloruqecxnr? KoMn"neKc, onpeAeJrfftorcfl HX cxe-MaMH, paccMoTpeHHbrMu Bbrrrre, a TaKx(e ..pex(HMaMH ApyrHx gneKTpo-CTAUqUII 14 NPOMbIIXJICHHbIX 
.HPCAIIPH Ar'iI, BXOAffIIIHX B KOMNJICKC.
1.1,8. BOnHOBbtE rhApo3nEKTpOCTA HLJnn
Bornonue sreKrpocraHu*H (Br3c) B orrHqHe or Apyr'x paccMorpeHHbrx ra.noB f3V ue tpe6yror Hail*onfr rulporexHu'{ecKnx coopyxeHl{ fi Aan KoHqeHTpaIlr.lHHarropa.
, OcHosHaq 3aAaqa BoJrHoBbrx gJreKTpocranuHfi _ npeo6pa3oBaTb noreHr{HaJrbHyro
fi KHHCTHI{CCKYIO 'HCP.}IIO BOJIH B KHHCTHqCCKYIO 3HCPfI.rc NYNbCAqHfi S AAHHOM MEC.re Mopfl (oreaHa) H cKoHIIeHTpHpoBarb grn nynbcarlun B HanpaB,TeHHoe ycHJrHe,Bpalqarcl{ee BaJI reHeparopa. Pa6oqr'rlr,r re/'IoM s sroft craHuHH Moxer 6url KaKcaMa Mopcl(afl BoAa' TaK n Bo3Ay.x. SHeprHn aonH ltoxer nn6o HenocpeAcrBeHHo
npeo6pasoBbrBarbcfl B sHeprurc BpauleHHff BaJra reHeparopa c peAyKTopoM, ns60cJIyx(HTb ocHonotl AJIfl npHBoAa uos4yurHoft ryp6ugr,r. K Hacronulu"y 
"p"r,eHn 
H3.BecrHo 3HaqHTerbHoe qHcJIo npeAJloxeHnri no HcrroJrb3oBanuro aHeprgr{ BoJrH KaK BCCCP, TaK H sa py6exorrl.
Hau6o'nsuree BHHMaI{He pa3BHTHIo BorTr{oBbrx gJrer(TpocraHuuri yAenflercg BAHnnuu' KauaAe, fnonvm u GIIIA, rAe y)Ke co3AaHbr cner{HaJrbHbre Hcc!,reJ,oBare,lb-crue-la6oparopltH' a raKlxe co3Aalorcfi onilrHo-npoMbrrrraeHHbre ycraH9BKH.
. oc*osHrle TpyAHocrt'I np, peaJr'gar{Hr-r npoeKToB BodrHoBbrx crauqrir - o6ecne-EeHr'Ie HaAuKHoro Kpen"aleHlrn npeo6pasoearereri aHep-rHH BoJrH, pa6oraroutgx B co.
47

--- PAGE BREAK ---

l,lope
e)
Pnc. 1.16. llepcneKrHBHbre cxeMbr BonHoBbrx 3JrexTpocran|lufr:
a-(nJlor Koxeoe.nnn; 6-<yrxa> coatepa; a-(flyJrbcgpyloulnfi cror6> MacyArr; e-npe.o6pasonarenr Pacce.na r,nf, 
- 
\Byx pexHMoB nonycKoB; i'- n6riroriii 
--' 
z j"rnlpan.nuvecraff
i:i"tT",i;oir; ffilffii 4 - 6aiaaci; 5 - no4aux*rufi oneMeHr; o -'.u""pu"tpi' tr;t;&:
'negoft vopcrofi BoAe B pa3Hbrx yc.ryoBrflx BoJrHeHr.rfl rvropfl (or ruru.rn ao uroprr,,a);co3AaHue sQQexrnnnblx cxeM npeo6paeoBaHr4fr 3Hepnru BoJrH B afleKTpgqecKyro npaarc6ux Bo3MolKHbIx HanpaBJleHntx LIx ABHXeHHT; HaAe)KHaff nepeAaqa aHepr.HH no-rpe6Hre'no B coorBercrBH' C ero norpe6HOCTtMH, He BCefAa coBnaAaIOUHMH c Bon-HoBbrM cneKrpoM B AaHHoM pafioHe, ll Ap.
Hg 6o-nluofo qI4cJIa npoeKToB BoJIHoBblx aJrexTpocranquri trroxHo BbrAeJrurb qe-
Tblpe, o6.naAarculHx HeKoropbrMa npenMyqecrBaMr.t HaA ApyrnMrr: <(rrJror> I(oxepe.nna,.<Katlapqatcfl yrKa> Co.nrepa, <<nyJlbcl{pyrouufi cron6> MacyAu n npeo6pasouarer"Paccena (puc. l.l6).
<fJnor> Korepe.nnn (prc. L16, a) npercraBJrger co6ofi nJraBanqgfi ua noaepx-HOCTH BOAbr noHToH, cocrosrqHfi HS Tpex qacrefi, urapHHpHO CBr3aHHbrX Apyr c Apy,
48
HanpaBJIeHHfl 'q'BH){eHHs BoAbI. S$QexrHaHocrb <<cron6a> Ilacyau cyqecrBeHHo 3a-BacI{T or qacrorbl BoJIH' AocrHrafl MaKcHMyMa B npeAe.lax 1,2-(,3 fU. Bo,rHosbre.3JIeKTpocraHriHH noAo6noro rHna nJraHupyercg pa3Meqarb Ha AocrarouHo r,ry6oxnrMecTax.
<<flaasarculufi aronn> ocHoBaH Ha aHaJrorAqHoM npHHr{Hne 4eficraur. oH npe4-craBJlfler nonycQepy' nJlaBalo[lyrc HHxe ypoBHfl Mopq. B nepxHefi qacrH ee pa3-Meu{eHbI Bo3AyuHan ryp6nHa H reHeparop. Taroe ycrpoircrno Ar{aMerp ou T5 H Bbr-corofi 18 u cnoco6uo o6ecneqnrb noryqeHne 2 MBr.
flpeo6pasoBare,rb Paccena (puc. I .l 6, e) cocrorrr rr3 r{ecKoJrbKrrx nocne,[oBa-.
Ha pHc. l.l7 noKa3aHa cxeMa aHepreru'{ecKofo KoMnJrexca Ha o, ManpnrcHr?(Hnluficxnri oxeaH)' cocrofllllero H3 fOC/, IAOC2 l,t npeo6pasoBarerrr oHeprurr
-^r--
-\o).
0)
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.r'
---"--^- it
49

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Hnduicrui ,aKeaH
7lCucinev'l
RoJrrr rHna ruAporapaHa J. Cyulecr-
nyrounrlr KopaJrJroBbrfi pHQ HcnoJrb-
3ye'rcfl l(aK ocnoBalrHe AflR 6erorr-
ttoli nat<noHrroli nJrocxocrt.r, Ha Ko-
Topyn 6yayr Ha6erarr Bo.rrHbr oKea-
Ha H 3areM cKarbtBarbcn B 6epero-
Byro JraryHy. flocreAHqq c no-
Mourbro rrJrornH 5 6yaer npeBpaqe-
FIa B BoAoxpaHrrnnlue 4. Pacqeru
nol(a3brBarcT, Irro Morr{Hocrb noAo6-
Hoft HricroHanopuor? (2-3 u) BoJr-
Hoeoli afleKTpocraHrlHr.r cocraBJrRer
oKoJro 3,3 xBr ua I rtt SpoHra nao-
TI,IIIbI.,4,ng nosHl[eHnfl HaAex<Hocrn
Puc. 1.17. Ilpoerr oHeprertrqecKbro
ca Ha o. l{aepunuri
sneKrpocHa6xeHgr norpe6ure.ryeri s Aa,nrserlrureM niraHllpyercff ycraHoBuTb Ha nJro:.
lHHe B JraryHe rr.rAporapaHbr n c HX noMou{bro 3aKar{uBarb BoAy B nepxHHrt pe3ep-
q'van u na:ree e6naexrRarh ee R .nArvHV qene" rvn6usr,r T.3C rurorrrHocrr.r.l 5 MBr-J-r --I-------- - ""-J--J '-r_- -Jf -'-----
3lecr xe npeAnoJraraercx ycraHoBr(a fAOC, 3ra cxeMa 6yaer HcnoJrb3oBarb fi
npHJrHBHyro sHepruto oKeaHa (no"nHa Ao 0,3 u). KnA eceiA cxevH cocraBnr npHMep-
rHO 20 olo. croHuocTb erreprHH Ha 40 olo HH)Ke, qeM renJroBbrx 3JreKrpocrauuprfi Ha
gTOM OCrpOBe.
1.1.9. MAnbtE THAPOSJIEKTPOCT AHUVI'
,Maaue ruA.poefleKTpocraHqHn (M|OC) c npeAeJrbHoft uaxcuua.nrHoft MourHo-
€Tblo, coorBercrBynureii xaxAoft crpaHe vrilw peruoHy, no cnoco6y KoHrIeHTpaIIHr.I
rHanopa .n cxeMaM rrcnoJrb3oBaHHrr fHApas.lrHqecrorl gHeprnH npaKTHqecKn HHqeM He
roT.[llt{flr0Tctt oT paccMoTpcrlilbrx r}billrc. oArraxo 0lrr-r 60;rec flpoc'ru B HcnoJlHeltr.rH H
SKoHoMHqHbr H xapaKrepr.r3yrorcn oco6urvr pe;'r(HMoM pa6oru ycraHoBJreHHoro Ha HHX
'o6opyaonaHHq. B qacrHocrr.r, Ha raxnx f3C Bo3Mo)r(Ha ycraHoBKa pa3HorHnHoro
o6opyAoBaHHs Lr peryJrr.rpoBaHHe Hafpy3Kr.r qHcroM BK.rrrcqeHHbrx-orKJrroqeHHbrx anpe-
raroB. Kportre roro, MaJrue f3C, ycraHoBJreHHbre B cncreMax npoMbrlxJreHHofo HJrH
KoMMyHaJrbHoro soAocHa6xeHHr, a raKlKe Ha nJrorHHax soAoxosqficrBeHHofo Ha-
BHaqeHHfi, padorarur no pe)KHMy flonycKa pacxoAoB 3THX cncrervr. KacxaAbl MaJrbrx
f3C ornnqarorcs MaJrbrM BpeMeHeM Ao6eraHnq BoJ'rHbr pacxoAoB MexAy crBopaMH
M cyr{ecrBeunofi saBr.rcfiMocrbro pe}r(r.rMoB fOC s KacKaAe. Kar npanHao, noAo6sne
f3C pa6oraror rro BoAoroKy HJrH c ofpaHHqeHHbrM KparKocpoqHbrM peryJrHpoBaHu-
r€M. B paeuHuubrx ycJ'roBl{flx MaJrbre fOC Bo3BoAr{Tcfl B BHAe nJrorHHHbrx HH3KoHa-
,nopHblx cxeM, B fopHbrx - ItaK n,'toTHHHbIX, TaK H AepHBaIIHoHHbIX.
OcuonHrre runu o6opyAoBaHHq, ycraHaBJrHBaeMoro Ha MaJrbrx fOC, - o6nqHue
typ6uuur Bcex rHnoB, rpy6nrre uau S-o6paauue afperarbr; anperarbr rnna Straflo;
i6ynn6oetre (xancy;rrurre), nonepeqHo-crpyiiHsre; aKrHBHbre ryp6HHsr Tropro; cHSoH-
fibre anperaTbt.
1.2. OBOEUIEHHAT MOAEnb TEXHOJIOThqECKOTO
nPoLlEccA nPEo6pA3OB AHV'. SHEpfVM
HA |VIAPOSHEPTEThqECKhX yCTAHOBKAX
I'u4posHeprerr.IqecKue ycraHoBKH BecbMa paaHoo6pa3Hbr rro cBoe-
1\4y THrry, cnoco6y KoHIIeHTp at\HH Harropa, rHApaBJrHrrecKHM cxeMaM,
50
pell(HMHblM Lt ApyrHM noKa3areJlflM. BcfieAcreHe ororo HeBo3MolKHoAarb o6ltlue peKoMeHAaUHtr AJtfl peueHrrrr 3344ty1.1 ecpQexrlrBHoro nc_norb3oBaHHfl fHAposHeprerHqecKHX pecypcoB BCeX nHaOe. PeuegHe,yKa3aHHor? ga\aqr AoJrxHo MaKc14MaJrbHo yrrHTbrBarb KoHKpeTHbre,oco6eHHocrr,r KaxAori f3y.
Ho cau npouecc rpeo6pa3oBaHr.rfl oHeprHH Ha foy B o6rrleM cJry-rrae AocraToqHo cJroiKeH H He MOXer 6url H3yqeH HHaqe, KaK C nO3H-\Ltft cncreMHoro noAxoAa. nnn aroro noAxoAa xapaKTepHo Aed,reHugBcero TexHoJIorHIIecKoro flpoqecc a Ha fOV Ha HecKoJrbKo orAeJrbHbIxFHO BsaHMOCBr3aHHbrx gTanoB, o6bel.u:flleHHbrx oouteli ueJrbro ss$ex_THBHOTo HcnoJrbSoBaHl{fl rHAposHepreTHqecKHX pecypcoB, pa3AeJrbHoe,a 3areM coBMecrHoe H3yIIeHHe oco6eHHocreu 3THx grafioB. Brr4e.rre]HHE ?TVIX 9TAIOB NO3BOJIgET 3HAIII4TCJIbHO YNPOCTHTb NPO6JICM Y H3Y-rIeHHti pexHMHbIx oco6eHHocrel? f9y H nosucHrb eQQexrneHocrb Hc-no.rrb3oB aHHff rHAposHeprop ecypcoB.
I{cnonrsyfl cltcrervrnrrrt'noAxoA, Mox(Ho raKxe pagAe/rHTb Bce B H-t ?t
Abi ii()repb 9ireprfiH Ha f 3V Ha ABe KarefopHH_Tex_HOJrOrUqecKHe u pe)KHMHbre. K nepnofi xareropr{;6yAyr or_HocHTbcfl Te HeH36ell{Hble BI4AbI nore_pb oHeprHH, KoTopbre onpeAeJrffror-ct AaHHofi rexHoJlornl{ecKol? cxeuo.fi u He aaBHcrr HJIH Mano 3aBucrr.or BpeMeHI{ I{ flBJIflIorcfl o6lquMH AJIfr pa3nbrx THIoB f3y.Texuonorn-rIecKHe norepH sHeprr.rH npHc_yxlH Kalr{AoMy sJreMeHTy npouecca npe_o6pa3oB aqun oHepil4r.,r Ha f3y, B3flToMy oiAenlHo, BHe cBq3u c Apy*rHMH gJIeMeHTaMH. Vueurureune 3THx noTepb cBfl3aHo'c nosblueHrreMeQQexruBHocTI,I TexHoJIofIII{ npoeKTHpoBaHHfl, cTpoHTeJIbcTBa n.3Kc[JIyaraUHH f3y, B ToM tlHcfle c yflyqueHaeM rLr/ipaB[rwrecKHx IIo-Ka3areJleli KoMnoHeHToB f3y 3a crler noBbrueHrrfl KaqecrBa crporr-TeJlbHblx MarepHaJIoB H KoHcrpyKuHH rHApoy3JIa, BKJrroqaff H rHApo-arpefaT B UeJrOM. I.nn Kax{Aoro H3 OTMer{-eHHbrx BHAoB noTepb sHep-rHI{ flepBor? KaTeroptr4 MO]KHo noflyrrnTb o6O6qeH"ora r"apaannuaa^ru,)iapal{TepHCTI.IKII 14 HCnOJIb3OBarb r.rx B OIITHMH3aUr.roHHbrx pacqerax.TCXHOJIOIHIIECKHC NOTCPH sHCPrHH UA f3V, B CBOIO,orlepeAb,_pa3AeJrsrorcq Ha a rperaTHbre H o6IIIecraHqHo H--H bI e' flepnue.. onpeAeJlnrcTcfl ToJIbKo pex(HMoM pa6orsr oCHoBHororsJIeMeHTa .nrc6ofi f3y _ rulpoarperara B 4auHlrfi' MoMeHT BpeMeHK
[:"::t: ^r1.!_._r" n ryp6raHe, ieHeparope, 6noqHovr BoAoBoAe H'r. A.t_rJTopbre 3aBHCflr OT pe)r{HMa pa6oru BCeX afpefaros H f3v B UeJro;(norepn B BepxHeM r.r HHlKHeu 6re0ax, Aepr{B_ar\HLr, o6urux BoAoBoAax,.3a cqer xoJrocrbrx c6pocon BoAu H r. a.). OrcrcAa cJreAyer Heo6xo_.AHMOCTb pa3HOrO iroAxoAa K 3THM BHAaM noTepb c ToqKr.r 3peHHfl r{aK.TexHoJIorl'lH onHcaHH-q npouecca, TaK H MareMaTHqecKoli.PeN<r.rMHbre ''oTepH s]{_epr,H r,r MorrrHocrr.r onpeAeJrflrorcfl no_
il:.r|.:j^{tt- pa6oru ecefi f3y B uerroM, BKrrrorran ooaoxpaHrrr't*e.JrH noT)Pl{r Oa3Hpyffcb Ha TexHoJIorHqecKHx xapaKrepHcrHKax sJre-MeHToB l.3y' no3BoJltror yr{ecrb o6uIecraHIIHoHHbre rrorepr.r MorrlHocrHB AaHHbII? MoMeHT BpeMeHI't Ha ocHoBe nu6opa onrrrMad,rbHoro rrlcJra,
Lt cocraBa paooTarorrlHx arpefaroB H BOAOrrpoBoAflUrHX COopyxeuafifHApoy3JIa, a TaKxe pe)KHMHbIe floTepu aHeprHH H MorrlHocrH Bo Bpe-IvleHH, cBt3aHHbIe c H3MeHeHHeM Qaxropa HHTeHCHBHOCTH sHepfope-
5T

--- PAGE BREAK ---

llPcoe - Hanopa or pe>KHMa craHqr{14 14 ffBJreHr.reM noc.neAervrcrBHff.rloc.ueAuHe BHAbI norepb cBfl3aHbr KaK c Ar,rHaMHqecKHMH ruApaBJrHqe-'cKlrMH npouecc€I,il1 ua f3v, TaK H C r43MeHeHr.reM pe>KHMa BoAoxp aln-'JIHrr{ rr cauor? f3y BO BpeMeun. Bce erH BHAbr norepb sHeprHH AOJrX(-Hbl yr{l'ITblBarb rexHoJlorr4qecKne oco6euuocrn f3y B ueJIoM, a raKx{eee 6ueQon, MareMarr,rqecKr.re MoAej-rr.r npHToKa BoAtt K f3y, orOopoix IIOTepH BOAH Ha fr4Apoy3Jre B ueJroi\ir.
Ann oqeHKH e06exrHeHocru pa6orsr f3)' H ee a.neMeHroR ueo6xo-
IHMO HCnOJrb3OBarb KaK a6co"nrcrHbre, TaK v yAeJrbHbre n AaoQepen-'rlHaJIbHbIe noKa3areJlH ee pex{HMa. A6co,urorune rioKagarend 
-(rwou1-
Hocrb, Ha[op, pacxoA, nupa6orKa v r. A.) no3BoJrflroT oueHHTb B ueJroM(cpaBr{HTeJrbHyrc eQdlexruBHocrb pe)Kr.rMa I'3V; oHH flBJrfl}Orcfl ocHo-gor? r{HcJreHHbrx pacqeroB Ha OBM. VAe,nruue noKa3areJrr (ornorue
nws, a6coJrrorHbrx floKa3are.rreft ) no3BoJrflror oueHr.{Tb raK Ha3brBaeMyoMarepHaroeMKocTb TexHoJrof HLrecKofo npouecca f3y - OAHH H3 BaX{-
:uefturux noxasarenert sSQexrzBHocrr.r pa6oru nrc6oro npeArrpa flTr4fl.
,il uSOepeHI{I4aJIbHbIe noKa3areJru 6o.neg rryBcrBr,rreJrbHbr K H3MeHeHHro
InoKa3areneft pe)KI,lMa H uJHpoKo HCnoJrb3yrorcq B onTtrMH3arIHoHHbrx
pacl{erax, oco6eHno rtpH atalrr4TLrqecKoM pelrrggsrr pa3Hbrx 3aAar{.
B IreJroM 3a.[,aq-a onrr4MaJrbHof o r.rcIIoJrb3oB aHvn
THApOsHepf onoreHUHaJra Ha cauofi f 3y MOlKer 6slrl
fl peAcraeJreHa cJreAyrour.rrr,r o6p a3oM.'Ann 3aAaHHoro (no4re4enuoro) 3HarreHHfl rHApogHepronoreHuHa-
fia 3iS' 3a nepr{or__BpeMer{H I rpe6yercfl Hafirla raxorl pe}Kr.jM
3r(rrIJyarHp-yevrofi f 3y, qro6tr o6ecneqarn Mr.rHr,rMyM noTepb 3Hep-
r\v Ha f3y ASrsv Hilu MaKCLTMyM KnA nroy npH yr1s1e pa3Horo
pcla oipaHnqeaufi u ycnonnri, r. e.
I
Srev =: l'l1/.ey (t) (tt --+ max
0
fIpH 3aAaHHoM 3HaqeHHr,rH noABeAennoft :HeprHH, r. e.
(l l)
SjrK : i,r,lK (qdt : A
HNLI
"f9y AJp3r,
n'lf3y - _l -+ lTl8X.
QNOA
" f3y
oflO.trrroy
3Aecl tFS - 3aAaHHafl nocroqHHafl BeJrr4qHH a sa nepaoA T, orpe.
AeJlflrorqafl.cfl. 3anacaMH fr,rApo3HepfopecypcoB B paccMarpHBaeMoM
crBope r3y. BelllqHHa 9Fyur KaK npaBHJlO, repeMeHHas 3a nepH-
oA T, onpeAenflrc'Iqaflcfi KaK co.nueqsofi Ae.rrreJrbHocrbro, TaK 14 oco-
6essocrsuu paccMarpuBaeMoro Br4Aa ruApopecypcoB B AaHHoM pe-
rHOI{C. B CggSH c STHM cMbIcJI noH'ITH'I <(TocTo'TIHafl BeilHLIHHa 9FYu,
.3aKJllol{aercfl B ToM, riro oHa He saBr.rcuT or rexHoJrorHLI npeo6paso-
BaHVrn sHepfr.rl4 rra f3y Lr onpeAeJrfl,ercfl B ocHoBHoM npHpoAHbrMH
52
florepn oHeprHH Agnev o',peAeJrrrorcff TexHo,{orHqecKHMH H pe-)I(HMHbIMI{ SAXTOPAUH, SABHCffIIIHMPI OT I{OHKPCTHO.O TH,,A I'3Y. OrnocJreAHeno SaBHCHT H TeXHOJrOfHqecKaff MOAeJrb npeo6pa*runr"sHeprHH Ha rnApos/IeKTpocraHIIHH, KoJILIqecrBo oranoB B ner?, oOi.:-IIHHeT{HLIY lJArar|r.rhLrf,r A^rr',,r, F^?,nr:::-r::r^ui.r iivil(jrup.biM uuijj.i:tivi iioKa3aTej-IeM ti.rtH QaxTgpOM. B xaqecr-
3ro Becb TexHo/rorn.{ecxarZ [pouecc
pacxoA (crox) BoAbr, npoxoAsrqerl
eMeHrr qepe3 frrApoy3efl, T. e. r(oJrrr-
a r.rrrrr W (crur.'\\-l.l).
( l;d, orpa)KaroT co6ort aHepreruqecKyrc
oA BpeMeHH r u nau6one.''n'J,il8 ;ff1;:'rli'J.'T?il,fl,;i;'J,ji;rHApoeHepropecypcoB. )rw noKasare"rifi uau6onea *rpu*tap"o, r.rMeH-HO AJIN f3Y - TCXHOJIOTHqECKHX YCTAHOBOI{, O6,IAiIATUJIIX 3ABIICII.Mocrbrc <ixa.nopzftuocrl.r>> ero ronhuna (Hanopa) ;;-n;,;"ecrBa s3-pacxoAoBaHHoro pecypca (pacxo4a, crora) . 
'Ai, 
T3c 
" e5c, ;HMCIOUII{X B flBHOM BI]AE 3ABHCI4MOCTH EQQCXTABHOCTI{ PC>KIIMOB BnaHHslt:t MoMeHT,BpeMeHrr oT npeAbrAytqeno cocrofHrrfl TexHoJrorrrrrec-Kofo [Pouecca, 6onee xapaKTepHbI [oKa3areJrr.r H3MeHeHHfl MorqHocrgBo BpeMeHH. AuanoruqHrie noxa3arerrri. ilprr.",i*ii-;;;.;; r.i rjr;,Koropble He HMelor eQQexra noc.neAetlcrBrrfl (uanprrffi, AeprrBar{rr-oHHbre fac, pa6orarourire 'Io BoAoroKy 6es BoAoxpaHr{.rrHura, Bo,),rHo_Bble sJleKrpocrauuuu) . Ans HHx o6urds nocraHoBr(a 3aAarrrr' erpSex-THBHOTo HcnoJrb30BaHHff rr.rAposHepropecypcoB 6yaer cBoArrrbcfl rro6ccne'IeHHlo MaKcHMyMa noiesHori *6urrid.r pr Ha ur,rHax reHeparopa,lVrey n.pH.._3aAayyori noAeeAeHHoft *o,rl"o.r" e 4aHHsrrl r,roMeHrBpeMer{rr I ,!igi, (l) r. e.
sHaHKe BaKoIJoMepuocter:r rr3MeHeHrrff
BO BpeMeHrr rrfpaeT ofpoMHyro po/rb B
ffrey (t) : tvi$, (0 - AVrey (l)] _* max, (1.4)
(t.5)
(1.6)
A.\/rev (l) - min,
QaxropanrH. OqesHAHo, rrro
noABeAeHuofi aHeprHH r( f3y
;f rrAil09HepreTHKe.
(1.2)
(1.3)
UIIH
AJIH
r A,/Vrov (l)
' - 
,flK, (t) -+ max'
Ans paspa6orxu o6o6u{eHnoli rexHoJrorn,{ecxofi MoAe/rr.r f3V 6u-JrH rrpoaHaflH3HpoBaHbr BCe cxeMbr, -npeAcraB,rreHHue e $ l.l - Arrni"3TI'IX cxeM [oKa3aJI' tITo Bce oHI4 o6,rialaror reMr{ rrrrr HHbrMri 3Tana-MH, npHcyrrIHMH Uau60nee cJrolKHoMy nuAy f3y - xac.xagy AepHBa-tl'o*lY* il'IApoarleKrpocraHu4I (cna. puc. 1".2 w I.I2)
A'Jrfl vKa3aHHoro rl{tra f3y o6o6urenHatI Texr;o.r]orr.rqecr(afl MoAe,,rb(pnc. l.f8) cocror.rr r43 c/reAyrouax 3raroB: I _ rrsiro"ou*un 3Hepro-pecypca H ero rpaHcropr K fnApoy3Jry B ueJroM ; Z - x[u"."rr. rr ne-pepacnpeAerreHr{'e sHepropecypca Bo BpervreHr.r; 3 r{ 4 - rpaHcnopr
ffre., (l)
llrev (t) : ^;#- :
ryiryv (l)
53

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Qro;+o
ToK BepxHero lresa)i A{sup u Agqsp,3ffono .n Aoo6o-noreprr coor.BercrBeHHO MOrr{HOCTH H sHepfflrr ua 3-u w' 4-u ,ruiu*, B OCHOBHOM;ga cqer norepb Hanopa B Aepr.rBauvH H HanopHbrx BoAOBOAax; Irv.a L,3^- nor6pu coorBercrBeHHo MouIHocrH H eueprr{ H Ha b-na orarre,J'rMelorrlHe Mecro B rr,rApoarperare npu npeo6paeo^8a""^ 3HepfHH Bryp6Hne, reHeparope, a raKx{e peayxrop. aJ;;til^u.o "rn uuvrn);Ay'y'or" H A3ot" - noTep' cooTBercrBeH'o Mou{Hocr' H gHeprHH Hat6-rrr gTa[e, HMerorIIHe Mecro B orBoAflrrIHX BoAoBoAax (ucxnrcu afl or-cachlBalnllrvrn nnrr6rt\. AA/ ^c.YJ VJ I T LTIYH,O YI A.Jrr.6 - IIOTEPH MOUIHOCTH KI gHepfHI{
B HHX{Heu 6leSe ruApoysJra.
Kax461g i-ft_eran'nfeo.6pa3oBa'H' eHeprHH Ha foy xapar(repH3y-€Tcs csoefi rloABeAenHoft /Vrlsa 
" nonur"o ft N-r r*o'IHocrsrc. flocneA-uss nu60 sBfiqercfi noABeAeusofi x i+1-Mr 3Tany, nw60 Hcno,,'rb3yer-cfl AJrfl npeo6pasoBaHnR rrrAposHeprrrrr ; Apyrpre BrrAbr sHeprrrrr{enerrpuuecxyro)
LOOTBCTCTBCHHO
'rec Qx,E
Qp
(anP)
Qx.c6p
Puc. 1.18. O6o6ureHHafl TexnoJtofnrrecKafl MoAeJrb f3V c BoAoxpaHnrrnqeM
sHeprnE K rHApoarperary no AepnBarlur 14 HarropHbrM BoAoBoAaM;
5 - npeo6pasonaHue aHeprur{ B rnApoarperare; 6-- orseAeHue BoAbl
rrJrLr 3HeproHocureJrfl or rr4Apoarperara,' 7 - o,rseAeHHe BoAbr r4trr4
oHeproHocr.rreJrff or f3V B rreJroM.
Bce grLI gTarIbI no cBoHM TexHoJrorr4rrecKuM oco6eHHocrflM sBJrff-
lorcfl oTHocHreJrbHo caMocroflTeJrbHbrMr.r kr cBr3aHbr Apyr c ApyfoM
glty"^ QaxropoM - pacxoAoM (croxovr) eo4u, npoxo4nqefi 
'uepes
f3y. 3ro IIo3BoJIrer BHarlare npoaHaJrn3r,rpoBaru 
-oco6euHocrn 
ra>x-
Aoro sTana B orAeJlbHocrr.r il 3areM yqecrb r.tx npH rrocrpoeHr,rH ecpcpex-
rtleHoti cxeMbt IacnoJlb3oBaHr.{fl ruApoaHepronorenru4aila na f3V B lre-
JIOM.
nns cxeMbr Ha pr4c. l.l8 6ananc MorrlHocrr{ vt oHeprHH
I.tMerb cJreAyrounfi nu1:
6Yaer
7
iVrev : /viK -AVrev :1/i3t, - I,A\/i - ffi$, -(AN, * Al/".0 *
t:l
* ANo.o + Aryuor -J- AN" * Affor" * AV".o);
I[ns aranoB, cBr3aHHbrx c rpaHcnopToM, xpaHeHHeM H nepepac-npeAe.reHueM rHApoeHepfopecypcoB (nc^e sranri, KpoMe S-no),^ nbr.-pII 3Hepr:1-u 14 MOUIHOCTI'I CBfl3aHbr c HenpoH3BoAHTeJrbrlbrMH rrorepflMHpacxoAa AQi H Hanopa A,Ht Ha Ka>KAoM ,runa. 
vvrvs\urrvrrr
B aroM cJryqae t<na i-no erana Mox{Ho 3arr'carb B Brrne
Nnor : 9,8lQiorg;or. ( 1.9)
(r t0)
(1.1 l)
Ni
rr:;i*:
4;
TorAa norepn AV, Mo)KHo
(ai"o-AQ;)(ni"o- LHt)
QloA 1"oa
safirw, Ha ocHoBe (1.10) u (l.ll)
7
grsy:9FSv-A9rev :9FYu-I L3, -pfl3t,-(AJ, *Ag,.o r
i:l
* ASorp * A'uor -l- A3" * A3or, * Ag".o), (1.8)
rAe ANr H AJr - noTepI'I coorBercrBeHHo MoIIIHocTH kr 3HeprHH Ha
l-rvr srane-<<3aroroBKa)> 3Hepropecypca H TpaHcnopr ero K f3y
(uanpuuep, norepH B xacra4e) i ANs.o 14 A3".0 - noreprz coorBercr-
BeHHO MOTTIHOCTH r.r sHeprHH Ha 2-tvr sTarre, T. e. 3a cqeT BoAoxpaHH-
JrHrrIa (nanpHMep, 3a cLrer or6opa BoAbr, noTepb ee H cHHxeHr.rfl orMe-
54
Av, : 9,81 (AQ tHloo * Ql"ol,y, _ AH,AQ,) : Avq _f A Vn _
- 6A/ = A.Vq * A,Vri, (r l2)
(1.7)
Flnf,n vnn-
HU/tut4e
8no1*0
bD

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Kaxaorury srany rexHoJrorr{qecxoro [po{ecca Ha fgy npr4cyuacBoH [oKa3aTeJIH H Xa_paKTepHCTHfir4, gaBr4cHrrlHe or KoHKperHoro BH-Aa craHur4r.r u ee oco6ensocrefi. B nocJreAyiorrrzx rnasax 6yaa" au*aHaJIHS Ka>I{Aoro 3ra[a TexHoJlornqecKoro npou...u 
"u 
f3y'a '1oin"3peHl4fl ero sHeprerlrlr{ecKHx xapaKTep Hcrr4K \i. BoBMox{HocrH yMeHb-'CHHfl PC)KHMHbIX I,I TCXHONOTZqCCXZi NOTCP' HA .ITAPOCTAHUHH. VTC-
3HepreTHqecKHe w rl|1-npaBn:,1-qecKHe,
rBarorcfl B Kypce <<l,InxesepHafi rH_e fr.rAposHepfopecypcbr cqHTarorcfl
vraTp14BaeMoM HHTepBaJre BpeMeHH.
6euuocrn l -ro orarra yqHTbrBarorcq.B BNAC HCO6XOATTUOCTI,I YI{CTA <<TPAHC-IIOPTA>> BOAbI B KACKAAC MC)I{AY,rw[poy3nlvv (ua"nruHe BpeMeHr4- 406er^auna Bo,rrHbr pacxoAa Mex{AysaAaHHbrMH crBoparvru) .
x,nn Hc r.r HacocHoro pelKr.rMa BbrcoKoHanopHbrx fAoc B o6uevreJlyqae TaKXe cIIpaBeAJrHBa cxeMa pHc. Llg. oanar<o ,a..o HanpaB_
)TByror xoJrocTbre c6pocu BoAnr; He.lJr) r4Jrr4 BoAoxpanrznnqe B BepxHeM
rorepH pacxoAa.
rcr 3-r?, 4-ft n b-rl eranbr, AJlg rrDu_
ByeL B noA3eMnnx fOC). , 
t cJlyqaeB - 6-il sranbl (npucyrcr-
nnn Kacr{aAoB foc'r-li aran coorBercrByer rpaHcropry BoAbr 01*nepxuefi f3C I{ BoAoxpaHurluury Hzxnefi c yr{eroM ooxciedrl nilrlou-HOCTId.
llpunra.nHble craHuur4 B ryp6_uHHbrx r.r HacocHbrx pe)KHMax He HMe-tor 3-ro, 4-ro u 6-ro aranos,"i r-fi u 2-fr gianbr coBMer.ueubr B oAHH--<<3anoroBKa)> 3Hepfopecypca H rpaHcnopT ero K f3y.BorHoeHe sJIeKTpOcraHuHlr HMeloT TOJTbKOI OAHH 3Tan - 5-r1. SranTpaHCnOpTa gHepflr, 3AeCb Bbrpolr(Aaercr B ycraHoBKy arperaroBCTAHIIHI.I B HANPABJICHI{H, NCPNCHAHKYJI'PHOM $POHTY EONH AJIfl IIO-flyt{eHug MaKcHMannHor? or[2r1p1 sonHoeor? sHeprHH.
nns MaJrbr,\ rr.rApooJreKTpocraHutarl npracyrqn Bce granbl, rrro H r,nno6H'{HHx fac, oAHaKo rroKa3areiln 14_iapixrepucr.KLr 
"x airi;;;-nwqaracn. B ocHoBFIoM 3ro Kacaercrr 6oniirofi .tyuatunitanr"oano no-Ka3areJrefi fOC K r43MeHeHHro t4x pe)Kr{Ma.
Kporyre roro, pa3Hble BHAu fOV 6ytyr xapaKrepr.r3oBarbcfl pasHbl-Mr4 xoaSQHuHeHTaMI'I llcnoJlbsoBaHus Hinopa n pacxoAa B rIeJroM, acJleAoBareJrbHo, H KnA B Hc[oJrb3oBaHlru rrApogHepropecypcoB.
1.3. EAJTAHC_b| pAcxo4A, HAnOpA v1 MOT4HOCThrh Ap o"H EprEThLtECKl4X yCraH oBoK
1.3.1. EAIAHC PACXOAOB r3C
Pacxod aodot na f)c - gro Korxuuecraennorri norcasaTeno norpe6-neHun eudpoeuepeopecapcos. AHa.rrorz'{Hnrt [oKasareJrb Ha TOC -KoflHrIecrBo H3pacxoAoBaHHoro ronJrr,rBa. lloreHrlnan BoAoToKa Dac-c{HTbIBaeTcfl npz ycJIoBHr,r no/rHoro HcrroJrb3oBaHns croKa. Olnaxo e
OU
pea'TbHbIx ycJIoBHflx qacrb croKa HeHsdexHo Tepflercfl nnfl 3Hepre-THK*, fl'.[qqcb cbrpbeM x,iln npoMbtuJre'HO..Trr nrr60 ueo6.roAlrMbrMKoMnoHeHroM xaxoro_naoo npou3BoAcrBa. flp" 
";;;; ^.uu.ro 
croKar,ro)KeT BeDHvTbcfl B BOAOXpaHr,rJrHIue, HO B ApyfrJe BpeNffi rr N{ecTo.ot6opsl tioa"r H3 ,o,q,oxpu"r.rJrHura r.rJrr{ BoAoToria, r(aK npaBrr.ro, HecoBnaAaror c pex(HMaMH fAC, onpeAe/rfleMbrMrr rpe6onaHr.rflMtr 3Hep_roc'creMbl' vxasaHHlte o6crosre,ricrsa c yqeToM pocra norpe6;reHuRBOAn HapoAHbrM xosqricreoM r.r ror",u^"oBeHr4fl B pff,le 6acceirHoepeK Ae0nurrra BoAsr noBbrurarcr rpe6ouun,,o K ee paurrosa.r.lbHoMy&rc[oJlb3oBaHrdlo. ,Inq groro Heo6xoAr.t *" nparr,Ae Bcero. AocroBe pHhreAaHHbre o pacxoAoBaHtrr.r BoAH Ha pa3Hbre Hyj,r\Abr.Kax y>ke oTMeqaJrocb, ocHoBHbrM MeroAoM 'x r.r3yqeHrrfl ffBJrrercflcucrevrHurl noAXOA Lrjrrl B AaHHOM cryqae 6ana"aoiroi,i- Mero.f, HJ,LIMeroA BOAHO.. 6anauca r3C nun o.nor"o.o MepHOfO crBopa Ha pe-KC. |IOA BOAHbIM 6ANAHCOM NOH'IMAETCff PABEHCTBO MCX.IYroAonr wilH croxou), nocrynarcqej x creopynorepb rr or6opon rr3 Bepx_Hero obeea, T. e.
lffi "t TS:,'#Hi,i;.' u l;,k; I l;' r*in:n o r p e r r H ocre r'r, r M erorr rr. J r^-, "-'il. [:,1;.i :',, ffol,"ri:,, t iiil ;ff 4nofpe[rHocreft uopQorraerpHrrecKHx xapaKTepHcrHK 6leQon, sHepfe-rHqecKHX *up1.fr:11:lu* arperaroe H fOC B rre,roM rr r. A.Eanaucoelrll MeToA no3BoJlfler Trr{are/rbr.ro npoaHa,Trr3rpoBarb Ka-t{ecTBo HcxoAHoli ransopMzlrua o norpe6"rreH,H Lr pacxoAo BaHUr4 BoArrB HapoAHoM xosqr?crse u o6ocHoBaHHo noAoftra n'iiuiilu"."ro parl'-orra.'rbrrbrx pelKr{Moe fOC.
Ha puc. l.l9 AaHa cxeMa 6a;KOTOpafl pacqfleH.fieTcff Ha ABe ccBepxnero H Hr.rxHer.o 6te$on r4s_szTeJrbHbrx [orepb pacxoAa Ha 2_S_MepSM C norpeuHocTrMr,r sHepfeTH
,..,,pun,uHc pacxoAa B nepxneu 6rerr JL B MoMeHr / uoxer 6trrn uafile
Qs"o (l) : Qop 0) + Q" (t) * Qo" (r) - Qr"r, (r) * Qr, (l) =L a6 (l) :t Qsxc (/). (r . 13)
57
Aepu1aquf,- o-r_D-2.' oguoagubt
Ea.la nc pacxoaos f3C

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Paccuorpl*,r nocneAoeare,rrbHo Bce cocraBJrflrorrrHe Bbrpaxe'un (l.lB).
Qnolr; - ecre,crneHubrrl, u.rru 6brroBofi, pajcxoA Bo Abr, nepecq'_raHuutfi K crBopy eAuuuqHofi f3C.HrrH BepxHeft f3C na.rd,au,-dnp1ofi.n". enp(l)H ero nepecqer I( crBopy f3C npou3BoAffrcq opfaHaMu focyaapcr"dn"o.o KoMHTerar'Apo'rermpo,ror'rr H KoHrpoJrfl nprrpoAHofi cpe4u Ha ocHoBe MeroAoB H nprdeMo*HHlKeHepHofi - rHApo"IoraH. oaHa trc ocHoBHbrx ' c,noxHocrefi B onpeAeJreHnr..r e"p (l)cocror-rr B nepecqere ero no cocroflHHro B ecrecrBeHHOM pyc,le K crBopy 
'i5c,
T. e. c yr{eroM AT.JHaMHKH rllApaBr,ruqecfiHx npoueccoB u ooAo*puHHJrHtrle. ToqHocrn,onpeAeneHHH Q"p (l) Bo tp.r."" Bo MHoroM onpeleJrfer aQQex,ruBHocrb pa6o6rfOC. 3ro craHoBHrcfl 6onee orreBHAHbrM, ec,rH yqecrb, ,{ro BoAoxpaHHar.rqa fOCToJIbKo nepepacnpeAe"Itlor Bo Bper{eHII ecrecrBeHuuli crOK :p€K. florpeuruocrr.r npo-rHo3HpoBaHHfl H pacqera Qtp (l) cyulecrBeHuo 3aBHCtr or pacqerHoro HHTepBaJra riMareMarHqecKHX voAe.ncii ero 1l;. Kar< y)Ke orMeqa"ryocb, 3Aecb npuHflro, qro,
Q"o(l) 3aAaH oAHo3HaqHo AJrfl paccMarpHBaeMofo nepHoAa I.
Q"(l) -pacxoA BoAoxpaHHnilrl\a, T. e. ro, rrro
aKKyMyrr.rpyercn B BoAoxpaHu.nuule 6es yqera Q"u6ti s AaHHunj
Q,(t):ry
npH H3BecrHou rpaQHKe ucp"o(l) H MareMaruqecxofi MoAeJrn BoAoxpaHgJrgrrla, cBr_sHearoqefi MexiAy co60fi, z".a u a'. ?ra Mo,u,ed,rb luoir{er 6urr paipa60raHa nnflycraHOBHBuIeroct H HeycraHOBHBluefocfl pe)r{HMOA pa6ortt 
"oao*p, 
Ht;IrVlUt\a AJrfrpa3HbIx pacqerHblx !lHTepBaJoB BpeMeHI{. TaK, B pacqerax .4JrHTe"[bHb]x pe)KgMoBf3C' KaK npaBH"Io' coorBercrBylolrlHx ycraHoBHBueMyct pexr.rMy pa6o6r B HHTep-BaJlax BpeMeHH AeKan'a, Mecslu u 6o.nee, Mo)KHo BocnoJlb3oBaTbcfl ronorpaQH,{ecroftxapaKrepHcrHnoft BepxHefo 6reea, cessblsanu{efi ?n.6, .F., H us. B aroM cJryqaecpelHUft pacxoA BOAOXpaHHJTHqa 3a Lti npH HaqaJrbHoM uni| kr KoHerrHoM usirso6teuax cocraBnT
V'Iet Qor(l) seodxoAHna, pa3yMeercfi, JlHuIb npu oHaqHTeJrbHoM ero yAenbHoM Bece
s 6araHce pacxoAon fOC.
Q".n(l) -ucnapeHHe Bo,4,br c noBepxHocrH BO,40xpaHH^n-
ffI a' onpeAeJlfferctl Ha ocHoBe nporHosHpoBaHHs, c./rofl HcnapeHHfl hn"o(t) c no.
BepxHocrH BoAoxpaHHJIH[Ia' flpu srou Hcfio/tb3yttlrcfi gMnHpH'{ecKHe 3aBHcnMocrn
h^"n OT .(JIHTeJIbHOCTH HHTepBaJIa, TeMnepaTypbr Bo3Ayxa H BOAbI, ynpyrOCTH B6IR.
Hono napa, cxopocru Berpa H T. I. V,{HrHsaercq raKr(e cp€AHqs nly6nHa BoAoxpa.
HHJII'IuIa' Ha,rnlqHe 3eJIeHblx HacaxAeHI'1fi ua ero 6eperax, npcubtlu.;'leHHbix H ;iiii.r-ibiX
sp,anufi, 3aurnqarcqHx BoAoxpaHH.nHIqe or Berpa, HanpaBfleHne Berpa H npoqqe
$axropu. B 3aBHcHMocrH or MecropacnoJroxeHnff fOC B uHpornoM HanpaBne11n
Q".n Moxer AocrHrarb JIeroM 4-5 ol0 Qnp AJIq cpe4Her? noJrocbr CCCP H Ia)Ke20-25 0lo Qnp AJrq lox(Hblx pariouon crpaHbr. Cpe4neurecsqHaff norperrrgocrb B on-peAeJIeHLIu Qr,cn AocrHraer 10-20 olo.
Q"(l)-norepH BoAn Ha nbAoo6pa3oBaHHe, orpeAenqrcrcq
o6teuou JlbAa, oceBurefo Ha 6epenax BoAoxpaHrrJrltula nplt cpa6orxe ero. BecHoir
aror JleA Taer H er-o o6teu.qo6asnnercx x e,rp(/). Orcoaa H [By3Haqr{ocrb Qr(f)
[cr'r. (1.13)]. ,4as fOC, pa6orarounx no BoAoroKy npn o6pasonaHHH nbla, noKa3a-
TenH pexHMa rl{Apog,TeKTpocraHuHft He yxyAuatorct, TaK KaK nJraBaroqurl ,'ren Bbr-
TecHrer c.rroir eortr, panHufi ero Becy.
TonuHHa JIbAa Ha cn6Hpcxl'tx peKax rvro:Ker Aocrrnarb 1,5-2 wr. florpeurHocrg
pacqeTa Qr 3HsqHTeJIbHbI H3-3a HeToqHocTH pacqeTa Qaxropoe, onpeAe"{q19u{Hx 3ToT
pacxoA, B ToM qHcJre roJltquHbr Jrbn\a no nJroqaAu BoAoxp aH4nlluJa u cauofi n;o-
III AAH.
Q"o(l)-norepr{ pacxoAa Ha QunrrparlHn Bo.h,sr B r.roxe
BOAoxpaHHnvu\a n O6parHufi qacTr{qHbrfi sO3Bpar ee npH
cp a 6orKe BoAoxp aHH,'t H IrIa, norepu Bo MHoroM onpeAe"qqrcrcn r,ry6uHofi
aOAoxpaHHJIHlqa, ypoBHeM rpyHrOBbIX BoA' BOAonpoHHUaeMocrbtO noAcTH.tarctunx
nopoA. .[nn 6o,rturnHcrBa BoroxpaHHJrHu{ 3r{aqeHrre e"o(l) HaxoAHrcfl B npeAe"Tax
TorrHocrn caMHX pacqeroB BoAHoro 6ananca.
PacxoA BoArr Ann yAoeJrerBopeHHfl norpe6Hocrefi
yq a crH H KO B B OAOX O3 f ryrcr Be H H O r1 crr cr e M br (s a 6 0 p-B o3-
n p a r) Qe x c (/). B coBpeMeHHbrx ycaoBrlrx BoAoxpaHH.ryHua flB..rffrorcfi 6asofi
.q,Jlff pa3BHTHf .q,aHHofo pefHoHa crpaHbr, t{To o6tqcHsercq 3Haqt-rreJ,rbHbtvtH H Bce
pacryu{HMl't trlacrura6aMH norpe6reHHq H Hcrro,'rb3oBaHufl BoAbr B HaponHon xoeqfict-
Be. Pacter H nonn 6esnoseparrtrtx norepb BoAbr. O6'r-,eHrrr BoAbr, sa6upaevoft na
aepxHero 6reQa fOC, qacro BecbMa 3Haqr-Irer'rbHbr H Mofyr B.rnflrb Ha eur6op pelKu-
Ma IICnOJ'Ib3OBaHIIfl BOAOXpaHl{,lilUIa ilIApOy3,1a.
..83{qI. pacxoAoB B HH)KHervr 6re0e fAC. pacxoA e"o(/) oAHHoq-
Hoft fOC Mox{er 6ntrl onpeAeJreH Ha ocHoBe c/reAyron(ero 6a.[aHco-
tsofo cooTHotxeHr.rff:
QH.o (l) : Qrec (l) * Q*.cop (t) * Qrr, (l) * QO (l)J-Qo.np (/)*Q'pou (l). (l ,l7)
PaccuorpnM cocraBrrfltot{He Bbrpa}KeHH n (Ll7).
Qrec(l)-pacxoA BoAbr qepe3 ryp6nHu foc, o6uqHo onpe-
AeJlsercff no 3HepferHqecKHM xapaKTeptrcrHr(aM at'peraroB A,lff 3aAaHHUlX gHaqeuuft
MolllHocrH /Va H Hanopa H a arpef ara. rlpn groM A/n-- Be"irurqrrHa, rr3Mepsel{af, no
npH6opau' TorAa wax Ho HHOTAa onpeAer'rqercfr, Ha ocHoBe 6anawca Hanopoe f3c
a ue/'IoM. lloorovry y,qo6nee HcnoJ'rb3oBarb B pacqerax H3Mepfler\{oe 3HaqeHHe Hanopa
sa6upaercR HItw,
MOMeHT BpeMeHH,.
(l . l4)
(1.r5)
flpuHHuaercs, qro
(r. l6)
florpeurHocrH pacqera Q" (l) Bo MHofoM onpeAer'rflrorcr aAeKBarHocrblo MoAeJrrlBoAoxpaHHJlHIIla saAauHoft AHcliperHocru 3aAaLrH (A.'rureasuoe HJ,H KparKocpoqHoe
nrraHupoBaHue pexiHMon fOC).
Qo"(l) -ecrecrBeHHbre ocaAr{H B BoAoxp aHHautlle. O6uquo
3a cqeT yMeHbuleHfir B€pTHr{3;.rbttorl KoHeeKUI.tH BO3AyXa HaA BOAOXpaHHJIHUIeM KO_flH'{ecrBo oca.u,lioB, BbtnaAarou{r4x Ha BoAoxpaHHrruure, ua b-10 yo MeHbue, qeM HaraKylo xe noBepxHocrb cyuu' Ocarxn pacnpeAe/rtrorcfl no noBepxHocrn BoAoxpa-HH!'lHqa xpariue HepaBHoMepHo, uro rpe6yer HaJrHqHfl MHorHx ror{eK Ha6nrcleHuft
Ann pacqera HaAex(Hbrx sHaqeHr.rrl Qo" (l). florperuHocrl onpeAeJreHHfl Q"" (l) 3?:Br4cHT or raKr.rx Qaxropon, KaK pa3Mepbr BoAoxpaHHJrHu{a, pa3MerrleHHe rHApoMe_TeoflocroB, pacqerHblli uurepna"t BpeMerrH H T. A. B cpeAHeu npn nJrou_(aAr{ BoAo-xpaHHJrHu-la ao 5000 xM2 l.r Lt, paBHoM cyrriaN{, Aer(aAe, Mecrqy, oHa H3MeHflercg
B coorHorreHHH (3+5) :2: l, Locrnrafl A,tq MecsqHor-o HHTepBa1ta 2_10 0[ H 6oaee.
56
i) 0 (claOorKa BoAoxpaHrannula) npH os;6 ) uni*;
Qri J: 0 (pa6ora no BoAoroKy) npn oeio : uuiri
[( 0 (nanor'IHeHue BoAoxpaHnr'rHnra) npn osls(oe1H.
59

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Pacxor foc c yrreroM orpauuueuuori nponycKHort cnoco6uocruno Hanopy r.r Mo'IHocrH onpeAe"rsercfl c,teAyroqau o6pasou:
Qrec:
aP:;' (l) : Q".e (l) - Q*, (t) - Q6 U) -Qnp6.r (t)
npu Qf3t (n*. (r)) > affE" tO;
affit (Hrsc (/)) np" QF3'b' (Hrec (r)) < QliE" rrl;
Qx.c6p (l) : Aii;' 0 - afffi'(flrac (l)).
(r.18)
ToqHocrl pacqera Q rec (t) aanucur npe;,r{Ae Bcero or AocroBepHocr' arperar-Hbrx xapaKTepucrl'll( H l(oppeKrHocrl't MeroAa ero pacqera npH H3BecrHblx ffreC (l)"z"'a(t), zr.a(t) (cu. r,r. g). !"'ra pacrreroB Q rec B pa3Hbrx pactrerHbrx HHTepBa-
"'lax (uac, cyrl(H, n,'ecru) I'Ic',o.'TIb3ylorcfi pa3HEre gHeprer'qecK'e xapal{TepI4 crnKnfoc' B ToM qHc'le rat{ Ila3bl'aeMbre r'rrro'eHHbre (r'exHoaor.Hvccxue) I.rJrH cpeAHe-HrJrepBa.'bHbre pe)KrMrrHe (cu. r,r. 4 ri il). tJ cpeAHeNr nofpeuHocrb pacrrera QrgcMoxer .rr,ocrnrarb 5_10 %.
Q*..0p(l) - x o JI oc rbr e c 6 p o c nr B oA br, onpeAeJrrrorcfl pacxoAHbrMrixapar(TepHcruKaMH Bononponyct{Hbrx nJ,ur BoAoc6pocnr,rx coopy;{{eHnft fgc, Koropbrecrpotrctl Ha ocHoBe gMnllpHqecl(Hx casucartocreii H.nH HarypHbrx ucnurauurl. Tar)Ke KaK H Ar'rr pacxoAHbrx xapaKreplrcrr.rK f3c, pacuer Q*..0p AOJr;,KeH npori3Bo-AHTbcfl no pa3HblM 3aBHcl'lMocrflM B coorBercrBHH c npuHqrbrM pacqerFrbrM IrHTepBa-aou. llorpeuHocrb onpeAeJteHun e*.c6p Aocrrir.aer b_10 %.
Q-"(/) -pacxor BoAlt Ha uIJ'IIo3oBaHue, onpeAedrfierc,3a ga-AaHguri HHTepBa'{ BpeMeHH Al npu H3BecrHbrx rrHc,re ruJrro3oBaH uft tt o6.neMe ruJrro-3oBbtx l(aMep. Toquocrl pacqera e_r, goc,raroqHo Br,IcoKa.
Qo(t)-pacxoA RoAbr Ha Qr.r,nlrpauHro Hs BepxHer,o 6reQaB HHIKHHIi uepes rH,lporexHHriecKue coopyxieHHff n o6xoAHx' croaa Nie BIi'rrcqat'orcfl nporerlKl'I qepe3 Hen"rrorHocrH 3ar(pblTbrx 3arBopoB, Bo-AOCJTHBOB H BOAOCTTHBHbTx ornepcrHr?. B orr{oBFroM Qq, nnpalar"ara, npoTeqr(aMIxqepe3 3eMirflryK, rrJrorHry; Ira lrer(oropr,rx f3c oH nocrHraer 50_60 rrr3/c u 60nee.
Qopo*(i) -HegHeprerlrqecxlrl:r p acxoA B o.q, br t4JrH nonycK BoAbr,n unxuufi 6les Ha Hy)*iAbI yqacrH'Koe BXC, B ToM rrHcJre p'6oxo4r,r, ,rrecocnJraB,ne'aoc6poc H r' A. crola ;^tie orHocHrct ri pacxoA BoAbr ua co6creeHHbre Hyx{Abrf3C' Ans AepnBalrl'oHnux f3c v'Ir'rbIBAercq pacxoA BoAbr Ha npoMblBr(y HaHocoB.vAaneune uyfH rar()Ke rpe6yer onp.4.r.nHofo pacxola. B ueJroM ;.xe Q,roo, yvl.r-THBaerct ro'nbl{o B 3Ta,'IoHHblx pacqerax I{3-3a ero MaJocrH flo cpaBHeHHro c Apyrn-MH KoMnoHeHTaMH en.o H.nu es.o.
Qo.r,p(t) -6oro B arr, prJtn rvrecrHa, ilpr.rroqHocrb, orpeAe-
"Iflercg AOnO"IltHTCJIbllblM ecrccrBetJHbrM npilToKOM, HMeloilll.tM Mecro Melt(AycrBopaMH ror'roBHof o coopyx(eHHfl u uHiJ{nHM 6leoor'r (cr. puc. L lg) . onorcyrcrByer AJtfl ll"''lorHllHblX f3C u fiMeer Mecro AJrr AepHBarIHoHHbrx H cMe[raH-Hblx ycralloBol(' Pac'tct I{ onpeAcJTettlle Q6,n1,(l), rar< ,'ie r(aK H enp(l), HaxoAqrcrB BeAeHHH opfaHoB rplApoMerc"'tyxi6li. fiorperuHocru u oco6eHHocrpl ero pacr{eraaHaJrofHqubr npHBeAeHHbrM Bbrrxe Aan e,ro 17.y.
ti (;
Ea'naHc pacxoAoB nJIorHHHbtx rac, cocraB.rrflrour.r.\ ocHoB\/ fir^rpo-.3HepreTI.lKlI CCCP lr l{Mercu1ux oTHoct.tTe,rrbHo MZt,,,r}p AJrnHy Boilonpo_BOAffUIHX COOPYX{CHHII, MO}KCT NPOI,I3BOAIITbCff HA OCHOBC PABCHCTBAQe.o lI Qn.o B nroOola MoMeHT BpeMeHH, T. e.
Qs.o: Qnp + Q" + Qo. * Qo- Q'.n t Qexc t Qd: eH.6 : Qrec *
l- Q'.cop * Qo J- Q*." -1- Qroo" -F eo.np (l.lg)
Hacro HeKoropble- BHAbI noTepb BoAbr yr{rrrbrBaroTcfl opra HaMHI'r'lApoMerc/ryx6br B Q,,p (t); ryyriuru ewgaurz norepl MolKHo npeHe6_perrb I'13-3a kIx MaJIocrI'I (oco6enHo B MelrieHubrri oceHHe-s nunwft ne-plroA AJIfl I(pyrHbIX peK), ror4a BMecro (l.lg) roflycaeM
Q,'o + Q": Q.ec * Q*.cop (1.20)
VIJTH
fOC: sro Morier 6trru pa3Hocrb
Ko B gToM c,'ryqae Heo6xoAttutt H
yrlllrbtBatoulHe 9TOT Hanop.
yponuer? orKpbrrbrx nouepxuocrefi
H€Cr{oJbrio }rHbre xapaKTepHCTHKLi
6reQon. Ogna-
rHApoarperara,
fHApoarperara
Qn.o:Qno*Q".
3ro osHar{aer, rrro npt.r orcyrcrBur.r xo/rocrbrx
Qrec: Q".o : Qno *
c6pocoe
Qr.
(r.21>
(t.22>
tr nn f3C no , BoAoroKy Qo:0 Lt err.o: enp, a e ree onpeAeJrflercffHa ocHoBe ( l. l8) .
Pasyueercfl' r{To Bce cI(a3aHHoe oTlrocrrrcfl r( ycraHoBr.rBrreMvcrpex(rrMy pa6orbr fOC, r{orAa oHrr Mofyr BbrnoJrl{flTb poro" ";.ffi;
rlrfl. Q"o 1f ; . !,er?crBHTeJrbHo, 
' 
ar;obtTb onpeAereHbr AJLfr 3aAaHHOfo
!r pe)KrrMaM fOC rr rrx 6le6os.
ocHoBe 6aaaHcoBofo coorHoueHrrr
HOCTb pacr{eTa Qnp }MeHbrrraeTcfl r.r
r,nn AepHBaurroHHbrx Lt cMeuaHHbrx foc c 6o,rlrur^rr ro ,r,r.'rHgBOAOIpoBoAflIqllMr.r coopyx(el,rrrjlrr AJrfl Koporrirrx rrHrepBarroB BpeMe-HI.I (oxo.no I q) urHoneHnuri Oanauc pacxoAoB e".o r4 e,,.0 MoiKerHapyuaTbcrr 3a cqer Hailwr?fl epeueHir AO6efaHrrfl Bo.'rr{br pacxo-laMex(Ay ro"rroBHbrM coopylKeHr.reM r.r 34aHr,reM fOC. 3^re.o']i"... MecroCOOTHOIXCHHC
Qr.aU _. rouo) : Q".o (l). (l .23),
Bc"tleAcrsHe 3Toro npH onpeAeJleHr*r pex*rMa rrrApo3reKTpocraH-ullll o6laarenltlo Heo6xoAptMo yrlrtrbtBarb flB,rIeHIIe nocr,teAeficrBtrfl Blfr4Apaen'qecK,X [poueccax AJrfl Ma.[brx rrHrepBaJroB BpeMeHH (OXOro,I q)' vxasaHHoe flB/IeHHe MolKer He yqrrrbrBarbcrr AJrfi 6o,rnrur.rx lrH-TepBaJror{ (AeXaAa, Mecflu) .
6lJ

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EaaaHc pacxoAoB Apyllr BHA'B rgy. paccuorpeHHbre Bbrrrre ypaB-HeHHff BOIHOnO 6anaHca I'3q_cnpaBeAJrnBbr s o6ueM BHAe AJrfl Ortt-Horrnbrx |AOC, |OC-|AOC, HC 
'H 
apy."* BHAoB f3y. FiuoOioa,iloJIHIIJb B Kax(AoM-KOHKperHoM Cryqae yqHTbIBaTb oco6eusocrH 9THXrnApoycraHoBoK. Tar, A.rrq I'AOC necosileqeHuoro BvEa
Qraac (l) : Q"G)' 0.24)Tlorepa Hs BoAoxpaHHJIHIIIa raKHX |AOC B;r2flror B AaHHbrft uouesrBpeMeHH roJrbKo Ha Hx o6teu, Ho He Ha pacxoA. flnasarcrqrnrt JreANOTCPb MOIIIHOCTH HC CO3AACT, TAK KAK OH BrITCCHnCT CO6Or? ;;P'A;'.uesHufi o6rem BoAbr, [oAHHMafi ypoBeHb BoAbr s 6accefisax. oH TaK-}KC BJIHffCT HA O6ICU BOAOXPAHHilHII\A, A HC HA CrO PACXOA g AAHITITfia40MeHT.
^ Ann fA3C c HcKyccrBeHHbrM
Qraec(/) He BJrHfler Ha ypoBeHb
MeHH, onpeAeJrsnulnftcs o6teuopr'r{ocrbro B BoAoxpaHHJrHilrax e.,g[PCACJIfiTbCfi TAK X{C, KAK H AJI
Qr.o (/) raKHX IAOC 6yaer BKrrroqarb e ce6s noMHMo ereec eue? AOnOJTHT{TeJrbHyro rlpHTorrHocrb B HHX{Hee BOAOXpaHr4JrHrrle.
D,ns HacocHbrx pe>KH_MoB fAOc 14 HC pacxoA noAaqn BcerAa pa-BeH ToJIbKo pacxoay fOV B ueJIoM, HcKJIIoqaff pa3noro poAa rexHoJro-THrrecKHe norepr'r BoAbr H ee nporeqKr4 Hg BE S HE, muuyfi arpefarbr.Ba"naHc pacxoAoB |AOC c HCKyccrBeHHbrMr{ 6accefinaua Mo>KHoTIOryr{HTb C rorrHocrbro Ao 1-2_olo sa ga4aHHsrr? HHTepBaJr BpeMeHH.Bce cKa3aHHoe Bbrrre o loc ra rAoc cnpaBeAJrHBo H Ann fac-TAOC. Ma.nne f3C o6.naAarcr_ uanorl HHepuuonHocrbro rr,rApaBJrgqe-cKI{x fiPoqeccon u rpe6yrcr oco6o Tor{Hbrx MeroAoB ynpaBJreHwfl Hx pe-)I(r'rMaMH, nocKoJrbKy oHr4 o6ttqHo pa6oraior no BoAoroKy, T. e. npLl
Qr.o(/) :Qno(/). -----r' .
EcrecrneHHgn npHToI{Hocrb K npHJrLrBHbrM t4 BoJrHoBbrM craHur.rflMorcyrcrByer. Kqo^Vg roro, AJIfl BoJIHoBbrx craHr{r.rfi orcyrcrByer H no-HflTHC PACXOA f3Y, TAK KAK T,JIfr NOJIYqCHHI sHCPrHH HCTIOJIb3YCTCfl'TOJTbKO H3MeHeHHe yponner.r Mopfl B AaHHtrii repHoA BpeMeHH.- HanOC pacxoA BoAst .qepe3 arperarbr, a raK)Ke xoJrocrue c6pocbr BoAbrnptr 3aAaHHOM rpasz.xe Hafpy3Kr.r o[peAeJrflroTcfl ToJrbKo pexHMaMH''6reQon H nporycKlloit cnoco6Hocrrr,o ban,tzx arperaroB. flp" 11pfiMoM'ryp6uuHo*r vrrr o6parHou HacocHoM pex{HMax'nOC za^")zyr H pac-
xoA f3y B qeJIoM HHKaK He BJIHrer Ha ypoBeHb Mopfi, onpeAeJrreiurrft
Mapeorpanrruor?. Enn o6parHoro ryp6annoro vilr4 npflMofo HacocHoropelKHMoB zaaclzv; pex{HM ypoeneli B 6accefiHe 3aBHcr.rr roJrbKo or,o6teva BoAu B HeM, a He or e nec e AaHHHrl MoMeHT BpeMeHH.
Pacqer 6ananca pacxoAoB oco6euHo cJroxeH l\nr KacKaAoB fOC.
,Ann nJroruHHbrx f 3C rpaKrHr{ecKr{ Becb Q"o (r) rpoxoAnr qepe3
.crBop rHApoy3Jra r{ noTepH pacxoAa orpeAerqroTcfi ToJrbKo HesHep-
TerHr{ecKHMH KoMnoHeHTaMI{, T. e. Q,n".,. Qrr, Qo, e-rr, e*.e6p, esxc.
,T,ng AepHBaIIHoHHbIx H cMeIIIaHHbrx fAC rartrem Mecro .[onoJrHr.rreJrb-
Hble noTepr4 MeCTHO|O rrpHTOKa Ha yqacTKe or roJroBHofo ygila Ao.rrn)Kr{ero 6le$a.
62
Oco6oe SHaqeHI{e Aaff' KacKaAa f3C npHo6peraer neo6xoArrMocrbyqeTa BpeMeHH Ao6eraHtlq BoJI.Hbt pacxoAa Tao6 Melr{Ay crBopaMl,rcMelKnbrx ruApogJrerrpocraHrlufi H nnfl, Bcero KacKaAa,- Bpeun ryt6cocraBJrser HecKo;rbKo qacoB AJtfl KacKaAa Aepr{BaquoHnui fOC w
HCCKOJIbKO CYTOI{ A,1' I(ACKAAA NJIOTI{HHbIX II OCO6CHHO PYCJIOBbIX rH.IT-
poSJlel{Tpocrauuufi, coopy-}KbuHttx Ha panuirHuux peKax c Ma,,rbrMr.r
THAPABJII,IqCCKHMH YKJIOHAMH. 3rO OilPCACJIflCT HCO6XOAHMOCTb PZI3-pa6orxu cleIrHaJIbHbIx MeroAoB pacueia 6ananca pacxoAoB Ar,r.rr Kac-KaAa pa3Hbrx f3y AJrfl pa3Hbrx I]o AJrHTe,rrbHocrH HHTepBaJroB Bpe-
MCHH.
Vqer T4o6, paBHoro HecKo,IIbI(IiM cyrKaM, 6onee Bcefo cr{a3btBaercrf
npr.r KparKocpoqHbrx pel*(r.rMax f3c (cyrxH,_ue1e;]fl). fllrr r:oo) I cyrMo)KHo t{pHHI4Marb, rITo cyrorrHbre pexaMbr f3C KacKaxa B3aHMHo He-
3aBHcHMbr B AaHHbre cyrKrr, llp" HeAe,'rbHoM peryr.lHpoBaHrrH \/ser
tsoa(7 cyr o6ssareneH. B AJII.ITeJIbHbTx pacqerax c nr{TepBa.rraMrr
AeI(aAa' MecqU Tao6 MOX(HO He yrIHTbIBaTb IIpI{ MaJIbrX efo 3HaqeHrrflX
no cpaBHeHHrO C pacqeTHbrM HHTepBaJTOM BpeMeHr.l.
Ecnu noreprr^pacxoAa yqecrb B rtpHTorrHocrrr, To AJrfl KacKaAa rr3
n n"rrorHHHbrx l'3u npH rrca#0 6anauc pacxoAoB 6yaer Bbrf,rrflAerb
cJreAyroquu o6pa3oM:
Qu.6r (l) : Qnor (l) * Q", (l);
Qn,6z (/) : Qn.or (t - raoa) * Qo.r,p, (l) * Q"z (l);
( r .25)
Qr.an(/) : Qu.on*r (t _ rnoen-r) -f Qo.no., (4 + Q"" (4.
Hynrep ar\Hn fOC B KacKaAe npuHflra cBepxy BHH3. fIpel,non ara_ercfl, qro 6oroBafl npHTor{Hocrb_ qepecr{ar a:Ha Ailfl CTBOpa UUXnefi noTeqeHHro rr3 AByX CMelKHbrx f3c. pacxoA xa>rAofi r3C onpeAer,rr-ercn Ha ocHoBe (1.18).
lIpH rso6r:0 srvrecro (1.2b) noJryqr{M
Qs.6r (l) : Q'or 1t; * Q"r (l);
Qn.oz (l) : QH.6r (4 +Qo.r,o, G)*Q,z(l):Q,,pr @ + Qo.nor(r) + I Q't G);
Q'.ao(t) : Q'pt (/) Qo.npr (l) Q* (t).
(r.26)
n
+I
t-l
+I
t-,
63

--- PAGE BREAK ---

3OMKHYTbIC KACKAAbI TIO6bIX f3C MO,*HO PACCqATbIBATb B NrO6OftTI OCJIEAOB ATEJIbHOCT I,I.
Pac.rer 6anaRca pacxc.roB B KacKaAe npH raoetl c;reAyer rtpo-rrsBoAnrb c yqeroM cABHra e".at(t) Bo BpeMu""l""fun,-"AJrn camorlaepxHeri fOC ueo6xoAuiuo HMerb AaHHbre-frTl, "i*u"'y t iaiop, uuxsen roi T#lX;X' XToH:il"J;
,l - 
P 
rno6t; tnn 2-fi f AC - Ha MoMeHr , -E'roou, H r. A. Ao
EcrecreeHHo, uiJ'r"o 3HaqHreJrbHo
)AOB KacKaE a.
ar.a fAC cnpaBeArrnBo 14 DJtn ryp_
craHrlnri 6es BoAoxpaHHnHr\a pacxoAbrBcex craHuati paBHbI Jexay co6ofi w onpeAeJrrrrorcfl noAa,rerl cauoftaaxHer? ycraHoBKH. Ecnu no.xay craHuHflMH r.rMeeTcff wawofr_nvt6oaKKyt{yllnPylOtqHft 6acceftH HIII4 Kalail, T. e. HHeprIHoHHoe 3BeHo, ToB 6anaHce pacxoAoB Tar(oro KacKar,a cJreAyer yqr{TbrBarb HafiHr{r,reTro6 npH vcJIoBl4l'I ero conocraBnMocrn., c pacr{erHblM LrHTepBaJIoM.rlplauevr Hyprepaqraro HacocHbrx crauqnfi cHH3y BBepx, TorAa 6anawcPACXOAA KACKAAA MO}KHO NPCACTABHTb B CJICAYIOIIICM BHAC. N';;AaHa noAa'{a nepaofi uacocsori craHrIHH, r.',e. Qric, @: cnea6sa-TCJIbHO.
Qncr(f) : Qnct (t __aaoaz) * Q", (/);
QHce (/) : Qnc, (/ - rnoos) * q"" (l);
Koropbrx 6onee norpo6Ho nofiAer
)TMerr.rrb, qro c yqe?oM oco6eHuo-
eo6pasoeatr4n aHeprrrrr pa3HbrMrr
acrIoJIb3OBaHI,rfl cToKa krr. rrMeIOT
Hbrx ycJronHax) , Ens ir,epnBaunon-tu SHepfHr,r Ha MecTHoM CTOKe.pQuqneHr, Bbrpa)Karcqurt orHoltre-HHe croKa qepe3 ryp6uHu fOC x 6trrosoMy croKy 3a 3aAauHuli qrrxJrperyJrHpoBaHrfl, T. e.
k*-&9-,
cyIIecTBeHHO 3aBHCHT OT BH!,a pefyJrHpoBaY1fl ftr[pa3,qsKTpocTaHuHH
(cu. r"rr. 8).
C roqKn 3peHils sKoHoMHoro HcnoJrb3oBaHHfl 3aAaHHoro o6teuaoHepropecypcon HaH6onee eSQexrHBHbr nJrornHnnre fOC AJrrrrerbHoroperyJlHpoBalJl{fl, n03BoJIfllolqt{e 3HatIHTeJIbHo yMeHburrrb Vx.c6p. Oa-HaKo 9TH f3C o6naAarcr H waprlonatrlHM HerarHBHbrM BJrwflHHeM HaoKpylKarcuyrc cpeAy (saron"rleuue reppuropuft, nperflrcrBue ceo6og-Hoft nanrpauurr rpoxoAHbrx H nolrynpoxoAHbrx pilO ,i ,. a.). 
-
1.3.2. EAIAHC HAnOPOB rgy
Hanop Ha' reC - noKasl,Tertb aHepeoelvtKocTu eodor. .. AHanornu-HbIM noKa3areJIeM Ha TOC cJIylKHT.-KaJIopprfisocrt gHeprerHr{ecKoro
TOrrJrHBa. vXasaHHHfi gueprerut{ecxgr? noiesqna.n BoAbr He Moxer6ur9 Becb npeo6pasoBan- B MexanurrecKyrc oHeprulo Bpauarcuteficqryp6r.ruu,'q_acrb eio Heng6exno Tepflercff- e npoqecce npeo6paeonauun3Hepr.HI4. HenocpeAcrBeHHo HcnoJlb3yercff B rrrApoarperare J11ltrb pa-6oqHr? Hanop, r.rJrH Hanop ryp6uHHori ycraHoBKr.r, HJrH Hanop 
".rro 
l/r.Lns I4syqeHHfl fiel'oAoB paIrHoHaJrbnoro HCnoJrb3oBaHHfl Hanopa,TaK >Ke KaK 14 
" l._3.1, nocnoJrb3yeMcfl 6anaHcoBbrM MeroAou. c eiofirleJrblo Ha_ p_Hc. 1.20. npeAcraB,i'reHa cxeMa 6analca HanopoB r3c cyqeroM o6o6ueHnor? moAeJrr.r .ee, peaJrH3oBaHHoft Ha pHc. t.ts-JHor,repcrBopa (ceueHun)^,ru przc.l.20 coorBercrByer KoHrIy coorBercrByroqe_ro orana pr.rc. 1.18].
Vlenrriafl oHeprufl noroKa soaH JIA orpeAe,,rffercr no ypaBHe-
Hr4ro EepHy,r.rra Ann KalKAoro l-ro xapaKTepHofo crBopa, orpeAe/rfle-Moro KaK rpaHHrIa grarroB ts MoAeJrr4 plzc. l.lg
_.,2
3"ro:zi* P' ++,pg 2s
\Va -Vue", -V*.c6p -Vno,
vl6 , (1.29)
(l,30)
(r.27)
Qrrcr(t) : Qrrcn- | (t -r'oon) * err_t(t).
*f" 
Heyqere raoo (Pacqerbl A/Iare/rbHbrx pex(Hrraoa) nnaecro (1.27) noilyqa-
Qttc, (l) : QHcr (l) * Q"r (l);
QHce (t): Qucz(t) * Q"z (t): QHcr (/)
2
+I
t_l
Q*(t);
(r.28)
QHcn(l) : Qnc,-t (t) + Q"u-, (/) : QHcr (/) f Q't (t).
He (1.27) H (1.28), raK x{e KaK 14 r,rrfl. KacKaAa fOC, crreAyerHacocHbrx craHqr.lft B NacxaAe. 
-To
iry pelr(HMy Kacr(aAa fAAC.
)xpaHHJrHrrIa f3y roJrbKo repepac-
He MeHfls ero a6coJrrorHoro 3Haqe-L eaAaHHHrt TIHKJT peryJrnpoBaunff.
e cToKa cBfl3aHo c noflBJreHr4eM pe_:uHofi x fOC. VuenlrueHue HeaHep-reT'qecK'x norepb pacxoAa - BecbMa aKTyaJrbHar 3ahaqa, r{oropaff:MO>Ker 6u* pe[reHa nu60pou onrr,rMaJrbHoro peMrrMa f3y. 3ro rax(61
I
l:l
rAe z; -i yAe/IbHafl noTeHI{l{aJIbHat SHeptHg noJlo}KeHr.rfl, r.r3MepfleMag
elrcorol? pacnoJlox(eHut AaHHoro )KHBofo ceqeHr{ff BoAoToKa HaA He-
xoropor.r nprrulror)r rrJrocKocrbro cpaBHeHtrr; prl (pd: yA.ro"u" no-TeHUI{aJIbHafl sHepfHfl AaBJIeHHfl B UeHTpe Tflx(ecrr.r AaHHO|O }KHBO|OceqeHl4q BoAoToKa npr4 pi - yAeJIbHoM Hs6tlroqnoM AaB,rreHrrq B VKa-eaHHofi ror{Ke 14 p - nJrorHocru }r{HAKocrrr; uuzl eg) - ya.iorrir' ii-
3 3aw. 387 OD

--- PAGE BREAK ---

yi
2o aHn dzZ=20.6:const
lHzs AHa+ lHn IlocronrKy ..pa3HHrIa cxopoctefi u1 t4 oi+t, KaK npaBI{JrO, 6unaelrlegHarrnrenlHofi Ann 6nrcKnx Apyr K Apyry crBopoB c orKpbrrofi no.sepxHocTblo, Mox(Ho 3anHcaTb
Ht+ravVzt-V?t+r, ( l .35)
Hp N Y 4- v"z".o (Q,r,o : o);
noABeAeHnsrfi Harop B crBope 2
//i:# - v zz-vz,..o(Q".0-o) == He-LHrr;
noABeAeHHuft Hanop B crBope S
HX?t" - V zs- V zs.6 (Qr.o :o):Hp-AHrr,
Pac. 1.20. EanaHc Hanopon fOC
HerurrecKae sHeprr.rfl )KHAKocTH; o _ 6espasuepuufi roeQ$aqr4eHTKopuo.nvca; g - ycKopep4e ."oooa"i.o "n"u"i'*"".
D,nn crBopoB c orr(pbrrorl soAHofi nonepxHocrbro (1, 2, S, 7,)
a,!tsz
(r.36)
(1.34
(r.38)
(r.3t)
(r.32)
Hanop Hp npr{ 3aAaHHoM pacx_oAe peKr.r onpeAeJrfiercfl Anasofir'IcnoJlb3yeMoro yqacrKa BoAoroKa Lp H cpeAHHM yKJroHoM AHa peKr.rin, t. e.
Ho: Lrin (r.3e)r4e_vz; -ypoBeHr cso6olnofi [oBepxHocrn BoAoroKa.
vuuttrrnar, rrro Hanop BaAaHHoro yqacrKa BoAoToKa Me)KAy crBo-paMH i u t+ I BbrpalKaercq pasHocrirc yAeJrbHbrx eueprar? noroKa,noryqaeM
Ht i+r: 3IA-r,".1, : (r, + + + +) - (o* t + Pt+r+ "1'*' ).U ps 29/ \ pg 29 I
(r.33)
C yuerorrl orr(pbrrbrx noBepxnocrefi Hueeu
d
2g
- vs (1.39) cfleAyer, _rrro rreM MeHbure ip (panHnnHue pexu), reM6o.rrrruyrc AJTHHy peKr.r Lp Heo6xoAr.rrvro 
"an'onrroBarb Anfr noayqeHnffoAHOfO r'I Toro x(e SHar{eHHfl Ha[Opa. B ceorc oqepeAb, 3TO CBr3aHO C
YBCTHTICHHCM 3ATOTIJICHUfi ICPPUTOPNT? BAOJIb PCKH, KAK NPABH,IIO, HAH.,6onee rlenubrx B ceJrbcKoxogiricrsennoru orHoure HLrw.
IloAseAeunufi Hanop crBopa'THIICCKHC BO3MO}KHOCTI{ AAHHO|O
F.nn pa6orarcilrrrx fOC
BaHHbIe c ueo6xo,ttl{Mocrblo
Abr K ryp6Hne H or Hee.
xapaKTepH3yeT npeAe/rbHbre sHepfe-
crBopa npH HyJreBoM pacxoAe.
BCerAa r.rMeroT MecTo noTeptr Hanopa, cBfi-gHepreTr.rqecKr,rx 3aTpaT Ha TpaHCnopT BO-
Ey49M I-ra3brBarb HanopoM rHApoy3Jra Hr y pa3HHrIy yAeJrbHbrxeueprzrl BoAoroKa MelKAy -crnopavi 
i H T. ib^' ,ro,"'', KaqecrBearBopa 7 npHHuMaercfl crBop, cooTBerctryoqiufi Hausrrcr[ert orMer-66
Hi+r:(v zt-vz+)l (o',-a\+). (1.34)
3* 67

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ke Hr'rlKHero 6reoa co cno60Anofi noBepxHocrbro (anq peaKrHBHbrx-ryp6HH). Torla
fl".y : /Ji:f -LHur: Vzn.y- V zn.6_ LHuu. (1.40),
H a n o p o u 6"rr ox a' H ^.6r, Lrrr'.H6pvt'o, 6y4erra Ha3brBarb pa3H'qy yAe-
JrbHbrx aHepruft floroKa Me]KAy crBopaMfi B vt T
Ha.an: Hfd!, -LHur: llfi - AHrr- LHuu- V zr,y - V zn.6-
- LHrr- LHru : znan.6 - Vzn, _ LHuu. ( l.4l),
uuwoir ycraHo BK14, pa6o_
arperaTa krilv HarIopoM
Hocrb yAeJrbnbrx eHeprzft noToKa.
ro ycTaHoBr(y c MaKcHMaJrbHo Bo3_
sHcuefi oruerxofi, T. €. 
ceqeHHH B HHIKHeM 6reQe c HaH-
H, : H ^ : H r.aa- LHrn: ?nan,6 - Lzr5 - AHuu : flo." - LH26 :
=Hr#,- LHsz: /Jff - LHr, : Hp - LHu
HffTO AeJrr.{Tb Ha TpH rpynnbr: HH3KOHanOpHbre _ c HanopoM .IO 25-30 u, cpeAHeHanopHbre-c HanopoM ot db-a0 ao g0-j0o M rr Bbr-coKoHanopHbre-c HanopoM cBbrrre g0-100 M. B arofi x.rraccn$,,*u_
uHr{ nor, HaropoM npr4HHMaercfl Hanop f 3c (Ha arpefarHoM 6,rroxe),T. u. Fr.\, H[rvr reoMerpHqecKafi pa3Hocrb yponnefi 
".p*"a.o rr Hrr]K-Hero 6re$on, r. e. Hrec.
oco6eHHocrn 6ananca Hanopa pa3Hbrx foc no cnoco6y KoHueHr_paqr'rH Hanopa. PycJroBbre Hr,r3KOHanopHbre l5c, ^u*IIpaBHJIo, HMeror 3HaI{l'lreilbHble BoAoxpaFILIJIHIua, I{To cBfl3aHo coCTPOUTCJIbCTBOM T3C HA BOAOTOKAX C MAJIbIM YKJIOHOM AHA iP. 3rOnpHBoA?rr K 3Har{HTeJrbHbrM norepsM Hailopa 3a cqer xpueofi noA[opaH Cpa60rxu BoAoxpaHH/rHilIa npH _perydTr.rpoBaHrrrr croxa. cyqecraeH-Hbr 14 rrorepH Ha[op€_ B HLrX(FreM 6rese, a raK)Ke B COpOyAepiKHBaro-Irrr4x coopyx{eHr4flx fOC. florepn Me}KAy crBop arvn 2_4 na puc. t.iaHe3Haqr.rreJrsHbr. v.tacrox 5-6, r(ar( npaeruro, orcyrcrByeT.
Pexitlttlsl pa6orsr arperaroB Taxr.rx 
'fOC 
no Hanopy npaKTlrtrecKrr
OAHHAKOBbI.
K norepnvr B BepxHeM 6te0e LHr- orriocflrcf: noreprr 3a crrerxpunoli noAnopa (ArtualtrtueCxoro o6renaa) AH:1,,, 
'(rexrro.rorlr-
I::]\r.)j l9l.p" sa cqer cpa6orxu BoAoxp allrrvlr1.a^AH.n"u (pe>xnrw-FIbIe); rorep14 Ha copoyAepx{HBarorrlHX coopyx{eHrirx AH cvc' (pe-x<H M HO-TeXHO.rI Of H qecxtr e )
LH".a == A,Hn - A,Hsnn-F Afl.o"6 f Ar?6y6i
0.42j
- Taxupt o6pasona, He[ocpeAcTBeHHo B Mexaggr{ecKyrc gpeprgro Bpa_IIreHHfl Barra fHApoS_fpefara rr.peBparqaercfl roJrbKo qacrb ^ 
yaenlior:r9HEP|HH BOAOTOKA H,. Vg ECCI1 EOSMOXHOI? TNN HC11OJIbSOBAHHfl HA.'y'{a:T1:t rAe pacnonoxena f3C , Ho (;t. t;..l.iOj.--/vIelKAy crBopaMH I-T MolKHo elrAernrl cJreAyroulue B 14 A trnorepb Hanopa: LHn-norepr.r Hanopa. B BepxHeM oouo.l
f!::t rorepu Haropa B aepnearlnra; LHro- rrorepq Hanopa B Ha,NOPHbIX BOAOBOAAX HTIU BOAOTIOABOAflIIIHX COOPYx<CHI.{'X; L'H,U-;;.'rep' Hanopa B BoAoorBoAflIrli{} HanopHbrx coopyxe'Hfix [ai"ant.p-HbI AJI' noA3eMHux foC); LHaz - noiepr.r Haropa e HruxHenr' ore6i.llepeqllcnenuue,. rloTepH Hanopa Aeiiqrcq 
"a 
TexHoJrorr4qecKr.re HpexnMHbre, c oAHOr? cropoHbr, H Ha^. norepu no AJIHHe coopylKeHr4fl HMecrHbre conporHBJreHHfl - C Apyrofi. B xaqecree rrorepb Hanopa no.AJIHHe yTIHTbIBaI'orcfl rlorepH B BoAonpueMHHKe roJloBHono y3JIa, Ae-
PHBAUHH, HAIIOPHbIX BOAOBOAAX H T. A. B KAqCCTBC TIOTCPb HA MCCT.Hbre conpoTHBJreHHfl yrrHrbrBaroT.cfl rrorepH Ha yAapuuft 
^ 
BXOA, npHnpoxox(AeHHH MecrHblx cyxeunfi kI pacrunpenHrt noroxa, HsMeHeHprH'cKopocrH noroKa no HanpaB,/TeHI4ro H BHarreHaro a r. A.TexHoJrorrrqecKrre norep, Ha''opa cBfl3aHbr c Heo6xoA'MocrbroTpaHcropra BoAbr or BepxHefo K HH)KHeMy 6resy. pexuuubre norepr4orlpeAeJIftorcfl I43MeHeHHeM ypoener? BepxFrero H Hr4)KHero 6te$on,a raK)Ke rrHcJroM r.r cocraBou iioorurur"i afpefaroB.
OruocureJlbHoe BJIHflHLIe xaxAorl HS cocraBJrflrolqux noTepb Hano-pa B (1.41) sanucHr or KoMnoHoBKH rHAporexHHrrecKHX coopyx<eHnfi,cnoco6a pacnpeAeJreHHfl Hafpy3Kr.l MexiAy afpefaraMH, rrHCJra V, CO-craBa BKfiIOT{eHHbIx afperaroB, pe}KHMa r4crroJlb3oBaHr4n BoAOXpa Hr4Jrr4-
ua H T. n,. KoMnoHosxa rr4AporexIIHrrecKr.rx coopylKenllft no MlroroMonpeAeJlffercrr HcnoJrb3yeMbrM HanopoM Lr poJrbro r3c B eoAoxossfi_
CTECHHOfi CI{CTCMC. C grOI? TOIIKH 3PCHHff IHAPOsJICKTPOCTAHUI,I14 NPH.
68
llorepu B HHx{HeM 6reSe onpeAeJrflrorcfl noAbeMoM vpoBHr 3acr{er rronyoKoB BoAbr qepe3_ ry_p6uHu f 3c H xorocrux c6p'ocon. flprr9TOM Ha Hr.r3r(oHa[opHbrx f3c, coBMeureHHbrx c soAoc6pocaNfH. Bo3-Mo)KHo I{eI(oTopoe yBe/II.tqeHHe Ha[opa H, za cqer xoJrocrbtx c6poconBOAU B. [epHoAbr noJloBoAbt H naBoAKa H BO3HT.TKHOBeHHff B CBfl3H CarHM aSSexra a>KeKuHr{ B Hr.rx{Heu 6ne6e
LHoz: AH*.0 - LHr^
( I .43)
(r.44)
c yqeroU^cKa3aHHoro Bbrrrre Harop i-ro arperara 6y,ler cBfl3aHc HailopoM fOC H noABeAeHHbIMti HaropaMrr cJreAyrourHM coorHo[re-
HHCM:
Hri : Hrt : Hp- LHrr- LHuz: Hp- All".0 - LHn.a * AHr,* :
: Hp-rA,Hgr*- LH"r^a - LHcyc - LHr.a * LH"*; ( 1.45)
Hrr : Hrj : Hrec- z".u -;;-**-__ t 
(1.46)
C YC :,"fil Veyrcu{r'*,'irr <mft1flcs{u e 69

--- PAGE BREAK ---

cTBopa fOC v T. L,.OAHaro A.ns 6onbrIJHHcTBa cfiyqaeB, B TOM rrncJre
Yr AJIfl MeMeHHbrx pelKHMoB fAC, Hanopbr H, H H rsc MaJro pa3JrH-
IIHMbI.
- florepu AHarn" MaJIo 3aBHcffT or pex(HMa fOC v He [peBbrrrraroT
I u Ann 60.rliluuHcrBa oAHHorrHnx f3c. florepu LH cyc Moryr AocrH-
Larb rrepHoAbr roJroBoAb'fl 14 npu c.na6ofi oqucrreCVC 10-15 % Hrec .
fIosHuIeHHe Harlopa 3a ctrer 
-s$Sexra 
ox{eKuzr{ Moxer yBernrrnTb Ha
HecKoJIbKo rpoueHroB nupa6orxy f3C B neplroAbr xoJrocrrrx c6pocoB.
oAuaxo Hau6onee snaqzrenbHbre pe)r(r4MHbre norepn Hanopa pyc-
JroBbrx f3q npoucxoArr sa cqer cpa6orru BepxHero 
^6reQa 
v noAbe-
Ma yponHeli HrIlKHero 6reQa. Ha HusxonanopHbrx fOC AJrureJrbHoroperyJlnpoB_annff croKa ToJrbKo 3a crrer cpa6orxu-Ha[oJrHeHuff BoAoxpa-
HHJTHL\a HT nroxer H3MeHflTbcff na 30 ofo' w 6onee B TeqeHHe roAa. Tbx,
AHana3oH xoae6anwfr H, na Kaucrofi fOC cocraBJrffer or l0 ao 20,
y3 Honocn6upcroft-or ll ro 20, Ha Caparoncrofi-or 6 ao lS na.
KosQQaqHeHr HcnoJrb3oBaHHfl Harropa peK?r
7
Hp-Z tn,
l-l
ToJIbKo or o6Hero pex(HMa rHApo3JleKTpocraHUrrrr, Ho H oT pelKrrMoB
oTAeJrbHblx arpef aToB.
_^4epHBarIHoHHbre f oc, KaK npaBrrJro, BbrcoKoHanopHbre
rOC c He6o.nturuM _BoAoxpaHHJIHIrIeM npr{ roJroBHoM y3Jre coopyx(e-
uuft. I.ns HHX uaa6o"nee xapaKrepHbr norepu B AepHBarrHH H BoAo-
rpoBoAflilIfx coopy>KeHHf,x, r. e. LHza (.qrq HanopHbrx orBoAquHx
eoAosolon). llorepn Hanopa B AepHBaUHr.r Mofyr cocraBJrfrb ,u,o 5-
8 7o l?i:f , B H?rropHbrx BoAoBoAax - Ao 8-12 olo Hi?I . Taxnu o6-pa3oM, HarlopbI Hr.y, Ha.an H H, Moryr sHaqtrre,[luo oi"rluqarbcff ApvFoT Apyra, rrro Heo6xoAnMo yrrr4TbrBarb B pacqerax (npu Hrec :nrJ,
Ha5ni*Ha5ni: Hn- LHrr_ LHrr- LHut : Hn- AH.o* a - L?cyc -
-AHorp- LH".a : Hp- Aff".0 - AHo.o - AH".o i (1.50)
( r .52)h,u:H'-
Hp
_l_ LH:j+LHII'
Hp
(1,47)
Hrt: Ha.ant - LHaq: Hr- LHn_ LHrr-- LHrn-_ LHoz; (l.bl)
Hrr:Ha.bui- LH"ont--: Hr,y- AHsup- AH"on i : Zr.y - 2,^.6 - AF/sep -
-LH 
"oui 
- Af/cv cHp
lrnn erux fOC fts Mox{€r H3Meurrbcfl or 40 Ao g0 %.
IlpqrJrorr.rHHbre f oc HMeror, KaK rpaB'Jro, Haropbr or 30Ao 80-100 vr, a HHorAa n 6onee. OuH'o6.naAarcT 3HarrHTeJrbHbrMH Bo-
AoxpaHHJIHI[aMI4, oAHaKo oTHocHTeJIbHbIe [oTepH 3a crleT ,LH*n
3ACCb HCBCJIHKI4. A.Ng oTI,IX f3C XAPAKTCPHbI NOTCPH 3A CIICT AH.;;
4 _4H".g, t< KoropbrM Ao6asnsrorcfl norepH B HanopHbrx BoAoBOAaX
LHtn. SsQexr ex(eKrIHH, KaK 14 norepr4',A^F/uu, orcyrcrByer. H;;"p;;arperaToB MOryT oTflHqaTbcfl ,4pyr oT Apyfa Ha pa3Mep pex(HMHbrX
norepb B BoAoBoAax 14 cBflsaHbr c Ha[opoM Hp n H rec cooTHorrre-rrrfrMr4 (npu Ha.a,:Ilrec )
Hri* Hri :Hp- LHrr- LHrn- LHuz : Hn- LH".a- AH"oo-
- LH^.a : Hr- L,Hpnn- AH.n, a - Lilcvc -lA.H"oA - LH".a; (1.a8)
Ht : Hrsc-- LH"oo: Zs.6 - Z n3- Aff"oo ( l .4e)
florepu B BoAoBoaax l3C Moryr AocrHrarb HecKoabKux MerDoB HconocraBLIMbI c noTepflMH B HHx{HeM 6neQe. Han6o"rree 3Har{HTenlnsrfloTepH Hanopa 3a cqer cpa6orxu-HaloJlHel{Hfl BoAoxpaH?rJrr{ilIa (AoHecKoJIbKHX AecflTKoB uerpon). Koe66HUI4eHT r.rcrroJrb3oBaHHn Harro-pa AJIfl npHnJIorHI{HbIX fOC B cpeAHeM HecKoJrbKo Bbrrrre, qeM EJtflpycJroBbrx, 3a cqer 6o"ntruHx snaqeuHli Hp. il,tn Dparcxoli fOC c
LHnon=J,3 tvt, ,LH"pao: l0 u, AHfiof" x 2 Mnpr4 MaKcHMaJrbHoM 3Ha-qeHI4H Hr:106 u kn:0,87.
nns npnnJrornHHbrx rOC Moryr r.rMerb Mecro cyqecrBeHHbre pa3-
JIHLIUT pe)KHMoB arperaroB npH HecHMMerpauuoft r4LpaBrn4qeCxofi
cxeMe noABoAa BOAbr K Hr{M. floeronly n orJrr.rque or pycJroeHx l3Crorepz Harropa Ha yqacrKe MeN{Ay crBopawu I_7 6ylyr 3aBr.rcerb He
70
AHanns (1.50) -(1.52) rloKa3blBaer, r{ro r1rfl Aepr{BaurroHHbrx
fOC B elrle 6o,nrrueft creneHu, rIeM AJrff nJrorHHHbrx, Heo6xoArrM yqer
pex(HMHbrx rrorepb Hanopa npH pacqere Hrt. Oco6eHHo 3To orHocHT-
cff K HecHMMerpHqHbrM cxeMaM noABoAa BoAbr r{ arperaraM f3C.
!,epHnaIlHoHHbIe fAC HMeror BbICoKHe 3HaqeHnfl kH 3a cqer 3Ha-
qllreJlbHoro Hanopa Hp: /.Jrfl Zurypcxor? fOC kn:0,66 rpH MaKcH-
MaJrbHoM Harrope f3c, paBHoM 410 M, H CJreAyroruHX 3HaqeHHrx Oc-
HoBHbIx norepb Hanopa! AHgpn6:90 u;AHI!f;" - 43 u ; AHi]| : 6 M.
Bce cKa3aHHoe BbIIrIe orHocr4riocb K fOC c peaKTnBHurtlrl ryp6n-
HAMI{.
Lnn aKTr.rBHbrx ryp6un Hanop H, paccqrrrbrBaercs r(aK pa3HocTb
Hs.6n 14 nOTepb HaIIopa B BoAOBoAax no OTHOIIeHHIO x ocesOfi nHHHw
cTpyl4 B OAHOCOnJIOBb_II fopH3OHTaJrbHbrx v1J1r4 MHO|OCOI",'rOBbrx BepTr{-
KaJIbllbIX arperarax. Hanop MHoroconJroBbrx ropr.r3oHTaJrbHbrx arpera-
TOB OnpeAe/rflercfl rro orHoueHHro K cpeAHeB3seueHHorl no pacxoAy
oTl{eTKe pacnoJro}KeHnfl cTpy}i.
Oco6euHocrr4 6anaHCa Hanopa Apyrrrx rrrttoB
f 3y. trnn HacocHbrx crauuar? B orJrHr{He or rHApoanerrpocraHtlufi
Harrop Bbrpax(aercs yAentHofi eHepraer? BoAbr, nepeAausoft efi Haco-
coM AJrff BaAaHHofi esrcorH noA'beMa. 3ro o3uaqaer, qro Aar nepeMe-
uIeHHs o6teua BoAbr or orMerKH zs.6 lo zs.6 Hacocy rpe6yercn pa3-
gHrl Hanop H, 6onlura/r, qeM feoMerpr.lLrecKaff pa3Hr.rqa yponHeft
6reQon ua pa3Mep norepb Hanopa Mex(Ay crBopaMrr T ,i'Z Ha
puc. 1.20.
B sanacuMocrn or cxeMbr H pelKHMa pa6oru HC e cocraB norepb
Mofyr _BKJrror{arbcfl t4JrH He BKJrrOqarbcfl noTepr{ B HanopHbtx BoAoBo-p,ax A'H+e u A,Hz5, 2 TdKXre s CVC r.r 6leSax c orKprrrorl eoAnorl no-
BepxHocrbro. vqacrox 3-2 ans HC npaKrHqecKH orcyrcrByer.
7l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

. nnn HggKoHa[opHbrx Hc, pa6orarorrlax tto cxeMe KaHaJr- KaHaJr(crvr. prac. 1.5),
HHc: zs,6-?n.6: Hnt: H"i: const.
Paccuorpuu cocraB/tffIolrlue sroro 6anaHca AJrfl Ha16o.nee xapaK-TepHoro cJlyqafl'.. KorAa A//56:0 H Hanop .H, onpeAeJrrrercfl pa3-Hocrblo yAeJlbHoli sue_pruH BoAbI n crnopax 4 w 7. $a"rraric MorqHocrp6yAer flpgpoATrcs 6es yrrera A,By3Haqrrbrx cocraBJrflrorrIHX lanancapacxoAa (Q", Qr,, Qnxc il ap.), xoiopue 6yayr 6onee Brrnfirb Ha 6a-JraHcbr eHeprHH H croKa (cu. 1.3.4). B nepBoM npn6nnxeHHLr He 6y-
49Y yrrHTbrBarb norepH Hanopa 3a cqer AHHaMHqeCKOfO O6reruraLHurffi Hs-3a nx He3HaqHTeJIbHocrH AJIfl cxeMbr AepHBarluoHHofi iAC,npeAcraB"neHHofi Ha pnc. 1.20.
Eanw orr{ HC BeAyr pery/r'poBaHr4e perrHoro croKa Bo BpeMeHr{, T. e.
Zs.6 : YAt H Zn.6 : Vaf, TO
Huc : Zs.6 -- Zn,6 : H uJ : ff"; : y41.
Ann cpeAHe- H BbrcoKouaropHbrx HC Hanopbl Hnc, Ir11i tr H11i pal-JIHTIHbT Mex(Ay co6ofi Ha pa3Mep_ rorepb Ha yuactxi'x [Hru i'" Linr,a raxxe saBHcflT oT pex{unaon pa6orbr afperaroB
H*# Hd : Hnc * LHru I LHar: 2,,.6 - zn.6 * AHrroo * AH"oo .
(1.55)
Ann |AOC Hanop s ry_p6r.rHHoM pex(uve Hr 6yaer MeHbrrre Harro-pa B HacocHoM pex{HMe HH Ha 3HarreHHe 4nOfiHnx [orepb Me]r{AycrBopaMw 2 u T, r. e.
Hrr: Hai-2LHzt
K crBopy I noABoAr.rrcfi MorrlHocrb ru;oo, onpeAeJrfieMaff
Qn, r. €.
//;oo : 9,81 HrQo
( r .53)
(1.54)
C y(reroM npoBeAeHuoro Bbrue
MOIKHO 3a[HcaTb, qTo noABeAeHHafl
Hp rr
(1.57)
6anauca pacxoAa rr Haropa fOC
MOrrIHOcrb K afperaraM f3c npH
Pac,rer Ha[opoB fAoc B saB,cr.rMocr' or pexr.rMoB ee pa6orsr
:i:A{T npoBoAarb no gopuy;rau, coorBercrsyioutura H, _Arrn ryp_oHHHoro H tlt- gnn HacocHoro pexHMoB. Cr<asaHnoe orHocarct Kf3C-rA3C, nOC, a raK)Ke .rrrc6rila f3y B cocraBe eHeprergr{ecKgx
KOMNJICKCOB.
B KacKaAe coMKHyrbrx foy crreAyer rrp' pacqere H, HJ'H H,ytIHTbIBarb noAnop B HHX{HeM 6neQe cmexHnx craHuufr. 
- 
HannqprenoArropa B HH)KHeM 6rese KacKaAa f3c_yueHbrrraer Hanop nepxuericTailrHr4 u yBerr.rqr.rBaer Hanop naxHeri. Lnn HC - o6parnax KaprH-Ha. B II€JIOM noAnoP cyil{ecrBeHHo BJrHrer Ha pe)KHMbr HH3KoHa[op-I'bIX YCTAHOBOK. IIO4NOP B HHX(I]CM 6r,EQC MO}I(CT AOCTI41 ATb 8 *, A6onee. oco6enHo Bax(eH yrrer,noAnopa B KacKaAe KoHTpperyakpyro-ttI{T foc (HanpHMep, Canno-lllyrericxar H MariHcxa;;',:"p;enLli"
u Mnatnwlncrafl u ap.). rlorepH Harrop a, a cileAoBareJrbHo, Mor{HocrgB TaKoM KacI(aAe 3a cqeT cpa6orxu HI{)KHero MaJroro BoAoxpaH vlt4u\aMoryr 6urn conocraBltMbr c acpQexrom or orrrnMr{3 aurrl Bcero Kac-KaIa.
I{a'nuqtte noAnopa B KacKaAe coMKHyrbrx pycJroBbrx fOC no3BoJrfl-er yBerLrr{HTb r<oaQQraqI4eHT r,rcrror'rb3oBaHr4fl. Frafiopa AaHHO|O yrracrKapeKH (kn KacKaAa 1nusox r( 1,0). coeAaHr,re coMKHyroro KacKaAa
AEPiIBAUI,IOHHF,IX T3C FIe BJII4fleT Ha Kg K?cKaAa, [ocKoJIbKy ocrroeHol?BUA [orepb Hanopa oflpeAeJrrercs lepueauneii 14 eoAosoAarran.
1.3.3. EAJ]AHC MOLUHOCTh rgc
rlpuselerruurl Bbrrre aHailHa cocraB,,,flrou{Hx 6a,[aHcoe pacxoAa HHanopa fOC ,'o3Bo/lffer olreHI'trb I't sI-Ieprerr.rrrecri'e ,,oKa3 are'tLr yqacr-KOB CXeMbr' npeAcTaB,rreHHofi Ha puc. 1.I8, T. e. [poBecrr.r 6anaHc Morrl_HOCTh THAPOANCKTPOCTAH \HH.
72
Qx.cop:0 6yter paBHa /VXoo H OnpeAeJrHTCff COOTHOTTTeHHeM
ruloA : 9,81 (Qe - AQrr) (Ho- LH"p^a - LH".a - LHwc- LHv,p-
- All""J : 9,81 QrHn- g,8l QnAH"oa6 - g,8l epAflE.6 -
-9,81 QoA^H6yc - 9,81 QpAflA.p - 9,81 QoAd"oo - g,8 | Le.,Tp +
+ 6rtr = /Viloo- A{.p.u - Atr".0 - AMcyc _Ay'/s.p _ Aff"oo _ Aryi-,
rAe 
(l '58)
(r.5e)
(1.60)
(r .61)
(1.62)
(1.63)
(r.64)
+0.
(1.65)
B coorsercrBnn c (1.b8)-(1.64) lanauc MorrlHocrn AepuBariuoHHofi loc
6y4et BblrutsAerb crreAyrorugM o6paaou:
//:'oA : lfff" - Aff"oo : Nl".f" - g,g l Aff"ooQo;
iffA,5//Xsf -Affsup:lrvl8f - 9,81 AHounQo;
A/F& - //X3fl : i/Uf-Atr".0-A//cvc:/,'l?{ - 9,8 tQp(LH",olf lAllcvc).
(r.68)
(r.6e)
73
Aff"p"o :[9,8 I Afl.oruQo ;
AN".o : 9,8l[AH".uQn ;
A{cvc -i9,81 Aff65,sQ, ;
Affo.p : 9,81 AllreeQe
AN"oo : 9,81AH"ooQo;
LNt: 9,8 | A'QrrH r;
62y'/ : 9,81 AQrz(AH.p"o -F AH".o * A.Hcvc -1- Ar?s.p + AII""J
(r.56)
(r,66)
(r,67)
/1/H# : //i:$- Aff.o,u : tril$ - 9,gt AH.oouQn ;

--- PAGE BREAK ---

A/i:f
TorAa c yqeroM
ropl AAl, ro,rlesuafl
/y'rec
-' ,V;oo - Al/A' : 9,81 fln (Qn - AQrr) . (r.70)
nn
: I. Nui(H,) -l//loo - I A/y,i (H,),
/:l i:l
rAe [,,N^i(H) o[peAeJrflrorcfl xapaKTepHcrHKaMH [orepb,
MH or pe)KHMa arperara B ueJroM (cu. rn. 4).
CooreercrBeHHo KIIA fOC [c yqeroM (1.58) -(1.71)]
Tlrec : ffrec -
ililoo
trfoo-1,v6' -lu.ouo -ANrr. o -Affcyc-Ary6px6-Al/aep-A1y'" oo-Apa
Nrec /i:"o Nrd!
N;oo
A/noA A/noA A/noA
"Aep"crB "t.,y -qaqsonla.ptlcrnrlQ, (L72)
1/loA Nlo& ^/ffif Nl?$ ^/iof ru;oA
rAe
LNai (Hri)
norepb B anperare [ryp6zHa, peAyrffop (rr,tySra), reuepa.
MorqHocrb Ha 3ax(HMax reHeparopos l3C
(1.71)
SaBHCflITIH-
N;oo Qp
KaxAas cocraBJrflForrlas 6anaruca Mor.rlHocrefi 4epraeaunoHHofr fDC
o[peAeJrfleTcfl oAHHM, Ho rlaqe MHoTHMH napaMerpaMH pe)KHMa 14
HMeer recHyro cBfl3b c pelKlrMo,l,r f3c B rIeJroM. BcneAcrBl4e eToro on-
rHMr{saIIHrr o6ulero KnA fOC flBJlsercfl cJlox{Hoft saAaqeft.
Bce cocTaBJrflrorque [oTepb cBff3aHbl Apyr c ApyroM cJIoX(HbIMH
1anaucoBbrMu coorHorrreHuflMu u saBr4cfl,T or oAHoro o6uero flapaMer-
pa - pacxoAa f3C, roropnft onpeAeJlser pelKLIM fOC B IIeJIoM. .Iho-
6ne Apyrpre 6asoette noKasaTeJIH tpe6yrcr AJrn pacl{eTa 6anasca
MorrlHocrH Hrepaqr4oHHofi npoueAypbl.
74
6) Puc. 1.21. Eanasc MourHocrn f3C
AHa.[Hs xapaKTepucruK noTepb Kax(Aoro srana npeo6pa3oBaHnfl
eHepfHr,r Ha f3c, a 3areM Hx cHHTe3 AJrff noayqeHrrfl MaKcHMyMa
KnA craHuHH 6yaer AaH B cneAyroil{Hx rJraBax.
Enn ryqruero noHHMaHHfl $nelruecxofi cy[tHocru .rrpouecca npe-
o6pasonaHun aHeprHH Ha fOC AaH <<neHroqnurl>> 6anaHc MoulHocrr.I
rpex fOC: AepHBaIIuoHHofi (pnc. 1.21, a), npnnJlornHuoft
(puc. 1.21, 6), pycrroBorl (puc. 1.21, a). Oco6eHnocrbro aupaxeHnft
AJrfl KnA orAeJrbHbrx oranoB rexHoJrornqecKoro npouecca Ha fOC
flBJIfleTcfl To, rITo npu AQrz-+0 oHH s 6onluruHcTBe cBoeM oTpaxaloT
oTHOlxeHHe noTepb Hanopa Ha AaHHoM 9Tane K noJre3HoMy Hanopy B
Haqarre ero '[cn,r. (1.74)-(1.77)]. OrcoAa cJreAyer Heo6xoAnMocrb
coKparqeHntr norepb Hanopa Ha fOC.
Oco6ennocrn 6ananca MorrrHocrr{ Apyrnx rnnoB f3y. D,nn HC r
HacocHoro pex(HMa |AOC npaKTur{ecKrr coxpaHffrorcr re x{e cocraB-
Jrflroulue norepb Molrluocru, rrro 14 r,ilfl. fAC coorBercrByrouero BHAa.
LlsrvreHsrorcq Jrr4rrrb o60sHaqenraR napaMerpoB: 3Aecb peqb HAer He o
noABeAeHHorl, a o ga6r.rpaevroir rr3 sJleriTpnuect<oir cerrt MorlrHocrn Ha-
cocHbrMr4 arperaravrH I-IC H.nu fA3C; ue o noJre3Hori aHepnHrI, orAaBae-
Iaort e cerb, a o6 eHepruu, flepeAaBaelraoli ]KHAKocrH, nepeMeuraeuofi
c HHIKHHX OTMeTOK Ha BepXHHe.
Ha 6onnunHcrBe HC H |AOC qucroro BHAa norepu pacxoAa
npaKrurrecKu orcyrcTBylor. B oroM cfiyqae KIIA rl41paBilHqecKoro
TpaKTa 6yaer xapaKTepr,r3oBarbcfl ToJrbKo cooTHorrreHueM Hanopa pr
efo florepb.
,II,ns Hara6olee o6utefi cxeMbr npnnaorannoft ycraHoBKH B czcreMe
BOAOXpaHHJTHTTIe - BOAOXpaHHJTHUIe nore3Haq MoIIIHOCTb, OTAaBaeMafl
noroKy 6yaer paBna
NHc : 9,81 Qnc^Hnc : 9,81 QHc (2".0 - zrr.a). 0.78)
75
Ia:
Mloo
qsor : -l-
nlnoAr" a.6il
ru:oo
- | QPAH"oo
(QP-AQrs) H^.6n'
-- I - QPAffo'o
(Qp - AQ12) Haep '
Ail"puo*Ailn.a*Affcvc
qs.p:#-l-
ilfff
-1
Affso,q
A/noA" a.6.n
Ail.q.o
( r .73)
(t.74)
(r.75)
A/noA
rlcrs:1ore6:i]49!-
AInoA
" cTB
A/noA" Aep
- 1-
_1
rl0
A/noA A/noA" r.y . r.y
Qp (AHcp'a* LHr,a* AHcvc)
(Qo -119") Hp I
A/noA'u .. v ., AQrz
-l
(1.76)
(1.77)
n00
u t'!d

--- PAGE BREAK ---

CoornercrBeHHo Motr{{ocrt, sa6apaeiuan H3 ceTr4, ffo" 6yaer 6ontruenonesHofi MOuIHOCTH /y'uc Hs pa3Mep rorepb Ha HC. .r. e.
ff* : g,Bl Qsc (afff * LHr^n* Affr.o * Aflcvc * Hron+ Ali") _
ryre 
: Muc -F AAL"' * Aff'.0 * A//cvc * Aff"on + Ar1/", (l.Tg)
Affn"r, : 9,81 QHc Afl""ni
Ail".0 : g,Bl eucL?r.ai
LH cvc: 9,81 Qnc Ar?cvc;
AALoo :9,81 enc AH"oo;
Aff" : 9,81 QHcAI/a .
flpu oroM B Kaqecrse AIl"u 11 vr ,AHs.6 6epyrcaToK or MHHHManb-Holo ypoBn, BepxHero 6reQaypoBHff Hr4x(Hero 6reQa -cborsercrBeHHo.
KnA HacocHoro uHKJra
THc: 
tt" -
ffr"
y'hs - A/VHau - A/y'H.0 - Affcyc - AilsoA _ Alr/a
i/sc //foo riil:f
ffR"
A/noA" BO.u
;, : IancrsTson,
ly AB
(1.80)
(1.8t)
(r.82)
(1.83)
(r.84)
OTKJIOHCHITfl OTMC-
H MAKCHMA./IbHO|O
#t"""p,11i:l"li t:1:3:,T Loa:p! {lruuocrn or H3MeHeHHn ypoBun'L'r I lJtJDntl
H:t: J: o. 111,.11^:: p.yj: jr O C H orp eAerr.,r rorc n n o M a p eorp a M M e.
.o,' :?: I "#" : : f " H:' * ^ : : :'i : rT ."r ; &ffi ^" ;;,'-; u; ;, T ti:' I 3 r$?Ba crreT HgMeHeHHr ypoBn n faccefiua.
P * ::l,l* .-l?S :.i9: l-lil;;; A or orr H H rerr b H br e n ore p H M o rrr H ocr H.
#*".11.,:,y:y:T..,lll11"i,o""""oi*idi":;;J';:':;,f.""Ti,iJT;n\-..lu_(zlE U I
il: g'::ffix#"j:p3 ::l:3 i:: ::.1 XX c: ot6: oB u; ; ;;*" v i u."*o" p. -
Xf;"'#"J:JJ3y^:::*T._:1I_ fg foc B ",*"., *;O;"';;;fo;
iif:::" rronBrrnrorcn AorrorrH'rerrbHbre no".p" ru-l"u;i ;;^ffi;;AMrrouo.
#*X::^::j.ti:11lg"Ir* rOC Heo6xoAuMo yr{HrbrBarb nore-p LI M oru H_o-cr H Hs 4 a j{.ej gr oJr bs o B a H H fi 
" 
u., * o. ol;;; 11
Qx.cop: Q":0)3":%--y^i'ot Kn'q *"*,au r3c ";#; 
o,un".rr, 
(np'
m
)] "Fs'r.r.,t -1a-r
(r.e2)
(r.e3)
rAe n rec, onpeAeJrfleTcfl c^ noMorrlbro nslpaxeuufi, npHBeAeHHbrx
]tl[|;riraKx(e 
c yqeroM AonorlHnrerrbubrx norepb 
""nop, H pacxoAa
Kn'4 KacKaAa Hacoc'brx craHqnfi onpeAeJrrercff ' 
u*rno.HqHo:
mr
,E,"ffi,
(1.85)
(r.86)
trloo //ffa ill8i
npH
Eanaucu MorrlHocrlr foc-fAoc rr f3v B cocraBe aHepfoKoMr.rreK_coB saBrrcfiT oT Hx cxeMbr H pex(HMa pa6oru.
7A
qso':-tf8i -l- A//eor -l- AHgor
ffor ffo" HH
I{HH:zXli-z#T.,
Hsoa: HW * LHr.a I L7cvc* Afl"roi
H': Haon* AH"oo : ffff6n + I LHr,
L:/
mm
'rHC p ruHcr p,trr'rlncr
'rKacx- 
l--: m
Slv - \'lrr
/)." Atl A tv qtt
t- | l:l
HanH,Irae -?"i?:l:ri_c6pocon Ha oA'Ho'Hofi I.OC 14 B KacKaAe, HeI43MeHflfi o6ureli KapTI'IHbI' 6anauca_ MorrlHocrH, cyulecrBe'Ho yc/rolK-HHr pacqeTbr efo cocraBrqnqHx. .{,ononHHiano"o ycJrox{Hffercfl pac.
;il&',#i#iJiffiif;. ttt c !'[IeroM rss6 n or6opo' "oiii'Ha HylKAbr
t.3.4. sA.nAHC 3HEPrnn rcc
KaN y)Ke orMeq.afiocb, e'eproeMKocrb rorrJr'Ba Ha Toc orpeAe-JIfleTcff ero xanopwftHocrblo, a Ha fOC - HanopoM. B cBr3rr c grHMKn,[ HcnoJrb3oBaHr4fl. noAeeAeHHort ,out"o.r" H aHeprHH Ha TOCMAJIO 3ABHCflT OT PCX{HMA CTAHUHH H IPAKTHqCCKH COB,,AAArcT APY.c Apyrou. Kportre Toro, ocHoBHbre noTepu Morr{Hocr* H sHepfHH HaT3c onpelenqloTcs caMHM TexHoJrorHrrecKHM ur4r{iToM npeo6pa3oBa-Hr.rfl_ sHepfHr.r Ha cTaHuHpr.
Ha fOC Kn.[ HcnoJrb3oBalr4fl. floABeAeunofi MorrlHocrg H aHeprHHMoryr cYl]Iecrser]Ho orJrHqaTbc[4qyf oT Ap.r),ra no pffAy npHI{HH: Ha-rruqae BBaHMocBflsH pex(HMoB f3b" c eoid)ipaHnnarqerri eo BpeMeHH,
rAe
ffIoA
4crs : q
ffnc
lVnoAa
-1
/i33i
LHn.a *AHcvc * Affnon
Hto/.
Affu.o*Affcvc*Al/"un
Ia:
A, noA'tr.6
/VnoA r noA" n.6 BoA
-1
; (1.87)
(r.88)
(r.8e)
(r.e0)
(r.et)
77

--- PAGE BREAK ---

4.e _.9rec tflSc ,#t"'rp -rFBt 
,fA q- 
: ?1rec4cncr4np.
3HaqureJrbHbr w norep' gHeprHH 3a cqer cpa6oTKH-HanoJrHeHHf,BOAOXPAHHJIHIqA H3.3A YBCfiHqEHHg IOTCPb HA TPAH3HTHOM CTOKC ficHH)KeHHq KnA rgc. i{a HprsxoHanopHux tbc';;;;;ft;HHrrHruaMH
rJIHTeJIbHofo peryJIHpoBaHHt Tcucr Moxer AocrHrarr 80 %, uro onpe-AeJIfler BalKHoCTb Ha3HaqeHr.rt o[THMaJrbHofo pex(HMa HX pa6orbr'BoBpeMeHI{ ga Zpen.
VqurHgafl, qTO Hp:cOnSt, noflyqaeM
rpu"
gloo : 9,81 /tp { Qo6 dt - keHrV(o",;
flo1cmsun (1.98) H (l.gg) n (1.g4), nonyqur{
?pu"
t ae @qll (t)at
:0.
T
Ho vl;ner
-\
Ae (l.l0l) cJreAyer, qro AJrff 3aAaHHoro In." KnA HcnoJrb3oBannff
SHepnHLI peKH OnpeAeJlffg.tcfl He TOJIbKO TeKyITIHM, Ho 14 B3BeueHHbIM
no pacxoAy 3HaqeHHqy. IIpH erou nupa6orKa Bo MHoroM onpeAeJrfler-
cfl cToKoM Pe_ry{,3a_7'per I{ ero noTepflMH H3 BoAoxpaHr.r/rHula H HafOC ,[cu. (1.58)]. t{eu MeHbIrIe cro*, reM 6onrnre g"ru"onocrb orHo-,cHreJrbHbrx norepb sHeprHH 3a Cqer cHHx(eHlifl KlI,4 f3c. Kn.[ HC-rroJrbsoBaHr.rq sHeprHH peKr.r yMeHbrraercff rr npH pocre or6opon BOAbr
rflq BoAoxosqficrBeHHbrx uenerl.
nns HC vr, np' Hacocqg_-M pex(r.rMe fAoc, Kar{ npaBrrJro, 3aAa-
9Tqfl o6uluft o6teu noAarrn lVn 3a BpeMfl T. B erou .ryuue' KnAHC paneH
anone3HvHc
\nc G) dt
rp."
gfoaesr - keHp .i' qr(r)nf O dt .
0rAe
t4"o (t) dt;
Tper
9lo'"'": J //foo U)rty (0 dt.6y
A9n - A9"p * Ag"r., * Agrec .
Toraa 4 f Mo)r{Ho onpeAeJrr{rb cJreAy}orrr'M o6pasovr:
M /$"oJ paccqr.rrbrBaerraor? no (l.sl), u ,$_Tr rqc no (1.72) AtrnsaAaHHorl cxemu KouueHrpauupr Haropa' 
"u i.gc; :A5; _^ior"pu 3nep_
aff npH, npoeKTHpOBaHHH nOTeHUHa_
a cHcTeMHbrx noTepb sa cqeT cpa_
r.r HeonTHMaJrbHocTH 3TOrO pelr{HMa
{Hx rrorepb 3HeprHH Ha cauort fACl
(t.e4)
(l.ee)
(r.100)
(r.101)
Tper
gloo = j
0
(r.e5)
(r.e6) \3e
(1.e7)
(r.e8)
Hau6onrur'rM A,anasoHoM pas6poca eHar{eHr.rri o6.naAaer rrp-rlpa KacKaAHoM Hc[oJIbgoBaHI4H BoAoToKa oH yBeJr'rr'Baercfl sa crreTnoBbrrrrenr{r rosQ@uu,enra HcroJrbsoBaHr4fl crbxu h;-;-"rnopu ku-Hau60nru:ue gHaqeHrax kw 14 ftII coorsura"uyto" xacxaAuorl cxeMe.coMKHyrII ^py.noBbrx f3c AJrzreJrbnoro pefyJrupoBaHHg. ar"- oa"-Ho'IFror? l3c na BoAoroKe oHH BaBHcflT or cxeMbr H Bnr\a pefyJr'po_BaHPrfl, H Moryr 6urr or{eHb MaJrbr, rrro yKaBbrBaer Ha eS6eKTHBHocrb.xacxaAuofi cxeMbr Hcnorrb3oBaHVn. BoAoroKa.- K;;SOi,i;&; kw c'rr_'*ACTCfl C YMCHbIIICHHEM AJIHTC/IbHOCTH I{HKJIA PCiYN'P O'i'^i' r3E,
? kt - rp; HcroJrb3o BaHHH Aep'Bauu oHHbrx cxeM (pacryr rorepr.{ E.AepHBaqHH H eoAosoAax) .
78
r%:
T
.[ trn" (t)
0
T
tuo,{ilat0
(r.r02)
79
9o"

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Aan HC, pa6omnrqefi npH ffs6 : coflst,
T qn"ryo'
^w-b'fHc-5;;'
l'........*'
b Inc(t)
T
r[e ,[ Qnc (/) dt:V n - 3aAaHHarr BeJrH trr4la.
0
TAXHU O6PASOU, H T,JTfl HC NY" 3ABHCHT OT TCKYIIIErO H B3BC-
IUeHHOTO rlo noAarle SHaqeHI4n ,r]:tsl}.
OqeHxa KnA KacKaAa fOC 3a sagaHHsrr? repnoA T HecKoJrbKo
ycnoxHfleTcf H3-3a BOsMOXHOCTT.T Hailwlr4fl Ha BoAoToKe rHApOsJreKT-
pocraHunrl pasHoro BHAa peryJrnpoBaltfl. B csssfi c erHM B KaqecrBe
pacrlerHoro [epnoAa T cJleAyer 6part catrurt MaKcHManruurt H[rr1
HecKoJIbKo 6onturutl nepuoA, coorBercrnyrcqrar? cauor? sucoxofi cre-
IIOHH peryJlupoBaHufl, rax qro6rr B HeM <<yJro)KHJIocb> ueJroe qr{cJro
IIHKJIoB P_ely4npoBarrfl MeHbuHx creneuer?. B nrc6oM ApyroM cJryqae
oIIeHKa KnA KacKaAa He 6yaer AocraroqHo npaBuJrbHo orpa)Karb
aQ0errunHocrb HcnoJrb3oBaHHfl rHApoeHepropecypcoB AaHHoro pe-
rtloHa. B qacrgocru, Bo3Mo)KHo ynenuueHze- nulpa6orxpr fAC B i<a-
rot?-ro orpesol{ BpeMeHI4 npra o6ueu ero yMeHbixeHulr 3a Becb ur{KJrperyJlHpoBaH4fl, Tp"r. B pfl,q,e cryqaeB uoAo6uue Bapr.raHrbr pex(HMa
fOC Moryr.6urr onpaBAann nonyqerrueM 6onruert s*oHorr,rr.rH rr3Aep-
xeK no ecert BoAoxogflficrsenHofi cucreue.
-, Fnaea 2
. EHTPTETVIqECKI4E XAPAKTEPhCTVIKV| CTBOPA 14
B OAO n P O B O A '.U.J,VX C O O Py>+{EHnn
2.1. OEUlnE nOnOlKEHht
B rn. I 6uno noKagaHo, tITo ocHoBHbre norepr.r Morrluocrv Ha f3y
cBfl3aHbr c norepsMH Haflopa. flocne4Hue, B cBoro oqepeAb, onpeAe-
JIflIOTCfl KaI( TeXHOJIOTHTIeCKHMH, TaK H pex{r4 MHbIMH 0aKTOp aMVr, T. e.
rBJlfltorcr nu6o HeI.ns6exHbrMH, nu6o gaBHcflrrIHMH or pelKuMa f3y
B rIeJroM H ee oTAeJrbHbrx arperaToB.
Ocuonnori Qarrop Bcex norepo Hanopa - pacxoA BoAbr Ha f3y -
oAHo3HaqHo onpeAeJlfler co6ofi pex(rM f3y B UeJroM. 3ro nosBoJrffer
HCnOJrb3OBaTb pacxoA B KaqecTBe He3aBHcHMoro napaMeTpa B pacqe-
Tax BoAHooHeprerr.rqecr(Hx pe)Kr4MoB f3y, yBnsbrBaro[rero B eAHHoe
IIeJIoe pex(I4Mbr orAeJlbHbrx sranoB TexnoJroruqecKoro npouecca. Anq
[poBeAeHHfl pacqeroB Heo6xoArzMo uMerb Bo3Mo>KHocrb MHHHMr43Hpo-
Barb noTepr.r MorllHocrv Ha l3y, T. e. 3Harb oco6eHuocrn HX H3MeHe-
Hr4fl, B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT peX{HMOB yCTaHOBKT{.
nnn sroro ueo6xoArznao HMerb aHeprernqecKr{e xapaKTepLrcrr4tri
80
(xaparrepucTl{Kn 'norepb Hanopa n uonlHocrn) orAeJrbHbrx sranoB B
BaBl.rcHMocTH oT pacxoAa, fipuqeM arrr xapar(Teprrcrnx]r AoJr]KHbr o6ec-
neqr.rDarb MrlHHMH3ar{Hro norepb Hanopa v MorrrHocrw Ann ecefi f3y
B I{€.ilIOM.
B AauHoft r.[aee 6yayr paccMorpenbr oco6enuocrrr eHeprerr{qecKnx;
xapaKTepHcrHK AepHBaqHH, BoAoBoAoB u 6reQon f3y, a raxx{e Me-
TqAbr r,rx pacqera u rpaQrauecKoro npeAcraBJreHurr.
Pacqer H nocrpoeuue xapakTepucruK 6yayr nporr3BoAnTbcff Ha oc-
HoBe MareMaruqecKnx naoAenefi ocHoBHbrx sranoB npeo6pa3oBanr4t
oHeprHH Ha f3y n\rrfl, ycraHoBnB[Ierocfl H HeycraHoBnBuerocfl pe]KH-
MoB Hx pa6oru.
Kax ra B npeAbrAyueM H3JrolKeHHH, ocHoBHoe BHHMaHHe 6yaer yAe-
JreHo xapaKrepHcrHKaM fOC.
fIocneAoBareJrbHocrb HBJro]KeHHs MarepHaJra 6.vaer coorBercrBo-
Barb rexHoJrof uqecxor? cxeMe f 3C, npeAcraBnessofi Ha puc. 1.18.
2.2, ?HEP TE Th I.,I EC K h E X A P A KT EP VilCI V|KV B E P XH E T O
U HU>KHETO BbEAOB r3C
Oco6enHocrn eHepnernrrecKnx xapaKTeplrcTHK 6le$on npH ycraHo-
BHBrreMcfl pe)KHMe I'3C. XapamepucrHKr.r norepb MoulHocrrr rr Hano-
pa paccqr4TbrBaroTcfl. 14 cTpoflTcff B BI4Ae 3aBHcHMocTr,r MorrIHocTH, noA-
geAenHofi K rrApoysry ruilf , crnopy A/llf v fOC //TS' or pac.
xoAa BoAbr B Irrrx{FreM 6re$e nprr ycJroBrrrr, t116 Qr,.ri- Qrec H copo-
yAeplKHBarcuIHe coopy)Kerr4fl- o6ulue Eiln rHApogaeKTpocraHrIHH.
B cooreercrBuu c noJIo)KeHHffMr.r rn. I npnHnMaercr, rITo
A/f$ : 9,81 Q'.6/?ffi : A/i:,l(Q,.0); Q.l>
/V## : 9,81 Qr.olli?f :9,81 Qr.o (r?frf - AH.o"o - AHcvc); (2.2)
/ff$c:9,81 Q,.oH.ec :9,81 Q".u(Hl?t- na".u) : A/flS(Q".0), (2.3)
r,[e
l/fi - V Hny -2n.6(Q".0 :0,z|ldn -' min).
(r.103)
(2.4't
Ilorepr.r Harropa H MorrrHocrH B 6reQax f3C flBJrflForcr HeHs6ex-
HbrMH, OnpeAeJrreMbrMH pex{r.rMoM frrAposJreKTpocraHr{Hr.r B ueJroM r,r
He 3aBHCffUIHMH OT pacnpeAeJreHHfl paCXOAa MelKAy afpefaTaMrr.
florepu Hanopa H MorrrHocrr4 B BepxHeM 6reQe onpeAeJrflrorcr cHH-
>KeHHeM yponHeft BoAbr B BoAoxpaHHJrHrqe npH ero cpa6orKe Lr, nore-
psMH Haropa Ha CyC. ?rvr norepu saBucflr or pacxoAa Q rec Ll
hspa6, T, e.
LH".a(hrp^a, Qrec): h"p^6 * A.Hcvc (Q.sc); (2.5)
Al/".0 (ft.n"o,Q.sc) : 9,81 Qrec LH".a: 9,81 Qrech"n^6 + 9,81Qf"tt kcvc :
: Aff.p" a(h"pua,Qrec) * Ai/cvc (Qrec), (2.6)
rAe AHcvc :k cyc QF"" , ^ npn ycJIoBHI{, qro ftcyc < I 14 m72 -
KOHCTAHTbI.
8l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

s rH.d
") Q,x.d= 4rge
Puc. 2.1. 3neprernqecKne xapaKrepncruKn 6reSon fOC
A -',,cp[o fi-
U.u ,{ = L4.ri^
1I'
r.d Lari.d
LH'.a(Q.o) : Azu.o (Q".0) : 2,.6(Q".0) - zn.6oi
Atr".u (Q".0) : g,8l Q^.a Lzr.a(Qr.o).
P#r",lHi#TJi? tiTcpa6' a/v cvc , AN'o H Bbrqecr b r4x H3 l/rf, pac-
Tax KaK apuQrr,rernr{ecKafl cyMMa BbrnyKJrbrx eyHxuafi roxe Bbl_nyKrlat Sy"*,l]li ro_l yrreroM *(?.,19].._xap"Krepr{crnr(, A/FSiq";}npu hcpaa: const - noiHyrax QyHrqua, o6rual;rr{;;" eKcrpeMyMoM-MaKcHMyMoM H AByMfl HyJreBbrMr4 3HaqeHHfrMkr npl en.o: O n nyy ::AHcpao+aF/ cvc * LHn.6 unra ^Hi$ - 0. flpm oroM /f$.rnarcyMeHbuaercfl npH yBeflHqeH[H hcpaa H Aocr'raerc, npH TeM MeHb-IIIux pacxoAax Qr.o, .reM 6ofltrue ffi6flpeAenrnaq noABeAeHHafl Moucff pex{HMa pa6oru 6te6oe ecrbHofi uoulnocru fAC B AaHHoM crIIHr4, BOAOBOAaX H arperarax craHl
Anfl fOC c ue6onlrr^HMn Haropar
cToKa.
flpu sriaqHTerrbHbrx pacxoAax B Hr,rxHeM 6reee HJ'H rny6oxorr cpa-6orxe BoAoxpauh.nprura raK*e Bo3Mox{Ho noryqe*re i/is : 0 }r3-3a paBeHcrBa HyJrro ,?fl36. cooreercreyrorr{ufi .ry p.*HM _ npe-Aenlnnfi no MaKcHMaJrbHoMy 3HaqeHr.rrc rrpgnycKaeMoro pacxoAa,Qn.o AJrfl 3aAaHHOro gHar{e nun h"n^6 B cTBop€ (puc. 2.1, a) .Ha puc' 2'1,6 nponsBeAeHo nepecrpoeHr.re xapaxrepHcrr.ix l/flS (e".o)npu h"ru6:const B r(oopAr.rHarbr 2n.6, err.o nplr lVi$t:""nri, rrro no3Bo.JrreT r{eTKo BbrflBHTb npeAeJrbHbre I
Ka E) v hcpaat, Hanpr{Mep y'y'a:
fionycrHuan o6nacm H3MeHeHr
cJIeBa npruofi Qrr.o:0, a cflpaBa r
crByloqefi Qff:f" (h"pnd H BbrxoAnqefi lls Harrarra r(oopAHHar c'cre-Mbr (2".a, Q".o).
[pea,."uBJIeHHbIe Ha p'c. 2.1, 6 gaB,cr{Mocrn nogBoJrffIor BbrflBr.rrbw HecKoJIbKo AonoJIHHreJIbHbIx oco6eHnocrefr pu.."utfiiru.noo,* xa-paKrepHcrHK. 3aeucrarvrocru 2".6(e".0) npH rui$ : const _ HecHM-MerpI4qHble napa6o.nlt, HMeIoxIHe Kpyryrc .racrr B 3oHe MaJrbrx 3Hatre-tturi Qo.o H nofioryrc qacrb B soHe 6onuunx , Hsonnwpru liflBt : corntcraHoB.nrgl npaKTHqecKH BepTHKaJrbHbrMH npflMbrM H Ann 6o.ntrugx gHa-
lguufi /tff' r.'e. A/rr cpeAHe- 14 BbrcoKoHanopHux f3c, fA€ Aocr'-x(eHl{e npeAeJIbHbIx tvtouuocrer? crBopa TexHHqecKH HeBo3Mo}KHo.
il,nn Hr{3*oHanopHbrx rgc Bo3MoxHo nofiyqeH'e raKx(e H npe_Aentuofi MouIHocTH Ailn, rax4or? zs,6 Lrtrrr4 hin^u:coflst, 
"unpr"a 
p iNa,
Ann hs Ha pl{c. -2.1, 6, Kpunue /vFS ..- collst craHoBflrcq 6onee ro-JroraMr.r B goue 6o.nlruux pacxoAoB H MorbrX 2s.6.
B HHx(HeM 6reQe Bo3Mo)r(Hbr H Ao[oJr'HTe/rbHbre norep' Hanopa.H MoIIIHocr[ 3a crler JIeAoBbIx ycfopy: 3apacraHfi, pacrHTerrbHocrbro,noArropa or Hr.)KepacnonoxeuHoft f3c (pr.^. 2.2) .'IIp; ,ro* Qynr-rIr{H AO[OJrHHreJrbHbrx [oTepb MorqHocrH or Qn.o "r_au'nll"*or* ycJro-
'N,AN
ANcsc,
AHcvc
ANH.tr
Azr.6
hcpa6z= const
@nd= orac
nM0{crH.I ?nr I
lne
ANr
nq
/'14
il3
n2,
h1
(2.7)
(2.8)
Bo MHoFr,x cfiyr{aqx . ^yopQoMerp'r{ecKyro xapaKrep'cr'KyLzrr.a(Q".0) AJrff pyc,rrobnx fgc ro*"o np.o.tu"rr, 3aBacaMocrbro
BVAA
Az".u: L2".6(Q".0) : 4.aQfl^.a, (2.s)
//FS (4,,.6) - /ri:f (Q".0) - Atr".o (Q".0) - Aff".0 (Q,,.0) : i/i:$ (Q".0) _
-Aff"p.o (Q",0) - A//cvc (Q.u) - Aff".0 (Q.o). Q.t})
In^ pacqgra Aifs ro (2.10) rrp' 3aAaHHoM 3'aqeH'r.r e'.0:: V r3c HeOOXOAHMO IIO XapaKTepI4cTI4KaM nOTepb MOIIIHOSTH B 6le-
82
4r d = 4rEc
83,

--- PAGE BREAK ---

H,zE.E
AN nolnt
AH noon
ilzo,
N, AN
z 8.6hcpa6 tH cpal
.a H cc,'
zs.6@*il@ea nodnopa)
Zx.6 o: Zu.6 R s.6 = 0, 6ea no1noPdl
Qn,d
Pnc. 2.3. XapaxrepuqrlKn norepb Hanopa'IrtHx coopyxreHnqx fOC
Tcyc
4x,6
?ooa
6reQax H BoAonpoBoAfi-
aNsps6gn.6)
ANu.d
'/Nn.O@t.6)
Qu,d
^ Qn,O
,vl#far.ot
aHu.6
-aH Eor,
,^ rnolnt' ' H,6
aHiff
AHI:;
oni,tx
aNx.6
Q,t.6
H rrr(Qr.6) npuZ 6.6 =clnSt
4emo
ftiq
(Q1a.6=0)
aNcpgo
ffa
8n'6
Puc. 2,2. .fionbnnHre-nbHbre norepH Hanopa H MorrlHocru
B HHxtHeM 6re$e f3C
s.ufi u_n_oAnopa flBflffIorcq BbInyKJrbrMr4 H BorHyrbrMn coorBercrBeHHo
(pnc. 2.3).
Bnussae Ha l/FS pa3flHtrHbrx cocraBJrffrourux (2.10) 3aBr.rcur or
Hanopa fOC, ce3oHa roAa u ApyrNx npHqHH. Kax npaB?tJro, AJrff Hr{s-
KO- H CpeAHeHanopHbrx f3c npH 3aAaHHoM sHar{eHHr.r hcpaa B flepnoA
Mex(eHH oCHOBHaff cocraBJrflrox{afl rrorepb A,N".o. nns nepfioAa no-
floBoAbq, xapaKTepl{3y_ronlerocfl fonxtuutvrw, pacxoAaMu BarptgHeHHofi
BOAbI, AJIfl TCX X(C T3C HAAO YqHTbIBATb N AffCVC. E,Ng BbICOKOHA.
ropHblx I3C ocHoBHbIe rrorepH Morrlnocru B 6te$ax onpeleJrrrorcfl
rny6oxor? cpa6orKofi BoAoxpaHHJrHura.
AHa.[Hg KpHBbrx norepb Harropa H MorrrHocru B o6uenn Br.rAe yro6-
Ho npoH3BoAHTb npu Hx npu6rinxeuHoM ga1atww aHailHTurrecKHMH
sasiacutaocrflMn. Hanplauep, 3aBacnMocrb /1/F% or Qn.o nPH 3aAaH-
.84
ANi:';
Qn,d
lcpa6
H MOIIIHOCTH B
85

--- PAGE BREAK ---

HoM sHaqeHHH hspz6 Lilf HH3K.- H cpeA'eHanop'brx fOC B lep'oAMC}I(CHfi MOX{HO NPH1JIH>KCHHO NPCACTAEHTI CJICAYIOIIIHM O6PASOU:-
i/Fffi(Q".o) : g,gl //rf Q".u _ g,glftcpa' Qn.o _ g,g1ft".6 Q!.:u:
: (ar- az) Qn.o - are!.?,
rAe 4t: 9,81//i:f i az: g,8lft.nu6; ds: g,g1fr".6.
BenH,{uHa ffI36 paBHa HyJrro B AByx rosKax: npu er,.o:0 u npHrQilT" paBHoM
Ql:5' : (k;.Z(tri:f - h"o^u)r) : @n_ doh"p^a)z, (2.12),
PHc. 2.5, fpa$HuecxHfi aHanHs npe-.u,eJrbHbrx eoaMoxuocrefi rHapoys-na
LJrfl Opr{eHTHpOBaHHO|O aHa-
,Jrw3a sHepfeTHrrecKHX B03-
l,roxHocteft pacMaTpHBaeMo-
ro fHApoy3Jra.
IInn pycJroBbrx HH3KoHa-
nopHbrx fOC ycJroBnfl MaKcH-
MyMa Syuxqnn /VFB[ or e*r.o
MO}KHO NPCACTABHTb T,ilN
.nrc6oro BuAa aHarHTHqecKo-
ro saAaHHn Hux{Hero 6re$a
hcpaa:coflst cJreAyrolrlHM o6-
pa3oM:
: (Hi:f - h"o^u) - 
ffiQH.o - A2".6 :
://rsc-WQ,.o:0,
T. e. B TorrKe c //f&"u*t (pnc. 2.8) AoJrxHo Bbrno.rrHrrbcfl cooruo.lUeHHe
Hrec dLzs.6
{-#:ffi' (2'16)
D,nn noffcuenlln QnsuuecKoro cMbrcJra noryqeHHoro ycJroBuff [epe-nurrreM (2.16) B BHAe
9,8 I Hrcc dQr3 : 9,8 1 Q*.6dA,2r.6.
Pvtc. 2.4. XapaxrepHcrHKH npe,aeJrb_
yllx pacxoAoB (a) r.r moriHocrefi(o/ crBopa pycaonoft fOC
E) @n'r
?o're-:
(2. r 5)
(2.t7)
(2.1L)t
rAe a4 == A;lIli:f n au: ft,.th.
Benuquuu ffFS AocraraeT MaKcr.rMyMa npu hcpaa:cofist B rorr_Ke, rAe BbrnoJlHffroTcfl cJreAyIOqHe ycJroBHq:
T. e. npu
dNI'{c
dQn.a
: (at- ar) - I,\arVG - 0, (2. t3),
,Ilenyro qacrb (2.17) MoN(Ho npeAcraBr.rrb KaK orHocgrenrHnfi npu-pocr MorrlHocrr.r 3a cr{eT yBefiHr{eHHfl e,,.0 Ha de,,.o npfi Hrac^::cofist, a flpaBylo-KaK npHpocr norepb MourHocru 3a cqer noAHfl-
THfl zu.6 Ha dLzr.6 trpn roM x{e Q".0, !,pyranrH cJroBaMH, /VF36 npghcpaa:coflst AocrHfaer cBoefo SKcrpeMyMa-MaKcHMyMa, KOrAa orHo-CI,ITEJIbHbII? NPUPOCT MOIIIHOCTH 3A CI{CT YBEfl14I{CHHfr QO.A PABCH OTHO'cHTeJrbHoMy yMeHbureHHrO ee 3a cqer cHHx<eHHff Ha[Opa.
vcrosus (2.16) Monyr Qprm npeAcrasrreHbr npaSrEuecxn. flnff 3ro-To crponTcfl 3aBncuMocrb Hrec (e".0) npu h"o^u:coflst KaK pa3HH-qa Mex(Ay Hi?f , hcpag kr Lzr.a.3areu Hs HaqaJra KoopAHHar qepe3
npoH3Bo/rbHyrc lo,"Ky ^c saBr{cHMOcrH H rec (Qr.o) npoboa"rca npq-
MAq ilHHHfr' UA. ONPCACNflCTCfi KACATCJIbHA'I K 3ABHCHMOCTH
Hr?c (Q".0) B TOr{Ke c,'r<oropar oAHoBpeMeHHO flBJrfiercfi Kacare/rb-Hofi r{ K 3aBucr4Mocrn [r*s(Q".q), nocrpoensort or iopr.o"ranrnofiJrHHrlH, cooTBercrnyrcUefi ro.rxe B (pnc. 2,5), r. e. h"ox6:coflst. llpo-BOAHTCq [poHsBo/rbHat ropH3oHTaJrbHafl npfiMaff Ao fiepeceqeHHs eea flyrroM OCA r paccMorpeHHofi n<a.rrero"bfi.
B nonyullB[IeMcq rpeynoJlbr{Hr(e TaHreHcbr yrJroB o H p coorBercr-
Conocrasnss (2.12)- H (2.14), Mo)KHo cAerrarb
/ff$['u'"cAocrr{raer np' pacxoAe QB.6 3Ha'euzfi, paBHbrx
Qno:(t#)'-+(
npu AaHHoM 3Haqeuur.r hcpaa.
flFS H Q".o-BbrnyKrrbre,nyHKrapHne nuHau).
(2.14b
BbIBOA, r{TO'
f,cr:r"
Kpunue saBHcHMocrr4 rVf$""*" or.
creneuHdre (pac. 2.4, 6 H pac. 2.1 _
hcpa1: COflSt
HCnOJIb3OBAH?l
,?i:f - hcpa6
hn.6 )'
Toqxa c KoopAHH araMl .en.a, zVf$."urc rrpuHasbrBaercfl oco60fi pex(HMHOft ioqxofi v Mo)Ker 6n*
86
1.'a(4n.5;
Hrrrr*HlrT'
a) htpoo
87

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Bylor rreBort H npaBor? qacrflM ypaBHeHHfl (2,16). oro o3Haqaer, r{ro
roqKe c MaKcr'rMynaou /vFBt Ha xpzeort Hrec (e".0) coorBercrByerpanuo6e4peuHufi rpeyroJrbHr{K (a:0), noctp-oe""iirz" ynusaHHbrM Bbr-ue cnoco6orr,r.
C yuerou (2.11) u (2.16) Mox(Ho cAeJrarb BbrBoA, qro B roqKe CB bINOJI Hfl IOTCfl COOTH OIIICHHfl
Hrecc : Qn.o ffi : +A".oQl:f : + az,.eci
Prrc. 2.6. MopSouerpuqecnne xa-paKrepHcrllxH 6re$on fOC A/rfl yc-
TaHoBHBnrerocff pelKHMa pa6oru
HeHHo saBHcflT oT Qnc, ncrs no-,cro.rrneu H He gaBHcHT or e".0./J.nn HecoBMenIeHuttx
f r{ApoaKKyMyJrrrpyro rrl HxsJr eKTp o cr auqn fi rr,ropQo-
MeTp14 rrecKHe xapaKTep HCTHKH,6neQon npeAcraeJr.rrror co-
6ofr o6leuHue 3aBr.rcHMocrH
2s,.6(V".d H zn.6(V*.d. Oro 03-
HaqaeT, qTo Aflfl 3aAaHHbIX 3Ha-rreHr,rrl norepb Hanopa B 6teQax
(CHHX(eHI{e Zs.6 H TIOBbIITIeH}te
2n.6 B ryp6unuou pelKr{Me, IIo_
BblIIieHPIe Zn.6 W CHHX<eHH E Zs.6 B
HacocHoM pexnnre) floreDH
Molrluocrr.r nuuertuo 3aBr.rcffT brpacxoAa |AOC, lcrs He saBHcHT,oT QrReC Il OnpeAeJrfleTcfl ToJrb-
KO nOTepffMH Hanopa oT H3Me-
Henlrfl ypoeuert 6re$os.
Enn ''p_rJrHBfiux gfleKTpocrau qu r? noTep' MourHocr'ts BepxHeM 6re$e lnn h"ra6:const H 3aAaHHOrl vrapeo.paMiv{br 
'zv(t)
saBHCflr or pacxoAa craHrIHH naHefiuo. KIIA crnopa n"r" onpeAe/rfl-'ercf cocroflHHeM ypoBHefi 6acceftrua u Mopr B AaHHbrfi naonrenr.
Ans BoJIHosHx rHApoeJreKrpocraH11Hfi Knn crBo-pa rlpaKTl'lqecKofo cMbIcJIa He uMeer, TaK KaK 9Tr4 CTaHr.lrir.r HCnoJIb3y-roT To,/'IbKO nOTeHUHaJIbHyIO MeXaHHriecKyrc gHeptHIO BOJrHbr, He rrpo-nycKafl <qepe3 ce6.s>> pacxoA.
B KacKaAe rHApooJreKrpocraHqurt npr.r pacqere KnACTBOPA CJICAYCT YqHTbIBATb AONOJIHHTCJIbHbIC NOTCPH HANOPA BC/IEA.cTBPIe Hafir.rrrHff HeHcIIo/Ib3oBaHHbIX yr{acTKoB peKH, AHHaMHT{ecKOroo6reua^BoAoxpaHuJrulqa H noAnopa B Hux{"er 
^6"e6.e 
corrax"yror" nua-KZAos. Pacqer Kn.4 KacKaAa no MorrlHocrn HMeer cMbrcJr To,,rbKo npHTso6:0 z nocroffHcrBe pacxoAoB.Qrsc n eo.r,p. B npor"""oM cfiyqaepellb Mox(er IIATI{ TOJIbl(o o6 sQQexrlrBHocrH trcnoJrb3oBaHris croKa
IJJ Beprnud daeq Huxnui 6 *E
r3c
HC
I HJL)
Kacxo?
| 71uaKc
T "rsc
(2. t8}
(2.1e)
flo H3BecrHbrM xapaKrep r4crHKaM A/fS (e".0) H i/i:f (Q".0),IIpH hcp^a:COIlSt_MolKHO ^Onpe4e,rrnrt 
pa6Ourze XapaKTep HCTHKW AaH-IIOrO erana n_p_1oQla3oBaHr.rfl sHeprHH Ha rHApoeJreKrpocraH\wH, r. e..3aBucuMocrn KIIA crBopa or e,r.o H hcpaa.
Hreu:
l/!q4 A/noA.'l3c ,"f3c
'tcrg : : -
A"/noA A/no4" r'Y " crB
//:lf Hrec
l/noAttr,y
-t
ni:f
h"pua*hcvcfAz".o:(r-+H) ('- //i:f
(2.20i
r4s cKaSaHHOrO cJreAyer, qro 3aBr4CHMOCTb 4crn OT Qrr.o rrpri
gfj' :coflSt qBJrflercfl norHyrofi c 4crd: I nprz eri.o:0 14 hcpna:g.flp" pocre QH.o rlcrs MoHoroHno younil"t, nourop"" no csoeft"i['op*uxapaKTepHCTHKy HHlr{Hefo 6leoa, fiocrpoeHHyrc cnoco6ou, [oKa3aH_HbrM ua puc. 2.5.
B roqKe MaKcrdMyMa /ViS KnA 6recpoe npu AHcvc _ 0 nLz*.a:-& gQ,?tu - coo.lBgTgrByer npeAerrbHo eoeMoxHorl Berrgrrr.rHe,,paay-g[_33,3 olo '[u"r. (2.19)]. B pearrbHbrx ycaoBHnx B yKasaHHofi roq-I(e KnA 6yaer eule MeHbue Hssa rorepb B CyC 
"ono.toi* c6pocosr
H T, N,.
flponeleHHufi alailns 3aBzcHMocrer? 4"r" (e".0) yKa3brBaer Ha Ma-Jrylo sHepferHr{ecKyrc eo$exruBHocrb pa60rlr f3c- npu npeAeJrbHoM
sHar{eHHH A/iS H Ha Her{errecoo6pasnbcm r.ny6oxofi cpa6or*, BoAo-xpaHuJruura Ir pa6oru fOC c 6o,urrur4Mrr pacxoAaMu.
UJICAYCT OTMCTHTb, qTO BCC CKASAHHOC BbIIIIC CNPABCAJIHBO AJIfipycJroBbrx r3c. nnn npHnJrorHHHbrx H AepvBaqHoHHbrx crauuuft no-
flBJIgIOTCfl AONOJIHHTCJIbHbIC TIOTCPI{ MOUIHOCTH B ACPHBAUHH H BOAO-
BOAaX.
oco6ennocT' xapaKTepr,rcT'K rrorepb Hanopa H MourHocr, n 6re-
Oax I'3v,[,pyrnx rr,rnoB. 
-HacocHbre 
craH \HLr B ocHoBHoM pa-6oranr npH ycJIoBHH nocroflHHbrx HJrH nepeMeHHbrx gnaqeunfi uap*"a-ro H HI'I)I(Hero 6le$on no^Bp.eMeHH, He 3aBHcrrrIHX or pex(r.rMa cauor?uacocnort craHr{HH (pHc. 2.6). P eronr cJryqae norepn Hanopa B 6re-
Sax npaKTHqecKit nocroflHHbr. Cooreercrn"enuo rroTepn MourHocr w [rw-
88
HJrH fHApo3Hepfo[oTeHur.raJr a KacKaAa B ue/roM.oco6enuocrn eHepreruqecKnx xapaKTepucrnK 6re0on npH Heycra-'HOBHBureMcf pex(1Ue pa6oru r3c. B coepeueHHbrx ycdToBrrflx pe)rir.rM'6onlurltucrBa fOC orJIIdI{aercfl r<parlHefi HepanHoMepHocrbro Bo Bpe-MeHH, rrro o[peAerflercq rpe6oeaHHflMH eHeprocucreM. 3ro xapaKTep-Ho AJrfl cyroqHoro, HeAeJrbHoro pe)r(HMa (cm. r.rr. B).
il,nn sTHX ycnonut? HcIIoJIb3oBaHpre MareMarr.rqecKux voleaefi 6le-
89

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Oos, ^paccMorpeHHbrx Bbrrrle H npeAcraBJreHHbrx rpaSHuecxu Ha
puc. 2.6 Ailfl pa3Hbrx BHAos f3v, H^esosMolr(Ho. o6ogHh.rula HHAeKcoM
oo xap€KTepHcrHKH f3y, cooTBercrByrox{He ycraHoBr4BueMycfl pe-
THMy: {orAa pa3Hnua Me>KAy $axrnuecKHMH kr paccqr.rraHHbrMH rro
Lrf,o(Q".0) 3HaqeHHrMH LZu.a B KparKocporrHbrx pex{HMax npH 3a-
AaHHOM SHaqeHHH_ Qn.o t4 I UOXer Aocrr4farb Aflq HeKoropbrx pycJro-
BbIx fOC 1,5-2,5 u (pnc. 2.7) . EcrecrneHuo, rrro oro BeAer K 3Ha-qHTeJrbHbrM oupr6xau B nJraHHpoBaHLrH pe)Kr4Ma r3c 6eg yv€ra He-
ycraHoBHBrrrerocff ABH)KeHr.rq BOAbr B Hr4X{HeM 6reQe. flpoqeccsr He-
ycraHoBHBrxerocs ABHxeHr.rfl BoAbr xapaKTepHbr kr AJrfl [oJroBoAbr,,
xorff BJrr.rffHpre Hx HecKoJrbKo MeHbue (pr.. 2.8).
K HacroffxleMy BpeMeHH v3BecrHo 3Har{HTeJrbHoe Ko.rrr4qecrBo Mo-
Ae.nefi HeycraHoBHBIUerocf ABHIKeHHfl BoAbI, trpeAHa3HaqeHHbrx AJrfl
OrrHCAHHfl IIPOUCCCA H3MCHCHHN L,ZO.A NO t H TIO AJIHHC BOAOTOKA IIPI4
saAaHHbrx 3HaqeHr.rflx Q".o (l) KaK B Br4Ae HerpepbrBHoro (Ha aHaJro-
rosol? 3BM), raK r.r Ar{cKperHoro (sa unQponorl-3BM). B' ocsoBHoM
Bce oHn flBJIrIorcn npu6nuxesHorl arnpoKcnnaaqnefi H3BecrHbrx ypaB-
HeHutl CeH-BeHaua, KoTopbre noryqeHbr B rrpeAnoJro)KeHzu, rrro Heyc-
TaHOBHBIITeeCfl ABHX<eHHe flBJrfleTCf MeAJTeHHO H3MeHflrOtUr.rMCq, OAHO-
pa3MepHbIM H CHJIbI TAAPaBJIT{qecKOfO conpoTrzBJreHAfl, Bbrpax(aroTcfl'
TaK >Ke, KaK V Altfl, yCTAHOBHBIxeTOct ABLIlKeHI4fl.
B cooreeTcrBprn c ypaBHeHHflMH Cen-Beuaua nrc6ofi ru4paB.rnqec-
xuli npouecc B HHX{Hena 6reQe xapaKTepn3yercfl Hepa3pbrBHocrbro r{s-
MeHeHHfl cBoero ocHoBHoro napaMerpa Lzn.a Bo BpeMeHH, a raKx(e
r.lHeprlHoHHocrbro peaKqHH 6reQa Ha H3MeHeHHe Qo,.o. 3rO Sfleqer 3a
co6ofi Hailwrne <<nerneo6pa3Horo>> xapaKTepa r,rsMeHeHrrfl Lz"s or
Qo.o (crrl. puc. 2.7)
90
Puc. 2.9. PacqernaR exeMa Hux<uero 6le"
,Sa npH Heycrar{ourrBueMcfl pex*rMe Ox.o
A4'r.6 4n 61
Bx.6o
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KZ 6,5 (ta6.6t/
pe3Konr{KoBbrx pe}KHNroB pa6orn f3C, a raK}Ke KparKocpoqHblx pe-
xHMoB MaJrblx fOC c orreHb (<rryBcrBr.rreJrbHbrM>> no orHo[IeHpr]o K H3-
MCHCHHIiO Q,r.O 6TCQON HCNOJIb3YIOTCfl MOACJIH I{MNYJIbCHOTO THNA.
/J.nn BoAoxpaHHJIr4rrI xapaKTepno HaJIHrrHe AByMepHoro ABHX{eHHfl
3OAbI, TITO TAK)KC OCJIOX{HffCT PACqCTbI HCYCTAHOBHBUICTOC'I ABH}KCHH'I
BoAbr B BepxHeM 6reSe. C.noxHocrr B3ar.rMocBfl3pr Azu.o oT Q,,.0 II t
npu HeycTaHoBHB[reMcfl ABHX{eHHH He no3BoJrffeT rpaQHr{ecKrr nPeA-
cTaBHTb XapaKTepHcTr.rKH HHx{He|O 6reoa B BHAe OAHO3HaT{HOr1 KpH-
Bori cBflsn Lz*"9 (Q".u), paccMorpeHHort Bbrrre.
Paccuorpl-lr"r MoAeJrb, 6aeupyrclryrocn Ha gan6o,ree pacnpocrpaseHgofi annpox-
cHMaqnr.r npoqeccoB HeycraHoBnBrrrefocfl ABHxeHHfl B HH)KHeM 6reQe B BHAe <oKcno-
r{eHTbt co cKaqKoM>.
flpe4no.noxHM, qro Ao MoMeHTa BpeMeHH ls paccMarpHBaeMoro nepHoAa BpeMe-
an T:tn-to, Ha Koropou rpe6yercs HailrH Azrr.o(l), nr"reao Mecro ycraHoBHBuJeecfi
ABr{)KeHHe BoAbr B HH)KHeM 6reQe fOC, r. e. Lz".a(Q".0(l:0)):Lz ilo(Q, uo)
(pnc. 2.9).
flycrl npH H3MeHeFTHH pacxoAa B MoMeHT /o Ha AQ'r.6 orMeTKa HllxHero 6leQa
r3MeHflercr cHaqaJra cKar{KoM H coorBercrByer k(L2f,.6(Q'.or)), rAe k<.L-
KoHcraHra, a Qs.6r: Qr.oo*AQ".o. Aa.nruefiuree H3MeHeHHe ypoBHff Bo BpeMeHH
npoucxoAnT no gKcnoHeHuHaJrbHofi gasHcLIMocrH BHAa
Hrect
Zn.6'
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7 a.6t
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PaccuorpeHHbre npeAnocbIJrKH
npr4MeHeHufl, yp aBHeHHfi ceH-BeHa-
Ha xopotuo corJracyrorcff c rHApaB- Zn.6
JrprqecKr4MH npoqeccaMH B KaHa-.
JIaX, y3KHX BOAOTOKaX H OTBeqarOT
rrorryrrHKoBoMy pelKHMy pa6oru
fAC B rpaQnKe Harpy3I(H (noa-
po6nee B rJI. 8). nns pacl{era
ar lod
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Pprc. 2.7. flpouecc HeycraHoBHtsrrero-
cff .u,BH>reHHfl BoAbr B HHx<HeM 6ne$e
Puc. 2.8. !,HHauHqecKHe npoueccbr B
HHIKHeM 6teSe B nepuoA noJroBoAbfl
+:+(ufiu(r-ft) - ^,1?u), (2.2t)
fAe I - roscraura AJrff AaHHoro crBopa; Lr'".0- 3KcnoHeHI{HaJIbHafl cocTaBflflo'
qarr ypoBHq HE.
B eroM cJryqae $axrnuecxufi
tr!'.IVl u kzf,.o(Q".'), r. €.
ypoBeHb AzH.6 (l) onpeAenHrcfi cyutuofi
L2".6 (l) : Lzr,6 (lo) * k\'2f,.6(Q'.6 (l)) +
X (Qn.o (4) - Lt!,.o(t)l dt. (2.22',)
IIpu Qg.6:coflst rl f->oo no (2.22) rorryqaeM L,z,.a(t) -Az F.o (Q" o (l)), Hosoe
r3MeHeHHe Q".o noBJrerleT ea co6ofi Ha.[o]KeHHe Hoaorl gKcnoHeHTbI co cKar{KoM Ha
pexr.rM Lz",a(l) u r. a.
+ !,[tr - k) ^z? 6x
9l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Tn
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l-y?, 210.. .CrpyrrypHar cxeMa pacqera HeycraHoBnBirrerocfi ABH)KeHrzfl BoAbr BHI{x{HeM 6reQe MeroAoM gKcnoHeHTbr co cKaqKoM
Puc. 2.12. CrpyxrypHafl cxeMa paclrera h(t) n T(t1 fpaAueHrur,rM i\rerotorr
(2.23>
H
-=1,i3'{t
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PerueuHe 3aAaqn ocyqecrB/rflercfi cJleAyrorqnu o6pasorrr. 3aAarcrcfl HeKoropbrMn
HaTIaJIbHbIMH 3HaqeHHnun ks vt Ts Lt onpeAe;rrrcr (D6:O(fto, 16). 3arervr noc.rreAoBa.
TeJIbHo l{sMeHstor xaNAut? H3 napaMerpoB, coxpaHfls nocroflHHbrM apyroft. floncr
cqnTaercff 3aKoHr{eHHbIM, ecJru nrc6oe H3MeHeHHe k wnw 7 He seneT K vr'reHb[IeHnn
sHaveHuR (Ds.
B ue.rrqx yMeHbIxeHHr BpeMeHH noucKa orrruMaJrbHbrx 3HaqeHuit h r.r I uoxHo
BocnoJlb3oBarbcs noJrHbrM SaxropHtrrvr gKcnepHMeHToM, yrrgTbrBafl MaJroe qgcno pac-
cqHTbrBaeMbrx nepeMeHHbrx.
AsroMarHqecrnfi IIoHcK onruMaJrbHbrx gHaqeHui't k u ?n uorxHo ocyqecrBHrb Ha
ocHoBe npHHI{HnoB reopilu caMoHacrpaHBarour,Hxcfi cHcreM H rpaAHeHTHbIX MeTOAOB.
I-[e.rrenyro Qyuxunm npeAcraBnM B BHAe
o (/) : (4:f" (r) - 4?3, ul)r,: 0z (r) -+ min. (2.24),
,(.nn peureuHn (2.24) 6yaerrr Hcr(arb k v T He B BHAe rior{craHr, a rpa$ux ux
H3MeHeHIrq Bo BpeMeHu, r. e. k(t) u T(t). MnHnuyu (2.24) s Ka)KAr,rft MoMeHr Bpe-
MeHH AocrHraercfl npu co6.nrcEerurl cneAyroqux coornorueHufi:
dotdkaotdT.........'....'....._: -:
Ak pr dt dT pz dt
rAe Fr H vz- KOHCTaHrbr.
PI
(2.25,t
o?
Ha pHc. 2.10 rpeAcraBrreHa
ABHIKeHHfl BoAbr B HHx(HeM 6reSe
qaJlbHbrx ycnonuri rto Azs.6, hcn H
42r'.6(t).
Puc. 2.11. CrpyrrypHan cxeMa pacqera k(t) H
NOHCKA
92
PaccuorpeHHat MoAe.ilb noKa3aJla xopouee npH6nalKeHHe x Qaxruuecr(HM pex'-MaM AJ[n pacqera HeycraHoBnB[Ierocfl ABl.r]r(eHHfl pflAa pycJroBbrx fec rax c IIo-tynHKoBbIM, TaK H nHKoBbIM pelKuMoM pa6orr,l. Hanpnrr,rep , AJrfl pacqeroB cyroqHblxpex(HMoB Ha Caparoacxoft H Kuescxofi f3c .pu4n.*uuAparnqHoe orKJroHeHr{e
4*'X' (l) or tr?fi' ttl cocraBr.rrro Bcefo 5-7 cu.
BxoAqIuHe s (2'22) KoHcraHTbt Moryr 6l*l onpeAeJreHbr c noMorrlbro aHaJroro-sol"{ 3BM np, HarrHqun QaxruuecK'x.E,aHHbrx no nporxeAu'M pex(HMaM er.o(l) HAzH'6(l)' Ha puc' 2.ll u 2.12 npeAcraB,'IeHbr crpyr(rypHbre cxeMbr pacqera h n TMeToAaMu noKoopAriHaTrroro H rpaAeHTHOro novcKa.
Aan MeroAa noKoopAHHarHoro noHcKa rreJreBar QyHrqHn coorBercrByer BbI-pax(eHHIO
crpyKrypnar cxeMa pacqeTa HeycTaHoBHBllrerocfi
Arrn sa4auuoro rpaQnxa ea.o(l), usnecrHbrx Ha_
T"o I..nA cnaAa U kr1 U Tn Ailn nOAbeMa BOJrHbr
f U) MeroAot\{ noKooD/lHuarrJoro

--- PAGE BREAK ---

C yveror'r (2.21) n (2.22) pacKpoeM (2.25):
ouz!o.a:_ I f t.- .on^zt".oqtyldk . J [^4s(4+t10"to
dol
T:-ru\Arflo* (2.26)
(2.27)
(2.28)
dO ^^ dA,z!,.6_: _oA .
ATdT,
&*or,'
(N 33lP)
AHanHs pe3yJlbraroB pacqeron u $axrrqecKnx pelKHMoB fOC c yqeroM Heycra-r{oBnBulefocg ABHxeHHff BoAbI yxa3btBaer Ha ro, r{To [poqecc H3MeHenun tzr.6(tyBcerAa sana3AblBaer Bo BpeMeHH no cpaBHeHHro c H3MeHeHHqMH e".o(l), [pHqeM
3ana3,{blBaHHe reM 6o;llue, qeu 6onlrue T u MeHbrre E. BcneAcrBHe groro MaKcH-
MaJrbHbte pacxoAbr BoAbr B HHxHeM 6teQe norrru BcerAa npoxoAflT np?r noHHxeH-
r{blx no cpaBHeHHIO c ycraHoBHBlrrHMCE pe}KHMOM orMerKax HH}KHero 6reQa, T. e.npll MeHbuIHx noTeprx Hanopa H MorrlHocrrr B Hr{)KHeM 6reQe. OAuaxo B Apyrner'IHTepBaJIbI BpeMeHIr norepn Moryr 6nrl H 6onrue, qeM npu ycraHoBgBrrreMcf, pe-
)KHMe (cr',r. puc. 2.7).
Aga'nornqHoe flBJIeHI'Ie xapaKTepHo n AJrs HeycraHoB,B.rrerocfl ABHIK.HH' BoAbI
a nepnoAbr norroBoAbfl (cu. puc. 2.9).
2,3, 3 H E P r E T V1'ilECKV1E X A P A K T EP NCT NKVI 4 E P h B A 4V1V1h Bo.qo n po Bo4 ilJJV1X COO pylK EHv'tn
Kar 6uno cKa3a'o Bbr[re, xapaKTepHcrHKH 6reson H noTep' Morrl-HocTH B HI'IX Hau6onee xapaKrepHbl nnn pycJroBbrx HzsKoHanopHbrxroc H Hx KacKaAoB, rAe or' noTep' cocraBrqror ocHoB'yro qacrb no-TCPb SHCP|HE, NOABCACHHOfi r CTAHUHH. Afiq AEPHBAIIHOHHbIX H NPH.nJIOTHHHbIX CXeM yBerHtlHBaercfl 3Har{eHHe rrorepb B AepHBar\Hr4 V Ha-nopHbrx BoAoBoAaX.
Aepr.reaqHs Mo)r(er 6um 6eeHanopHoft 14 HanopHofi. EesHanopHafl
BblnoJlHflercfl B BHAe KaHaJIOB AByx OcHoBHbrx BHAOB - HecaMopefyJrr{-
pyeruHxcs, Lr caMoperyrrHpyroutuxcn (pHc. 2.lB u 2.14).
Hecarr,roper'yJrHpyrorrlHecff KaHaJrbr_ coopylKarcTcfi npH 6o"riluprxyKJroHax AHa H A"nuHHOri AepHBauuu. oHu iaparrepr{3yrorcs rrpoAoJrb-HbrM yKJroHoM.6poe.rH Kaqarra (puc, 2.18, a)'. ornierila ypoBHff BoAbrB HarropuoM 6acceriue (Yzr:zuan.o) paccq[TbrBaercff H3 yc.nonnrl
nponycKa pacxoAa Q*"": Q,fft npr4 Yz1:VHny 11pri ycraHoBr.rB-
IrreMcfl pex(HMe pa6oru. llpa cHr{x{eHHH Hafpy3KH f3c,- r. e. npH
Qz( Qil:ff', ueo6xoAul,ro yMeHbur{rb pacxoA roJroBHoro ysJra Ao e,AJIfl noAAeplKaHr4fl. B AorrycrHMbrx rpeAeJrax lpoB:f'n ?,2. B nporraBHoM
94
, f ant, olty , i-T 
) * dt- TJ lnzl o(r) + (t - k) (ufro 0)l dt. (2.2s)
to Io
nlqJ
Pnc. 2.13. fiorepn Hanopa H Mou-(HocrH B HecaMoperynnpynueficn D,epHBauuH
d)
@xaH=o
^,,ctM
AflSep I
AN:T,Y
=Znan.6
^MOKC z r(Jxau \zod)
112
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aruBBil
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n MQKCti, v^ -KtrH &xn't,
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a) d)
Puc. 2,14. llotepn Hanopa H MourHocrH B caMoperyJlnpytourefltcq AepHBaTIHH
cflyqae npon3ofiAer noBbrrrreune ypoBHfl BoAn B HanopHoM 6accefiHe
cBepx AorrycrnMoro H KaK cJreAcrBne groro xoJrocrbre c6poctr BoAbr Ha
13c.
I4s crasaHHoro cJleAyer, qro noTepn Hanopa B HecaMoperyJrHpyro-
ueftcq AepHBaur4u AHf;!|, onpeAeJrneMbre pa3Hocrbro yponuefi Yzr
u Yz2,6onluylo qacrb BpeMeHH rrocroflHnbr H He 3aBucqr or Harpy3-
rn fOC. r. e.
AHX:; : hour: YZt-Yzz*z const. (2.30)
florepu Mournocrr'r B ral(ofi 4eprrBaurrrr A/Vff; nrrrreliuo 3aBrrcflr or
pacxoAa (p,ac. 2.13, 6)
A/vi8| : 9,8 I AFIXE;Q*,,, (2.31),
rAe QHan, KaK rpaBr.rJro, paBHffercfl pacxoAy fOC B ue.rroM.
Lnn roro qro6u Hs6exarr xoJrocTbrx c6pocon BoAbr Ha fAC H
o6ecneqnm 6onee ru6xoe peryJrupoBaHr.re Hafpy3KH, crpeMsrcs ne-
pefiru K raK HaeusaeMorl caMoperyJrupyioruefici AepHBaquH, Antfl, Ko-
npu 8r< a,lt,f'
9S

--- PAGE BREAK ---

,0,epuIa4un (1epxauil fueq1
AHiil
ANiII--r
AHaoai,
ANsoai
peAeJlffercfi pelKHMoM nonycKoB Bcert roc (r. e. erac HrrH e".o) vHe SaBHCHT OT pacnpeAeJreHr.rfl Harpy3KH Me)KAy arperaraMH.
3Ha'r'reJrb'o cJro>K'ee onpeAennrb norepH Hanopa H MoIuHocrHB Ha[opHblx BoAoBoAax, TaK KaK B ycTaHoBHB[IeMca pexHue oHr,I 3a-
"_i::-r: gt fr{ApaBrraqecroli cxeMbr f3c, xapaKrepncrux Ka)KAoro eerrr{HeHHofo yqacTKa, BAOJTb KoToporo pacxoA nocroflHeH, a raKx(e oTpacnpeAeJleHnt pacxoAa (Hanpysrrn) rurexay arperaraMH.
Cxeua no,{BoAa BoAn K arperaraM Mo}r(er 6url cuMMerpraqHofiLrilH 6no,{Hor? (p.nc._ 2.16, a, 6i, H HecHMMerpruHofi LrTrv se6roquofi(petc. 2.16, a-:e). Ans 6noqHorl cxeMbr norepr{ Hanopa H MorrlnocrHB Kax(AoM l-[a nO4oBOAe OnpeAeJlflIoTct pex(HMOM arperaTa, xOropouirrHTaercfi 3THM BOAOBOAOM, T. e. Qal, H Mofyr 6urr npeAcraeJreHbrB BI4N.C
Huxnui fueo
a) 0) 0) e)' 0) e)
PHc. 2.16. Cxeuu BoAoroABoAqrIHx co-opyxeHafi fOC
(2.32)
OT YZ1:2s.6 nOKa3aHa Ha
^,V;3il
(2.33)
nu,p 0538),a;@
Pnc. 2.15. XapaxrepHcrr.rr(H no-
TCPb HANOPA H MOUIHOCTH B HA.
nopHoii AepHBaTIHH H HanopHbrx
BO/,OBO,lax
topofi xapaKTepHbl MaJIbIe yKJIoHbr AHa H ue6onuu afl AJTHHa KaHaJranpH ycJroBHr{ ropH3oHraJrbHocrH ero.6ponor (pHc. 2.14, a). fia>xe npH
vrtau:u orMeTKa HanopHofo 6accefina 3Aecb He npeBbruaer cBoeroMaKcHMaJIbHoro 3HaqeHHfl, TaK KaK B AaHHoM cnyuae y21:y2,2:
: vzT"*t. Ann Bcex Apyrr4x pacxoAoB, T. e. ttpn e^"")0, HMeror
Mecro rrorepH Hanopa Afl;3r, sBJrflrorqHecff creneuH6fi synKrlkeriQ*"' (puc. 2.14, 6\ ium ^-F
AH;:il: ai3ilQ'*p"
rAe A;|f < | u msepr22-KoHcraHrbr.
carr,roperyrHpyrouaflcn AepHBauHfl XapaKrepr43yeTc, TaK Hasbr_
BAEMbIMI4 MAKCHMAJIbHbIMH, HJIV KPI,ITI4I{CCKHMH, PACXOAAMI,I Q#$"
Aflq Ka)KAOTO 3aAaHHOfO 3HaqeHun Yz1:coflSt AJIq VCTaHOBT{BrXefocfl
Aff"orl : \oot%l;
Aff"ori - 9,81A//"osiQai : g,8lk"oor{.i*t ,
(2.36)
(2.37)
pexr.rMa pa6oru. 3asncur\4ocrb Q I:*"puc. 2.14, 6 nyHKrHpoM.
florepa MorrlHocr, B caMoperyJr,pyrouefics Aep'Barr'r.rflBJrflrorcq creneHu6ri SyHr<(nert pacxo4a e*u"
AM3il : 9,81Q*u,, Ar#f : 9,81e;:ilQf#.n+'
Ans foc c HarropHoflr 4epueaquerl o6qaq cyMMa norepb Hanopa
MolKer 6tnn [peAcrasJreHa B Br4Ae cJreAyroqefi llseecrnofi 3aBHcHMo-
crH (pac. 2.15):
^Hii[: ftXli(ffl',
rae fti3i< I H fftnepl)- 2-KoHcraurhr.
coornercrBeHHo norepr.r MoruHocr' 3Aecb 6yryr paBHbr
A/Vi:; : 9,8 I QA.pA//X3; : 9,81 ftfiiiQ-r"na+'
(2.34)
(2.35)
[IoAsoAqu-tafl AepnBautrs, KaK npaBHJro, BblnoJrrrl,ercfl, oAHoHr4Tor{-
nofi. 3ro osHaqaer, qro Qouo HJrLr Qu,o" [oJrHocrbro ra oAHo3HaqHo on-
96
974 3ar. 387

--- PAGE BREAK ---

JrHTb b'aAasHurt pacxol Q.ec
rar, uro6nt
k"oorQTt' : Qoorffii -
WIIH
Qrsc-IQ"r:0
l:l
.: hron, QT!
(2 38)
o6ecneqarb MHHHMyM norepb MorrlHocrtr B BoAoBoAax.
Aff"oo : Aff"oo(Q.sc) = i Aff"on; (eu;) + min.
4
,._ I
C roqKu 3peHHfl MareMaraqeeKofn nn^.,qa orHocHrc r K saralraM 
"#'r',:{."Jt"Jor".T;#T,?:?1ff1noff ;r#3..N(er 6brrb peueHa MeroAar,, i"o6_.p#uri;""oro r4crr'crreHr.rn.Ans eroro cocraBHM t]rynxq"rc ,,,1arpaHix a @ nwta
o : aff oo * ^ (Q.ec - t a",) -+ min. e.4ol\i:l/
B (2.40) 
"*..::._T_-i:+ I repeMeHH an. Enn noucKa Hx sHaqeHar? Boc_noJrbsyeMcs ueo6xoArrMbrMr{ y.nbu""no' SKcrpeMyMa (2.40)
dO_dAM"oa; ^ ^
dQat 
_--aA" -4-_u'
HeonpeleJr:lHbrH_ HerpaBr{a.urunrfi MHo)r(r{TeJrb ^, onpeAeJrarcfl HaocHoBe peaJra3ar{nu lanaucoBoro ycJroBr.rfi (2.3g)
noro'oJ$'2ffi-f Ufr; n',ffy ji aai, nt"rvou.", Heo6xo4r4Mbre yc-
T. e.
(2.3e)
(2.41')
Q roc, Qs.6
dN!
ANT
ANI
a) Qrac, Qu,d
Ptrc. 2.17. florepu Hanopa H MoruHocrn Bulnx arpefaros fOC:
,c - pagHbrx; 6 - o\utaKoBbrx
HACT OT 3AAAHHOTO Q rSC - A B NOCJICAOBATCJIbHOCTH, NOXASAH.HOfiHa prrc. 2.17 nynKrupoM.
bc.[n AJtfl Ka)KAoro arperara salar Aonycruuur? AHana3oH enoHafp]'sKpr IIo pacxoAy B BHAe HepaBeHcrBa
,o.,1:. Mo,KHo ff ln.h';,.o.:; ]'',',r rr)';;;o,Q'r*
uuit U
(2.44)
6) - QractQH,6
6aoqHux BoAoBOAax AJrff Tpex pa6orarc-
(2.43)
QyHr-
Aff:qt (Q"r) : L?non, (Qrr) : .: Aff"oo 
"(eu,): AH"oo (Qrec) : I (Qrec),
(2.42)
rAe LHaor\ (Q r"" ) -cyuuap_Hl-fl xapaKrep HcrHKa noreDb Haropa B
;|i!|Sfax' rocrpoeHHan Ha ocHoBe sr,x i";;p;^; ;;;;;* 6.rroq'om
K'LHBo,tt(Q"ooo), Aly'sonz(Q"onr),.
gg 
tcr{eT pe)KHMa Ka}KAOfo BoAOBOAA
Ix -- + [L *, (QX,r'" - en)rsien (QLl" - Q,,)]*
z
+ i ?i (Q"; - Ql,,T')2 sign (Q", - Qyl'.') l,t:l J
nAe sign r---QyHKrlufi-curHarypa apryMenra x BHAa
signx:/o nPu x(9;
ll npw )c >0.
c yqeroM (2.43) ueo6xoAr.rMbre ycJroBr.rfi orrruMaJrbHoro pacnpeAe-'"IIeHHfl pacxoAa..Me)KAy z BKJIIoqeHHbTMH 6,noqnrrun BoAoBoAaMH ttpn-n,ryr cJreAyrculuri saA:
Afllorr (QuJ - A'?lorz (Q"r) : . - AHJ' o, (e^r) - LHIoa(Qrec), (2.4s)
4* gg
'-5->Lr I l* fg0
./
,2,
z=1/Y
1+2+J Na=34

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fAe
AH;;o (QJ : afl"oo (Q") - p (Qx"" * e;) sign (QX"" - Q") -F '
+ t (e, - Qy"*") sign (Q" - QX"T") i .; e.a6,1
p u ? - KoHcraHrbt. flp" p .+ oo H ,[ --+ oo peaJrn3ar{Hr (2.46) o3HaqaeT
[peACTaBJIeHHe xapaKTepLIcTLIK Hanopa B BO,U,OBOAaX B BIIAe
[- oo npr Q" ( QX"';
. LHsoA : 
JaH""o(Q") npz QX"" < Qe ( QXU*'; (2.47>
I + oo npn eu 2- Qlu"".
Lns noAo6nofi Sopl,ru npeAcraBJreHHs xapaKrepncrr.rK norepb Ha-
flopa B BoAoBoAax Mo)KHo noJrb3oBarbcfl ycJroBHeM (2.41) u l,ns pe-
IueHHri sa1aqr c orpaHHqeHHflMH (2.43)
onrptua.nbHoe pacnpeAeJreHHe pacxoAa Qrec MelKAy afpenaraMr4
npu ue6no.IHor? cxeMe noABoAa BoAbr K Hr.rM Mox<Ho raKlKe rroJryquTb.
Ha ocHoBe ycJIoBPrfl paBeHcTBa norepb Hanop a Ha Ka)K,4oM afperaTe H
nOcJIeAOBaTeJIbHbIM SKBHBaJIeHTHpOBaHH€M :fHApaBJIHqecKHx XapaKTe-
pHcrHK .nltuer?Hux yr{crKoB, HaqHHar or arperaroB.
floscHurra cxaeaHHoe Ha npuMepe c.rroNHorl rraApaerHqecxort cxe-
MbI, rlpeAcraenennofi Ha pHc. 2.18, B. nns Bcex ntrHefiHtrx yLracrKoB
cqHrarorcr 3aA?I_Hbt.ry - xapa-Krepr{crHKr.r norepb Hanopa, r. 0.
AHugg(9rrq ) : AHa"(Qa");'4H"6(Q.r) : L,H"a(Q"' +Q"z) ;' AH"o!3--: A,Ha(Q"g) i LHsonz: LHuz(Q"z) i AH"onr : L,Hur (Qrt) .
Pacqer craHuuoHuori xapaKrepHcrr.rKH norepb Haropa B Bo,lonpo-
BoASIITHX coopyxeHnflx fOC, r. e. AHuon(Qrec ), HauHHaercff or ar-
peraroB (1, 2,3 ua puc.2.18, a).
Cuaqana crpourcfl sKBr.rBaJreHTHaff xapaKTepvcrvKa noTepb Hano-
pa Ha yrracrKe rrepBofo pa3BerBJreHHfl, T. e. or ror{KH b l,o 2 n I. Yc-
JIoBHe onTHMaJrbHoro pacnpeAeJreHHs pacxoAa Q"u MelKAy 1-r,a H 2-u
arperaraMn (puc. 2.18, a) onpeAeJrvrcfl, ycJroBHeM
LHor(Q,,) - LHur(Q"r) - LH|(Q", * Q^r).
3arenr AJrr yqacrKa or BToporo pasBerBJreHHfl (rouxa c) crporrrcfl
3KBr4BaJreHTHafl xapaKTepucruKa noTepb or roqKH c Ao 1-ro r{ 2-ro
afpefaroB no ycJroBHro paBeHcrBa pacxoAa Ha yqacrKax cb n Hrrxe
roqr<n b (prc. 2.18, a)
LH,rz(Q,o) : LHu(Q,a) -f LH"u(Q,a).
(2,48)
(2.4e)
aHt
Afut
iHv
AHco
AH ctz
*zs.d
AH,,
aH t,z
AHcs
aHa,
Ans rorrKa pa3BerBJreHHs c crponTcr cyMM aplan xapaKTepr.rcrH-
Ka norepr LH"(Qa.: Qrac ) (puc. 2.18) ro ycrroBr.rlo
LH orr(Qu) - AH,r(Q"J : LH "(QoJ. (2.50)
Haxoseu, Ha ocHoBe 6anaHca pacxoAoB B BoAonpoBqAffurnx coopy-
x{_e_HHflL crpoHrcff cyMMapHafl_ xa_paKTepHcrHKa roTepb Haropa
L,Huor,(Qrec ) u Morquocrr4 Aly'sou(Qrec ) (puc. 2.18, 6)
AHaoo,
ANooa
Pacqer napaMerpoB pex(HMa KalKAoro arperara B orAeJrbHocrn
npr{ 3aAaHHoM Harope f3C HJrrr alperarHoro 6.nor<a, r. e. Hrec :
: Ha.6n: (z".a-a:F..a) H Qrec , npOH3BOAHTcfl B nOc,,'IeAoBaTed'rbHocT[.
o6paruol? noc.neAoBareJrbHocrlr noryrreHun A,fluoo(Q rsc ) .
B qacrHocrH, AJrff Q r"a noKa3areJrH pex(HMa arpefaroB cxeMbr
puc. 2.18, a 6yayr paBHbr
Har: Haz: Ha.an- LHar- LHro- LHot;
Nl?o : 9,81Q^rH ^ri
NiSo : 9,8lQa2H ^z npr{ Qn# Q^zi
Hue: (Hu.un- LHar- LH,r) * Hri
AH"on (Qrec) - LH,(Qrec) 1- LH a"(Qrec)
AN"oo (Qrec) : 9,81 Qrec LH,oo(Qrac).
(2.5r )
(2.52)
(2.53)
(2.54)
(2.55i
(2.56)
(2.57)
afperaToB xapaKTe-
)Ke KaK H XapaKTe-
^l ^
acb qc\
, Puc. 2.18. Cxeua pacqera norepb
f zri.u' Morrtilocrlr H ilanopa B BoAonoABo-
Aqt4Hx cooplrxeHHqx fOC:
a - AJtf, BeTBH C OAHHM lt AByMfl arpe-
raraMu; 6 - Ans ygrosoft roqKn n
scefi cxeMbr B qenoM; d-rr.rApaBJrH-
qecKar cxeua fOC
/#3o: 9,81 HnsQns.
flp" saAaHHoM rrHCJre H cocraBe BKrroqeHHbrx
pHcrHKa LH,.o.,(Qrec ) nenaercfl Bbrrryxnor?, rax
pHcrHKa norepb MorrlHocru ANB'A(Qrec ).
100
Anj,;anf +ar{ aHlo;AHlr+AHI
l0l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Pnc. 2.19. SHeprernuecKne
repHcrHKH BoAoBoAoB fOC
AaHHbrx 3oH Hx pa6oru: KnA AepHBauHu
[lux coopyx{eHHr? B
OTHOl,ilCHHI?:
4 - floTepr{ Hanopa B BOAoBOAaxpasnbrx arperarax; 6 _ ro >xe
_oAaraKoBbrx arperarax; a_KlIItnoTepH MOU{HOCTT{ B BOAOBOAaXcilytrar ua puc, 6
xapaK-
AJrff 3a-
npH
npu
!I
AJln
[nep' HanopHlII.. BoAoBoAoP qro4 .H BoAOnpoBoAfl-
UCJIOM Tl:nos OnpeAeJIflIOTCfl I.I3 C,'IeAytOtUltX CO-
4tFq."P.'a;n=1+7+3
6 M[Kf
oSof 9 6 NIOXC
aq Bof
a)
A/noA
" Aep
Al/
l.-"'"AeP -l_
lrnotr
"f3c
Affsos 7: I_
A/noA
" a.6n
Nloo
1/F3t
+""; (2.b8)
"foc
AIJson_ Hu; (2.5g)
Ha.6n H a.6n
AH.q.p
Hre.
n
4Neoa
Ani,7
i'3:r" A r3c,Ao,Ari.F
d)
q>soA
Atno,q ^ /nO,U,t'a tv a.6n
:-:ir ll
' 
fu7ro,{ 17no,( 
'l'qeP'IBOE -
..' a.6.n" fOC4aoa
A{aoa
Puc. 2.20. Crpyxryplrafl cxeMa pac-qera Hanopa afpef aroB Arrfl fOC,npeAcraB.reHuofi Ha pnc. 2.19, 6
3na.rnreJrbHo c;rolKHee BVA xapaKTepr,rcruK Aflnos(e.ec ) wAy'y'sor(Q rsc ) npu 3aAaHHoM Anana3oHe pa6orbr Ka)KAoro rrucJra hcocTaBa arpefaToB' orlpeAe/IfleMblx Ha ocHoBe pelxeunfl o6ufer? 3ala-rbrx pe)KHMOB r3c B UeJrOM.
HM XapaKTepHCTHKA noTepb Harropa
oAHHaKoBbrMH (pnc. 2.19, 6) 14
wLr. 3ra xapaKTepvcTHKt4 r4MeroT
cKaqr{oo6pa3rrofo yMer.rbrrrerrr.rR [oTCPb HANOPA B BOAOBOAAX NPH BKJI}OqCHI,iH-OTKJIIOqCHI4H KA}KAO|O CJIC-Ayloqelq, arp.e-rara. Auanorpr,rHuli xap aKr;t 6yayr 
"*.ri-"up aKrepH_crHKH ANnou (Q.ec ) u lnon (Q .uc ) .' 
I
'v cJIoBHf oIITHMaJIbHOfo pac[peAeJreHHfl pacxoAa Me)KAy BK.rrFor{eH-HbrMH afpefaraMr4 HafJrflAHO [peAcran.rrfroTcf B BaAe cTpyKTypHorlCXCMbI HX PCAJIAsAUHH HA AHAJIO|OBOII 3BM. B XA'{CCTBC NPHMCPA HAprc. 2.20 r,aHa crpyKrypr{afl ,cIeMa pacqera orrruMaJrbHoro HanopaATPErATOB ACPHBAIIHOHHOI? I3C, NPCACTABJICHHOI1 HA PHC. 2.18,_';,NPH H3BCCTHbIX XAPAKTCP LICTUKAX JIHHC'IHbIX YqACTKOB Q.""' 
_"
Hrec :2s.6-:'H.6. IldnyueiHbre 3HarieHnfl Ha[opoB arperaroB Mox(HoI'ICnOJIb3OBarb AJIff OrIpeAeJIeHHf sHeprerHqecKr.rx xapar(Tep r4cr:HK ar-
!:i-tt?p H peneHan 3aAaqn BHyrpucraHunoHHoft oniglras iu^^ B ue_
f9". Ann rIHQpoBofi 3BM perxeHue rrocraBJreHHor? saAar{H Bo3Mox{Ho
TOJIbKO HTCPAUHOHHbIMH MCTOAAMH. B KAIICCTBC NCPCMCHHbIX fiYI{IIICBCefo HcnoJIb3oBaTb pacxoAbr ar.peraToB.
102
,vi% -ff-)(,-#) :*,(260)
ANacp * Ailuoa__t-
fAe
Hrac: Hi:f - hcpaa - hcvc - Azr.6,
H ^.aa - Hrsc- ho"r.
(2.61)
(2.62)
Pa6o'{He xapaKrepncrnKt BoAonpoBoAffrqux coopy}KeHur? crpoflrc, AnncJreAyroqux ycJroBnfi: -r
Io.p (Qrec) npu Hrec -- coflsti
T"oo (Qrec) npn H ^.an: coflSt H q>"oo (Qrec) nppr H rec: coflSt.
KoeSSrarlHeHr noJre3Horo AericrBHff BoAorpoBoAsuIHx coopy>KeHHr?paBeH l-npra Qt"p -0 H AaJree c pocroM Q.r. HenpepbrBHo cHH-)Kaercn [cM. (2.58) - (2.60)].
llpH 3aAaHHOM AHana3oHe pa6orbr afpefaroB pa6oqHe xapaKTe-
PVICTHKI4 BOAONPOBOAflUIHX COOPY}KCHHII HMCIOT PA3PbIBbI B TOqKAX
BKJII'OqeHllfl-OTKJIIOqeHHfl KaX(AOrO nocJreAyroilIero afper-ara tr npe,q,-
craB"r.flror co6ofi KycorrHo-BbrnyKJrbre SyHKUHH (puc. i.lg, e).
flo.uyueuHbre agepreruqecKue xaptn"ep".rrn, 6re$oe 
" 
uo4onpo-
)JrflroT paccrrrrTaTb Ir npeAcTaBrrTb
:MapHbre noTepa Hanopa H MOUIHO-
reHHoH Q.r.o /.JLfl 3aAaHHOfO 3Haqe-
ocyMMHpoBarb Bce norepH Hanopa
aJIee, tsbIrIHTafl nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHO
yKa3aHHbIe rlorepr.r H3 /t/i:f :9,8lQr.orflilf, MolKHo no"ryrr1rb 3a-BT4CHMOCTT4 nOABeAeHHbrx MourHocrefi x snelaeHrarur f3-c or Qrr.onp4 ^hcpa6: const (pac. 2.21) .
C.rrelyer orMeruTb HeKoropbre oco6eHHocrr,r noryqeHnbrx 11pH 3ToMxapaKTepr{cTHK.
-^Xapaxrepr.rcruKr.r /fi$ (Qr.o), /iff" (e".0) - BorHyrbre,
i4oo (Q".0) ; KlcoeHo-BorHyrarr. flocneAonarenrnlui yqer norepbB HHx{HeM 6te$e, Aepr.rBaunn LI BoAoBoAax yMeHbuaer npeAer,rbHyro
e1 z
r03

--- PAGE BREAK ---

H,AH
Hpe=const //// / l-!::-2-,-?1, Pacqer H nocrpoeHne
sHepreTHqecKHx xapar(TepHCTHK
f3c
nponycKHyro cnoco6uocru crBo-
AHcvc pa fOC. B oco6eHHocru 3ro
BaxiHo AJrfl Hr.r3KoHanopHbrx
y6unarcuyro 3aBucuMocrb c HyJreBbrM 3HaqeHrreM nprr Qi.u (o,r.
puc. 2.3).
,4z$SepeHrruaJrbHbre xapaKrep ucrltr4 AepHBauHH cyxrecrBeHHo 3a-BHCST OT ee BHAa H OnpeAeJrffroTcfl cooTHotrreHHeM
trns uanopHoli H caMoperyJrHpyroueficq AepHBauHrr anQeepeHrrn-
aJIbHbIe xapaKTepHcrHKH - MoHoroHHo Bo3pacrarourre 6yHxugH: .1.nff
HecaMoperyJlrIpyrcqefica AeptIBaur{}r ee ali46epeuquansnsrfi noKa3a-
rerrb nocronHeH H rponopqproHa"rreu AHi!! (puc. 2.9) .
AnQcbepeHuuaJlbHble xapaKreprrcrrrKr.r npH 3aAaHHoM qrrcJre BKJrro-qeHHbrx BoAoBoAoB-MOHOTOHHO Bo3pacTaloilrr.re cpyuxqlrrr no Qrec ,qTO CJICAYCT H3 BbIPAX{EHHfl
dLNBoA | /.-. 1 dAHBoa\ E"oo tt\
l0# : roz ( Arlnon * Qrec ffi ) : ffi : sson(Q'ec). (2,67)
Ilp" Q.ec :0 paBHbI Hyrrlo u q"on(Qrec ) (crrr. pr.rc. 2.8).
Ha"nu'llte nepeqLIcJIeHHbIX gHeprerrrqecKrrx xapaxieirrcrrrr( Bo.r.o-
npoBoAffuIHX coopyxeuran H 6tefoe f3c B syHrurant or o6uero na-
paMerpa Q rec , npaKTHqecKH nocroflHHofo Ha Bcex sTanax npeo6pa-
3OBaHHfl SHepfHH Ha CTaHIIHH, nO3BOJIqeT OIIeHrlTb CTeneHb B,lltfHIrtl
Kax{Aoro s,lteMeHTa Ha o6uturi eHepro6a"rraHc rraApoycraHoBKtr rr pac-
crlI'ITaTb SHepreTHr{ecKHe xapaKTepr4crr4r<H fr.iAp03HepfeTr{qecKrrx yc-
TaHoBoK .nrc6oro Br.rr,a.
l-nasa 3
H A N O P H5IE 14 3 H E P f ET I4LI E C K h E X A P A K T EP V1 CT V1RV1
ft4APOy3JtA
3.1 . OElJ]hE nofl o|+<EHV11
AHa,[Hg oco6eHHocrer? orAeJrbFrbrx gTanoB npoqecca npeo6pa3oBa-
Hr4fl, sHeprHH Ha f3C, npone4eHuufi B rJr. 1 u 2, not<asbrBaer, qro
yAeJrbHan sHeproeMKocrb noroxa, [oABeAeHHoro B AaHHufi MoMeHT
BpeMeHH K arpefaraM, Hiln Hanop, ofipeAeJrflercr npex(Ae Bcefo ypoB-
HeM BOAbr B BOAOXpaHr4,rruqe, xoropufi He 3aBHCHr oT pelKHMa f3c
B AaIIHbrfr uortleur, H pex(HMoM nonycKoB BoAbr B HHx(HHft 6teo, r. e.
Q".o (/). B cnorc oqepeAb, pacxoA oAHo3HaqHo onpeAeJrfler Bce pelKHM-
HbIe 14 rexHo/Iorur{ecKne norepn Ha f3C (n HHxrlervr 6re0e, CVC, Ae-
pHBauHH H BoAoBor,ax). Ans coMKHyrbrx KacKaAoB Ha ypoBeHb Hr4>K-
-^ - fAC, rAe norepu B HHIKHeM
rfrirli 6reQe Hrpalor oco6yro porrb.
t'n9 / E
l_urfl cpe4He- H BbrcOKOHanop-
uux f3C, rA€ BIrnflHHe Hr4)KHero
rvili 6leQa MeHbrre, npaKT?rqecKH
MOX{eT He cyulecTBoBaTb TeXHr4-ANn.a r{ecKoro npeAeJra nponycruorlNl33l. cnoco6HocrH crBopa. llponycx-
luu* Hafl cnoco6uocrl roxet orpa-
HHqHBarbcrr coo6palKeHr.rflMiI
alol,4n...ipnos\ SKOHOMHKI4 tt OXpaHbI Ol{pyx(arc-@H.0 eH 0,(! r.9 I "UICH CPCAbI.
An{0epHqHaJIbHbIe xapaKTepLrcrr{Kr,r eranoB vrrur orAeJrbHbrx sJre-MeHTOB TeXHOJrOrHqecKoro npouecca npeo6pa3oBaHHq gHepfHr,r Hafoc. 3ru xapaKTepucrHKH flBJrrrorcr neb6xo4rMbrMu Arrfl orrrnMr{3a-qHoHHbIx pacl{eroB, cBfl3aHHbrx c [or4cKoM eSSerrzBHbIX cnoco6oeHCrroJrb3oBaHHff.. rHApOsHepf HH B HapOAHOM XOSnrlcrne. OHll npeA_craBJltlor co6ott 3aBLIcHMocrLI nponssoAHort norepb MorrlHocrt{ B AaH-HoM eJreMeure or pacxoAa Ha fOC,
Enn 3aAaHHoro f/t?f H paccMorpeHHbrx Bbrrre aHarrtrLrqecKnx
nltpaxeHufi AJIfl sHeprerulrecKux xapaKTepucruK gJreMeHToB TexHo-
florHl{ecKoro npoUecca f3C Mo}KHo 3anucarb cJreAyrorrlrie Bbrpax{e-
HUfl:
dA,Ns.6 dLNxpT6
dQrec dQrec
'LHcp^a
: -ld: : QcPa6: coflStr (2.63)
6re$a B o6uena
MeHbrrre eAHHHubr.
T. e. auQ$epeHurra.nsuurl noKa3areJrb BepxHero 6re0a no pacxoAy
nocToflHeH npH LH 
"poa:const.AHOQepeHI{uantulttit not{a3areJrb CyC onpeAeJn.rrcfl BbrpagerrrreM
dAlVcvc : + (ou.ur* erac 
d^lcvc 
\ _. -8.u" - ,1.,
darec -tuL\ 
" dA.* ):6:7cvc(Qrec)'(2'64)
An$QepeHrruaJrbHar xapaKrepr.rcruxa cvc no ceoerl $opvre 6nus-Ka K crenesH,Sfi saewczMocTn. llp, Q'rec :0 guaqeHue qrr" TaKlKepaBHo Hyrrro (puc. 2.3)
W: # (o'''* Qrec ffi) : # : Qw.6(Qrec). (2.6b)
AuSQepeHrruaJrbHafi xapaKrepHcrHKa HHlKHero
BLrAe 6nnsr<a K creneHHdfi c [oKa3areJIeM creneHu
104 105

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Hero 6r.eQa AonoJrHHTeJrbHo BflHqer pelr(r4M'nuxuefi no reqeHun pexH
fAC: KoeSQuuHeHr noJre3Horo Aeficrens BoAonpoBoAflurux coopyx{e-
ur,ril onpeAeJlflercfl orHorrIeHLIeM norepb Hanopa K TIoABeAeHHbIM K HI{M
HanopaM rrpu 3aAaHHoM Q rec . B cBs3I4 c arl,tM Heo6xoAHMo 3Harb
xapaKrep HsMeHeHHq HanopoB fAC or ee pelKHMa, T. e. Q rac HJrr4
Qs,o.
Paccrraorpnrvr Hanopr{bre xapaKTepHcrHKH fHApo3JreKTpocTaHrILIH.
I-loa HaropHbIMH xapaKTepHcrI4KaMH sranoB
npeo6pa3oBa:nvfl, aHeprHr4 Ha f3C 6yaenr noHnMarb saBr4-
cHMocrb Hanopa Ka)iAoro 3Tara or pacxoAa BoAbJ B un>r<uuti 6leQ
f3C Qn.o. CoorsercrBeHHo HanopHbIe xap aKrep14crHKH
arperaroB-3aBHcHMocrr, Hanopa Ha Kax{AoM i-rvl arperare Har
oT Qrr.o. HanopHbIe xapaKTepHcrHKLI arperarHoro
6.rroKa-3aBucaMocrb Haflopa Ha arperarHoM 6.uoxe Ha.6t or Qn.o.
Haroueq, H?rropHbIe xap aKrepHcrHKH f 3 C-oro 3aBI4cH-
Mocrb Hanopa rHAposJreKTpocTaHqr{H, T. e. H rec AJIfi IIJIoTHHHofi HJIH
Hr., gnn AepnBarruoHHofi fOC or Qo.o.
Hanopurte xapaKTepvcrkrrr4 o6uqso crposrcfl npu ycJIoBHH 3a-
AaHHO|O nOABeAeHHOfO Halopa K AaHHOMy srarry TexHoJIOfUqecKOfO
npoqecca fOC, HanpHMeP zs.a:coflst r4lw z*ano:const. Bonpoc o
qe.uecoo6pa3HocrH HcnoJrb3oBaHVfl Tex HJrri HFIbIX xapaKTepLIcrt{K AoJl-
x(eH pe[raTbcrr AJrff Ka]KAoro KoHKpeTHofo cflyrlafl. B o6ulem cflyl{ae
cJreAyer orMeTHTb, qro 6onee yAo6uu HanopHbre xapaKTepr4crr4Kn,
KOTOpbre <<IIpHBq3aHbr>> K H3MepfeMbIM napaMerpaM peMI4Ma f3c,
T. e. 2s.6, zu.an.6. flpu erol,t, ecrecrBeHHo, Hanop afpefara, xoropufi
HenocpeAcrBeHHo HcrroJrbsyercfi AJrff npeo6pa3oBaHl4n gHeprHI{ Ha
fOC, Mo)Ker cyulecrBeHHo orJll4rlarbcfl or Hrec wnu Hu.6o.
Oco6ennocrbto rexHo/LoeuqecKoeo npoqecca f 3C nlllnercfl, To, aro
npu Asenu4eHuu ee HaepAsrcu OlLn AcraHolulweeocr pectcuila pa6orot
}ttn zr.a:conSt npoucxoduT ABerruqeHue noTepb Hanopa, u cooT?ercr-
BeHHo cHuuceHue Hanopa Ha fAC u aepeearax, T. e. yMeHbueH[e
3HepnoeMKocrrr, vrJtt <<KaJlopHftnoctu>>, BoAbI, npoxoAflqefi uepes ryp-
6vtunr f3C. To xe caMoe na6nrcAaercfl 14 rpH cpa6orxe BoAoxpaHH-
JrHrrla. Kax c.neAcrBHe cyu{ecrBerJHoe 3uarreHHe npH orlpeAeJIeHLIH orl-
THMaJrbHbrx pex{r.rMoB fOC npuo6peTaeT yrler BJIHTIoIITHx Ha Harlop
Qaxropoe (Q.ec, Q"."6p, Zs.6 14 r. A.) 14 pelKHMa pa6orlt arperaroB.
Hanop Ha arperarax vr fOC 6yaer B 3llatlnre.ntnofi Mepe orpeAe-
JrflTbcfl aS$exrlrBHocrbro pelKr.rMa r{crroJrb3oBaHur ee ocHoBHoro o6o-
pyAoBaHVfl, rar KaK 3aAaHHyIo Harpy3Ky f3C /y'rec MolKHo o6ecne-
I]HTb PA3IJL'IMH CNOCO6AMH NPH PA3I'IbIX SHAqCHH'IX NOTCPb NOABCT.CH-
Hofi uoutHocru (pacxoaa). Hau6olee e$QexrHBeH pelKaM c MI4HHMy-
MoM fioTepb Hanopa vJrr4 MorrlHocru. Ilrc6oe H3MeHeHr4e aroro pe]KHMa
BJreqer sa co6ofi pocr yKa3aHHbIX norepb, r. e. cHHlKeHHe KIIA f3C.
D,ns Ha3Har{eHHr BoAHo3HepreruqecKoro pe}KHMa fOC B 3aAaH-
Hufi nepno4 BpeMeHr4 ueo6xoAnMo 3Harb Becb BoBMolKHrrft Auana3oH
r43MeHeHHff HanOpOB C yrreroM pa3Hofo Pola ofpaHHqeswft. HsNIeFIe-
HHe Hanopa H" oco6eHHo cHJIbHo BJIHfler Ha e$QeKrHBHocrb BHyrpH-
craHrrHoHHoro pex{HMa AepHBaIrI{oHHbrx f 3C co c.uoxnoft cxevroft
noABoAa BoAbr K afpefaTaM.
t06
Ha.rHque HanopHbrx xapaKTepucrnK rro3BoJrner 6o.nee KoppeKTHo
Ha3HarraTb BHyTprrcTaHurroHHrrrr:r peililrM afpefaToB rr f3c B sHepro-
cucreMe. 3ro onpeAeJrflercq Bo3Mox{Hocrb}o yqera npH MaJrbrx Hano-
pax csssaHHofr no Hanopy MorrlHocrH fOC, a raKlKe orpaHr.rqesHoir
n'ponycKHofi cnoco6Hocrrrc arperaroB npr.r Kax{AoM 3HaqeHrrr Hanopa
H saAanHofi Nff..
llpu yqere HeycraHoBnBulenocfl .ABr.rlKeHHq .BoAa B 6leQax f3C
oAHO3Har{HOCTb 3aBHCHMOCTH Hanopa OT Qn,o Tepflercfl H rix npeACTaB-
JIeHHe n rpaQuqecKoM Br4Ae He BcerAa paunoHaJrbHo. B 3ToM cJryqae
AJrr pacqera Hu uJtH Hrec rpe6yercr HCnoJrb3oBaHHe coorBeTCTBy-
IOTTIHX MareMaTHqecKr.rx trloAe"nefi, I{oropbre, TaK )Ke l{at( rr AJrfl ycra-
HOBHBlUefOCfl pe)KHMa, peilaroT 3aAaqy onTtrMH3ar.(Hr.r BHyTpHCTaHUH-
oHHbIx pelKHMoB fOC B I{e/IoM. flo,ny.1s1111ot. 3rlar{eHrifl Hu unn Hrec
6yayr coBMecrHo c Q".o uJrr{ Qrec onpeAe.rrffrb co6oir HanopHyro xa-
pal(repucrnKy fOC. Or npaBr.rJrbHocrri oueHKrr roro, KaK 6yeer tr3-
MeHerbcfl Ha[op Ha unn Hrec B 3aBucuMocrH or pex{HMa o6opyrro-
BaHI.rr, Bo MHoroM 3aBr,rcr.rr H eQQexruBHocrb pa6oru f3C B rreJroM.
HanopHbre xapar(Tepl.rcrrrr{rr Apyrrrx rlrnoB f 3y
HMercT HeKOTOpHe OCO6eHHOCTH. HanpHUep, ArLfr HaCOCHOT1 CTaHUHH
.nrc6oe yBefiHr{eHHe noAaqn Breqer 3a co6or? pocr Hanopa Hr, Koro-
ptrfi Ao,rx(eu pa3BrrBarb Hacoc. trnn |AOC HecoBMeilIeHHoro Brr.ta,
rAe ze.6:2s.6(V".a) v zw.6:2y.6(V".0), Hanop //rnec 6y,u,er onpe-
AeJlfrt,cfl He croJlbKo Qraec, cKoJrbl(o W rtec. AHanorrrqHbte oco.
6esHocru HMeer H I-13C. '\
I4HorAa HanopHbre xapaKrepr.rcrr{Ktr HC kr fA3C Moryr 6trm
rIpeAcTaBJIeHbr B Br4Ae 3OHbr H3MeHeHHfl HanOPOS, OfpaHHqeHsOr? MaK-
cr.rMaJrbHbll\r H MHHT4MaJIbHbIM HanopaMH.
3.2. HANOPH bIE XAPAKTEPV1|CTVIRV|
flpneeleHnuir B rJr. 2 a:nanlz.s 3aBr.rcr.iMocreft norepb Harropa rr
MolrrHocrn aranoB TexHoJrorl,IqecKoro rrpoqecca fOC nosBo,Tfler o6o-
cHoBaHHo noAor?ra K pacqery ri nocrpoeur.rro HarropHbrx xapaKTeprrc-
tttn .rro6nx fOC. trns sroro r.r3 3aAaHHoro 3narreHr.rn H';?l :cofiSt
cJIeAyeT BbrqecTb cooTBeTcTByroIrIHe noTepH Hanopa I^Jln KalKAofo
Qaec : Qrr.6. 3rr.t 3aBIIcr.rMocrrl c,'Iyx(ar ocHosoti II A,'Ir no"'rvrrennfl
MolqHocrr.r, noABeAeuuori K f3C, /Vfly", arperarnoMy 6,'roxy Nij;t,
r4Jtrr arperary 1/loo, Heo6xoAr.rMbrx AJrfl 3aBeptueHLrfl pacqera 6a,naH-
ca Mouluocrrr r-ra craFrrlrrr.r c y,retopr arpefaroB. Vl<agaunrte napaMer-
pbl 3aBHctT He ToJrbKo oT QH.o B rle/roM, HO Ii OT tsHyTpHCTaHrlr{oHHOfO
pex{HMa fOC,.r. e. or Qo.on vtnu Qo.
Pyc.ronafl Hiltr npHnflornHHafl fOC c KoporKHMH BoAoBoAaMH.
3lecr LHoup(Q".0):0, a L^HsoE HeBeJTHKH, H Hx MolKHo yqecrb B
npu1nn>xeHHbrx pacqerax B BHAe Hexoropoft KoHcTaHrbr. trnn 3Tr.rx
fOC BHA HaropHblx xapaKrepHCTHK B ocHoBHoM onpeAeJrflercfl nore-
pflMLI B H14)KHeM 6lecpe. A6co,rrcruoe 3naqeHr.re Hanopa rr nroulHocrLr
6yaer yMeHbIxarbcfl npn cpa6orxe BoAoxpaHrrJrnula. I4srr,repsen,tnir
Hanop gTlrx fOC H rec, xoTf HenocpeAcTBerrHo rrcnoJrb3veTcs Hn.
rAa
IU'

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Bsauil,rocnnet H6 H H rec MexAy co6oft H peiKHM fOC npw zs,6:: cofl st onpeAeJrfl rorcff cooTHorxeHHrrMH
' ^'::ulvf;;:,1:'1il.;.',1;3_-i#'Il3i, : (B, )
Hrcc : Hrec(Q".0) _- All#^. AH.p*o A//".0 (Q".0). (8.2)
Ann MexeHHbrx pe)KHMoB nl/")S='d. B oroM cnyqae Hrec
npaKTHrrecKH paBeH Hat H OnpeAeJrflercff pex(HMoM eceri f3c B rre-
JIoM, a He orAeJrbHoro arperara. Ha HeKoropbrx l3C AF/cvc 3aBHcHT
or pex(HMa eceri fOC B rreJroM (uanpulnep, Bonxcxas fOC HMeHH
B. VI.,IIeHzua, finenporec I) . X,nn orHX f3ci/#o u trFS 6yayr
saBnceTb or QH.o u Q^r:
/fl?o : lr/I'lo (Q".0, Q";) : g,gl H ^rQ^r; (3.3)
NFS : ffFS (Q".0) : 9,8trftec (Q".0) e".u :
: ffi:f - Aff.n"o (Q".0) - Atr/cvc (Q".0) - A//".0 (Q".0). (3.4)
Ha pnc. 3.1 n o6ueru BHAe npeAcraBJreHbr HanopHbre H sHeprerrz-
lIecKHe xapaKTepHcrHKH oAnHo,rHort pycnonofi fOC Ailfr neruer? Me-
>I(eHr.I frpLr 2e.6:coilSt H rIpH orcyrcrBH[ noAnopa B HH)KHeM 6leQe.
3aeucr.rMocrr.r Hr(Q".0) w Hrec (Q".0) BbrnyKJrbr no QH.o H Aocru-
raloT MaKcHMyMa rtpu Qn.o:0 u rrrunr4MyMa npu H roc :H.:0.
Kpunne trFy. (4".r) u ld"o(Qr.6) nornyrtr no Qn.o H HMeror
ABe TOqKH, rA€ MoIUHocru panHu 0 (puc.3.1), r4 oAHy ror{Ky c aKcrpe-
MyMa-MaKcr4MyMa, fAe Bbr[oJrHflroTcfl ycJroBHfl
ljoa(a,.,.6)npu
Zg.d = co.nst
fl,r f
Pnc. 3.1. 3asHcur"iocrH Ho(Q,,.0) , Hrec (Q".u), ilf&(Q".0) u NnoA (Q".0) HH3Ko'
Hanopuoir pycnonofi f3C
Ky ANn.o (Q".0) npu hcpaa:coflst- nuHeftHaq QyHxqun. BseAeHre
HoBoro 3HaI{eHHff hcp^a B ANs.o 6yAer o3Harlarb LI3MeHeHHe yrfla
HaKJTOHa Jryr{a, npoxoAflu{efo rrepe3 Haqaflo KoopAHHar l'I coorBercr-
Bylouero dL^N 
".aldQn.o 
:9,81 hcpa6 :const.
HsrvreHeHue h"pa6 BJII4ger KaK Ha gHaqeHne NF3t"t*" H NloA'uaxc ,
raK H Ha Hx MecropacrroJro)KeHue (prac. 3,2).
Bua H o6nacrn cyqecrBoBanuff HanopHblx xapaKrepncTHK pycJlo-
noft fOC He saBucflr or Hailwqnfl, xoJrocrbrx c6pocos. B ro >Ke BpeMff
Hs-sa yqeTa Qx.cop B Qs.o cyIqecTBeHHO H3MeHfleTcfl BHA 3aBHcHMocrefi
.r/flffi (Q".0) H trffoA (Q".0).
109
AH,H,
zB.ttzt.t
Hl',
HH:
N)AN
&x.n
lo"'u
Hng
zg.t
2u.60=zn.E (0x.6=0
zg.t
erfi00/vng @n.c
tga:
anq ffiS : NiS (Q".0) H
dH^
dQs.a
PaccuorpeHHbre xapaKTepHcruKr.r saBHCqr rax>Ke H or AonoJrHH-
TeJIbHbIX norepb Haflopa B HH]KHeM 6reQe, Bbr3brBaeMbrx JreAoBbrMH
ycJIoBHflMH AJIfl CeBepHbrX peK, 3apacTaHr4eM rOX(Hbrx peK JreToM pac-
THTeJIbHOCTbT,O, nOAnOpOM H T. A.
3aueruo Brzqer Ha fl" (Q".0) 14 H rec (Q".0) pexr.rM cpa6orxn-
HanoJrHeHHfl BOAOXpaHr,rJrHIrIa, T. e. Z".a(t). B CBfl3H C 3Tr{M npprHflTo
crpoHrb yKa3aHHbre xapaKrepzrcrkKr4 1ilfl, FIny u VMO AJrfl BbrflBJre-
Hnn o6ulero Ar.ra[a3oHa H3MeHeHHfl HanopoB Ha fOC.
B Kar{ecrBe npuMepa Ha puc. 3.2 noKa3aHbr Anana3oHbr ra3Meue-
HHr, HarropoB kr uonlHocreft pyc.nonofi f3C. tr4sl4eHeHHE zs.6 o3Haqa-
€T, TITO HANOPHbIC XAPAKTEPHCTHKT4 NAPAJI/ICJIbHO CMCIIIAIOTCfl NO
opAHHare Ha hspa6. Ens /V|S(Q".0) v NNoo(Qr.o) r{3MeHeHHe
h"paa o3Harlaer nlauer?Hoe Hx npeo6pa3oBaHHe 3a crler Ail".6, nOcKoJIb-
108
H:-tgo (3.5)
(3.6)
Ha
QH.o
zn.r(e'.u)
AHxeg(4.* 6)
Hrsr (@'.u)
il,lt #l'3,r3;:1J.,-
ANs.6(0.s 6)
ANron6(an.6)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

(4o 4,rr)
N[oa npa nflg
-..-{13? nPu tMa
rvf;anpu 9M0
n f'1OKC nl
6r3c ({ H.6 a,n.6, Nffla,&rsc
Puc. 3.2. !,uarrasorrr,r H3Merrerrrtn I-1,r, I-l rec,rVflffi n NE'A Hrr3r(oHanopnoii pyc_.'rosoft fOC
,,.r.f,IP, H u2 H*p MaKcHMa rrbHafl, pa6oqaff Morrlnocrb foc paBHa
/fi# ; npt HuSH.*n oHa orpeAerqercfl uponycr<uofi croco6Hocrbro,ryp6HH (puc. 3.2) (noapo6uee cM. rn. 4)..
B KoopAr{Harax H, A nzHufl, orpauurreHr4fl no reHeparopy 6nueKaK runep6oJre, no ryp6uue-K ror{asarenrnor? Qyuxuui. B:i<oopAuHa-,
ll0
Tax N, A orpaHraqeHHe no renepaTopy-nprMafl JrHHr{fl, tto ryp6n-
He - noKa3areJrbuar QyHxqrar.
Ann npHBeAeHHfl orpauuqeHnfi no reHeparopy H ryp6riHe B Koop-
AHHarbr ffFS unu rVfoA, Qo.6 - coorBercrByrorrlne HM npeAeab-
HbIe MolqHocrl'l B l{oopAHl{arax lVrsc , Q,,.6 pa3AeJIeHbI Ha Ia pt Irac.flpr LH cvc -0 xapaKrepacrr,rKH H ,ei (Q,,.0) H H^(e,.d, rat
)Ke KaK H ,rvilSc (Q".0) u Nfoa (Q".0), coBnaAaror MexAy co6ofi.
Ha pr{c. 3.2_ crpeJrKaMH rroKa3aH xoA pacqera npeAeflbHbrx Bo3-
Mox{Hocrer? fOC npu FIny H VMO anq QH.o: Q'r.a.-D.nn 3roro cHa-
qaila orpeAerrflercn H rec (Q'.,.0) , a 3areM af$t' (Hr""(a".6))
(rouxu 0, I u 2, 3 coornercrBeHHo) . !,a"rree npu Har?AeHHbrx 3HaqeHH-
flx 4F66" yllurbrBarorcfl LHcvc H onpeAennrorcn H^ (rouxH 3 u 4).
3arerrl paccqr.rrbrBarorcfl 3HarreHlrff /VFS"'*" la NfoA'uaxc.
_^ Ha.nnqr4e yKa3aHHbrx orpaHnueHvrl BeAeT x noqBfleHuro Qx.cop H4
fOC B rex cflyr{attx, KorAa rpe6yroulufrcs, tro ycJroBHrM noaoxosqrl-
cTBeHHOft CHCTeUbI [OnyCK Q*r.o npeBbrrraeT nponycKHyro cnocooHocTb
:ryp6HH fOC. Vqet Qx.cop cylqecrBeHHo H3MeHffer H BHA xapaKrepHc-
'rHR NiS (Q".0) 14 //:'oo (Qr.o) (puc. 3.3).
__ Ilp" nponycKe B unxuurt 6teQ Q'o.o npH FIny qepe3 ryp6rrHsr
f OC npofiAer pacxoA Q recr , ocraJrbHaff qacrb Q'n.i- xoJrocTbre
c6pocn Qx.c6pr (pr.. 3.2). llpn aroM Nfl$'uarc : Nvcrlqa Ll
oHa MeHb[re Bo3Mo)KHocreft crBopa npu aroM Q'".0. (rouxa 6 Ha
pHc. 3.2) 3a cller ANx,c6p, panusrx g,8l Q*..opHrec (Q".0)
3ro o3Haqaer, qro A,'rr H a2 H N y, np rr Q".o ) affit' (H")
xapaKTeplr_cruKa lVf$'tu"c (2".a, Qr.o) - ripflMarr .rrr4Hirfl, coorBercrBy-
roilt?r lf|Sltl" : coflst (rar< x(e KaK H A^fl, /Vfl31"u*").
PaccuorpuM ry >Ke 3aAaqy ,[,Jrfl zn.6:yMo (pllc. 3.2\,Or Q,,.0:0
Ao roqxu b xpunue//i$ (yMO, Q".o) 14 /Vloo (yMO, Q',.o) co-
orBercrByror pe>KHMy pa6oru fOC 6es orpaHnr{ennfr. flp" Qn o
6o"nr,rue Qtot, ecTecTBeHHo, yMeHbuarcTcfl Hanopbr f3C rr arperaTa rr
oAHoBpeMeHHo cHux(aercfl nponycKHar cnoco6uocrn ryp6r.rH, onpeAe-
JqeMafl nnuueft orpaHHrreHnff no ryp6zHe ua ptrc. 3.2. 3ro npHBoAHT
K rroflBJreHr.no AByaHarrHocrrr QyHxur.{H A/flS (zr.a, Q rec ) u eosvrox-
Hocru 6esurepallnoHHoro pacrrera roJIbKo npfi r4cnoJrb3oBaHr{}r Qn.o B
KaqecrBe He3aBHCLrmoft nepeueusofi (p"c. 3.3, a).
E^nn floBbltrleHr.rfi oHeprerr4r{ecKr.rx Bo3Moxuocrerl crBopa npH HH3-
KHX Harlopax Ha pycJlosHx f3C coBMeureHHoro rr{[a ]rcnoJrb3yror raK
Ha3blBaeuufi eSQeKT alKeKr{HH B HH>KHeM 6ne$e. Ilpu nponycKe 6ont-
urrrx pacxoAoB BoAbr B Hr.r)KHHfi 6leQ Qn.ot B 3TOM Cflyqae r{MeroT MeC-
To Qx.copr 6es yqera eQQexra olKeKr{Hr{ npu //FSi""" : NiSr
(psc. 3.3, 6). C yueroM yKa3aHHoro aQQexra Harop yBernr{HBaercfi
npu roM )Ke Qn.or Ha LH'" (Q*..opr). EcrecrnenHo, qro npn aroM
yBeilHl{HBaercfl Q rec r'L //i36 "u*' Ao Q recs H i/F3tr . OAuaxo
npn aroM oAHoBpeMeHHo cHuxaercff Lr A.F/r*, T. e. rlpa onpeAeJretuw
rapaMerpoB BoAHooHepreruqecKoro pex{HMa fOC HMeer Mecro HTe-
111
fr,2
rt cT
Niec
Hrac(Q'.0) npu 9Mo
(4n.6' 8H.6,8,r3s., N[$a
,Niiinpu HnA_l_\._
,/' -\
A\U
@r3c 1 3
Ha(a'ns)nputMo
N::[,/at

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Hn(o.r,r)
Ni33(e,6)
Ha"t
Ni33
IJ-,,lr)
^^t
'Y r3c
n\*/
Za.6rzn.6 Hng
Puc. 3.4. HanopHnre Hnrorlrrulofi fOC
t t !!.Kc
l1 -u"f7t-,t^8 UU
Qrsc
@n.o)
lq.(ax.6)
ANn,o * I Nccc
aN6oa
QrgcrQs.6
!.6 +l N cyc
Q46, Q6.6,t{!!ra
MOUlHocTilr,le xapariTeprtcTrrr(H nprr_
fo(ar.o) np4 Zs,6=trn5l Qx,c6p2
Qracz
ut.'3)tL
17 no0
"f3cz,
nn ?
rvl-3cj
^/ij8 (a,6)
Anrj*
6) 0n.[ 8,y.g6p,4.H.6,N[oqa
PHc. 3.3. V,tcr xo,,tclcrux c6pocots u a(l(rer<ra 3)Kcuuurr g uanor)nbrx H MOU{rocrHbrx
xap ar(repr{crt{riax pyc"'rorofi f3C
paIIHoHHbIil npoqecc. OKoHtIaTeJIbHoe peueHge nO XoJIOcTbtM c6pocaM
coorBercrByer HeKoropoMy npoMe)Kyrol{HoMy pe)KHMy Me}KAy Qx.copr
H Qx.c6pz.
Ilpun_nornHHbre raC c AJrHHHbrMr,r Bo.u,oBoAaMH.,I[,.rrq [pHnJrorr.rH-
Hux f3C rnrra Eparcxofi, Kpacuoflpcr(ori, HypexcKor? H Ap. npu pac-
qere Hu (Q".0) Heo6xoAHM yqer AHson. I-Iocxo"nlxy rrpH BKJrror{eHHr.r
Kax(Aoro nocJreAyloilIefo BoAoBoAa npor4cxoAHT cKarrKooopa3Hoe H3-
MeHeHHe L,H"o,., To H3MeHflercfl H BHA saBucuMocrr.r 11"(Q".0). B.nug-
Hr,re noTepb B Hr.rlr(HeM 6leQe, TaK )Ke KaK H AH cvc, 3Aecb oTHocH.
TeJrbHo MeHbure. B KaqecTBe rrpr{Mepa Ha pr4c. 3.4 npe4cTaBJreHbr Ha-
nopHbre n eHepferHrrecKEe xapaKrepvcrkrKr/- f3c (6es yrreTa norepb
B anpef arax) fipH zs.6:const HrH H\ZL: coflSt.
Anq raKux fOC H rec (Q",0) H /iiffi(Q".u) orrpeAerrnlorcn rro
lt2
cpopnay.rrau (3.2) rr (3.4), a ffn (e,, 6) rr l/ioo(Q,.0) c.rervFo-UII,IM BblpaxeHl.tflM: \ a n.v/ r,,
H at : H^i(Q".d : H.ec (Q".0) - LHcv.(Q".0) - Llroo( Qr.o) :
: //i:f - LH"o^u- LH,.o (Q".0) - LHcvc(Q".0) _ AiLoo (Q,,) (3.7)
gr qi$,;p" g+
( N:lo: NNT*(Q".0, Q"r): g,glHaie^i, (B.g)
Ecnu saBucuMocrn H rec (e".0) w /iFS (e".0) aHarrorrrqHbrnPer,crae,rreHHbrM Ha pHc. 8.2, ro Ho(e".0) rr 
-ff-noo 
(eu.o, e") cy-IrIecrBeHHo I'l3MeHtercfl . O6l-scHqeTctt arb yueroM xapaKTepHcrr.rKs no^
"upl,Ha[opa H.MOrrIHOCTr.r B BOAOBOAaX.
'fl4 pHc' 3'4 npe4craBJleH cflyl{afi, KonAa Arq Ka)KAoro Ar{ana3oHaHATPY3I{I,I fEC NO QU.O 3AAAHO OITHMAJIbHOE qNCJIO H COCTAB BKJITO.
Ann*(8y.cop)
il3

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ho(Qx.fl np'u gM7
Hrec(Qu.il nPu aM0
f;nruu\o,YO I
,t,Nrzfl.6rlH
o,,6o8
zs.6
lrec?x.o) nPu Htlg
Hr3c(QRr)
npu ! M0
Q7ss,QH.6
0
npu Ht|9
n!![ /rno naoat x.6
!Nr,oa
npu 9M0
tHr,oi- Q rsc, Q r.6
Qrsct
Pnc. 3.5. .[,uanaaottu II3Mel]eHHtI HanopoB Il uoulHocreft
npHnJrorHHHoft fOC
r{eHHbrX arperaToB. l4e-sa sHaqHTeJIbHbIx noTepb Hanopa B BoAoBoAax
xapaKrepHcrl4 Kr4 Hu (Qn.o) Moryr 6url KycoqHo-BofHyrbIMI'I.
Ha pHc, 3.5 npe1craBJreH BosMolKHbrri TexHI4r{ecKLII:I AHa[a3oH r43-
MegeHrrfl Hrec , H^, ffFS, Nlto C yrretovr orpaH'qesuft no ''po-
IrycKHofI cnoco6Hocrl4 fOC. ,IIwnun orpaHLIqeHHfl tlo reHepaTopy v
Typ6HHe B KoopAuHarax Hrec, Qr,.o u Hu, Qn.o, a raK>KeNFS, Qr.o
H y'floA, Qn.o, KaK 14 LJ:F_ pycJIoBbIX f 3c, cMeqeH_b_I n9 BeP-
THKailr4 no orHoIxeHHIo Apyr K Apyry Ha norepl4 AHnou(Q.ec ).
!,elicrnuTeJlbHo, np1 Ha)Htp HMeeT MecTO gOOTHOUIgHHe
TaK KaK Ho-Hrecrlnon (urr. s 2.2). AHanorHr{Hoe coorHoiueHHs
Kpranue ffrec(Q",0) a ruFS(Q".u)
rceM AHana3oHe Bo3MOX{Hblx 3Haqe-
.cop;40. 3aeHcnN{ocru ffu(ersc ) N
b B sOHe AOnycTHMbrx pelr(HMoB
Pacqer 
"g_:f:g_"oro pexurvra fOC npa Q,.o )QFSt" tlpl zs.6_: const Heo6xoAHMo npbreao4um rr,rer6Aou [ocJreAoBareJrbHoro Bb[-ACJICHHfl TIOTCPb HANOPA Ii MOU{HOCTH AJTfl. KA>KAO|O 3TA[A TCXHO,IO-rl]rrecKoro npoqecca cTaHur{I{.
flycru rpe6yercg uafitn .H^, Hrec , e*.c6p, ffloo H /VF% nprrHny:conSt H Q".u) af3'f . ^ il,ni' ,ro.o cHaqa.rra BbrAe,rrnlorcrrnorepl{' 3aBHcffrIIHe ToJrbKo or Q/H.6, T. €. LHn.a 
" nlr" u. gro osHau;_er pac'rer H recr ro Kpr.rBor? H i"" (ct".ui "(pr;. 5,8). 3areu norrHHHr4 orpaHHrreHHfi no reHeparopy.B xoop4lluarax Hrec , e .r" on_peAerlflercs Qract: QFEH (H*. (Q'.u)) 
"- crrerxoBare,,rbHo, er.cri1.,r:- Q'o.o-Qrecr . nnn- 
-"ulriAurno.o 
3HaqeHr{r erect rr rr3Becr_HOfo q'cJra pa60rarcrq'x afpefaroB f3c MO,*H. Harlrrr AH;;=, ::hB,or,(Qrecr- ) er Har:l/rr.' a0;;i_Ir{""rr (erecr ) flo Hai-rJeH-HoMy 3HaqeHxY- -Hut rr Qrecl orpeAeJrflercfl rul?o(Q rscr) no nsr-paxeHHlo ,V]!n'npeo : .9r91QrecrHr, (Qr.ur). IIpr.r aron liFo np"A ro;r;ri-Ha 6urs paBHa /fIfJ, ,.qe.irenirou'-"ia KilA ui:p.nurou nprr ri3-
BecrHoM Har v Q racr .
.u,epunaqHoHHbre rgc. f,nn erort cxenru foc xapaKrepHbr oli\:rr.r-Mbre noTepr4 Hanopa B AepHBer\r4vr H BOAOBOAaX, KoTopbre HHOTAa Ha_MHoro npeBbruaror noTeplr AlVrr.6.
Pacqer Ha[opHbrx H Motrl]rgcrnbrx xapar(TepricrrrK .qepirBauuoH-HbIx f3c noKa3aH Ha p_{c. 3.6. oco6enu6.ro*o errrx foc flB,rnercfigHaquTe/rbHoe orJrr.rque Hrsc , Ha.6n ri H^ ttprI 3aAaHHoM pexinMe
:TaHIIHI'I' Ha puc' 3.7 npeacraBJlen AI.Iana3oH TexHrrqecKrr Bo3Mox(HbrxeHaqeHAfi HaropoB H nOABeAeHHbrx l,ouluocrefi K sJreMeHTaM AepriBa-qnouHoft foc. Anq cpeAHe- r4 BbrcoKoHanopHorx f3c .rVfof'un*c Hrr-KOfAa He qBJrflercfl ofpaHr.rqeHr.reM pe>xrruos cranur*i. pu.q., npe_ACJIbH'IX PCX{HMOB ACPHBAqUOHUOI? f3C NPH Q".O ) Qil3b' H
Q"."opta0 np]|- zss:coflSt TaKlKe cJreAyeT Becrr.r MeroAoM [ocretroBa_TCJIbI-IO|O BbIAC.ICHI,I'I IIOTCPb IIAITOPA H MOIqIIOCTI,I TIA KAiKAOI,I 3TANEnpeo6paa oBaHHfl 3r-reprrrlr Ha craHrlrrrr.
3ro o3HarIaer, qro AJIfl 3aAaHHofo 3FIaqeHHrI er,.o r.r zn.6:constcJleAyer BbrAeJrart AHu.a u nafiru Hrec :lI rec (a".;) 3ur.* nafnu
Affif (Hrec ) n KoopAprHarax H roc, e'.0 rro rrHHLrLr orpaHrrqeFlrflMourHocrH' Aa"Iee no Q.ec olpeAeJIHTb aHv"p 14 L,Hroo u, c,TeAoBa-TeJIbHo' Ha.a Lr Ho, no KoTopbrM paccrr'TbrBarorcfl 3HaqeHHq lVfofl;nrun
H ly'fon'"Peo.
flpn paccMorperrq o6uefi sar,a.or4 onrHMH3 aL\Hr4 BHyrpr.icraur.ro-HapHbrx pelKHMoB f3c anq .rrc6lrx eHaqeugr? orAaqri nd pu.*o"u rr
ro'4,
^, nod
"f3c
af5t" (H ^) :#" = Qffit (Hrec): ffi , (3.e)
u5
714

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ha Ha.6n H rr6
lH, H ze.irz u,6
Nnoa, a N
aHr,oa
-,, MOKC
ta^-\
7n.6
Q7s6 t Q y.g
rYo,AH,
Azn,n
HrEc(an.u) npu ilttt ,\ u-H, ,cfc
flry(.Q-.t) nputM0
Ho(0n 6) npu' UM0 H^ r"(n,, '\ nnir QAIFu url\411 u/"r* e ,v
.:H d 0
7y noE
ui'r[/(n^nooa zldep)
/l NI0HC
q f3C Qrec,Bn.6,Nl'ra
n ft1OKC
t"rji' &136,[115
Pnc. 3.7. nuana3oHbr H3MeHeHHq Ha[opoB H r'roulHocrefi AepHBauHoH-uori f3C
(Qn,o)
(Qg.6)
)(ar.o)
nnl
QrcgrQE,6,,N'ti'
ANy,6+AN sgs 'u-iZ!,n,.ol
aNg.a
ail6o;./ -'ola
or ',rp
nnpe0* r3c
)-J?X ra,.ut
);oarar.ut
Qr3q ' Qx.d
ANy.6+AN r* 'A N A,n-'rAN " ^^s
PHc. Hanopuue H MourllocrlJble xapal(TepHcrHKH,[,e'
DHBattHoHHofi fOC
MOTTIH6CTH npoBeAeHHbII? BbI1IIe pacqeT Bo3MoxeH JII'IlIlb HTepaIII4oH-
HflTHe nOABeAeHHOfO Hanopa K KacKaAy KaK pa3HHUbI Me)KAy Zs.6r:
:coflst H za.6n(Q*.0",:0), T. e.
Hi:o: zs.GL-zn.En(Q".o r, : 0)'
Ens roryqeH' fl Hn(Q,.) cJreAyer Bbrrrecrb H3 f/loo Bce BI'IAbI no-
Tepb Hanopa B KacKaAe AJIq KaX(AOro pacqeTH6r6 3HaqeHgff Q1361 :
: Q*'
l16
Pacqer lf["o (Q,.) n H^(e") BeAercn no QopMynaM
," AH ^"a'
Ha,sn(0H,r) nputttTaHa (0n o) no,-t u!t!
rul5I/(4o ls,a)
n7

--- PAGE BREAK ---

H[oa
,,noa
tl6
Ay HaMr.r cyuecrByer oAHosHar{Hafl cBr3b no o6.beMaM nonycKoB. Ha.
TPllMePr- I{a .pHc-.- 3,9 npe4c-raBreHbl Hanopgble xapaKrep}tcrtIKII pAOC
F/ inac (l/'.0) , H'(V".o) , H, (7".0) , 
'paciuuraHHbre 
no Qopuynaur
ffreec (V".a) : zs.6 (V".d - zv.6(/*.0); )
Hr(V,.d: rft4s6 (V".) * LH,oo; I
H, (Vr.a) : Hraec (Vn.a) - AH"oo , )
,,n00 , ,Hf3C r ft xt
(3.r r)
(3. I 3)
,,n08nrac,l
,,n00 H*(0^)'- -
0i,.d1,0x
rAe AH.sor rrpuHflTo nocroflHHbrM (ycnonae pa6orbr |AOC c MaKcH-
M aJrbHorl Mor{HocTbro) .
O6reuu 6accerinoB cBr3aHbr MexAy co6ofi cJreAyrourrMH 6aJraHco-
BbIM H COOTHOIICHHgMI,I :
t
V".a (t) : Vn.6 (lJ + .[Qraec (t) dt : Vn.6(rr) + AZu.6 (t); (3.12)N*(a*)
?,'r.oz (0r.oz)
z^.6y(A"^.6=0)
.) Ori &H 62'&x
Puc. 3.8. HanopHue H Mour,HocrHbre xapaKrepHcruKA KacKaLa
a - nJrorlrHHux; 6 - AeplrBaql.roHHbrx
1/["o (Q*) = 9,8lHH (Q") Q*;
Nl'\a-)
ZHtrrr(a..62)
zt lz(ar'69
&6.621&r
(3.10)
t
V".aU) : Vs.6(lr) * J'Qrnec (t) dt : Vn.6(fJ * LVn.6U),
0
ff* (Q*) : H'iuo --
flpnt ^Enoa#O rpa0HqecKoe rper,craBJIeHHe H,.(Q',) He BcerAa Ire-
Jrecoo6pa3Ho.
3.3. HANOPHbIE XAPAKTEPV|CIVilRN TA?C, HC N N9C
3sa.lureJrbFroe KoJrHqecreo fA3C e MHpe - HecoBMeIrIeHI{oro BI'tAa
c BepxHr.rMrr rr Hr.r)KHr.rMr.r 6acceiruaMI.r, Mop$oMerpuqecl(ue xapaKTepI4-
crliKH Koropbrx oAHoSHaqHo cBs3bIBaIOT Me)KAy CO6Oft Zs.6 H Vo.6,
zn.6 H vn.a B ycTaHoBHBirreMcfl pex<HMe pa6oTbt cTa1wrr4. B oTJIHT{Lie
oT f3C c A,IIHTeJIbHbIM peryJIHpoBaHHeM croKa, rpu KoropoM .zs.g
Malro H3MeHflercfl B TeqeHI,Ie cyroK, HeAeJIH, ypoBHH 6aCCefiUOB |ASC
3HarrHTerbHo r.r3MeHslorcfl B Ter{eHHe cyroK. OcnogHHe norepl4 Ha[opa
IAOC - Affnou, 67t/cv9, ANu, Koropbte, Kq.K rlpaBI'IJIo, HaMHoro MeHb'
dre, ueu norepu sa cqer H3MeHeHHfl ypoBHeft 6acceftHoe.
B cBq3H co cKa3aHHbrM 6y4err,r Ha3brBarb. ocHoBHbIMH HanopHbIMI4
xapaKTepucrHKaMr.r |AOC AJin ryp6r4r{Horo kr Hacoctloro pe}KrlMoB
saBucuMbcrtr llrnsc , Hrr, H, or orMeroK krJrt o6leMoe 6accerlHoe'
B KaqecrBe He3aBHcHMoro apryMeHTa B pacr{erax Mox{Ho npHHHMarb
napaMeTpbt I{aK BepxHero, Tar( tr Hr.r}KI{efo 6accettna, nocKoJIbKy Me)K-
ll8
rAe lAV".u(/) l-lAY,,6(/l H 3HaK
<(nrloc>> cooTBercTByeT HacocHoMy,
a <<MrrHyc>> - ryp6llHHoMy pelKr.r-
My pa6oru |ASC B (3.12) ; e
(3.13) - Hao6opor.
llocxo.nlxy Harropbr |AOC B
ocHoBHoM 3aBr.rcflT oT o6,beMoB no-
rrycKoB cTaHur4r.r, To 3Aecb peqb
MOX(eT ilATtr cKopee o noABeAeH-
Hoir 3Heprr4r4, qeM o MotUHocTr4
(noapo6uee cM. rn. 8).
FIanoputre xapar(repllcrr.rr(n
|AOC, rroKa3aHHbre Ha pr.ic. 3.9,
BbTIIyKJIbI IIo Vu.o Qrnn 7".0) .
d)
f3c:
4xi
U MOKC
v8.d
I] Aa.r.,(Q*)'
vl.t*' v-.r
Pacttet HanopoB fAOC B AaH- Prlc 3.9. Harroprrrre xaparireprcrrrrsl
Hblti MOMeHT BpeMeHH MOIKHO npo" fA3C HecoBMeu{eHHoro BHAa
H3BoAHrb tto cJreAyroxIHM Qoprrry-
JIAM:
llrrec : flrasc (l) : z".a(t) - zr.a(t),
rAe z,.a(t): zs.6(V".a(t)) n zr.a(t): zn.a(Vu.a(4), a VB.6U)
orpeAerrnrorcn c yqeroM (3,12) r (3.13);
H^(t): r?raec (t) + AH"o, (Qraec (l)).
Enn AaHHoro MoMeHTa t easucLrMocrb Ha or Q raec B ryp6nu-
HOM peX{HMe aHaJIOfHrIHa paccMoTpeHHbrM Bbrrrre xapaKTeprrcrrrKaM
npHrrJroruHr{brx f3C.
flocxonnKy Harlopu |AOC 3HaqHre.rbHo HsMeHfl,rorcfl B reqeHHe cy-
TOK - HeAeJIH, TO X(eJIaTeJIbHO AJrff HHX HMerb ,rIHHaMHqecKtre HanoD-
(3.14)
H v".a(t)
(3.15)
Azr.6z',
Azrr 6ti
z*.ur(&*sl)
0ir.d1 .'&x
AHracr i
AHr:czi
Hr (vn.o)
lt9

--- PAGE BREAK ---

zoilart)
d., =const
zn.r(VH.o)
zn.o(art)
poBaHufl IIn npaKrnrrecr(H 6yler
nocToflHeFr B pexilrMe cyTor{Hofo 3a-
Pt,U,a H paBeH Hrtec :2s.6_2,n'6,
n3C - oco6ur? BHA f3y, rAe
HsMeHeHHe ypoBHfi oAHoro H3 6ac-
cer4HoB rpoHcxoAr4T no MapeofpaM-
ve z*(/) He3aBHcHMo or pelKprMa
craHur{u. fpaQHLrecKoe npeAcras-
Jrerrrre 3aBr.tcr.rMocrn Haflopa n3C
oT ocHoBHbrx napaMeTpoB peMHMa
Bpgl Jrrr rleJrecoo6pasuo,
Pacqer Hafiopa r.Irr nDflMoro
ryp6nunoro H o6paruoro uicocHo-
ro pelr{HMOB c,TeLyeT BecTrr no
Qopuynana
H nec(/) :
Va^"(t)':
Pnc. 3.11. Hanopuar xapaKrepucrnKa
HacocHOro pexutN{a f3C-fAOC lr HC
A.nfl. ZB.6:COflSt H Zn.6:COlSt
(3.17)
6accefiHax
(3. r 8)
(3. r e)
(3.20)
u ln \' 'H l.(arA3c/
Hrezc
26.6'=const
Zn.d=c0nst-
Ho,Hrnc a)
fln.
Hrasc
,r(t)
Vn.frt
H"(t)
HflAa.6
a4)a.pa"1
9M0a.6
Tgp\uuuari pe*{uM t D Hacocnati peil{uM t
Puc. 3.10. ,[,urravn,lecxlrc rranoprrrie xapat(']'cpHcrllir.t fA3C IlecoBi\4en(eltlofo RIIAa
Hbre xapaKrepr.lcrllKH craHullH B BHAe $ynr<qnr'I He roJIbI(o Q r.qec :
:Q, Ho vt t (pvtc.3.10).
flpeanolarafl, qro fASC pa6oraer c flocroflt{HbIM pacxoAoM
Qraec =Q":coflst, MolKHo Afiq rlo6blx HaqanbHblx yc,nonrair 6leQos
noAyqHTF, XapaKTepI{CTHKH I'I3MeHeHHt{ 2n.6, Zu.6 14 Hu, HT,CAC OT t
npu pa3Hbrx rrepHoAax pa6orsr craHI{t4H T. FIa puc^.3.10 3rl.I 3aBIICH-
Mocrl4 noKa3aHbl npu TslTzlTt (r. e. Qa)Qz)Qr) Afls ryp6unso-
ro H HacocHof o pe)KHMoB pa6orr,l fA3C. flocxo"lrny rprl Qn:
:Qrasc :const norepr{ A/-Iuorr TaKMe rlocroflHHbI, To -F1" orntlqaercff
or.Hraec Ha nocroflHHble 3HarIeHIifl (pe1c.3.10) .
Anq f3C-fA3C e KacKaAe IIpH cyroqHoM peN(HMe sapflAa-pa3pf-
na Bo3MolKHbI MaJIbIe KoIe6aHHff, Zn.6 kr Zv.6.B STSM cfiyt{ae AJIfl pe-
)KrrMa pa3pflAa |AOC HanopHbre xapal(repHcrHIc{ aHarorI4tIHbI xa-
paKTepr{cTHKaM O6tt.Instx f3C. nns Hacocuoro pe}KHMa rtpll- Zs5=
= conit H zn.6=const 3HarreHr4e Hanopa 6yaer 3aBHCerb or Q raac
H"(t) : zn.6 (t) - z,.a (t) * Af/raec (/),
rAe z".a(t) -2r.6(t) : H rrcc (t) : const, a Affra_e_c (/) ^ saeracnr or
Qraec (t)' 
" 
HMelor BttA, aua'iiorHqulttt suLY LI-l"or\ (Qrnec )' _pryl
orHX 3aBucHMocreft AJIfl peryJll4pyeMblx o6paruuux arperaToB fOC-
|ASC npeAcraBrleH Ha prac. 3.1l.
Hanopnlre xapaKrepr4crr{r{H HC H fA3C B HacocHoM pex(uMe npl4
npotrHx paBHbrx ycJroBr4flx a[ailorr4,rLbl Apyl Ap^yfy.^ 
X,ns KacKaAoB HH3KoHarropHbrx fOC-fA3C AJIHreJlbHoro peryJlI'l-
t20
H nec (t) - za"" (t) - z* (t),
rA_e 26xr:26ac(Vuo"(l) ) -ypoBeHb BoAbr B 6acceriue rrJrn
II3C:
V6u": Va^", T i Qnr. (t) dt.]"0
3HaN <<Mr.rHy_c>> B (3.18) coorBercrByer nprMoMy ryp6nunorury, a
<<rrJrroc> - o6parHoMy HaCocHbrM pelKHMaM.
A.trs g9l,T"oro ryp6nHHoro H nprMoro HacocHoro pelKHMoB Ha-
rropbr ua fl3C Mo)KHo orpeAeJrr.rrb no eoprraynam
?"(t) - z6ac(Vu^.GD;
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fAL ero cJreAyer yqr{rbrBarb B pacrrerax HanopoB.
nnn Bo.rIHoBbIx fOC Hanopuaff xapaKTepHcrlrKa onpeAeJrffercfl 3a-
BI4cI{Mocrbro z*(t) H Z^r:coflst e naecre ycrauoexn craHUHr.r.
l-naea 4
3 HE PTETh L{E CKh E XAPA KTE PIl C TV1KI4
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4.1. O6t4nE nOno>KEHUfl
B 4auuoft fJIaBe Aaercfl aHaJIIiB sHeprerr4'{ecKHX xapaKTeprrcrHK
rHApoarperaroB fAC, ocHoBHbIMH gJIeMeHTaMH Koropbrx rBJrflrorcfl
ryp6uua H reHeparop. B KaqecrBe ucxoAHofi uHSopuaquil, KaK Lr B
npeAbIAyIrIHX rJIaBaX, CJIy)KaT XapaKTepHCTHKH norepb MorrlHocrrr.
llorepr.r MourHocrH B rH4poarperare Aff, paBHbr cyMMe cflarae-
H"(t)
442 8y) &1
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- -)-
conl
t2l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Mblx a.il, u AN", KalKAah H3 r{OTOpbrX 3aBHCr4T OT MHO| HX
Qaxropon, npHqeM B 6o.nnrunl{crBe cJrytl2gu ?Tr4 3aBHCI4Mocrr.r
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3ToMy AJIfl HccJIeAoBaHHfl 3aBucuMocrefi AlV, H AlV" or ocHoBHbrx na-
paMerpoB pexHMa ryp6uHu H reHeparopa B ycraHoBuBrrreMcrr pelKr.r-
ca; n-qacrora BparrleHHfl H fis-xoassuqHeHT 6SrcrpoxoAHoCTH.
Kpoue yKa3aHHIrIx ocHoBHbrx napaMerpoB r.i rroKa3are,rer)r ofitrqgo
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AN.' H[rH pacxoAa BoAu AQr, yAeJrbHbr e w gu$$epenquanluue rroKa_
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TeJrrMH pe)KLrMa ryp 6uutr.
rlepevucJreHHbre noKa3areJrr4 H napaMerpbr pe)KHMa ryp6unu Hc-
noJIb3yIOTCff B pa3rHqHbl{ pacuerax H HccJreAoBaHHflX pex{HMOB afpe-
raroB. Tax, N, H Qr, ANt tr AQ, ucrroJrb3yrorcfl AJrfl pacqera 6a,naH-
B Aa.nluefiruena I43JIo)KeHHH, r<aK u paHee, ocHoBl-rbrMrr r,rcxoAHbIMH
[oKa3areilflMr4 pex<HMa ryp6raHu 6yAeu, cqaTarb B sHepferaqecKzx
pacqerax ArVr, a B BoAoxossr?crneHHbrX AQr.
Vae Jr b H br e rr o K ag are Jr 14 pa3Horo BHAa xapaKTepr43yror
<MarepHaJroeMKocrb>> TexHo.rrornqecKoro npouecca fOC.
llpu pacqeTax I{ aHaJII43e onrzMar'rbHblx pe}KHMoB ruApoarperaroB
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3oBaHHr roro HnH vroro MeToAa noucKa orrrnMaJrbHoro pelKr4Ma fOC
u aQQexTr4BHocrb caMoro pe)Kr4Ma.
B o6uervr BI4Ae p,nn ryp6nH rrprr ycraHoBt4B[reMcr pex(rzMe BBaHMo-
cBfl3b ocHoBHbrx noxaearerer? H napaMerpoB pelr{HMa Mo}KHo rrpe,u,-
craBl{rb Hesnsofi syHxr{uerl F, Br4r,a (o6qar xapaKreprrcrr{-
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oasosHe v yH'BepcaJrbnbre xapaKTepHcrHKH 6yayr ,,,prpoKo rrc-noJlb3oBaTbct B AansuettureM H3JIox(eHHLI. AHanHs pe>KHMoB arpera-
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q onycKalor. flonoporHo-JlonacrHble r.i AnaroHa"nt,utre r"yp6unlr raMeror
nflTb pacr{eTHblx nepeMeHHbIX: ao, e, Di, n H OAHy H3 1y'r, Qr, Hri
122

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ta np' 'TOM 6yaer 6aszponarbcff Ha Hcnofib3.BaHHH XapaKTepHcrHKnoTepb MoIIIHOCTH KaK ocHoBbr AJrff noJryr{eHHfl Bcex ApyfHx xapaKTe-pHcrr'K. Bea'laocBfl3b pex(HMHbrx noxasarer'rer? ryp6uru H fe'eparo-pa ocyuecrBJrflercfl Ha oc'oBe 6anattca MorlHotierl np" ,uaaHHbrx3Haqe'HflX nO4seAeHHOfi K arperary Morrl'ocrr4, npoflopqHoHa.nnHortQr:Qo H Hr:li;. i;; 
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" Alp a B JI U tI e c K H e n o T e p u Ha[opa, yr{HTbrBarorrlHe noTepH noA_BeAeHHOfi Morr{Hocrrr H3-3a yAapHofo BxoAa noroKa Ha pa60uee Ko-JI.CO, MecrHbrx H nyreBbrx (no a,irraHe) norepb Hanopa B fr{Aporyp-6nHHolt ycraHoBKe, norepb MorrlHocr' c yxoAsur,M rroToKoM BoAbr14 T. A.; a/vr"* -MexaHHqecK14e r{ npoq14e BHAbr ,,o-T e p b' cBfl3aHHble c npeoAoJIeHI4eM TpeHHfl Bo BparqalolllHxcff qac*Tsx ryp6uHu, Ha BeHTnJrflur{rc H T. A. cyvrrraa A//a, 
" ll,lE, Ha3brBa-
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6nHe A&;"An.
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A.ns sHaqeHllrl Hr:H^ u Qr:Qr, [oryr{eHHbrx r43 pacqeroB or]_Tr.rMaJrbHoro BHyrplicraHr{HoHHoro pexuMa fOC, noABeAeHHafl K ar_penary (t. e. ryp6uHe) *otrtHocrb B Kr.rJroBarrax DaBHa
l4oo - rVloo : 9,81 QrH,
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lo2 
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4\Tcn l-pg4yntgpy), ruloo - 1V, 6ya.r MeHbrre /ffoo Ha norepr.r
AN':ANr(Q', H'), r. €.
il, : .n.llooq" : *F : #(Ci *aQ,),
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HT
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AlV, =: A/i"o (l _ rqr) _ /V, ( t - r' )'\ r'tr /
HJILI B OTHOCHTC/IbHbIX CAHHHIIAX
AA4 -= Aff' - I -l,
/Yr Ir
(4.2)
(4.3)
(4.4)
(4 6)
(4.7)
(4.8)
(4,e)
(4.10)
Be"tHqraHa q{n coorBercrByer pacxoAy BoAu Ha eAHHHuv MOrrI-Hocru' flo a6c.o-{olnoMy 3HaqeHHIo qXA Aocrnraror HecKorrbr(rrx Ae-cflrKoB Vi(...MBr) riln HH3KoHanopHbrx foc 
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-l-Yt (c'MBr) AJIfl BblcoKoHanopHbrx f3C. orcro4a oqeBHAHa BbrcoKafl3QQ eKTHBHOCTb rIOcJrenHHX.
Benuqusa, cl6parHafl Q{o, xapaKTepr3yer aHeprerrrqecKyrc eMr{ocrb.xaxAor? eAHHHrIbr pacxoAa BoAbr
qli: I : il' : F:. (r+4:)- 1i:' . (4.n)q{o Q* t02 \ 
' 
Nf;oA tl 102
MarcuuaJrbHbre, r. e. uau6onee ls$exrr.rBHbre, 3Har{eHrr n qlf xa-paKrepHbr AJr.s BbrcoKoHanopnbrx fOC.
B nparrr.rKe Hcnoab3yrorc n n rpyrue yAeJrbHbre rroKa3areJrH : ql| ,r'r3/(MBr'q), H Tth, -rylBT..l/lur3, "upun..prr3yrox{rre acpQexrrrBHOcrbHcnoJrb3oBarrfl croxa W r:
el1: +:s{A.3600;
124
(4,12)
125
M, : Nloo : 1/loo - A1V, : +-Affr(Qr, r?r).' ljL

--- PAGE BREAK ---

8l5r: er_
vtrr
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flonHbre norep14 MorqHocrrd B reHeparope A//"Moryr 6url noryqeHbl H3 cJIeAyioxl,x ocHoBHbrx cocraBJrrroxrrrx:
A//o : A/V".* +-A/V*., * Atr"*. (4.l1l
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HanpHMep, KnA reHeparopa \
yAeJrbHbrx noKa3arcnert reHeparopa Hcfio'rb3yercff orHoueHHe
r .A/" : ff", T. e.
A/noA
qfA:'1" - l/nJ-al/r :t+ ilL:_1_;1, (4.1g)Nn lVr ^'-lE_:-*
npH saAaH-
MOUIHOCTH
(4.14)
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npu Hr: coflst.
C norraoqbro 3Toro noKa3areJrfl MoxHo onpeAeJu4Tb
noKa3arem ryp6uHbr B o6qenpuHsrorl Qopue,
H Au0+epeuqHanrHnfi
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a (ruioa - 1ru,) _ _Ha
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npn Hr:coflst.
126
3ru noxa3areJrr.r onpeAerflrcr co6ofi e0sexrr.rBHocrb pa6oru reHe_paropa - rreM 6o.nrrue q{f krJr, MeHbrre q"ro, reM pl,rronuJrbHeepa6oraer arperar.
O6o6uresHurl ^4,"OQepeHu 14 aJrrH u rt noK a3 ar er,r bpa6oru reHeparopa g\x""o MolKer 6u*, onpeAeJreH rro sopruyne
ooN, dLNr Iq"rnto : 
ffi 
- t - (n"- /#oor;ft )
npH [ocroflHHbrx BHarreHuffx cos g, Ur, ft.
_l-- AM" :tlr<1.
1/l"o
(4.21)
127

--- PAGE BREAK ---

sarerrb'u"'pu*,1;;:rff"iitr:, 
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Ans pacqera ou!' MolKHo Bocno,,Tb3oBarbc' BbrpalKeHrreMdQ^
a^M, :lff" + Ay'y', : ffi"o(l - rn) - 1V" (+) : ,# :
: A'uA//u
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r.nn Q, H H, AJrfl pa3Jruquofi acxoAnofi uH$oprr,tauna, T. e.
Q,:Q,
Nf;"o .tOZ (.N n * LNa) l0Z N at02 : Q: -l- AQ"; $.28)
daA/r _ dA//r dN, :6,AA, ( n^ _rl1\dQo r/ilfor dQu z.,1rnoA \ tOZ ''u /
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q:{ : qit + q:;"r^ (# _ qi,), ( 4.87)
rAe
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5 3ar. 387 l2g
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Hr:H^:
728
Qu
(4,2e)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

B npoe?rHod u arcculaaraquoHHoti npaKrurce ucnottosrrroTcfl, oal-iutruote e ue p ebr uqe c K ue horcae ar e nu y x a p aKr ep oriunu 
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.;^.P_ I?croffuree tspeMf He cyurecrByer AocraroqHo o6ocHoeaHHor?M eTOAH K w . aH a Jrlrtz,teclioro np eAcra B,ileH tr f aHepretoi u..nf *- j; pn ;;;;:pHCrI4K fHApoarp'eraroe. B cBn3rl c srHM on" nbnFr;;;; KaK oMnH_pHqecKue Ha ocHoBe o6pa6orrH pe3yJlbraroB Haryprrbrx r4rr1r Mo[€Jr5.j
"or**.L!n111-rrurz v o6.rralaror onbea'-eaeuHofi no.liJr"otriro.
f AK, NPH HATYPHbIX -HCNbITAHI4HX'B 3ABI4CI,IMOCTU OT MCTOAA VXNPOBCACHI,Ifl CPCAHflfl O)KI,IAACMAfl TIO|PCII]HOCTb KNA 6YECT HAXO..AHTbc.fi B [peAeJrax 1,6-3 %. Ilorp_er]rHocr.H caMHx MeAeJr^br]b.{X r4cnbr-rauuir, 3Harr,rerrbHo MeHbue (no 'KIIA 
"'np.a.nui ea_ I tJ;. -o;_
I{aKo 3To He SHaqHT,^tITo TaKyo x{e,ToqHocti oyay" *aro r4 xapaK-TCPHCTI4KH HATYPHbIX THAPOATPCIATOB, NOTYIIACMbTC MCTOAAMH TCO-pHH noAo1un H MoAeJruponaHun. J ------
Hau6o"rree rroJrHoe H AocroBepHoe npeAcraeJreHHe o6 gKoHoMHrr_Hoc.rl{ pa6oru rHAPoarperara aaror u.9 proouru 
--"uiu^repucraKri
HJrr4 xapaKrepHcrHKr.r norepb MoqHocrr.r _(pacxoa, ,oaor) B 
".*. np;sTOM OT I,IX AACKBATHOCTIz PCAJIbHOMY O6ICTTY BO MHOpOM" 3ABHCI{T AsQQexruBHocrb pa6orn eceii rr4Apo3JreKrpocraH r\Hw.
SQQeKTI'lBHbIM cnoco6ou ilo"rryqsgl^a^ ynueaFrHbrx xapaKTeprrcrr.rKrBJrrercfl 6a.naHcoelrr.i iueroA. I4alrepeHrre , pu.u., orA.rinor" do."ur-JIrIouIHx norepb A1/" Bo3MolKHbr B rpouecce HarypHbrx AcnuraHHfi
Lt::l?:"3u-t- to 3ro rpyAHo ocyuecrenib l\itn uiiypHori ryp6rrHu.JHaqHTeJIbHO JIefqe MoIKHO H3Mepr.rrb Bce cocraBJrflrorrlHe noTepbAfft Ha uoAenluotl ryp6uHe. Ilo"'iyueH"o*'u pe3yJrbrare ucnlrrasultxapaKTepucrrKl4 cocraBJltlolqnx norepb AN, uoryr cJryx{r{Tb aHaJro-roM npH H3yqeHHr4 sHep_rerHqecKHx xapaxrepHcrHK peaJrbHbrx ryp6zH,noAo6Hux MoAeJIbHofr.' tr4uawtu cJIoBaMH, nie oco6eHnocrn oHeprer'-qecr{Hx xapaKTepHcrrrK MoAeJrbHnx ryp6au 6yayr npHcyxrH H Haryp-HbrM arperaram n Hao6opor.
B s 4.1 6rr,ro noKa3aHo, rrro ocHoBHbrMr4 BLrraMH rrorepb B rr,rApo_ryp6uHe tBJlfllorcff o6tennHste, rl1paBJruqecKqe rr MexaHr4 recr{r4e. Hapuc' 4'l noNasaHbl B o6uena BHAe Kpr.iBbre saBr.tcr4Mocrer? rrorepb Morq-HocrH e ryp6ltHe, noryqeHHbte 3KCnepr.rMeHTaJrbHo AJrr MonenrHorTr
noBoporHo-Jronacruofi ryplwuat B trHanasoHe pacxoAoB or Qi""r = Q*.*Ao Q;"n*'(ff;"n*')
MCXAUUqCCKHC TIOTCPH AN*." MAJIbI H CNA6O SABHCflT OT PC}KHMAryp6rHnr. f"apurJraqecKue lorepa, B Koropbre us-sa TpyAHocrH HXBblAeJreHr.{fl o6uqHo BKJrioqarcTCfl rr o6teudtre, r43MeHrrcTcfl no_pa3_
130
nj = co nst
ANr
\ a"t\
7h,
4Nf
ANo..
ANBo,t
th,
n!
+
A7
1
fl4.'lrru )
nAN
/rN
4x.x 6ltLr
a
7,ry
Pnc. 4.1. ba.naHc MoruHocrn B MoneJrb. 1
Hofi noeoporHo-Jronacrsoft ryp6nHe
Puc. 4.2. SneprernuecKne xapaKrepnc. ,lTLTKLI rrlo4enruoli noBopoTHo-JronacT- I
Hori ryp6nHu
,AN
Ni
HOMY rIPH I,I3MCHCHIIII HA|PY3KI4. TAr, NOTCPI{ MOUIHOCTII B CNHPAJIb.uofi KaMepe, crarope ryp6nHu H HanpaBJrflrorrleM annapare hto._yMeHbualorcfl .c pocroM Harpy3Kll. florepu Mou{Hocrr.r B orcacbrBao-rrlefi rpy6e A Vor. rr c BbrxoAHoii .cxopocinro noror(a AAruo,* yBer,rurqrr-BarcTcq c pocToM Q'r no creneHsofi saeHcHMocrH c nor(a3aTeJreM cTe-rIeHH 6o.usure AByx.
cyrr,rrr,napoBaHrleM Bcex BH,u,oe [orepb Ha pr.rc. 4.1 noflyqeHa 3aBHcH-Mocrb A//tlQ1r) , a nq nert c HcnoJrb3oBaHHeM coorHoueHnfi, nprrBe-reHHhIX B S 4.1, rl'(Q'r) 14 iv'r(Q'). Hau6onee cyulecrBeHHbre oco-'6eHuocru srHX _KpHBbIx - Hx HenpepblBHocrb, a TaKxe HarHr{He He-noTopblx o c o 6 u x, krlru Kp H T r{rr e c KH X, T O r{ e K, fAe coorBer_crByrorlHe noKa3are'rl?I AoCTHfarcT CBOr.rx [peAe,TbHbrx gHaqeHlillr. 3rnTotIKH trpHcylqr.r pa3HbrM xapaKTepHcrriKaM, r{To I{ onpeAer,rqer Heo6-xoAljMocrb coBMeCTHO|O ucIIoJrb3oBaHvfr nocJreAHlrx Ailn a:HaJrHgapex{HMHbrx noxaearenefi ryp6nuu. KpHTHqecKHe ror{Ka AoJrx{Hbr cJry-xHTb AJIfl npoBepK?l [paBHJIbHOCTr.r nocrpoeHprq pa3dTr.rqHbrx xapaKTe-przcrr.rK ryp6aHtr.
vcnoeaMcs pac[oJraraTb 14 HyMepoBarb Kpr.rr,qecKHe Tor{KH noMepe^ pocTa pacxoAa cJleAyroqr4M o6pasovr: 1- - roqKa xo.rrocTono xo-AA; Z _MH}II,IMYM NOTCPb MOIIIHOCTH; J - UAXCHMYM K|IA; 4 - VAW.
5* l3l

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cl'lMyM noJIe3HoIl MourHocrH. lIo,u,o6uoe pacnoJroxeHHe KpHTurrecKux
TorreK gaKoHoMepHo 14 orrpeAeJrflercfl oco6esuocrflMn npoqecca [pe-
o6paaonaHHq sHeprrtv B ryp6uHe, Lrro BbrpalKaercn B BHAe ee 3Hepre-
THqCCKI4X XAD AKTCDHCTI,IK.
B roqre'.1 Q*..+O; N'r:O; rlr:0; LNr*O; A,\i*r-+oo. B ro.rKe 2
MHHIIMaJIbHOTO 3Har{eHHf AOCTr4raeT BbInyKJrafi xapaKTepr4cTuKa.
ANt(Q'r), oco6eHsocrbro xoropor? flBJrflercff 
-6nrcrpnrrl 
pocr rHApaB-
.nHqenI{ItY nnrtrnr- rt r. nAnnrt4TA nr-rrrr \ Ai nnrr rrDA nr.rrrorrt.rr, /)f ----^ ---.-^-, vvrvAvuu r v!,rurlv, tll v T rryrr J uLvrrra\-nrrl,t \c I.
XapaxrepLrcrr.rKa,V'r (Q'r) rr'fl MoAeJrbHori ryp6HHbr onpeAeJrflercff'
BbrpalKeH14eM
Ni :l/;noo -_ Aff, : g,glQ; - Al/, (Q;). (4.38).
Anre6paHqecKafl cyMMa npflMo,rr{uefiHort 3aBucr{Mocrn l/;*o(Qi)
14 nunyx"u_or? LN't (Q'r) Aaer ocHoBaHHe cAe,'rarb 3aKJrror{eHHe o roM,tlro ltl'r(Q'i - BorHyrafl r{prrBafl c or(crpeMyMoM-MaKcHMyMoB Bi
roqxe 4.
Ha ocnoBaHrru r4Merorruxcr xapaKreprrcraK ,\,r(e,r) v ANrr(ei)
MoxHo nocrpourb 3aBacr4Mocrb q', (Q'r) ro BbrpalheHrrro
, Atri , AA/; (0;)
:r-:^-
//;noo 9 ' 81Q;
LIs (4.39) cJreAyer, qro q, (Q'r) - BorHyrar Kpr.rBafl, rrMerourafl MaK-
cr.tMyM s roqxe 3.
fl,oxaxeu, qTo roqKa 3 nexur r\4e)KAy roqKaMu 2 u 4:. A.ns eroro
cHaqaJra flepecrpoHM noJryqeHHbre Ha pnc. 4.1 xapaxrepucrr4KH B 3a'-
Br4cnMocrlt or .rV'1 (p"c. 4.2).
SrcrpeuyM //r(N'r) r.r ANr(Q'r) npu n'1:coflst Ann Hr:1 M Ao-
cTlrfaeTcfl Dpr{ Bbr[oJrHeHr.rH cJreAyrouux cooTHorrreHnfi:
HenpepbrBHocru rr BorHyrocrn Aff*r(,V'r) H oAHo3Ha'{Hocrtr cBff3r.r N'r
14 Q't cJIeAyeT, qTo ToqKa 2 MO)KeT 6nrr AocrtrrHyra ToJrbKo Ha
HncxoAfluleit eeren eror? xprrnofi, T. e. JreBee roqr<tr 3.
Eucrpufi pocr AN, npaBee ror{Kr.r 2 BeAer K roMy, rrro KnX,
ryp6unu BHaqaJre Aocrtrfaer cBoero Mar{crrMyMa B roure 3, a 3areM
pe3Ko cHu)KaeTcfl, rITo BeAeT K yMeHb[IeHIIro |rl't rIpI{ pocTe Qtt
(prac. 4.1 u 4.2). Aeiicrer.rreJrbHo, npr.r ,V'r:9,8i r'1rQ/1 3iicrpelryr,r .,V'1
nO Q/1 fiOcTiiraeTcfl- tipn Bbiiior-IHeiit{H C,TeAyrOqerO yCrToBufi:
#:e,8t(r.+Q; tr)
(4.42)
UJIH
tg": f : dn, :_tgF. (4.431
(4.44)
(4.451,
(4.46)
da;
(4.39)'
(4.40)
(4.41)
Vcrogue (a.al) n rpatpHuecr(oM BrrAe npeAcraBJreHo Ha prrc. 4,1.
flony.lglrHe ror{Krr 4 eosilao}r(Ho ro.rrbrio Ha HrrcxoAqureri qacrrr 3aBrrcrr-
Mocru n'(Q'r) , rAO (dnrldQ) (0.[pHuertr B roqKe 4 teitctst{reJlbHo
AOCTLITaeTCff MaKCHMyM, IITO CJIeAyeT H3 OTpHUaTe/'IbHOCTIt erOpOfi
npou3BolHofi T'r no Q/1 npaBee roqxn 3:
4+: AA/; + rui '^r;-- o;
dN; dN;
!,ocraror{Hbre ycJroBnfl MHHr.rMyMa ANr(Q'l) B roqxe 2 H MaKcH-
MyMa nr(Q'r) B rorrKe 3 onpe4eJrsrorcr no 3HaKy nropofi rpoH3BoA-
uoli. Hanpuuep, rroJrolKuTeJrbHocrb 3HaKa nropofi npolrsno;ruori AN,
IIO Q',r OrrpeAeJrfleT AOCTHXeHTTe Mr.{HrrMyMa ArV, e roqxe 2.
B roqxe 3 6ylyr coBnaAarb Mex{Ay co6or? r(acareJrbHbre K xapaK-
repr4cruKaM ANr(Q'r), ANr(lV'r), Qi(N'r) v npflMar, npoBeAeHHat
H3 HaqaJIa KoopAr4Har K eroft ToqKe. 3ro yreepx(AeHHe c.,'reAyer, Ha-
npr.rMep, H3 a}larrn3a cJreAynulefo ycJroBr.rff :
('#*ffi) 'o
ffi: n'.h(o' -u' o9) :o'
dLNr :9,81
da;
Ha prrc. 4.2 npeAcraeJreHa 3aBrrcr.rMocrb ArV*, (N'r), Koropafl, TaK
)Ke KaK u AlV, (//'r), BbInyKJra, no cBor{M xapaKTepHblM ToqKaM BsaH-
t'too6parua 3aBHcrrMocrr{ 11 (N'l) , npnqeM KpHBafl Afr*, (/V'l) 6onee
no/tora, qeM rl, (//'r), rrpn oAHHaKoBoM rr,racrura6e Aly'*' l,r Ir. I4g,
132
dL N: -- to B', 'b rt
dNt
dLN;
: _tgF.
da;
aai:Q;_ 1
dNi N; e,8lq'
Vle (4.46) raK)r(e c./'reAyer, qro B roqKe J connaAaror Mexay co6oft
no a6co.nmHoMy 3naqeHnro aHQ$epeHuHaJrbHbre H yAe,lrbHbre noKa3a-
TeJIH ryp6uHu, Koropbre Aafl MoAeJrbuoro afperara qHcJreHHo paBHbl
(9,81 rlr)-r npu Hr: I u.
B roqKe 2 c MHHHMyMoM Ai/, anQQepeuquantutrfi noKa3areJrb
r33

--- PAGE BREAK ---

IvIoAeJIbHofi tvp6nHu 6)rAer paBeH g,8l-r, yrrnTbrBarr, r{To e srofi roq-daA/-KC : U:
.dNi
Q?r,t:da; - l (t+dAN'\:
dN; e,8l \ dNr )
AaQQepeHr{r{aJrbHafi xapaKrepucrlKa qlnr
npepbrBHas H MOHOTOHHO_BO3pacrarouIafl; npH
Vqutrtsaq, r{To ArVr: tly'r[,V{,r, qf# (ffr;)
Mo)KHo paccrraTaTb no Soprr,ryne
AN '-J*, ^r'dLN'*qrNr: Al/" * Nr#.
3ra xapaKrep ucrxKa B ToqKe 2 HMeer 3HarreHue
flepeuHcreHHbre 3ar(oHoMepHocrrr.-r3- iff,MeHeI-Irrfl sHeprerHqecKr.Ix xapaKTeptrc- Yra,
Tr{K rioBopoTHo-JroIIacTHbtx Mo.[,eJrbHbrx g,g1
ryp6rrH cnpaBeAJrrrBbr rr AJrr HarlrpHbrx rr
AaroT B03MOIKHOCTb npOBepKH KOppeKT-
Hocrn'nocrpoeHnfl nro6ux Qasoplrx HJrr4
ANf
I
t^N
I'Yra
(ffi) BbrnyKrraff, He-
aroM QiN >0.
uoAennuoft ryp6nnnr
(4.48)
q:I,, PaBHoe
paBHo Ay'/*r. OHa BbrrryKJrafl, MoHoroHHo
yHHBepCaJrbHbrx xapaKTepHCTHK. :
O6rrtr.rii BvtA c,baeonux (rzirefiHux)
xapaKTepkcrHx -HaTypHbrx ryp6rlH 6yaer A^,
aHaJrofr.rqeH BHAy MoAerbHbrx rplr 3aMe-, il;t'
He yc,'ronHii n'r:const I H8 cooTBeTcT- Yrs',
BylorUee eMy 3Har{eHHe Hr - colst AN^.^
g,8l-1 (4.47)
(4.50)
nWT
/vr
nAM
lro
3ra sanHcHMocTb BbrnyKJrar no Q',r, HenpepbrBHaq H MoHoroHHo
HanoMHHTb, rrro ryp6uHu Ha fOC o6HqHo nu6nparcrcr raK, qro6tr
Hx peaJlbHafl npeAeJlbHafl MorrlHocrb 6sna MeHb[re MaKcHMaJrbHo
AofiycruMort npa sroM Hanope Hr, T.e. MeHb[ie N, e roqxe 4.
134
(nprr ru:const) , Q'r Ha, Qr, N"r Ha Nr
T4 T. E.
n.nn palrailbHo-ocedux ryp6HH B
oTJrHqLre oT noBoporHo-florracTHbrx xa-
paKTepHo: HzJrl.rHr.re oAnofi HJrrr HecKoJrb-
KHX 3OH C JIOKAJIbHbIM NOBbIIIICHHCM NO.
Tepb vronlHocrrr " rr cHr{}KeHrre KllA.
O6rRcHsercfl 3To HaJrHqHeM peMHMoB c
nosHrueuuoir eu6pauuer"r H Kaer4rauHefi,
I+T
KOTOpbre cooTBeTcTBylor MaJIbrM lHarpy3KaM v pacnoJlolKeHbl Ao TOt{-
Kpr 3. B srr.rx 3oHax pa6ourre no KnA xapaKTepHcrrll{n paAuaJlbHo-
oceBblx ryp6zn uMelor neperH6. CHuxesue KtlA 3Aqcb MolKer Ao-
crurarb 2--3 olo n 6onee.
Hanuqne neperu6a H? lr(Nr) nplr Hr:const BeAer K noqBJIeHHlo
HecKoJrbKr.rx excrpeMyMoB Ha KpHBbrl Al/, (Nr) H AQ, (/Vr) ('rouxu 2',
2" u 2"' Ha pnc. 4.4), rAe BbrnoJrHflercfl ycJroBrre (4.40) . B orux xe
ToqKax Qr(ffr) HMeror KacareJrbHbre, [apaJrJreJrbHble npnuofi Ia:1,
rAe /Vloo: y'y','
Au$QepenunarrbHafl xapaKrepHcrHKa paArrarrbHo-oceBofi ryp611u
npu Hr:const TaKX{e r.rMeer cBoH oco6euHocru. HanprIMep, Q?u:ffi
HMeer oAr.rHaKoBbre 3HaqeHr.rf B Tor{r(ax 2', 2" n 2"i. 3aecr q.$y paB-
Ho l02lHr, qro caeAyer H3 Bbrpax(eHHr
Q*w: #:# (t * #) nPH H,:const' (4'51)
B roqre J (rr,Iarcurr,ryn,r KllI) gfi,, paseH l02l(H r\r) sa ocHoBe aHarIH3a BbI
paxeHr.rfl
Q?u : +: t% (n, -- //, +) rpu H, : const. (4.52)
dNr Hrrt| \ " dN, /
AuQQepeHunarrbHbre xapaKrep t4crr4ll qlq (a) 6yayr onpeAe,'Iflrbcs
xar o6parHbre Qyuxunn q fru (/V) .
Paccuorpuu 6onee noApo6Ho oco6eHHocrn noJtyqeHufl aHQSepeu-
anl
n
r{yJrro, a BToqKe 3 oHo
BO3pacTarouafl.
Puc. 4.3. Oco6tre Peil{H!lHble
TOqKtr ruto,le.'ruHoir noBopoTHO'
.ronacrnoit ryp6ltusl
MoHoroHHo Bo3-p-acraroItlr.rfi xapaKrep qfu (A/i) roBopur o roM,lITo 3aBHcHMocrb Q'r(A/i) -raK)Ke MoHoroHHo Bo3pacrarcrrlaff Qyrn-
IIHfl.
' Az$OepeHrr'arrbHaff xapaKrep ncr'Ka qft (e'r) H ee BHA norr-HOCTbTO OnpeAe.rrqrorcfl Bl.rAoM xpr.rnor? ANr(Q',r) v BbrpalKeHHeM
- qfq(ai) :#:e,8t(t- 
tr):e,8r(r-qff). $.4s)
. Ona_B_orHyra no Q'rr B roqKe 2 q{q :9,81; n roure 3-rpotr3Be-
AeHHro 9,81 11, (puc. 4.3).
AnQQepeHuHarrbHaR xapaKrepHcrHKa qf{ (Oi) paccqurbrBaer.
cfl aHaJIonHqHo
qfd(a;) :ff: e,8r It- (n,*o'#)]
135

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2t{
pacqerax q?* xapaKrepr{crHK r* (//r), Aff, (/t'r) Lrnw Ae, (Nr), Ko-Topble AaIoT 3HaqnreflbHo MeHblxyrc norpeuHocrb, qeM pacxoAHbrexap aKTeplrcTr{Ktr.
,, Af" -!191ttu q ?u peKoMeHAylorcq BbIpalKeHHn (4.b 1 ) unw\+.oz). IJxoAfluIHe B HHx npoHaBoAHbre Moryr 6um paccqHraHbl Mero-
AOM KOHEI{HbIX NPHPAIqCHNfi NO XAPAKTCPHCTIIKAM AN,(tr,) H T,(N,),
3aueruu, qro B ToqKe .? HMeercq naRFHr'TR n n9^, u nyn 4att ,.^r,
3Aecbrqgvarvtuv|TIYIL'ti.lranAal|
Q?u:#:#:sf,o:#
zil1 {rn&2tl
N+:a
(4.53)
ox.x
") 
Nr d)
Psc. 4.4. O6urnii BHA ocHoBHLIX 3HepferuqecKllx xapaKrepHcrHK paAHarbHo-ocesoft
ryp6uuu npu Hr:coflSt
ur{aJrbHbrx xapar{Tepr.rcrux rylr6r.rrlrr (HHor4a r.rx r{a3brBalor. x a p a K-
Tep IicrHKaM u oT H oc r.r r e Jr b H br x rr p Id p ocron).
B Hacroflrqee BpeMfl Hau6o"nee pacnpocrpaHeHbr xapaKrepHcrr.rKll
e?* (l/') npu Hr]const. Vs-ea orcyrcrBntr aHaJrHrnqecKofi 3aBHcH-
Mocru Q, or .N, pacrrer r4x BeAercfl rrr,rcJreHHbrMu MeroAaMH. Ecnlt s
n
KaqecrBe Q iu HcnoJrb3oBarb orHoujeHHe npupaqeHHfr 6Q x oNr, ro
c yrleroM norperrrnocru q, (.Vr) B, 2_3 olo 
" 
6on.. norpelxHo.to q f"
6yaer B AecffTKv pas 6onlrue, r{ro coBeprxeHgo HeAonycruMo. B css-
3H C 9THM peKOMeHAyeTCs [pHMeHfTb r43BeCTHbre MaTeMaTIII{eCKHe Me-
ToAbI, cun)Karorrrue gry rrorperxnocrb. Hanprauep, HcnoJIb3oBaHHe B
136
Tax xar Ailr rroBoporno-JronacrHbrx H ArraroHaJrbHbrx ryp6HH
ef* w) - MoHoroHHo Bo3pacralouras, a KpHBafr q{o@rl HMeerBt4A napa6o.nsr c sKcrpeMyMoM-n4HFrurMyMOM B TOqKe 3,'ro, cJreAoBa-TeJIbHo' JIeBee ro'{_KH 3 qlo } Q?n , a npaBee - Hao6opor. Ta xe3aKOHOMepHOCTb 6yaer cnpaBeAJrnBa H p,nn paAHaJrbHO-OCeBbrx ryp-6vtw.
r\ flp.AcraBJIeHHe paccMoTpeHHbrx xapaKTep'cr'K B 3aBHcHMocrH or
Qr He I'I3MeHHT nx o6ulero BHAa, 3a ncxnrcqeHneM Jrr4utb rofi oco6eH-HOcrH, qro Bce oHu 6yayr oAHo3HaqHbrMH (prc. 4.1 n 4.3).
4. 3. 3 H E P r E T h I{ E CRVilE X A PA KT EP UCI V\RN r N AP OA F P E rA TH O rO
6JIOKA
PaccrraorpeHHble Bbrille gHeprernqecKHe xapaxrepucrlrKl ryp6nnnpeArloJlaralor HaJIUqLle ABy{ OCHOBHbTX r.r3MepreMbrx napaMerpoB 14grpex Bo3Mox(Hbrx (H^, Qu, i/"). Oro H onpe,ue"rrner Heb6xoar{Mocrb
Ilrlrrrlfl pasrHrr_Hbrx nepeMeHHbrx B aHaJrH3e n pacqerax pelKHMoB
foc. oaHr uaa6onee yao6Hu AJrs_ H3MepeHHfl napaMerpoB, Apyrne -
AJIF. aHarr.r3a eQQexflaBHocrn pa6oru arperara.' Har,i6o.rree qacro
I,IMCCTCfl BO3MO}KHOCTb H3MCPCHI{fl HANOPA H MOIIIHOCTI,I.
tr4suepeHue Hanopa Ha: H, nosMoxHo B HeKOTOpbTX cJryqanxro/f bKo .. Ha pycJIoBbIX HH3KoH_anopHbrx f 3C. Ans nprrn.rrorrrHHbrxcraHUafi H3Mepfleunli Hanop H rec paBeH cyMMe H^'H LHooo. Ha
AepHBarrHoHHbrx craHuHflx c orKpbrrofi leprasaqHer? tr3MepfleTcn Ho.6n,a r,!! 3ar{pbrrofi_4epnnaqu}r - roJrbKo Hr.y.
Ilolo6utte o6croqreJlbcrBa sacraBnflroT r4Merb sHeprernqecKne xa-par(repflcruKr,r, BKJrroqaroulr4e B ce6n He roJrbKo Alv^: Ll/u(Hu, Qu),Ho u A/Vson(Qnoo), A/V4ep(Qn"p). - 3ne_cr . yqgrbrBarorcg B xapaKre-pucrnnax .qperarnoro 6noxa A/Vsor(e"oo) - O6urecraHuuoHHbre nore-pH Alvsep(Qn.p) 6yayr yqrenbr rpr4 nocrpoeHHH xapaKrepucrnK focB ueJroM (cu. r"rr. 5).
ftlpou.perarHuii 6nox o6uqHo BKJrroqaer e ce6s ryp6uHy, reHe-parop u uanoputrri BoAoBoA. Ann MaJrbrx arperaroB AonoJrHHTeJrbHoMelI(Ay ryp6raHoft a reueparopoM rorB/rflercff peAyKrop.
SneprernqecKne xapaxrep HcrvrKt4 ryp6un w BoAoBoAoB paccMorpe-
HbI BbI[Ie. Ann cocrasrenns,- 6anaHca MouIHocrH H sHepr-H]r B arperar-
t37
d.ao,rfdNn
dANrf dNr
a0+
ANr'
ox.x 1
darf dfur,
da"rf d",N+
a,r zl
d"arf aN,

--- PAGE BREAK ---

AN
AN
'\r
q!,
qYrd
, 7t0
u{Iw
or -fy'r. AuQSepeHuHaJrbHbre xapaKrepHcrHKH reHeparopa Ha pHc. 4.5
nocrpoeHbr c HcnoJrb3oBaHr4eM cJreAyrorrlux nupaxeHufi (np" cos q:
: COnst) :
rurep6o.nrqecxufi eu,.. B pa6oqeu
'>q'i'o (//").
Auana3oHe Harpy3oK elollrr; ;
florperuHocrb noflyqaeMbtT j\ap_-a_Krep'crHK reHeparopa, KaK npa-Bnr-Io, He [peBbr[raer 0,5-i,0olo. Ha ocHoBe HMeroil{Hxcfl xapaKTe-pHCTt4K noTepb MotqHocrfi B BOAOBOAe, ryp6raue H reHeparope Mox_HO noJryqHTb gHeprerar{ecKHe xapaKTepHcrHKH rHApoafperara 14 ar_pefarHoro 6noxa B rIeJroM c HcrroJrb3oBaHHeM (4.2i). np" sroM o6-ttl"4 BHA sHepferr.rqecKr{x xapaKTepHcrHK afperara onpeAe;rffercflryp6HnnbrMH xapaKrep krcrvKaMz, a xapaxrep HcruKH 6,rroxu _ ar-peraTHbrMlr.
llocneAoBareJlbHocrb pacqera noresHoli MorrlHocrH arperarHoro6.noxa ffr://* B 3aBucr.rMocrn or Qa:var npg H^),.an_cons[ H cos gr::coflSt, r. e. H3BecrHofr Nf?il(e^), MolKer 6urn npeAcrae,,,reHzl
A/rd, (Q") * Lh,on(Q,) * Ail"os (Q") * ,?, (Q") + Ai/, (ffr, Q") * 
-r
-* (/Vi" : 1/r) -* A1/. (/Vi"o) * (ff" : Ai"). nrE 
',i ',,
flocxo.nrxy__ Al/n:A/V.(ffioo), a iVioo - ffr, ,. *. 6#A;#ltf:pl
cff Q" H H, npn 3aAaHHoM cose, To BMecro A,V'(H;, e^) *
AN" (/yi"o) MolKHo HcnoJlb3oBarb xapaKTep ucrHKH norepb B arpe,rare B ueJroM AA/a:ANa(F/r, e").Ha pHc. 4.6 B r-pa0nueCr<ona Br.rAe npeAcrasJreHa paccMorpeHr_rafl
nocJIeAoBareJlbHocrb pacqeroB' BbIpax{a}otrIascfl B cyMMttpoBaHHKBCex norepb B 6noxe Aff" npu 3aAaHHOM 3HaqeHHH Q^'U BbrriHTaHHH
r{x rr3 Nloo (ff".0.0, Q").
cNasaHHoe Bbr[re onpeAeJrrer Heo6xoAr.rMocrb HailHlJHs, B o6uenn
cryqae aHeprerHr{ecKHx xapaKrepr.rcruK ryp6uuu LIVr(Hr, er) H re_
Heparopa AN" (rvloo, cos g). llocneAHlre Moryr 6urr nocrpoeHbr Ha
ocHoBe xapaKTepucrr4K, paccMoTpeHHbrx Ha puc. 4.5 c yrreroM 6anan_
ca MourHocrH B reHeparope (pac. 4.7). o6uHrz BHA 3HepferHqecKHX
xapal(Tepllcrt'tK relreparopa Ha prrc. 4.5 rr 4.7 npar(Trrtrecr{rr aHa,'ronr-qeH. VserraqeHHe cos cp reHeparopa BeAer K yMeHbureHnro o6urax no-
Tepb AN". OAuaxo B ueJIoM eenHqHHa AN" v AHana3oH ee u3MeHeHrlfi
3HaqHTeJrbHo Hr4xe, qeM o ryp6raHe.
llp" usMeHeHHH Hanopa H, 6yayr MeHsrbcq roJrbKo xapaKTepHc-
T!4KH ryp6uHu. llpu sToM MexaHr.rqecKr,re rrorepr4 npaKTHrrecKH He
MeHtrcTCq. Bnusuue ocraJlbHblx rrorepb Ha gHept'erfiqecKrre noKa3a-
TeJI14 ryp6rzHu 14, cJIeAoBareJlbHo, arpefara B UeJroM 3Har{HTeflbHo
cJrolKHee. c pocrou H'I B SoHe MaJrbrx Hafpy3oK cKaSbrBaercfi nponop-
UI{oHaJIbHoe HanOpy yBeflHrIeHHe ANt u Affn 3a cqer nOTepb Hanopa
n pa6oueu KoJrece ra HanpaBJrrroilIeM annapare. 3areu nprl pocre .M"
14 yMeHbrxeHHH H, HarII'rHaror oKa3brBarb npeo6.naAarcuee Bilufl,Hr4e
139
ANrr
aNr,
Nr
AN,N
utt003
2?-
----
Nr
Np
t'lr
qYra
q,-X =.-
r
Puc. 4.5. 06rqHr:r BHil ocHoBHbrx 3HeprernqecKux
xapaxrepHcrHK -rHAporeHeparopa 
Alrfr pa3Hbrx 3Ha-qeuuir cos e
HoM 6noxe ueo6xoAr.rMo 3Harb aHeprerr4qe.
qKHe xapaKrepHcTLrKkr rr.rAporeHeparopa.
llocneAsue Moryr 6lrrn [oryqeHbr MeroAoM
HarypFrbrx rzsruepeHur? t4 Ha Aeficrnyroureft
fOC (e orJruqae or xapaKrepHcrLrK ryp-
6r.rH).
Ha puc. 4.5 npeacraBJreHbr e o6uleM sH-
Ae 3aBHCHMOCTT.T COCTaBJrflrorrlHx rroTepb B
neHeparope or l/" [cnr. (4.17)]. Ec.nu Ay'y'"r,
Aff" v Afrrp, T. e. AN*.*, nocroflHHbr no
1V., ro ArVnn, t4 AN,,.r, T. e. AN, u AMo,
H3MeHsrorcfl noqru rro napa6onnrrecKoMy
3aKOHy npH pocre /v.. Kpovre roro,
ArVn.r:g rtpu N":0, TorAa KaK ANoor*Q
B 3roM pex{HMe. O6rqHe rrorepr{ A1/" rarxe
MeHflrorcfl no lrapa6onHqecKoMy 3aKoHy
npfi pocre Nr. Bc.neAcrsze sroro MaKcH-
MyM KllA reHeparopa o6trqHo HMeer Mec-
ro rpu rpeAeJIbHoM 3HarieHHI4 1/". Srcrpe-
MyM n"(1/") MolKer HaxoAarbcfl 3a npeAe-
r rHOM
JIOM 1V r
Oco6enuocrbro: XspaKrepHcrHK AN" (N")
H T"(ff") B pa6ouer? 3or{e HarpysoK (ne
MeHee 0,5 NXo" ) rnnnercn orreHb rraanufi
Ar.rarra3oH t43MeHeHus AlV" u flri KaK rrpa-
Br4/ro, oH He rrpeBblrrlaeT I -3 7o . OrcrcAa
uanmrt AHarra3oH H3MeHeHHfl H ApyrHX rlo-
Ka3areJrefi pexHrraa reHeparopa.
Ha pl4c. 4.5 ilpe/:tcraBJIeHbI 14 Apyrt{e
3Hepferr4qecKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH feHepa-
TOpa, [ocrpoeHHbre Ha ocHoBe HcrIoJIb3o-
BanHfl coornorrreuufi (4.18) -(4.22) I.r oco-
6euHocrerl xapaKrepa H3MeHeHHr AN"
klz (4.54) u (4.bb) crreAyer, qro
pacraer c yBeflHtreHueM //". Tax rar
To)Ke BbrnyKJra. Xapaxrepr4crrzKa qy4
qlioo >-- I r.r MoHoroHHO Bo3-
A,,Vf (ft;) BbrnyK.rra, ro q'.",J"o (,v.)
(I") TaK)Ke BbrnyK,,'ra, rrMeeT
ANr,
?fx
Ni
s$loo:#:r+ W,
(4.54)
(4.55)
t38
sryi,"o:#:+(*_*#)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

u - _ ^^^^1,,e.0n - uvID r
0q
aNru)
H
aNr,or,
AAt
AN,
ANa.dn
aNr (A )
aNo nUE
to- r
ANil
/,Nr(Nlo1)
ANa.dn
tAQq
PHc. 4.6. O6urnft BHA 3Hepreru-
qecKHX xapaKrepHcrHK H 1ananc
M0ut,HocrH afpef arHoro 6.nora
'lr 1
qtu
Puc. 4.7. SuepnemvecKne noKa-
3aTeJrH arpefaTa B SaBHCHMOCTH
or Qn H NloA
JTuuuu o?paHuLte{un:. N6
ANaU)
norepr{ B oTcacbrBarolIleft Tpy6e H rrorepr{, cBq3aHHbre c BbrxoAHofi
CKOpOCTbIO IOTOKd as.
flponeleHHbll? aHaJII43 rpaSuqecKoro rtpeAcraBJreHHr 3aBHcHMo-
crelt AJf^ npz Hr:const Aflfl pa3Hbrx rapaMerpoB pelKHMa noKa3aJr,r{To Liln alHannsa HaH6oJIee yAo6Ho HcnoJrb3oBarb [peo6pa3oBaHHbre
xapaKrepHcrHKH norepb, a r.rMeHHo AQu (11r, iVo).
B KatlecrBe npt.lMepa IIa prrc. 4.8 B o6ulervr BHAe Aar{br ocr{oBHbre
sHepferr,rqecKHe xapaKTepvcrr4Kr4 fHApoafpefara c [oBoporHo-Jro-
nacTHbrMH H AHafoHa"rrbHbrMH Typ6u[a[r4 npt4 Hr:yaf B 3aBHCr4MO-
CTH OT A/A.
AHa.[Hs srHX xapaKTepucruK rro3BoJreer cAeJrarb cJreAyrourue oc-
HOBHbIC BbIBOAbI.
IIp, H3MeHeI{HH H, o6parHo rpolopunoHaJrbHo H3MeHflrorcfl cJre-
AyIoIIIHe noKa3areJll4: AQu, Q", QPp gxo. 3anucnruocrrl AQ" (/fr),
Q^(N") , Qf,,r Jtrd-, q|o (trr) He ilepeceKarcrcr MeiKAy co6orl nppr
LI3MeHeHlrH Hr. Haa6oaee trolrorn H o6naAaror Hau-6onlurefi roq-
140
@-no zeHEoamcpll; @-no nyptuHe
Pnc. 4.8. O6u-tuil BHA octloBltbtx sHeprerHqecKHX xapar{TepHcrHK ar-per.aTa c noBo-porHo-,'ronacrHoii ryp6Hnorl npu Hr:var
C MAKCHMA.IIbHhIM KNA nP.}I Hr:Y?f ,'IeX(aT npaKTHT{eCKI,I Ha oAHoIl
uraBHor? KpHBor? (xpanan AB). Ans erHX x(e roqeK Jryrrn, npoBeAeg-
HbIe u3 Hallafla_ KoopAHHar, AOJI)KHbI Kacarbc.fl KpHBbIX Qu(N") H
AQu(//u) npr Hr:collst.
XaparrepHcrHKr{ Iu(Nu) H AA/a(l/a) IpH HT:yar Moryr nepece-
Karbcfl Apyf c ApyfoM (rouxu a, b, c). B- yr<asar{Hbrx toqxax o6nea-
TeJIbHO AOJIX{HbI TgPegg{arbcfl coorBeTc'r'ByrorrlHe xapaKrepHCTHKH
{" (N", Hr) ra A//u (N", i'lr) .
n\01r
1rN
l4t

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Oco6eHHocrbr,o A/Va(,4/a, Hr) flBJIflercfl To, qro ilpH , MaJIbIx
Hafpy3Kax ANo yBeJrHqHBaercfl c pocroM Hr, a B 3oHe n_paBee roq-
Ku t - yMeHb[raercfl. Xapar<rep 3aBr,rcuMocTefi Iu (ffn, Hr) Moxer
6ttrl Aocraror{Ho ilpol{3Bo,'rbHblM, rrro 3arpyAHfler HcrIoJIb3oBaHLIe Hx
Liln aHailH3a 3HepferHr{ecKHx Bo3MO)KHOCTeri afperara B ueJIoM.
Buure 6sl.no nor{a3aHo, riTo npr{ H3MeHe}IVv Hr MeHqlorcfi ToJIbKo
xapaKTeprrcrHKH ryp6HHbr. llpr.r 3roM ee nponycKHaff crloco6Hocrb I,t
MorqHocTb noBbr[IaioTcfl c pocToM Hr, TorAa KaK npeAeJrbHafl MoIq-
Hocrb reHeparopa He MeHtercfl npH cosq:const' B cBn3t4 c 3TliM
BBOAflT noH.fiTl'le pacqeTHoro no MOUIHOCTI{ Hanopa H*o, nOA KoTopbIM
noHHMaIoT MHHHMaJIbHoe 3HaqeHHe Hr, npz KoTopoM arperaT MolKeT
pa6oTarb c noJrHorl ycraHoBJreHHofi MorrlHocrblo, Jtr4uLrrr4pyeMoll re-
HeparopoM, T. e. ff" : NXtt npu cos ct:const. I1rn:';:.v-tzt cJIoBaMLI,
NXU*'(fl") : rVI": //fo" npu H^> H{;
A/Xu"" (H ^) npu H ^ 1 H{.
NJ'' N;" Na
4.9. Pacxo,[nue xapaKrepHc.
rHApoarperara
H"1H*p
(4.56)
Ha3bIBaeTCfl
,0"a
; MOKC(l,&
-'/,/),
<-,r---Q.
Pagnr.rua Me)I(Ay NIt'n /VXu"" (H") npn
cBs3aHHOfi nO Hanopy MoIIlHocrbIo ANcsns
Affc"sa (H") : NX" - ly'Y'*" (H ^), (4.57',1
Pac,IerHufi Hanop Bbr6upaercr Ha ocHoBe rexHHKo-3KoHoMHI{ecKHX
pagqeToB. Ety, KaK npaBHJIo, cooTBeTcTByeT MaKcuMa"nrHltt? pacxoA
Q" : QXU*", MaKcHMaJIbHoe oTKpbITHe HanpaBJlflloulero annapaTa
&o: atu*" H MaKcHMaJrbHbrri yroJr ycraHoBKr.I nonacretl pa6ouero
KoJreca e:q*"*". flponycKHar crroco6Hocrb noBoporHo-JlonacrHblx 14
AuafoHaJrbHbrx ryp6HH 
-6yler 
ofpaHI4tII'lBarbCfl npH HnlHNp I'IJIpT
do - A\u*" - CoflSt HIIV npe4e.nlHotl MoilIHocTbIo IIpH AaHHoM Ha-
nop.. cHHxeHHe H, HHlr{e H*n BeAeT K yMeHbrreHHro Qlo"o (H").
Pacqer Qlp"o Mo)KHo BecrH npu6.nnxenHo no SopMyJIe
oco6eHHOcTH H3MeHeHHfl sHepreraqecKHX napaMeTpoB arperaTa__H.a
ilHHr4n orpaHgqeHufl. Ha' xapaKrepgcrllKax A//" (/Va, Hr) ,
Q"(N", Hr) u AQ^(//u, Hr) pacqerHoMy Hanopy coorBercrBy'er M95-
cHMaJrbHoe 3HarIeHLIe coorBercrBylouero napaMerpa arperara. Ha
xapaKrepHCrHKax q?N (N u, Hr) , gY (N ^, Hr) MaKcI4MaJIbIIoe 3gaqe'
142
ulyrc oco6eHHocrb JIHHHI'I OfpaHI'IqeHHff
ilpaKTr4rrecKH npflMoJIHHeftHa no r\".- 
flpaeraJlbHo nu6pauuufi pacuerHut?
ToqKofi nepeceqeHLIfl. JlllHnu npe[eJIbHoll
HHe AOCTr{faeTCfl nptr MHHtr-
MaJIbHOM Hanope Ha JrrrHr.rLr
orpaHnqeHrrff no ryp6rrHe.
Jlunnn orpaHHr{eHHfl Morqfio-
cTK Ha XapaKTepHcTHKe'lo (,V" , Hr) 'voxer IrMeTb
cauufi nporr3BoJrbHbrri xapaK-
rep. C.nelyer orMerurb 06-
no ryp6HHe Ha puc. 4.8 - oHa
Hanop H*, coB[aAaer c
MOTTIHOCTpT nO ryp6nHe (o6rru-
Ho a0:max) 14 reHeparopy NI"". Ans noBoporHo-JlonacrHbtx H Ava'
ToHaJrbHbtX Typ6HH qepe3 aTy ToqI{y npoXoAIrT I{ Ii3oJII{HI'1fl Q:lnax
HOCTIi.' 
Havr6oJree noJrHafl Kaprr.rHa oco6eHHocrefi sHepreruqecKHx xapaK-
Tepr4cTHK arpefaTa vIJrH afpefaTHoro 6not<a nodlyqaeTcfl npH Hc-
no.[leoeaH14l.r HX 3KciIJryaTarIHoHHbrx xapaxrepHcrliK B KoopAIIHaTax
Ho, ,Va LtJrvt Ho, Q" B 3aBHcHMocrI't or uenelt n 3aAaq pacqeroB-(-pnc. 
4,10). Ha HI4x o6blqHo HaHocflTcfl H3oIrptHHI4 Hr:coflSt, t{HorAa
.Qo: const unu N a: collst, & TaK)Ke oo: coils_t_ 
" 
p: coflSt. finn npu.
rJrorr,lHHbrx H Aepr4Ball[oHHbrx f3c BMecro H, Ha 3KcnJlyaraqHoH-
Hbrx xapaKTepHcrHKax HcloJlb3yercfl Ha.6;t nnn Hrr,
Becrua aSSexruBHbrM Mo)Ker oKa3arbcrr IrcnoJrb3oBaHrre B pac-
o.g=,
n1
N;tt N*
(4.58)
Cos tp = g6 n5{
fu1llz1t'|t
Hz:H!
tn
9-
U'
PHc.
fHKI.I
143

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Hr
rJ MAKC
ttcL
HIU'
u
.,1
Hflaxc
_ H,lun
Puc.
tlT
il 11 0-l{ i:
rl i.
Hi'
lJ FluH
1l MttH
t\o- /v;.tt N4
,,MUftffa
Nf' No
4. 10. SrcnJryaraqnoHHbre xapaKrepHcrHKH rgApoarperara
tt
Hl'"(r/il
rY[01 ao-
qeTax n xapaKTepvcTuK H^(LQu, lVu) , ecJILI yl{HrbtBaTb Hx ycrorlqu-
BbIfi xapaKrep (puc. 4.8). HaxoHeu, c/IeAyer 3aMerr{rb HeJruHeftHbrfr
xapaKTep npeAcTaBJIeHHfl JtvlHUr4 orpaHurreHr.rr MorrlHocTr{ arpefaTa B
KoopAr.rnarax (H", Q") nilw (fl", ffl"o) (puc. 4.10).
SHepreruqecKue xapaKTep ktcrlrKu arperaroB c KoBrrroBbrMH Typ-
6unaun crpotrcfl AJII arperarHoro 6nora unu l?C B rIeJroM B BaBr{-
CHMOCTH OT BO3MOX{HOCTT{ H3MeHeHkrfl, Ha.6n HJtu Hr.y. Bul, trx Bo MHo-
roM aHaJIoil4rIeH paccMoTpeHHbrM Bbrue AJrs AHaroHaJrbHbrx 14 rroBo-
porHo-JlonacrHblx ryp6un npu Hr:const. Ilpnr 6onrurofr AepHBarIHr4
r{ AJTHHHbTX BOAOBOAaX AOJrff Ay'/a.p r.r ANBoA MON(er npeBbrurarb Al/a.
Ils-sa 6onuuux HanopoB H MaJrbrx pacxoAoB yAeJrbHbre r{ Ar.r$QepeH-
UI{aJIbHbIe noKasaTeJILI [oAo6Hbrx fOC caMbre Hu3KLre, BcJreAcrBr,re qe-
ro Bo3pacraer 3HaquMocrb ga4ruu eQQerruBHoro r4cnoJrb3oBaHHff
pacxoAa. SHeprerHr{ecKHe rroKa3areJIH KoBrxoBbrx ryp6un He3Haqr{-
TeJrbHo MeHrroTcfl no Ha[opy.
C yuerou cKa3annoro Bbrrrre, a raKx{e onbrra pacrreroB H aHaJrH3a
llcnoJIb3oBaHHfl sHepreTHqecKHx xapaKTepHCTHK rHApoarpefaToB Mo]K-
l4,I
Ql*noo(.aul"o): 
dN^ -1- dLN^
dNno( dNno4
qfq (Q")
_ t02
H^
dNa
dQa
qya (Na (Qa))
d\^ \: H^
dQ" / 102
(r ; (4.59)
Ha lr 
'dAQa 
\_:- 102 \ dQ" /
daila _
dQa
; (4.60)
(4.61)
145;
, r rfloA d\^
:Tativa T- -
dNnot
I
rri03 ^r\0. j We
8(8214418a
q?,v (Qu (tr.))
, Hu dLQa
:L-
102 dNnoq o:;"o (ruro (r"))
,

--- PAGE BREAK ---

dN^ efllrnoa (ru" (rufo))
Vs (4.59)-(4.62) cJleAyer, qro HaflHtIIae xapaKrepvcrvKn norepb
TtzCXNtT2 1.1 MOITTHOCTI,I B l.HNNOAI-DE|ATC NDH DA3HbIX 3HAIICHHflX HA'
r--.^-..--.---r---f-___-lf
nopa H" nosnoJrffeT lre roJrbKo oueHvrb KoppeKTHocrb caMI,Ix pacqe'
ToB lro6brx auQQepeHIIHaJIbHbIX xapaKTeprcrwq rllApoafperara, Ho
u npou3BoAt4Tb nro6ue 6a.naucoBble pacqerbl Ha fOC.
Moxuo noABecrr.r H ueroropufi o6quft HTof I43JIox(eHHoMy B
TJr. 1-4, B KoTopbrx rrocJreAoBareJrbHo paccMorpeHbl oco6esuocrn
SHepreTHqecKHX XapaKTepHcTHK KalKAofo gTana TexHoJIofl4rlecKoro.
Trpoqecca npeo6pqsbuu"*" ur.p.r"^ nu fOC._ Pacue^r oHepeeruqecKux
rnoKalareneil u xaparcrepucruK f AC dttn nto1oil eudpazlluuecKofi cxe-
Jylbt uau6ottee ydo1uo Becru no xapaKrepucTuKaw norepb Jvlou4Hocru
(uttu pacxoda) npu ct6u,en naparnerPe - pacxode. )ru xapaKrepu-
CTUKU nsrtftoTcn rUtXOsbUvtU 1nn rcAttdOeO gTAnA npoqecca npeo6paso-.
Bafun eu,epeuu Ha. fAC. B sroM cJrytv2g yqer "rrro6oft oco6eHuocru
ru4paenut{ecxofi cxeMbr f3C Bbr3oBer Jrnrrrb noflBJIeHHe AonoJIHHTeJIb-
rroro cJraraeMoro B o6urefi pacqerHofi $opuyne, xapaKTeprasyroqeft
6ananc 3HeprHH Ha f3C [cvr. (1.8) kr (1.9) , pnc. 2.3 u r"rl. 4].
, l-naea 5
9HEPTET% L{ECKhE XAPAKTEPh CTV|KH T3C
5.1. O6l{hE noflO}f(EHht
f u4poe.neKTpocraHlrr4fl - npoMbnrrJreHHoe npeAnpH flTre, I4cnoJIb3y-
rcluee <(cbrpbe>> - rHApoaHepropecypcbl - Antr <<nepepa6orKu>> ero B
apyrort BHA npoAyKuvILt- 3JleKrpoanepnlrc. Kax xo3pacqerHoe npeA-
npr.rflTne fOC crpeMHTcn uauloJree parrHoHaJIbHo c csoefi ToqKLI 3pe-'Hr4fl HcrroJrb3oBaTb orpaHr.rqeHHbre uo o6reMy H pefJIaMeHTHpoBaHHbIe
Bo BpeMeHH 3arracbr rlrApo3HepropecypcoB. flpu 3roM fOC oAHoBpe-
MeHHO C Apyfr.rMr.r sJIeKTpOCTaHIIH'MLI yqacTByer B noKpbITI,I[ o6uefi
Harpy3KH sHeprocr.rcreMbr. B Ire,'IoM. 3ro BacraBJIffeT paccMarpHBarb
BaAaqy orTr4Ml.r3aUVH pex(HMa fOC KaK o6ulecucTeMHylo, HepaspblB-
Ho cBfl3aHHyro c oco6euHocrflMr4 Bcero aJreKTpoaHeprerl4t{ecKoro npo-
I,I3BOACTBA.
Vqurnsaq Hepapxl4lo y[paBJIeHHfl B a/IeKTpo3HeprernKe, 3aAaqy
'onTrrMH3arIHH pe)Kr.rMa MO)KHO ycJroBHo pa3AeJIHTb Ha HeCKOJIbKO 3Ta-
noB, B3atlMOCBq3aHHbIX nepeMeHHbIMLI BO BpeMeHH n npocTpaHcTBe.
Ens caMbrx eepxHuk yponuer? yrpaBJIeHr4fl B oJleKrpoaHeprerl{Ke
nocJreAoBaTeJrbHo pelxarorcfl cJreAyroqHe 3aAaqH pacqeTa: onTHMaJIb-
Horo AJr?lreJrbHoro pelKltMa, 3areM KparKocpot{Horo pe}KI4Ma f3C H
TraKoHerI, p.Jrfl ypoBHfl cauoli rHApoaJIeI{TpocraHIII4H - olrl4MaJIbHoro
BHyrpr.rcraHuHonHor.o pelr(HMa ee ocFroBl{oro o6opyaoBaHvfl.. flepnue
146
ABe saAatru obuecucreMHbre; oHrr 6yayr paccMorpeHbr B rJr. l0 n ll..
3lecl ocTaHoBHMcfl Ha rperreil 3aAaqe, peuraenrofi AJrfl ycraHoBrrB-
nIHXcs, HopMaJlbHbrx ycnonuft pa6oru rr.rApoarperaroB H nenrrcu1efi-
cs ocuonuofi uH0opuauHouHofi 6aeofi A,IIfl Bcex Apyrrrx 3aAar{.
OcHoeHas ueJlb erot? sa1aqr - onraMaJrbHbrM cnoco6ou p€2JrH3o-
Barb 3aAaHHbrfi p,nn fAC c BepxHHx ypoBHeli ynpaeneHr.rff nJraH ee pa-
6orsr e BHAe rpaQuxa orAaqu no MouIHocrH HJrH pacxoAy. flpn 3rolvr,,
ecrecrBeHHo- xoureouti onrI,IMaJrbgocrr4. Hcno.flb:vevrrr? B nn:g:coh qA'-.
t , I 
--- 
, 
----'-----J
Aarle, AoJIIKeH 6ntm Hepa3pblBHo ctsfl3aH c o6urecreeHHbrMn KpHTe-
pHflMH, HC[OJrb3yeMbrMr{ Ha BepXHr{x cTyneHflx ynpaBJreHfifl.
SuepeeruqecKue xapaKTepucrurcu fAC lrLoeAT 6ono npedcraeltevbh
Ka,K clnlu a6cottrornbm ultu orHocureltbHbLx noKasarettefi eu}po-
o/reKTpocraHquu, nongqeHHble KaK p$a/tbrar peuequn sa]arau sHar-
p ucr aHquo nuo ti o nr uJvt uB aLluu.
Hapagy c yt{eroM pa3flHrrHblx orpaHuqenafi,, ALrKTyeMbrx yqacrHrr-
KaMH BoAoxo3rficrgerrHofi cucreubl, r.r MeponpuflTkrflMv no oxpane BoA-
HbIx pecypcoB, cHux(atoullrx e$$exrHBHocrb BHyrpucrauquoHuor:r on-
T]/.MHsaIIHr4, Heo6xoALttr,t yqer oco6eHHocrefi TexHoJrorHqecKoro npo-
uecca npor.r3BoAcrBa Ha cauofi fOC. Crola orHocsrcfl r.r3MeHeHHfl Bo
BpeMeHH yponHel'r BepxHero H HHMHero 6seQon, Trrna arperaroB H'
cxeMbr fOC, pa3Horo po,u,a rexHoaoruqecKHe orpaHnqeHns pex{r{Ma,
ruApoarperara Lr r. A. B qacrHocru, neo6xoArlMo yrrurbrBarb orpaun-
qeHHfl pelKHMoB rHApoarperara no nponycxHoii cnoco6Hocrr'r ryp6ll-
HbI \Jrfl H2IIOpOTB HHX{e paCqeTHOrO, a Ailn HanOpoB'\ Bblule pacqeT-
Horo-rro reHeparopy (..n. 4). Anq HacocHoro pexnMa o6parnulrx
palLrailbHo-oceBblx MaIIHH AJIfl saAaHHort xapaKTepHcrHKH HanopHofr'
cerr4 Bo3Mox{eH ToJrbKo oAr.rH pe}KHM no pacxoAy. HeuaJroBa>KHoe 3Ha-
qeHue HMeror orpaHr.rqeHnfl pex(HMoB pa6orn ryp6uH H HacocoB no,
ycJroBI{sM KaBHTar{HI,t.
Heo6xoariMo, Har{oHeu, yrrHTbrBarb rr.rApaBJrr{qecKyro cxeMy fOC,
ee BosMox{Hocru B peryJrupoBaHr.rz pacxoAa H Motu,Hocru. CyulecrBeH-
Hoe BJIHflH14e oKa3bIBaer n cxeMa 3JreKTpHqecxorl KoMMyrar{r{H arpe-
raroB fOC Ha feHeparopHoM Hanpflx(eHnrr. Tax, HanpHMep, H2 Ca-
paroacxoll f3C oAHHM BbIKJIroqareJIeM o6reAutlflrorcfl cpa3y ABa ar-
perara. Ha Kneecxoli 14 KaHeecxor? fOC oAHH BbrKJrroqare",'rb nprrxo-.
Lr4Tcfl. cpa3y Ha qerbrpe arperara. C.[elosareJrbHo, Aa]Ke npH oAr.rHa-
KOBbTX XapaKTepHCTHKaX OTAeJrbHbrX anpefaToB BbrBoA B peMOHT OA-
Horo vnvr HecKoJrbKHX H3 HHx B 6noxe npHBoAHT B ueJrolr A/rff fAC
K 3aAaqe c pa3Horr.rnHbrMH xapaKTepHcrlrKaMH 6.ltoxoe, o6teAr.rueu-
HbIX OAHHM BbIKJIIOqaTe,'IeM.
Taruu o6pasou, 3aAaqa onrHMH3 a\nu BHyrpHcTaHuHoHHoro pe'-.
x(HMa BecbMa cJIoxHa, oHa Mox(er 6srrr orHeceHa K KJraccy ueJro-
r{HcJreHHbtx 3aAaq He"nnHetlHoro nporpaMMHpoBaHr.rfl t4 o6u{ero peue'
HHfl He r.rMeer, u uauloJlee npaBHJrbHo paccMarpHBarb ee KaK 3aAaqy
BeKTopHoft onrnun3arrr{H.
Ho uenocpeAcrBeHHo Ha fOC npoHCXoAHr JrHIrIb npeo6pa3oBaHHs
MexaHHqecrofi gHepruH BoAbI B sJIeKTpHqecKyro npH pa3Hbrx ycJroBlr-
rx pa6orbr craHqHH B cocraBe gHepreruqecrofi u BoAoxo3rficreeHHrrx
cr4creM. floerolay A.nq Jryquero noHLIM aHHfl o6qax 3aKoHoMepHocreii
'gIJoo (ff") : 1 r dLNa: rf 
dN^:
'dAlnoA
r"#:)
dN^
'trHa- I -r-' 102
dLQu (4.62)
l4T

--- PAGE BREAK ---

a oco6eHHocreft opraHr.r3arIHH eQSexruBHoro BHyrpr4craHqHoHHoro
pex{HMa f3C uenecoo6pa3Ho paccMarpuBarb He HecKoJrbKo, a oAHH
uan6onee noKa3arenruufi AJIn cTaHrlnr.r xpurepuii orrruMaJrbHocru,
BblTeKarcuuft IrB oco6eHHocrer)i fuApoa/reKTpocraHrrnn KaK npoMbnx-
JIeHHoro npeAnpnflrtfl,. TaNHvrrl Kpr4repuflMu Moryr 6trrl, HanpnMep,
MHHHMyM pacxoAa cbrpbr (uarepHaJroeMKocru), T. e. noABeAeunofi
sHeprHH f3C, uJrr4 MHHHMyM norepb sHeprHH Ha fOC, T. e. MaKcHMyM-larTn T-ea nrd .r ,,^-^-,.v, ^^A^^.,r\IrA I r,/\, A.rItr JaAa-nnulU rrtrPnUAd. t n SaAd.unbl,{ yL'JLltJEJ(ryI PAUUrbr
rHAPoa.neKTpocraHr{r,il4 B Ha'{aJrbHbttt ts H KoHeqHwit tx MoMeHTbr 3Toro
nepnoAa. fIpH eroM Ao,rlr(Hu 6lrrl yqreHbr ocrroBHbre orpanuqeHnt pe-
lKHMa, onpeAeJlffeMble oco6esuocrflM14 TexHoJrorar4 npou3BoAcrBa Ha
I3C. B pn.u,e cJryqaeB MoN{Ho Boc[oJrb3oBarbcfl t4 KpHTepHeM MHHH-
MyMa pacxoAa HJrH croKa fOC.
3aAaqa onrHMH3agzt BHyrpncraHuuoHHofo pex{HMa fOC B ycrro-
Bt4flx SyHxqraoHupoBaHHfl paserarofi OACy <<SHeprur>> peaJrH3yercff
cpeAcrsaun ACV fOC r,r HMeer HecKoJrbKo ocHoBHbrx noA3aAze, B ToM
,IIHCJIe nJraHHpOBaHHe CyTOqHOTO peXHMa V KOppeKrIHs ero C yqeTOM
?I3MeHeHHr ycnonuri pa6oru f3C B gHeprocucreMe. MareuaruqecKr.I
pa3Jr|1{qne MeiKAy 3THMH noA3aAarraMr.r oflpeAeJrfleTcfl TOJTbKO pacqeT-
t{bIM nepHOAOM, I{TO n03BOJIfleT paCcMaTpLIBaTb O6Ufyn nOcTaHOBKy
3aAaqu, AorroJrHflfl ee 3areM AeraJrbHbrM aHaJrH3oM oco6esnocrer? pa3-
nux fDC.'Or xoppeKrHocrH yqera e ACV f3C Bcex oco6esHocrefi rexHoJlo-
THqecKoro [poqecca Bo MHoroM 3aBucrrr u eSQexrnBHocrb HcnoJrb3o-
tsaHHfl rHApo3HepfopecypcoB B rIeJroM, qro npHAaer 3aAaqe onrLIMH3a-
IIHH BHyrpr.rcraHrlHoHHbrx pelKuMoB oco6oe 3HaqeHr.re H Ba)KHocrb Ha
coBpeMeHHoM sTane pa38I4rLIfl fHApOsHeprerHKH.
5.2. SHEPTEThI.IECKhE XAPAKTEPV1CTV1KV1 f)C C PA3HbIMH
ATPETAT AMV1
fiocro.nrxy sHeprerHqecKue xapaKrepHCrHKH f3C noJlyqalorcff B
pe3yfibTaTe peueHr{fl 3aAaqH orrTLIMH3ar\vH BHyTpLlcraHuHoHHOrO pe-
>KHMa, or rro'craHoBKrz H MeroAoB ee perxeHlrl 6yayt 3aBucerb o6urufi
:lj-V|^A 14 3aKOHOMepHOCTTT yKa3aHHbrX XapaKTepHCTHK.
MareuaruqecKr.{ ocHoBHafl 3aAar{a onrrrMl43aIIHH BHyrpHcraHIIHoH-
Horo pelKHMa oAuHoqrlofi f3C c arperaraMu, pa3rllqarculllMl4cfl aHep-
rerr.rLlecKHMH xapaKTepr.rcrul(aMLr, MoN(er 6ttrt npeACTaBJIeHa B cJIe-
.AyroilIeM BLrAe: Ailn paccMarpuBaeMoro nepnoAa T:t^-ts Hafiru
TaKOe r{HCJTO BKJrrOqeHHbrx nOA Harpy3Ky rHApOafpefaroB zo (t), ux
cocraB so (l) w pacilpeAeJIeHI4e 3aAaHHoro rpaSnrca axrueHofi 14 pe-
aKrHBHor? narpyaox fOC A/ib% (t) u Oi'Jc (/), Koropble 6s orBeqanll
3KCTpeMyMy npHHflTofo r{pr4Tepr4fl orrTHMaJIbHocTI{ npH I43BeCT-
Hbrx orpaHrzqeHvfl,x peMHMoB arperaroB. Ilpeanonaralorcfl saAaHHbI-
t4H cocroflHrrfl pexutron o6opyaos aHHfl 14 6reQon fAC B HaqaJltHufi
to H roueqntrr? /,. tr,toueHrtt nepuoAa T, gHepfeTur{ecKue xapaKTepnC-
THKH arperaroB, xapaKTepkrcrvlrt4 6neQon, cxeMa greKTpHrIecKI4x coe-
Anuesnfi ruApoarperaroB L{ rnAPaB,'II'IqecKafl cxeMa f3C.
J48
B KaqecrBe ocHoBHbrx oAHo{eJreBbrx Kprrrepr.reB onrrrMaJrbnocrn
MOryT HCnOJrb3OBaTbcE cJreAyrotqHe :
MHHHMyM noABeAensoft x f3C aHeprnr{ sa nepllo4 T
fft lH so, o
pF* (?) : J lrm (q dt : ! I iiffn (t) dt -+ min, (b.l)
to t o l':0
NITA: 9,8lQ^tH ^t; $,2)
norepb 3HeprHH Ha l3C 3a nepno,q, T unn MaKcHMyvr KnA
1tfi
Agrsc (T) : J AN.r. (t) dt
to
fna
MHHHMYM
lr co, -o
_f s
- | /l
J-
t o r':0
fl' n' 'o
:9,81 .[ I Q"i (/) H^,(t)(t - \^1e)) dt
to r5
fs- t^*lro-r:o.^ ' 
I: .f Qrec(t)dt:l | > (Q"i (l) * AQni (/) + Q*.*; (/)+4Q..*,(t)) ldt*min,t.o, folt:0 l
Aff^, (t) dt :
-t min; (5.3)
MrrHr.rMyM croKa rrepe3 fOC c yqeroM nyclioBbrx norepb AQ,,, no-
Tepb Ha xoJlocroli xoA AQ*.* H npoTe'{eK BoAbr r{epe3 Hen,TorHocrl{ Ha-
npaBJlflIoil{ero annapaTa B pex?lMe CHHXpOHHOTO KoMneHCaTOpz AQ..,,
Wrec(?) :
(5.4)
B o6uleirn cfiyqae MHorouenesofi xpnrepHr'r onrr{MaJrbHocrr.r Mo}Ker
Snrr npeAcraBJreH B BeKTopHofi Soprrre. 3aecr )Ke B ocHoBHoM 6ynyr
paccMarpl{Barbcfl I(pHrepHI:l onrliMaJIbHocrH BilAa (5.1), (5.2), (5.4)
vlilI4 HX qaCTHbIe BbIpalKeHHff, TaKr.re KaK
l/FS (l) -* min;
AMrec (l) + min;
rlrec(l) -* max;
(Qrec (4 n AQrec (l)) * min.
B xa,recrBe orpaHH,reHnft THna paBeHcrBa o6rrrHo
aKrHBHbrx H pearffHBHbrx Morrluocrefi fOC
zo, so
Il:0
(5.5)
(5,6)
(5.7)
(5.8)
nprrHHManr 6anawc
(5.e)
(5. r 0)
149
/iFS" @ -b'*, (/) : a (t) : o;
0iyc (l) - 0* (t): {, (l) - 0.

--- PAGE BREAK ---

//y,!'" (t) < Nu,(t) < //#*", i : 7, 2,
Aif$ G) :"j" 
"*t" 
(t) >-NFJE (t)
i:0
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zo. so
ar$ u) : I oll' (t) >- 0F53 ttl.
,'_ n
t^ /x zo,so
9rec(7) : Jtrec(t)dt: I I Nai(t)dt-+max
t, tn t=o
vilu eto t{acrulrft c,uvqafi
..Ilp.lenoHble Harpysxu. arperaroB ofipeAeJrffroTcs KaK r4x nponycK-
Hoti cnoco6uocrbro (r.n. 4), iaw v oKoHoMHqecKHMr.r orpaHgqeHgrMr.r
npH MaJIoti ux Harpy3Ke. Ha f3C B ueJroM Moryr HaKJraAbrBarbcfl or-paHilqelJKfl no .np_oflycruor? cnoco6uocrr4 JrHHufi enexrponepeAaqg, rro
rpe6onauusna BXC H r. A.
orpaHuueHufl Tr4rra HepaBeHcrBa no pearrlrnHoli HarpysKe B oc-HoBHoM onp_eqeJlrlorcq ycroriuunocrbro pexHMa aHeprocHcreMbr n sa-
B]acnr or fOC B ueJIoM, a He or KaN(Aoro arperara. OrpaHraueHr4ff no
AOnycTr4MoMy MaKcHMaJrbHOMy rrHcry nycKoB-ocTaHoBoK arperaTa 3a
nepuoA T onpeAeJlflIorcfl rpe6onaHintrin o6ecneqeHuq HaAe)KHocrrI
pa6oru rHApoarperaroB.
BosltoxHtt u Apyrue orpanr'rqeHHs, onpeAeJrfleMble MHoroqucJreH-
IIbIMH oco6euuocrrMu pexI4MoB xaxAofi f3C. BoslloxHtr raKx{e r43-
MeHerrHR U S Car\aOri nocraHoBKe 3aAarJr4. i{anpHuep, BMecro ffiyc
" 
O'iH. Mox{er 6trrl 3aAaH pex(HM nonycKoB fOC, r. e. er.o(l)sa T:tn-t' 3ro 3aAaqa, o6phrHan paccMorpeuuoft. TorAa B Ka-qecTBe KpI4TepHq OnTHMaJIbHOCTH MOX{HO r.rCnOJIb3OBaTb MaKCT.TMVM
Bbrpa6orxu f3C sa nepuo4 I
B raqecrse orpanr.rrreuuli Tvna HepaBeHcrBa yr{HTbrBarorcfl or paHurreHnfl no
arrHnuofi MorrlHocrn rrrApoarperara ranpr IOC B rIeJroM
OrcrcAa Mox{Ho cAeflarb o6rqurl BbrBoA - ocHoBHafl 3aAaqa c pa3-
HorlInHbIMH arperaraMn He HMeer o6urero pe[reHr{fi B aHaJrHTHqec-
KoM BHA€ v B KalI{AoM qacrHoM cflyqae Mo}Ker 6slru perxena roJrbKoqHcJIeHHbIM nyreM c [pHBfleqeHHeM MeroAoB MareMarHsecr(oro npo-
rpaMMHpoBaHHfi, HanpHMep AHHaMr4rrecKofo IIporpaMMHpoBaHLrfr, HilH
MeroAa eereer? H rpaHuu
OcraHoBHMcfi Ha aHaJII4ge eroii 3aAar{H, ee oco6eHHocrffx B flocra-
I-tffDl1A l, flaAtTrtDqrrrrfi nnd ^6^trrri' I-a/^ -^^---u- ^A^. - ^^rvurlv rr yvqr'rnoqr{rLfr A.tt)7. p4.frrDl1\ LntIwE I i7\*, n ycJlo}Jnn nx p au(J1.bI
npl{ HeKoropblx AonyuleHuflx, BbrTeKaroqnx H3 Snsuxo-rr,rareMarnqec-KO|O cMbrcJra 3aI.alc^w.
llpaacraBuM r,nn sroro ilocJreAoBareJrbHocrb peueHnfi saAalrn B
erreAyroueM BHAe. 3aLa[uVtcs pflAoM gHa.reHHfi qucna pa6orarou{Hx
arperaroB zi rtnlfl. AaHnofi orAaqu lfi$", B Arrana3oHe or 0 ao k. D,nn
KaIKAOTO qHCila BKJIIOqeHHbIX arpefaToB paccMoTpHM BCe BO3MOlKHbre
BapHaHTbI cocraBa arperaros. B pe3yJrbrare nor'IyrrHM HeKoropoe MHo-
xecrBo BapHaHToB BKfitoI{eHHbIX arperaroB AJrfl noKpbrrtrfl ffi'Jcr,
KoTOpoe \o 2i onpeAeJlfeTcf KaK i:0, l, 2, k., no coCTaBy - AJrn
Ka)KAono i - qHcJro coqerauHr? H3 k no ?.i, r. e. Cii. .(,rs
KaXAOTO SJIeMeHTa 3TOnO MHON(eCTBa, T. e. ?.i, 51, rAe / - HOntep
cocraBa l: l, 2, ,, Cii, uafiAeu onrrrMa.rrbHoe pacnpeAe",'reHrre
I{arpy3Ku iVFS; Mexay BK,,rior{eHHbrMH arperarauu. Tor,a,a noJryqrrM B
ueJIoM MHolKecrBo r{acrHbrx perueHrrii, onpeAeJreHHbtx Ha MHox(ecTBe
nap zj, sl. PeureHHena oCUefi 3aAaqu 6yAer 3JreMeHT '.MHolKecrBa c
SKCTpeMaJIbHbIM 3HaqeHr{eM 3aAarrHOro r(prrTeptrrl onTilMa,'rbHocTrr.
Taxnu o6pasorra, MoMHo BbrAeJrHTb ABa srana (saaaurr) peueHtrfl
ocHoBHofi sa4aun:
l) noncK qacrHoro o[THMaJrbHoro peueHnfl AJrfl 3aAaHHoro qrrcJra
I{ COCTaBa arpefaToB;
2) nollcK onraMarnubro peureHnff Ans sceft 3a1aqa B ueroM npn
[.I3BeCTHbrX .qaCTHbtx perxeHHflx Sa\aqw.
3rlr 3Ta[bI orJIHqarorcfl Apyr or Apyra Bo3Mo]KHocrflMrr r{cnoJrb-
3oBaHHq pa3JrnqHbrx MareMarHqecKHX MeroAoB AJIfl HX peuenun. fi^nn
lar,a'-n4 I s 3aBlrcHMocTH or KoHKperHbrx ycJroBHijr uoxHo nprrMeHflTb
KaK KJraCCHqecKr.re MeroAbr perxeHr{fl 3r(crpeMaJrbHbrx 3aAaq B ArrQ-
,$epeHquaJIbHoM HcqHcJreHHH, TaK H MeroAbl MareMarHqecKoro npo-
rpaMMHpoBaHHfl, (napnaqnoHHoe Hcr{HcJreHr4e, npHHr{Hn MaKcHMyMa
flontprrrEua u Ap.). Ans 3a1aqr4 2 Moryr HcrroJrb3oBarbcq roJrbKo
MeTOAbr rleroqrzcfleHHofo IIpofpaMMHpoBaH14fl.
Oco6euHocrbro paccMarprasaeMort o6uer? gar,aqr4 fiBJrrercfl TaKXe
TI cyuecrBeHHafl 3aBucr4Mocrb eipSexrrrBHocrrr nsi6paHHoro Mero,la
AJIfl ee peueHr{fl or BHAa fOC no cnoco6y cosaaHrrfl Hanopa (n"nornH-'Hafl., AepnBar{uoHuan), yqacrns fOC B peryJrnpoBaHrir{ Harpy3Ku_ (6es'peryJl14poBaHr.rq, c pefyJrr{ponanHeu) rr Ap}'rrrx (iar<ropon. FIarr6o.'ree
3IlaqHTe,IIbHbIM noKa3areJreM pe)KHMa f3C flBJrsercfi r{3MeHeHIIe Ha-'nopa Ha f3C Lrrrw arperarax Bo BpeMeHH.
3aAaqa l. A.nq cflyqas nocroffHHoro Hanopa arpenaroB Hu,(t):
- HaiU):const npr{ 3aAaHHoM npaSuxe ffrec (/) H orpaHHr{eHHflx
tsHAa (5.9) H (5.11). flpra ycaoBHr4 rrocroffHHoro Haropa arperaroB
., k; (5.1 I )
(5.r2)
(5.r3)
(5. l4)
/y'rac (t) * max.
Ouesn4Ho, I{To ocHoBHaq 14 o6pariran 3aAaqLI B3avMocBf3aHbr m
83AHMO3AMCHflCMbI.
flpoaHanu3r,rpyeM npeAcraeJreHHyro rocraHoBKy ocHoenorl sa/.a!j,1^.
Bo-nepnlrx, oHa IreflorrHcJreHHaff, TaK KaK B pe[reHHr.r Bo3Mo>xHo pac-
cMarpr.rBarb nycK-ocraHoBKy roJrbKo ueJroro afperara. Bo-sropbrx,
LJrfl 3aAaHHofo qHcJIa u cocraBa arperaroB oHa HeJrHHerUHa B cHJry
HennHefiHocrH aHepnerr,rqecKHx xapaKTepHcrHK arperaroB fOC
(r.n. 4). B-rperlrrx, oHa r.trvreer 6onturyrc pa3MepHocrb Arrfl MHoro-
arperarHbrx fOC (z)10 . 12), KorAa rrncJro Bo3MoxHbrx Bapr.raHroB
COCTABA TOJIbKO AJIfl OAHO|O PACqCTHOTO HHTCPBAJIA HCIIHCJIffCTCfl COT-
HflNrH, a p.nn Bcero nepHoAa ?n-uuoruMr,r rblcrr{aMt{.
150
l5t

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Hx pex{HMbt 6yayr HesaBncraMbr Apyr or Apyra. Oro no3BoJrfler Hc-
o- Qrec(r)+ rlry fru*c(l)-'"'$ "' No,frll + IrI+min; (b.ls)
Lr-"*-l
III :0,5 p, (/v},r'" (l) - N ^, (t))'sign(ru|f'@ - tf", (r)) *
x yt (N,t(4 - lrl}i"' 1r;)2 sign(lu , (5. r 6)
rle pl^T It, i-:1, ?,....., zo - nocroflHHbre MHoIKHTeJTH (ervrnupuuecxue);
sign (f (x) -f:r'raxc (r) ) : sign a; sign (fuuu (x) -f (x) ) :'si gn ; _ QyHi<_ul,rfl-cHfHaTypa, ol]peAeJrfeMafl cooTHolxeHHflMH
nAe
aQit : 19, -p; (i/X,r" - Ii",) sign (ruy,r'- ff.,) * Ti x
lNat ' & \
x (l/", - //L'*') sign (rV", - /V#-").
0Nat
vpanueuue (5.20) orpalKaer paBeHcrBo anQQepeHuHaJrbHbrx no-
xasarenel? pex{HMa arperara npH ycJroBHH ga1aHvrn HX H HcrroJrb3o-
BaHHr paHee npHHflTbrx o6osHaqeHr.rft B cJreAyroilIeM BHAe npr
4?* : q^2
Tat(N^):
8*(Na) -p(//Xf" -ru,,) npu rV., ( I/l^,r";
Q * (N ^) npn ilfi" - ff", ( fffi*';
Q^t(N^) * t(N"i - A/Xl.') npu l/,, >- NXl""
llpH pr+oo H f.;-'+oo ($axcaqHr .ly'ui Ha npeAeJrbHbtx 3HaqeuHnx)
noryqaeM .cjneA.yroutyto Qopmy np€AcraefieHr{q xapaKreprrcruK Q ^(N ^)
c yrreroM (5.1 I ) :
Q*(N^):
- oo npH ff"i < ffXi';
9^ (ff") npr.r fffi" ( l/ar < NIiq; (5.23)
f o npu lV^;)-
B gToM cflyr{ae Heo6xoAnMoe ycJroBHe
JIeHHfl Harpy3KH ffrec(l) AJrfl 3aAaHHoro
apperaroB no KpHrepuro (5.8) rpuMer BHA
Qr(N*(/)) : .: Q^z(ltl^,(t)) : Qrec(ffre" (t)) : ]r(t). (5.24)
Pacxo4Haa xapaKTep ncrlrKa fOC, nocrpoeHHar no ycJroBHFo
{5.24), BcerAa 6yaer o6ecneqnBarb noKpbrrr.re eaAanHoft //rac c MH-
1IHMaJIbHbrM (r. e. onrHManruurrl) pacxoAoM QFec. B KaqecrBe Hil-
nA'
YaN
(5.2r)
(5.22)
oo
2oS
)lx
l:0
(t) -Myi..(4)] ,
sign a : ll n?u u )' o;
[0 nptu<0.
Hao6xorHMoe ycJIoBLIe sKcrpeMyMa (5.15) MoxHo nafirn Ha ocHoBe pene-
Hr{ff cJreAyroqux ypanHeHurl:
0Nat
:0, i:1,2, ,rzo (5.18)
., zo (5.1 9)
N reu
Pnc. 5.1. PacxolHafl xapaKrep'Ka trByxarperarHoii f3C llpH
Hbrx cnoc<-r6ax pacnpeAeJreHHfl
fpy3KH
A/MaKctY ai
onTrrMaJrbHofo pacnpeAe-
cocraBa krc z pa6orarcqnr
_o. rl;,rn Ns
Plrc. 5.2.,{rrr}lcfrcpeltltra.l,uafl xa-
paKrcptrcrrrria rr{f,poarperar. nprl
H:r:COflSt
(5.17>
ao
14 6a.uaHcoBoro.ycrroBufl. (5.9). Ta5uryr o6pasorra, rltfl (zo*l)-ro ne- i orgcpeMeHHoro 1/u; (l) u ?r(l) u MeeM zo * | ypanHenue. Ecau eru ypaBHe-
HHfl HCCOBMCCTHbI H HMCCTCff PCIXCHI.IC NCXOAHOI? gAAAq.W, rO OiO 6V-
Aer coorBercrBoBarb 14 peueHnro (b.lS)
flocxonlxy 
"p! !!;:const pelKzMbr arperaroB B3aHMoHe3aBncH-
MbI, ro ycrroBue (5.18) nprEo6perer BHA
],(t) + #; - o, i: 7, 2,
UJIH
}Qat _
QN at
aelr
0N ar
: OQT, _
0N ^z
d0l-o: m* : )' (t),
utt azo
r.rcTlr -
p a3'
nd-
152
(5.20)
153

--- PAGE BREAK ---

h ta,
iaN
>
d.o n
Aaz
An
-9I JU
4fvLrJC
Pnc. 5.4. PeirunrHue norepH pacxoAa npuHeorrrlrr,lalrbHoM pacrlpeAerreHHH Hafpy3KIr
/v T3c
PHc. 5.3. OnruuaatHoe pacnpeAeJreHlre
Harpy3riH Mer^KAy AByMf rHApoafpera-
raMH no auQSepeHqr,rz;tbHbrM xapaKre-
pHCTHKaM
Puc. 5:5. OnrauanrHaq pacxoAHaff xapaK-repHcrr{i(a rpexarperarHofi f3C
JrrocTpar{HV Ha pHC. 5.1 rpeAcraeJreHbr B o6ilIeM .BHAe pacxoAHbr€ X2:
paKrepHcrt4Kt4 AByxafpefarHor:r I'3C AJrf onrHMaJrbHoro (Q?ec) u He-
oITI.JMaJrr)Horo (Qrec) cnoco6oB pacnpeAeJreHtrr Nrec.'Kar Br.rAHo,
npH 3aAaHHOM IIpot{3BoJrbHOM 3HaqeHr4H Q rec OnTr.rMaJrbHafl XapaK-
TepHcTHKa -QFec (ff rec ) o6ecnequBaer noryr{eHrre caMoro MaKcr.r-
MaJlbHofo y'y'rsc n3 BCex Bo3Mo)r{Hbrx, T. e. peuaercfl 3aAarra, o6par-
Hafl [ocraBJIeHHoI?. Bc"neAcrBae sroro B AaJrbHeriurerrr 6y4er paccMar-
pHBaTbct Ailn yAo6crna rotcHeHHfl Qzsr.r.lecxoro cMbrcJra npflMafl
r4Jrr4 o1paTHafl 3aAaqa.
,f[,ocraroqHocrb noJryqeHr.rf Mr{Hr.tMyMa Q rec IIpH 3aAaHHOrt MOrq-
HocrH l/ rec o6ecneqt4Baercfl rorlbKo lrpH BbrrryKibrx aaQQepeHu;-
aJlbHbrx xapaKrepHcrHKax arperaroB AXu (N^) rpH Ha:const. B Ka-qecrBe npHMepa Ha pHc. 5.2 nor(a3aHa noAo6Haf xapaKrepucrr4Ka c
yqeroM B Hert orpaHuqennfi rnna HepaBeHcrBa (5.23) . 
^
Ha puc. 5.3 nor{a3aHa [ocJreAoBaTeJrbHocrb peueHuq sa/.aq.H t
Ailn AByX BKJII.OT{eHHbIX afpefaTOB C BbrnyK,rrbrMr.r xapaKTepr4cTLrKaMW
?Xp npu Hu:Coflst AJfl 1y'r3c :A.
Ha puc. 5.4_rroKa3aHa peaJrH3arrr.rfl ycroBr4q (s.24) no xapaKre*
pHcrr.rKaM AQu(ffr) Ln, ABtx arperaroB. Vs Hero cJreAyer, qro Jrro-
6oe orx'roHeHr4e oT ycJroBl.rfl (5.24) BeAeT K roqBrel{Hro AonoJrHr{TeJrb-.
151
rae Q Fec - onlnMaJrbHbrr? (rrraHnuannusrft) pacxoA foc nprr 3aAaH-Hofi Harpy3l{e lVrec. PexuuHne norepu 6ylyt reu 6onbrrre, .re[{ 6o-Jree_BbrnyKJrbr -xapaKrepHcrHKH Ae" (tr.) .
Ha pHc. 5.5- nyreilr BBeAeHHg AonoJIHlr'"onr=,-:n# r-,^..^.n n,..,^.--- rr
noKa3a'o, qro a ir. llr *.1 rBrrnercn .."#;;J;#il.r*, 1;rqeK, coorBeTcrByrorrl'X MHHHMyMy ersc Alrfl 3aAaHHoro //rec.v'rer norepb MoulHocr' B BoAono-ABoAsrq'x coopy)KeH,flx. pac-cMorpHM cnvuarl,.KorAa Hrec (l) : Ha.a:t(t):const "(npannor'HHar
roc c zB.ajconit ,2".u:l,6nrij . gagti^ii-g.rreHHyro po/rb Hrpaer'cxeMa noABoAa BoAbI K arperatau f3C. Ona 6yeer oripue.nnrr co6ofi,u,onoJrHHTeJrbHbre loTeptr Morr{HocTrr rr nprrBeAeT K HepaBeHCTBy Hano-
H rec (t) : Ha.an(t) :const BecbMa
epHCTHKH noTepb MotuHocTrr B 3,'te-
r.lOBKe ZaAa'9^H, T. e. 3aAaHHOM rpa_
flycrr Ha fOC HMerorcfl arperarbr c 6"ryoqsofi rrrApasnuqecxoficxeuoli noABoAa BoAtt K HHM H pa3Hb]MH xapaKrepHcrHKaMrr Hanop-Hblx BoAoBoAoB: LH"oai(Q"t), rAe Allso.c :ke*n. iforupni Morr{HocrrrE HanopHbrx BoAoBOAax paccr{r4TbrBarorcff no 60pruryne 
rr
A/y'"os: 9,8lQuflnoo = g,8l kQtr+'
Hbrx pex(HMHbrx noTepb
aA//;.6n I
0Qar
aQnu* : QF33- QFec, (5,25)
s2
n0w1
(5 26)
OuenHAuo, onrHMaJIbHbrM paclpeAeJreHr.ieM e rec npH H a.6;t::coflst 6yaer Taxoe, KorAa cyMMapHbre norepr.r Mou{Hocrrr Ha f3cidyayr MHHr'rMaJrbHbrMu. Torla tteneea, Qynnqrrn nprrMer BrrA
(D : A//rec (t) + ), (t)
,o, ro(/)
I Qa;
i-n
+ tA --- min, (5.27)
:rAe III - urrpa$Htre QysxUrrn, BBSAeHHbre Ailn yr{era orpaHrrueuHrl'THna HepaBeHCTB.
Ec"na onycr,Tb noLpo6Htre MareMarr.rqecK,e BbTKJIaAKH, To onrri-.MaJIbHoe pacrp€AeJIeHHe Qrec ro I(prlrepttrc (-o.27) 6vler coorBer-crBoBarb r.iln f3c c 6noqHoft cxeuofi ro,4BoAa BOAbr K afpefaraM,cJreAyroqeMy ycJroBHro :
_ oLNi-n, _ _daNla.
oea, AO.* - i\ (i)'
Ye A// 1.6" (Q") - xapaKrep H.crl'Ka^norepb MorrHocrrr B arperarHoM'9{9n. c y.qeroM orpaHnueHilfi no Qn. OHrr coorBercrByror o6srqHnruAffo.o,, (Qo), B3rrbIM npH p--+oo rr ,y-+m c,,,reAylou{r.rM o6pasou
(r) |
)f c"' ro
(5.28)
155

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ha,ln= C rn,:t
JIIf I
Vls (5.30) cJreAyer, qro !1rn norryqeH14t
c,'rolKHrb opAHHarbr q"os(Qo) rr 4^(Q^) LJrn
oAHO3HarrHO OnpeAeJrflroulefo co6orl kr
(pzc. 5.6, 6).
ffFe. (Qiec) -- //i36 (Qrac) - AilFsc (Q.sc)
rAe Hr 6r - 3aAaHHan Be,,'tt{qllHa.
156
Prc. 5.6. SrreprerHuecr(He xapaKTepHcrr{KR
arDerarHoro 6,rora
Puc. 5.7. Pac,rerHHe cxeMbr noABoAa Bo-
Abr K arperarnblM 6"'ronam f3C
4*.0" (Q") Heo6xoAHMo
KaIKAOTO 3HaqeHHfl Q",
H a: H a5n-LHBor (Q^)
: 9,8IH ^.anQrirc - AilFec (Q.ec),
(5.31)
aNa a
I
I
II
ArV" { r'i" )
grta
ANa t,r
ANd.an
0a
9'
qa*d)
(pHc. 5.6, a):
trPH Q^ < QX"';
Aff,.un (Q,) npn QX'" < Q" ( Qlu*':
f oo npn Q" )- QX"*'.
(5.2e)
Xapaxrepr4crr4tr4 orHocr,rreJrbHbrx npHpocToB Affa.o," no Q", T. e.
Qa,6n(Qr), Moryr 6uru paccqr4raHbr rro ANa.6r(Qu) nprr Hx.6r,:const
MeroAoM KoHeqHbrx rrpr4paureHHfi. Ha pzc. 5.6, 6 noKasa1a nocJreAo-
BareJrbHocrb pacr{era Q^.a"(Q) Ha ocHoBe 6ananca MoilrHocrH B ar-
perarHoM 6,roxe (prrc. 5.6, a) no Qopuy.ne
Qa.an: Qa.on(Q") - dA{e.cn - dA{"oa + Atr" '  \
<" ;lQu dQ" aa: 
: Qson(QJ + a^(Q)'
(5.30)
-OO
rlocne p{cuera ga.6tr(Q") r^iln Kax{Aoro 6noxa npouecc rroacKa
peIxeHHs (5.27) npoHcxoAur aHaJofuqHo paccMorpeHHoMy Ha
puc. 5.3 cflyqarc petnenHfl npnrvrori saAaqw.
flonyuHn TaKr.rM o6pasou o[Tr.rMaJrbHyr.o xapaKTep Hcrr4Ky
Al/ Fec (Q rec ), Hec.rrolKHo repecqurarb ee B pacxoAHyro Nfsc (erec)
c HcrroJrb3oBaHr.reM 6anaHca MourHocreli e afpefarHtrx 6;loxax
1o(Hu)
Ecru, Tenepb AJrfl noJryuenuoi:r 3aBrrcrrMocrrr 1/Fec (Q rsc) rpe6y,ercfl uafitu perxeHHe npnlnoii 3aAaqrr, T. e. nprr 3aAaHHorvl y'y'r3c naft_TH OnrHMaJrbHyro Harpy3l{y afpefaroB, TO OHO MO}KeT 6rrrn ocyxrecr_BJTeHO e Taxofi nocJreAoBaTeJrbHocTrr:
//rec * QFec(ffrec) -- 
#f (QFr.)-_ dAlYa.o.'rr - dAffr.uu, * 0?, _,
dQa, dQaz 
aa I
* Qlz -+ frar (q3,) - Nur@Z),
_ flp.anoJrolr{rrM, qro cxeMa noABoAa BoAbr K ar.peraraM foc Fre6roqHaq (pac. S.T) . tr nn Bapualra cxeMbl, rpr.rBeAeHHoro Hapvtc. 5.7, o, Bo3Mox{HbI ABa c,.tyr{afl.
flepnlrii c.rryuafi, xor4a ua'fOC oAlrH BoAoBoA rr ABa pa3rrbrx arpe-fara. Torla cHalrafla Heo6xoAHMO nOCrpoHTb xapaKTep HCTHKy noTepbAy'y'"orr Ha yqaCTKe OT Zs.6 LO TOrrKr.r pa3BeTBJranu" aru.. parna,," HasroM yrracrKe He 3aBrrcHr or^pac!peAeJreHnrr Qrec ,i ,u,rrercn syHx-qreri Bcefo pacxoAa f 3c. 3Has kt Lr trlt sTOfO yqacrKal
HecJIoxHo paccqHTarb Afl"orr:ke\6c r.r A.ns ria)h,toro Qr,ec HarirlrHatrop Ha yqacrKe c-2s.5, T. e. noJlyqilTb 3aAaLry, aHa.r]orilqHyrc pac-cMoTpeHUOrl npn Ha.6;r:coflSt.
Bropor? _cnyuafi, KorAa Ha fOC n pa3Hbrx BoAoBoAoB rr pa3Hbre,arperaTbl. TOrAa cHaqar,ra AJrq KaxAoro BoAoBoAa HeooxoAilMo Hairrnpe.eH,e o6ruefi 3ar,a,.ru pacnpeAerreH,fl eroo, or-0-i; erec, i::l, 2,
cxeMe noABoAa BoAbr K fr.rApoafpefaTaM.
AHanornqHo cJreAyer nbcrynurl H npH BapHaHTe, yKa3aHHoM Ha
y_!?..5.7, 6. Ann BapHaHra cxeMbr, rrpHBeAunno,? ;; p;J."i.7, ,, Heo6_xoAHMO CHaqaJIa BbrAeJrHTb noTepH Hanopa Ha yqacTKe 26.6_c1, T. e.
r( BapilaHTy, nprrBeIeHHOMy Ha
pvrc. 5,7, o.
TuqecKHx xapaKTepHCTHK I-OC .qrnsMeHH Haropax fOC n arperaroB.qro 3Aecb pex(rrMbr arperaroB 6y_Ayr B3ar,rMocBfl3aHbr, TaK KaK nprr nrc6otr rrsMeHeHHlr Qn, Ha dQn,oAHOBpeUe_HHO ll3MeHtrcfl norepr{ Halopa B coorBercrByroulrrx 3,Te-MeHTax f3C B 3aBucr{Mocrn or ee ,rni (pycnonar, rrJTorHHHaq, Ae_
PUBAI{HOUHAN). 3rO 03HAI]AET, I{TO rtPH OTITI.IMI,I3AUI,III BHYTPHCTAHqI,I-
oHHbIx pex{HMOB fOC B ee 3HeprerHqecxofi xapaKrepHCT1{Ke Heo6xo-AHMo yt{HTblBarb H3MeHeHHe Ha[opoB or H3MeHeHwfi'pe-Nvtva Ka]Kno-ro afpefaTa.
cyruecrnyer TaKlKe n 83arMocBr3b pex{rrMoB foc Bo BpeMeHrr,I{To rpe6-yer HCnoJIb3oBaHufl B pacqerax HHTerpa"rrbHbrx KpHTepHeBBnL! (5.1) -(5.4) rr"qr4 (5.14) B 3aBHCHMocrH or BrrAa 3aAaqpr.
Bltrue 6n,ro cKa3aHo, rtro ocHoBHar sa/.aqa rr o6paruan 83asMo-
CBfl3AHbI II 83AHM03AT,ICHflCMbI, T. C. PClxCHHC TJIfr OINOI? 3AN,ATH MO}K-HO I'ICIIOJIb3OBarb AJlfl peileHHfl BsaHMoo6parHoir 3aAaqrr. B cBfl3r{ c9THM aHaJItl3 MeroAi.lKI.t noflytleHHr sHepferHqecKtrx xapaKTepr.tcrrrK
f3c B o6uem c.ryqae r.Jtn 3aAaqr.r I 6yo.r npoBoA'rb Ha npuMepe
I5T

--- PAGE BREAK ---

o6paruofi sa1a\v, rAe B KaqecrBe
norrb3yercfl pacxoA fOC Qrsc.
Tpedyercn Hafiru orrraMaJrsusrii
T :tn-to nPH Zs.6:Zs.6o, Zr.t.6:Zs.60
CTAHIIHH
onpeAeJrflroulero napaMeTpa vc-
ycraHoBr4Brxrftcs pe>KHM f3c sa
14 H3BeCTHOM CTOKe qepe3 CTBOp
t-.n
Vrer- .f Qrec (l) dt : Wrec-
,0
nd
Feui- tFo;,-0,
aFn
fn.- : f -' -' Qai - 
dA* 
' 'Qut
too'HZ 's
I'
tO i:0
(5.32)
no KpHrepHro (5.14) npu sa,.aHHbrx 3HeprerHqecKHx xapaKrepHcrr4Kax
xax{Aoro arara npeo6pa3oBaHHr 3HeprHH Ha fAC (fi"r. rJI. 3 vr 4).
B KaqecrBe nepeMeHHbrx napaMerpoB nprrMeM Qrr (/). flocrasreH-
]Ja'{ 3aAaqa oTHocHTcf K K,'raccy Bapl4aur4oHHbrx c H3o[epHMerpH-
qecKHMH ycaoBHrMH B [peAnoJro]KeHHr.r yqeTa B yKa3aHHbIx SHepre-
Tr.rqecKHX xapaKTepHcTHKax orpaHHr{eHr4ir rvfia HepaBeHcTB.
Sxcrpevrym (5.14) Aocrnraercfl Ha rex >Ke oKcrpeMaJlflx, tITo 14
3KCTpeMyMbr BbrpalKeHHfl
]
n
O - .[ (trrec (4 + f,recQrec(l)) at
t'0
F (t) dt -+ rTrdX. (5.33)
HssecrHo, r{ro MaKcHMyM (5.33) HMeer Mecro, ecJII{ Q"t (/) , i:
- l, 2, ..., zo - 3KcrpeMaJrH, T. e. BAoJIb Hnx 6yAer BbInoJIHflTbcfl yc-
JroBHe 3ft.rrepa - Heo6xoAHMoe ycJIoBHe sKcrpeMyMa QyHxquo[aila
(5.33) :
rAe
i - l, 2,
g-i Qui
de^t
(5.34) 3anlrrIeM
i: l, 2,
(5.35)
,D,nn ycrauoBnBuerocff pell{I4Ma
dffrec
-H
I
I
1.o
., zo, (5.34)
B CJreAyroueM BHAe:
- Xrec - 0, )o (5.36)
(5.37)
(5.38)
(5.3e)
dQa;
AIIV
gfleco, (Q,,) : : qfeca"o(Q"ro) : lrec :coflSt'
kls (5.37) cJreAyer, qro orrrnMaJrbHbrir pelr{HM pa6ornt fOC coor-
tseTcTByeT rrocTofHHoll Hafpy3Ke arperaToB, pacnpeAeJlenHoft B cooT-
BSTSTBHH c HX arzclQepeHUHa/TbHbIMH noKa3areJIflMLI, yqHTbtBaFouIHMI4
*oc06eHHocrr,r BCero TexHoJrorHqecKoro rrpoqecca npeo6pa3oBaHLIfl
'sHeDrHH ua f3C.
Ecnu BMecro croKa no (5.32) Ha fOC 3aAaH pe)KHM nonycKoB
,Qlsc(/) , ro BMecro (5.36) v (5.37) norlyqHM coorBercrBeHHo;
dilrec
dQai
N'qrecen
d58
: 1il - t q,^,t@--- qflecq(Qrec),102 2
li:l
rile qf{ (Qr) - auSQepeHu,uaJtbHbre nor{a3ared'r}r 3ranoB rexHo,ryor,H€cKoro,
npouecca f3c, paccrjr4TbrBarorcff no cJr€AyroxrHM Qopuynarvr:
-LN dAffr.6 lQrec hcpaa
8s.6: ^=-"::=-: -- (5,41I,dQrec 1Qat 102 '
qi!,
dQrec _ Lzr.a*Qn.o
0Qat 102
(5.40)
- ss.o (Qrec)
t02 , (5.42}.
- 
dAffoto dQrec ahpep* Qrec 
#
102
AAhnoa
Lhaot* Qrscffi
dQrec oQat
aa//BoA dQrec
; (5.a3).
qf# :
dQrec dQat 142
dA/rgv6
at/
Qcvc:
dQrec Lhcvcf Qrec dQree Ecyc (Qrec)
dQai 102
dLN ai (H il,zo)
dQat
102 '
(5.45)
: q^o{ (Qrec). (5.a6)r
MeroAu pacr{era H oco6eHHocru 4ue0epe'uua"rrbHbrx xapaKTepHc-Tr'rK ocHoBHbrx sranoB npeo6p a3}BaHHfl sHep.fHrr ua fScnoApo6HO i'r.-CMOTPCHbI B fJI. 3 U 4. T,Ng BbIIIYKJIbIX.,XAPAKTEPHCTIII{ q,+T Q),aucpQepeHqr'rarrbHafl xapar{repucrirxa Q{tcq (Arr":i'^np,, zo:coflSl
BO|HYTA, qTO O6CCNCqI,IBACT AOCTATOqHOCTb YCJTOBHR (5.39).
Ea"p (Q1-36)
r59

--- PAGE BREAK ---

YrgcNl
& rat
8. r:c Nrgc
PHc. 5.8. O6urHft xapaKrep H3MeHer{H}i AHOOepeHqHaJrbHbrx xapaKrepucrnK fOC c
yqeroM TexHoJrorHqecKHX noTepb
-. Anq saAaHHono npa$HKa nonycr{oB Qrec(/) pacqer
9flecq (Q rec) n onrnMaJlbnoro pacrpeAereHnq Harpysr{H Mex{Ay
BKrroqeHHbrMH arpefaraMH zo MolKHo npoH3BoAHTb B CJreAyroqeft no-
€JICAOBATCJIbHOCTH:
Hi:i, Q.ec * Lh"o^u,
Lho"n, Lzo.u * g:L
9r:c r
81
a3
ANa,
q
uw
f/q=const
\rtl-w
T11,
d
I
I
N r:c
N t:c
Lhcv c ;
qt.{.c;
Ql[nq"o : qlL(Q.ec) *
'(trr
Nfaxc zNfo^t Nrre
Pnc. 5,10. 3_nepFerlrrlecKuc .\apaK-
repHcrHKH fOC c rpeMr paaH*r*rH
arperaraMH
8. r:c
qoo.Yr, 4f.t -- H ^.an'* qf.{nq, :
* Q?:r, , Qlroi H^t, . , H^ro -*Mt, . . ., Mro*
* ffFec * qflecc (Qrec).
Pacqer onTHMaJrbHofo pacnpeAeJreHHf Qrec MelKAy afpefaTHbr-
Mr,r 6nowauu npoH3BoAr4Tcfr. MeroAoM, o[HcaHHbrM Bbrue AJr; cryrrafl
npunJloruHHori fOC. Bennqnua Q {ecq(Q.ec ) nonyuaercff nyrerra
BblIil'ITaHHff ALIQQepeHI{HaJIbHbIx noKa3areJrert Kax(Aoro gralra rexHo-
.norHqecKoro nporrecca Ha f3c r.r3 nioittoz [cr. (5.40)].
flonyueHHan sHeprernqecKaq xaparrep ncrtt<a f 3C B rIeJroM Mo-
>Ker HcnoJrb3oBarbcr npn o[THM?r3 aunr4 pexHMoB gHeprocncreMbl. Ha'ee OcHOBe Mo)Kl-lo tlolyqpll6 JIIo6bre noKa3aTeJrH peX{HMa fOC rr npeA-
craBHTb 3TH QyUXqlloHaJrbHbre 3aBHCHMoCTr.r B JITO6OM BHAe, B TOM't{HcJre H fpaQHqecKoM.
3auerprnr, qro BbrpalKeHae (5.40) c[paBeAJrHBo Ailn rro6brx rOC
H oTJIHqaeTcfl I,JLA KalKAoft vg HHX HaJIHTTHeM Toro uItH HHoro gTana.TexHoJrofHqecKofo npoqecca. o6uas qacrb D.Jrfl Bcex f3C - ausse-
peHqHaJrbHbre xapaKTepHcrHKu afpefaroB np14 saAaHHOM Ha[ope Ha
rlrrx, r. e. q:t @^) (crur. rJr. 4). Vqer AonoJrHareflbHbrx rrorepb
Bbr3oBer yBerHr{eHr.re cyMMapHbrx norepb H yMeHbueHHe 4nQsepeH-
uHaJlbHoro roKa3areJrfl f3C q{ecq (Qrec) , r. e. yxyAixeHue eHep-
.ferHqecKHX xapaKrepr.rcrHK f3c B r.IeJroM npH zo:collst (pHc. 5.8).
I-IonyueHHue guQQepeHur.ra.rrbHbie xapaKrep HcrLrKr4 f 3C Mox(Ho
llcrroJrb3oBarb H LJtfl pe[rerJtrfl npnnroir sa1,aqr4. !1tn STofo Heo6xoAH-
Mo Hai4rl QFern (N.ec) xax o6paruyro q{ecq (Qrec ) . llprr
il60
D
0
Nej
';NaX
Puc. 5.9. Onrunra.nnHoe pacnpeAeJreHr.re Ha-
rpy3r(H Mex(Ay rHApoarperaTaMr.r c HeBbrnyK_
JrbtMH gHepfeTHqecKHMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH
a--^
flrec
Puc. 5.1 l. Vqer HeonrnMaJlbloro Br(JlrorreHnff
arperaToB B sHepreTHqecKHx xapaKrepucrH_
Kax
rYr3c
'6 .3ax. 387 l6l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

oTKJIIoqeHHe arp€raToB npoHcxoAHr MrHoBeHHo (AQ":0).
flycrt Ha fOC ycraHoBJleHbr rpn pa3Hbrx no xapaKrepucrr{KaM
arperara c oAHHaKoBoIi /VItt. flpa erou Bo3Mo)KHbr pasJrgrrHbre B2-pHaHTbr 83aHMHO|O pacloJrolKeHr4fl a6conrcruux H ano$epeHrraaJrb-Hblx xapaKTepHcrHK arperaroB. OcranosuMcfl Jrnrrrb ua'nau6oJree,
nPeAcraeHTeJIbHoM, c HaIrIet? ro.Ixn 3peHnq, cJlyqae, KorAa pacxoAHble,
xapaKrepvcrrKvr arperara nepeceKarorcfl (pnrc. 5.10). flpe4noJro)K7M,.
qro Harpy3Ka fOC HenpepbrBHo MeHffercfl or HyJre Ao ivf$ a o6par-
HO, npHqeM BepOgTHOCTb nOflBJTeHHfl Ka)KAOTO 3Har{eHHq OAHHaKOBa.
TorAa sHepreruqecKHe xapaKTepncrnKr4 fac c pa3norunHbrM o6opy-
AOBaHHeM MOXHO npeAcTaBr.trb [{ rrofcHr4Tb n rpaSraqecKoM BuAe.
Bnr6op onruMaJlbHoro qI4cJIa H cocraBa arperaroB cJreAyer npon3-
BOAHTb rro xapaKrepHcrfiS_aM norepb MorrlHocrH (pacxo4a) unn pa6o-qI4M xapaKTepl'Icrl.lI{aM. I4cnonL,3oBat-Itre pacxoAHbrx xapaKTepr.rcrr.rK
AJIfl rpaQo-aHaJrr.rrr.rqecKoro MeroAa peuer{r4rr 3aAarru HeAonycruMo.
H3-3a Bo3MolKHocrr,r rrovlytlgssr 6ontrunx ouru6ox B pe3yJlbrarax.
nnn Al.rana3oHa Harpy3or{ or 0 Ao 1vyu"t onrr4MaJrbnoe rrncro.
arperaroB paBHo oAl-roMy. flpr.ruetr or 0 lo o cJreAyer Br{Jrr,orrHrb l -fi
arperar, or c, Ao F - 3-H r.r or 13 no Nf'xc 2-flt. J1rc6oe Apyroe ,rr{c-
162
,Jro BKJTIoqeHHbIX afperaToB Aaer 6onluee 3HaqeHrre norepb AiVroc
.(prac. 5. 10) .
3HaqureJrbHo cJrolKHee nu6parr cocraB arperaroB AJrr Nrec B
-rr,Harra3oHe or /Vx"*" Ao 2AlXuK". flp" /VXu*' - dli Bclo Harpy3Ky f OC
Hecer 2-fr arperar. nnn l/Xt*t + dN, oqeBLIAHo, JIyI{tutIM cor{e''raHHeM 6yaer l-ft H 2-fr, TaK KaK l-ir anperar npH MaJrbrx
Harpy3Kax HMeer ryI{IxI4e 3HaqeHgfl AW" Lt Qu. [-lpu pa6ore l-ro H
2-ro arperaroB B 3oHe or /i/X"*t Ao ruXu*" + dN 2-ir arperar 3arpy-
snTcr noJrHocrbro, a l-h 6yaer noKpbrBarb Becb nprrpocr Harpy3-
Ku fOC. OAHaxo noAo6nas KaprHHa 6yaer ua1troAarbcfl ToJrbKo Ao'TorrKH T. Aanee 6o.nee parrnoHaJrbHbrM 6yaer repexoA Ha HoBbrfi coc-
ras-2-fi, H 3-i4. Cocrae 3-fi H 1-fi Hepar{HoHa.,'reH B Ariana3oHe
.//rec or /y'I"*t Ao 2ffXu*t. B roqKe /y'rec : 2NY^"t st<.tnoqaercff
l-ft arperar H Bce rpu arperara noKpbrBaror Harpy3Ky f 3C.
nnn Harpy3Krr f3C B /fTu*t u 2NX^"" nprr MrHoBeHHor!{ nycKe
rarperaToB ANrec 14 AQ rec MeHflIoTcff cxaqroo6pa3Ho, T. e. 3Aech
'fFeciv -+oo. llpaxrHqecKrr x(e rycK-ocraHoBKa arperara nporrcxoAlrr
He MrHoBeHuo. !,nn yqera rrycKoBbrx noTepb arperaroB MolKHo trpeA-
,craBr4rb anQQepenrruaabHyro xapaKrepLrcrHKy fOC cJreAyronluM o6-
pa3oM. flycrr B npeAeJlax HeKoroporo Ma,/'roro 3HarreHrrfl 6N nocJre
rycKa arperara pacxoA H norepn fOC MeHrrorcff or rorrKn a Ao b no
.nuHefiHoMy saKoHy (pnc.5.ll).3ro o3Haqaer, qro B 3oHe 6^A/ eenn-
IqHHa QneC nOCTOflHHa. , '
flocte HaxoxAeHr4q no ANrec ToqeK BKilror{eHHfl-orKJrroqeHHff
;?rp€f?TOB MO)KHO [OcTpOI{Tb H Bce ApyrHe sHepreTHqecKHe XapaKTe-
prrcrHKr-{ fOC.
PacxoAs afl, xapaKrepr,rcrr4Ka 6yler Kycor{Ho-HenpepbreHorl c KoHerI-
.HbIM IIHCJIOM TOIICK PA3PbIBA NCPBO|O POAA.
AuQQepeHuHaJrbHar xapaKrepr.rcrHr(a fOC HMeer 6onee cnoxsuri
xapaKrep. Osa >Ke cJIy)KI4r ocHoeoft Ailn pacqera Qrec (rVrec ) nplr
.,nrc6orvr 3aAaHHoM r{HcJre H cocraBe BKJrroqeHHbrx arperaroB. Kn.I[
fAC npn H":conSt Mox(Ho paccqnrarb rro Soplnryne
ilrec
oo
StZ
)l Qairlat
d:l
Trec : (5.47)
l/IIoA/Y r.ar^
o
Qai
PaccuorpHM, KaK rroBJlurer Ha pe3yJrbrarbr peueHnff npeAbrAyurefi
.3aAaqr.i yr{er orpaHr.rqeHHfi Ha r{Hc,'ro nycKoocraHoBor{Hbrx onepaqtrfi.
Koneqno, ocrroBHoe 3Haqenr{e 3Aecl 6yler HMerb xapaKTep rr3MeneHHfl
ly'rec Bo BpeMel-Il4.
lIpe4no.rrolKI'{M, tITo BepotITHocrb IIoflBJIeHHfl Ka)KAoro 3HaqeHIIfl
,Mrec rro BpeMeHH oAHr{aKoBa. Torla AJlrr cJrylrarr, paccMorpeHHofo
IIa pr.rc. 5.10, l-fi arperar 14Meer nflTb nycKoocranoBo,rrrrrrX otre p at\nk,
'2-fi- oAHy u 3-r:i -rprr B Arrana3one Harpv3ori or lVrec :0 AoffilSt.
,o' 
"
Tj- I
6'rc 163

--- PAGE BREAK ---

ConepueuHo tcHo, qro npu raKoM qHcJIe onepaunfi l-ft arperar
6yaer HgHauHsarbcfl 3Har{HTerrno 6rtcrpee Apyrnx. 3ro yxyauaer ero
xapaKTepr.rcrnKn H cHuxaer HaAelKHocrb pa6oru. B csssu c 3THM H?:
fOC o6HrrHo BbrpaBHuBaercfl o6qee rrucro nycKoB MelKAy arperaTa-
MH. Kar npaBHJlo, orpaHHqHBaiorcfl oAHorl-AeyMfl tlycKoocraHoBotlHbl-
Mr.r onepal{HflMH AJIfl OAHO|O afpefaTa B cyTKH.
Hanpuuep, AJIq puc. 5.10 Mox{Ho crll'{Tarb, tITo or 0 ,u,o NXU**
pa6oraer Z-it arperar, 3areM Ao 2I,l{""" -2--ii n 1-i? A AaJiee BKJiio-
,raercs 3-fi arperar. EcrecreeHuo, qro npu SToM 6yAyr I,IMerb Mecro
AonoJrHHTeJrbHbIe pe)KHMHbIe noTepl{ pacxoAa. OAuaxo 3TH noTepLI B;
xarofi-ro Mepe Moryr 6lrrr KoMneHcHpoBaHbI yMeHbueHHeM qHcJIa
OnepaUufi no [ycKy-ocraHoBKe AJIq Bcex arperaToB-Ao oAHOft o[e-
pauHH. 3ro nosbrcnr HaAelKHocrr pa6oru arperaroB rI cHH3I4T 3arpa-
Tbr Ha peMOHr o6opy4oBaHufl. Kpotue roro, cHu3flrcfl Lr roTepl{ pac-
xoAa, Heus6exHbre npa rrycKoocraHoBor{Hbrx onepaqllflx c arperaraMH..
llper yrrere orpaHur{eHufi peNuvra fOC no qHcJIy nycKoocraHoBotl-
Hbrx onepaunfi oAHoueJreBafl cKaJlrpHafl 3aAar{a onrHMH3auHIl BHyrpI{-
cTaHrIHoHHbIx pex{HMoB f3C rpeBpaqaercf B MHoroUeJIeBylo BeKTop-
HyIo. PaccuaTpHBaeMaff 3a1alua cyIIIecrBeHHo ycJIOx(Hl4Tcfl 14 nPl
yuere pasnofi BepoflrHocru pa6oru fAC c pasnuuuot? Harpysrofi,.
HeycraHoBr.rBtxnxcff pe>KHMoB B 6leQax, nepeMeHHoro 3HaqeHI'If cos q,.
saAaHHoro rpa$ura orAarIH fOC ro peaxrunHofi MoIIIHocTH H. T. A.
Bce, uto 6uno cKa3aHo Bbrrrre, orHocl4Jlocb K MaJloarpefarHblM
fOC, rAe BKrroqeHHe-orKJrroqeHHe KalKAoro arperara cyuecrBeHHo
BJrHfer Ha Bce gHeprerr{qecKHe [oKa3areJIH craHUHlI. OAsaro y)Ke'
6u.no orMerreHo, r{To npn yBeJrHqeHHH qltcila BKJIIoqeHHbIx arperaroB
pa6ouue xapaKrepucruKn vnvr xapaKrepvcrt4Ku noTepb MoIIIHocrlr
cTaHoBrTcfl Bce 6onee H 6onee noJIorHMLI. 3ro o3HaqaeT, qTo npfi
6onnuom qHcJIe pa6orarcIqux arperaToB o[peAeJIHTb Uenecoo6pa3-
Hocrb BKJrroqeHr.rfl-orKJrroqeHHfl arpefaroB no a6co.tttotHblM noKa3are-
nsvr 6ee uc[oJlb3oBaHtfl 3BM cJIox(Ho.
B gTHx ycJroBlrrx rrpH orrpeAeJreHHH KpHTepHfl IreJlecoo6pasHocrt{
BKflIOI{CHH9 CJICAYIOXIC|O ATPCTATA MON(HO BOCNOJIb3OBATbCfl TAKHMI,T
coo6paxeHnflMl{. flycrt Ha f3C Harpy3Ky A Hecilo z arperaroB c'
gHeprerHrrecKHMu xapaKTepHcrHKaMn, noKa3aHHbIMH Ha puc. 5.12, a.
PaccuorpHM, KaK H3MeHflTcfl orn xapaKTepHcrHKH npH BKJIIoTIeHI{I{
(z* I ) -ro arperara c xapaKrepHcrHKaMI,I, npHBeAeHHbIMH Ha'
puc. 5.12, 6.- 
IIpu lVrec : A araQsepeHqnanlHnfi roKa3areJlb f 3C cHu3nrcfl
C Qz Ao Tz+t, HArpy3Ka z arperaToB cHH3l4Tcfl Ao Nr, a l\iln (z* l)-ro
6yaer paBHa Nz+t.- 
Oqesr.rAHo, trro npu 3roM cyMMapHufi pacxoA fOC npr z pa6ora-
rorrrnx arperarax 6yler paBeH
z4z?
Qrec,
f:l 0 l':l
CooreercrBeHHo npw zl1 pa6otaroueM arperare
(5.48)
164
I rec
&r*tt
n\ Nrec d) Na,z+1
Puc. 5.12. Pacqer eQQerrHeuocru BK,'lrcIteHHfl-orK.lrcqeHHff arperaroB
z*l
Qrsc:*r : ) Qar:
i:l
* Qr.t ,*r *(i 0,., , * 'f' N ^t(Q)d,q" )
\d:l 0 /
4z*t z
+ J lr" "+t(Q^)dq^: )Q,, (q^r+r) + Q" ,+t(Qar+r) :
0 d:l 
.r
(5.4e)
TorAa BKrrroqeHue (z * l)-ro arperara 6yaer aQ@xrHeuo npll
Qrec z+l ( Qrec ., T. €.
qz Qz*t
,i fftt. (e.u") dgrec - 1" ffrec (9.r.) dTr""- Q{5"N,+r
00
Hilt4, yrrHrbrBafl nIanefisufi xapaKTep qrec(ffra6) e soue Nz*r,
// ar0,5 (q, t Q"*r)- QY,lrNr+, ) 0.
klutttvru cJroBaMfi, BK/uoqeHue (z + 1)-a aepeeama eQQercmueHo npu
0,5 (9" * q,+r) ) q!\ (tr +,), (5.52)
T. e. rcoeda cpedttuti noKqBarenb Ha xapaKTepLtcruKe orHocLtrenbHbtx,
npupocroo l?C )ttn z aepeearos dcs u noclle BKrfireHUr. (za I)-eo
aepeeara 6onowe ydettottoeo pacxoda ercttnqaelnoeo aepeeaTa npu Ha-
epasKe Nz+1, panuorl
(5.53)
loD
: I Q^t(Q^,+r)f Qlffl,+r.
i:l
> 0 (5.50)
(5.51)
N^ 'tl
A0,ng)A"q;,+t
rle Qz+t: Qr+r(A) .
y'y'.*r : A-l/rec ,(gr+r),

--- PAGE BREAK ---

B epafuqecKo.tut au}e Acnosue (5.52) oaHaqaer, qro nttou,ado Qu-
e7pbl a,bcd, r. e. 51 , 6gder 6onowe, qetvl cAtuuvra Sz u Qx.xz+r.
Orx.nrcqeuue arperara, oqeBHAHo, 6yaer uenecoo6pa3Ho npn no-
tBJleFr vv Hep aBeHcTBa Br4Aa
a,5 (q, * g,+r) (-ffi'(N"+r). (5.54)
il,ns MHoroarperaTHblx fOC Ha ocnoBe cKasaHHoro n $ 5.2 MolKHo
cAeJrarb cJleAylour4e BbIBOAbI :
l. IIpu Hailwrr4u Ha MHoroafperarHoir f3C arperaroB c pa3HbIMrI
gHeprernqecKr4Mrl xapaKTepucrvKaMr B o6ueu cryl{ae ueqenecoo6-
pasHo np€AcraeJreHue xapaKrepLrcrr4rkr fAC B IIeJIoM n rpaSuqecKoM
BHAe. 3ro o6rflcHrrercq qpe3Mepno 6orruruu r{HcroM Bo3Mo}KHbIX co-
qerasHr)r pa6orarcqux arperaroB H ux cocraBoB.
2. PerueHue sa1rur o[TrlMH3 a\HH BHyrl]r{craHunoHHblx pe}KHMoB
AJrs MHoroarperaruoli fOC Bo3MolKHo JIHIIb c noMolublo 3BM, Ha
6 as e HHAvrBHAvaJrbHbrx xap a Krep Hcrr4K arp eraroB.
3. PaccuorpeHHafl Bbrile 3aAarra AJrff pasHorunnoro o6opyaoBaHnff
fOC Mo)r(er r.rMerb Mecro H npu oAnHaKonnx xapaKTepHcrHKax caMnx
arperaroB, HanpuMep npu yr{ere rHApaBJlnqecxot? v sJleKTpuqecxoit
cxeMbr fOC.
4. nns MHoroarperaruofi f3C npeAcTaBJrflercfl uenecoo6pa3I{bIM
nocrpoeHne ee ouepreruqecKux xapaKTepl4crl4K B rpaQnuecKoM BHAe
Jrntrrb npu oAHHaKoBbrx xapaKTepHcrHKax arperaTHrtx 6noxoB LIJIH rIpH
HcrroJrb3oBaHHH B pacr{erax <<ocpeAHeHHoro>> arperarHoro 6.nora f3C.
llp" aToM, ecrecrBeHHo, B pe[reHHH 3aAaqu Bo3HHKaer ourn6ra. Pas-
JrHr{He Mex(Ay KnA <<ocpeAHeHHoro>> H peaJlbHoro arperaroB Mox(er
AocrHrarr 0,5-5 o/s.
Oruernu, oAHaKo, qro HcnoJrb3oBar{He <<ocpeAneHHoro>> arperara
cyqecrBeHHo yrrpoilIaer BCe pacqeTbr kr Hx rpa$auecKoe HarJIsAHoe
npeAcraBJIeHHe B BHAe, yAo6Hon r,Jrfl oneparnBHoro ilepcoHaJla f3C
npH aHaJrr.r3e ee pelKuMoe. K roMy )Ke peuenve sceit 3aAaqH oIITHMpI-
saunlr BHyrpncraHuuoHHbrx pe)KHMoB f3y AJIfl oAHHaKoBbIX arpera-
TOB AaeT BeCbMa XOpOuHe pe3yJIbTaTbI nO qfiCJIy BKJIIOqeHHL'IX arpera-
ToB AJrfl xaxAorl Harpy3KH rHApocraHIrHH, T. e. no peueHurc rofi qac-
ru o6uert saAaqra, Koropar Aaer MaKcHMa.nrHrtft oHeprernuecxHrt a$-
Sexr. B cpe4neM noBbrrreHr.ie KnA fOC 3a cqer onruMt4s a\uu qHcJIa
pa6orarorqHx afperaToB cocraB,'Iqer Ao 2, no cocraBy - Ao 0,5 v
ilo pacnpeAeJreHHro Harpy3Kn - Ao 0,3 0/0.
l{cno.[lsoBaHHe oAHHaKoBbIX xapaKTepvcrtr arperaroB IxHpoKo
pacnpocrpaHeHo B npoeKrHbrx pacqerax. Heo6xoAr.rMocrb aroro rlpH-
eMa MolKer 6trrl o6ocuonaua 14 HeroqHocrbro ncxoAuofi uHQoprrna"-
IrHH, n norpeixHocrqMH orpa6orxn crlrHa.rroB B gJreKTpoMexaHn.recxoli
cucreMe ynpaBJreHr4rr pex{HMoM arperaron fOC.
Enn MaJroarpefarHbrx f3C Bo3Mo)KI{o npeAcTaBJIeHLIe ee aHepre-
TnqecKr{x xapaKTepvcrzK n rpaQHr{ecKoM BHAe. Becsua oilryrnMbl A,'Iq
grHX craHr{uir H pe}Kr,rMHbre rrorepr4 npH orK,noHeH1414 MoIIIHocrI4 or or-
ruuantuofi.
r66
-- 1 - '-,=
5.3. SHEPTETHI{ECKhE XAPAKTEPV1CIURV1 I?C
c oAhHAKOBblMh ATPETATAMh
flocranosxa o6Uefr 3aAalnr onrtrMlr3aUHr.r BHyrpncraHulloHHblx pe-
)KHMoB f3C 3Aecb noJIHocTbIo coBnaAaer c onncaHHori n S 5.2. EAus-
cTBeHHbtM, HO CyUeCTBeHHbIM OTJTHqHeM flBJIfleTCfl TO, qTO 3HepfeTH-
qecKr.re xapaKTepLIcrHKH rHApoarperaroB oAHHaKoBbI. B gToM cfiyqae
pacnpeAeJreHue Harpy3KH HJrH pacxoAa fOC Mex(Ay BKJIIoqeHHbIMH ar'
perafaMrr BcerAa AoJr)KHo npoucxoAnTb paBHoMepHo. Sror TpIIBHaJIb-
HHfi strsoA cJreAyer H3 alailHsa ueo6xoAnMbrx yc"nonnfi onrHMaJIbHo-
cTH pacnpeAeJleHHf Hafpy3K[ urtw pacxoAa
N2": Nreclzo. (5.55)
Cocrae BKJrroqeHHoro o6opyaon aHfifl 6es yqera noxagarenefi ero
HaAe)KHocrr.I He Hrpaer Hnxaxofi po/lH.
nnn fOC c oAHHar{oBbrMr{ arperarauu ylo6Ho npeAcraBJleHt{e Hx
eHepreTr4qecKl,tx xapaKTepltcTLIK B rpaSHr{ecKoM BHAe 1ilfl. .pa3rHI{-
Hrtx ycnonura: npli Hat(t):Hoi(l) :const, Hrec(/) : Ha.a:t (l) :const
I{ T. A.
. Oco6ennocrn eHepreruqecKux xapaKrepHcTHK noAo6nux I'3C npn
nan6o.nee npocroM cJlyqae: H ^t (t) : H ^i U) : const. B KaqecrBe npH-
Mepa 6yaeu paccMarpuBarb MaJloarperarHylo fOC nptl 2:3, Eyaeu
cqHTarb 3aAaHHbtvrlrpaQur lVrec(l) ; npLI 3roM He 6yAer'l yqllrblBarb
orpaHHrreHHfl rto qHcJry nycKoB-ocraHoBoK arperaroB H norepb AQn.
Heo6xolr.iMocrb rrycKa-ocraHoBKH arperara, KaK H paHee, 6yaeu on-
peAeJrsrb no pa6ouHu xapaKTepHcrHKaM HJtr4 xapaKTepucruKaM no-
repb MoxrHocru (pacxoaa).
Ha puc. 5.13 AaH npHMep nocrpoeHHff ocHoBHbIx oueprerHI{ecKHX
xapaKTepHcrar( f OC c rpeMfl ryp6nuaruz noBopoTHo-JloracrHoro H
AHaroHaJrbHoro rnrroB. Ann paBHoMepHoro pacnpeAeJleHHr HarpysKx
yBeJrHqeHHe qr4cJra arperaroB Ao AByx r{JIH Tpex 03Har{aer ueo6xoAH-
MocTb yMHox{eHrrfl opAuHar r.r a6currcc xax<Aoir roqKII xapat(TepltcrltK
A//" (N") , AQn (N") , Q^ (,Vr) coorBercrBeHHo H a 2 u 3.
Taxuu o6pasou, fiIo6ofi JIyq, npoeeAeHnHri H3 HaqaJIa KoopAl'tHar,
AOJTIKeH nepeceKaTb xapaKTepHcTlrr(H noTepb vt pacxoAHble xapaKTe-
pr{crHKH D,Jrfl z:2 u z:3 B ToqKax, opAHHarbr H a6cuucclt Koropblx
nponopquoHaJIbHbI Me)KAy co6oii, r. e. Ai/rec1 : ANreczl ANreca-
: lVrecr : Nrecz : ly'rscs : Qrecr : Qrecz i Qrecs - l:2:3.
Pa6oqaq xapaKTepucrvra oAHoro arperara rpu z:2 11 z:3 6y-
AeT nepeMeulaTbcfl nO rOpH3OHTa/'IH, T. e. npl{ TlrOCl --1 recz:
:Tlrocs, Lr cooTBercrByrotrlHe HM MouIHocrH 6ylyr orHocr.rrbcl Apy'r
K Apyry xax Iy' recr : Iy' recz :,V rece : 1 : 2 : 3.
To )Ke caMoe 6yaer npoucxoArrrb Lt c xapaKTepucrtit(aMII
9.3.(Nrec ) H {F$c (,Vrec).OrcrcAa oqeBI.tAHo, ttro npl{ nocrotlH-
HoM rrailope Ha arperarax MaKcHMaJrbHoe 3HaqeHHe KllA npLI yBeJIH-
qeHr4u r{Hc,na pa6orarcu{Hx arperaroB He MeHflercs. 3ro o3Haqaer, qrc
JIyq, npone4eHuufi H3 HaqaJra KoopAnFrar qepes rorrKy 3, rAe Ia::trr3X, AoJrlKeH riacarbcff xax A,M136 (l/ reC), rax H xapaKrepHCTHKr,I
167

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ha=c0flstaNrec
AQrdc
3Haqt{TeJIbHblM yMeHbueHIreM noJlorocrlr pa6ourtx n pacxorrrbtx xa-
paKTepncrr.rK, a raK)Ke xapaKTepucrHK norepb fOC. OrcnAa cJreAyer,
Qrec(//rec), ro roJlyqeHHbre xpnnne AB H CD AoJrx{Hbr npn npa-
dflrsc
dQrsc
4rec
,? rsc
Qrsc
Qrec
PHc.5.13. SHeprernuecr(He xapar(repuc- PHc. S.l4. Slrepretruecr(He xapaKrepHcrl.I-
THKH fOC c oAHHaKoBbrMH arperaraMr Ktr fOC c oAHHaKoBbrMH anpefaraMu npu
npH onrHMaJIbHoM r4x BKJ'nor{eHHH npl{ HeonruMaflbHoM Hx BKJTTqeHHH npH H a:
Ha:CODSI :COflSt
noTepb Arrfl. z:2 u 3. To )Ke caMoe MolKHo cKa3arb H IIpo xapaKTe-
pHcrHKH AQrec (N.e. ) ra Qrec(/frec ).
Toqxu BKJIroqeHHfl 2-ro v 3-ro afperaroB o[peAeJIflTcfl, KaK rlepe-
ceqeHHe xapaKTepHcrHK norepb p,Jrn z:l; 2 u z:2; 3 coorneTcrBeH-
Ho. PeueHr{eM 3aAaqu rB;rrercfl TaKoe rrHcJIo BKJIIoqeHHbIX arperaroB,
Koropoe npu 3aAaHHoM tV rec o6ecnequBaer MHHHMyM AIV rec vr
MaKcrrMynn KflA f3C. !.nn pr.ic. 5.13 or ffrac :0 Ao roqK?I a zo:I,
or a no b zo:2 H 3areM zo:3.
BcneAcrBHe TOro .rro AN rec (l/rec) LIMeeT B ToqKaX BKJItoqeHI'ifl
cJleAyroulero arperara I.I3JIoM, Qrec (//rec) B sTlix Me roqKax Me-
Hlllorcfl cKaqKoo6pa3Ho (pnc. 5.13) . Caua >Ke xapaKrepncrHKV
?rec(i/recr) (z:1i 2; 3) nepeMeulalorcfl, I(aK u pa6o'tue, ilp14
yBeJIHqeHHH qLICJla BKJIIOqeHHbIX afpefaToB Iio ropI'I3OHTaJIH.
Oruerurr,1 oAHy BaiKHyro oco6eHHocrb paccMorpeHHblx xapaKrepl4c-
TrlK: npH yBe/rHqeHtrH qr4cJra BK,'rloqeHI{L,Ix afpe_l3JgB Ka}KAbliI nocJle-
AyroufnIl irperar BKlloqaerc.fi npn 6ollureu KnA. 3ro BbI3BaHo
168
BHJIbHoM HX ttocrpoeunu c6nptxarrcg
lIeHHfl //rec.
Apyf c ApyfoM no Mepe yBerIH-
,
P_a-cctvIorpeHHafl KaprHHa 6yaer HMerb Mecro nprr onrrrMaJrbHoM
no AlVrec LIJIH Tl rec BKJIIOqeHTTH arperaToB.
Ha puc. 5.14 npeAcraBJIeH c.nyuarl, KorAa onruMaJrbHoe BK,[rcqeHHe
HeBo3Mo)KHo fi3-3a orpaHuqeHar? no y'y'X"*". Bx,rrcqeH ue 2-ro rr 3-ro
afpefaroB 3Aecb npoHcxoAHr He B TOqKax o r1 b (prrc.5.l3) , a.rreBee
rrpu /y'farcc w 2NX^"" .
creAcreueM aroro flBrqroTCfl cKaqKr.r A,vrsc,, Tlrgc . eracq{Bc B roqKax BKJrroqeHr.rfl 2-ro rr 3-ro afperaroB. Xapar(reDilcrrrKa
orHocHTeJIbHblx npHpocroB fOC B arHX >Ke ToqKax HMeer <(crorrr6oo6-
pa3Hoe>> pl3MeHeHHe 4 rec , pacqer KoTopofo npoH3BoAlrrcfl cofJracHo
cxeMe, paccMorpeHHori n $ 5.2 H Ha pHc. 5.11; Qrec B.roqKax BKJrro-
qeHl4ff afperaroB c pocroM z 6yAer yMeHbuarbcfl e cen3'ra c yMeHbure-
HHeM a6conmHoro 3Har{eHufl cKaqKoB na AlVrec(//rec).
EctectneHtto, trro nocTpoeHHbre 3Heprelr.rqecrir.re xapaKTepr.rcrnKr{
fOC AoJr)KHbr 6nrr no.nnoCrrlo corJracoBaHbr Apyr c ApyroM. npou.p-
Ky 3Toro HeTpyAHo BbtnoJIHHTb c Hcno/rb3oBaHaeM oco6brx Dex{HMHbrx
TOTICK.
B groM cJlyqae ToIIKH BKflroqeHr4q arpefaroB Jryque HaxoAHTb Ha
gcHolg cJreAyrouHx - -coo6paxeuHfr. B roqKe nepexoAa or z K(z+ l) -rtry arperary //rec ocraercff uezsueHuorl; MeHflercfl .,rrrrrb
Hafpy3Ka KalKAofo afpefaTa B oTAeJrbHOCTr.r, T. e.
N^rz - No ,+r(z + l) : ilrec, (5.56)
rAe ly'az:1Vrec lz; Nuz*t://rec lz+1.
HarpysxH'Na, H Nn z+r HA ocHoBe (5.56) HaxoAflrcfl B c.reryrourelr
COOTHOIXCHHH:
ttt 17 Z
iva z*r : IY az --f rz+ r (5.57)
169

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ho_: C0llSt
T. e. rrpu pocre I{HcJIa BKfiioIIeHHbIX arperaToB Harpy3Ka HX 6y4er
yMeHb[IaTbcfl no cpaBHeHHIo c Tofi, KoTopaq 6gna Ao BKJIFoSeHHfl
cJreAyr,oulefo arperara. Tax, lp.l4 .?:l iv^i:0,5Nur; npH z:2 ly'a3:
: (2i3) Ns2i rrpu z:3 Na+: Gl4) Nqq !^I. a.'I4cnontsoeaHHe coorHolxeltfl, (5.56) no3BoJlfler HaxoAHrb roqKl4
BKJrloqeHHf arperaroB c rroMox{bro pa6oueii xapaKTepvcrr4Kr4 oAHoro
;;t;;;;r. iio sroro Heo6xoAHMo nr{ulb nepecrpourb To(N') npu
Z:l B HOBbIe KpHBbte, CBfl3bIBalOilIHe cO6Or'r Naz+t C No, IIa OCIIOBS
(5.56). Toqxn repeceqeHr.rff rlx c pa6oueft xapaKrepHcrl.IKoiI OAHoro
afperaTa H oflpeAbilflT vrltr4 Naz..t,.VJrLr'Naz,B ToqKaX nepexoAa oT oA-
Horo qHCJIa afperaroB K ApyfoMy (pnc. 5.l5)'
ToqHo raK )Ke Mox{Ho Hafrrr KoopAHHarbI ToqeK BKJIIoqeHHfl arpe-
raToB u no xapaKTepHcTI{Ke IIOTepb MoUIHOCTI4 t4Jrr4 pacxoAa
(pnrc.5.16).
O6g1gfi sHR ocHoBHbIx sHepreTgqecKnx xapaKTepl{cT}lK fOC c
OAHHaKoBbIMH anperaTaMg Ailq HSCKOJIbKI{X 3HaqeHl{fi HanOpOB:
Htu; Hf{.: Hri n{; H':bt: Hz> Hi .
l4S aHaJIH3a, npbne4eHHoro B rJI. 4, cJIeAyeT, qTO rtpn yMeHblxe-
HHr1 HaIIOpOB pa6ourae xapaKrepucTlrKn arperaToB' KaK npaBHJIo'
cABl{ranrcfl IIo tlfu*" B cropo.Hy ero yMeHbIIreHI'Ifl B 3oHy MeHbIrIHx
Harpy3oK, a 3ro o3Har{aeT, IITO 6es yuera orpaHHqeHl4ft pex(HMa KOOp-
AHHaTbIToqeKBKJI}oqeHI4flarpefaToBnpHyMeHbIUeHuI,IHaflopaTaK>Ke
nepeMerqarorcfl_B 3qyy MeHbrrr4x SHaqeHnft N rec . Jlusut'r.BKJIIOqeHHfl
npu oroM Ha 0t""(Ai.t;i AorI)KHbI 6strl inaAxr'rnnu (puc' 5'17)'
SHepreTgrlecKre XapaKrepvcrr4Kr4 fOC LJIfr cfiyr{afl' KorAa arpe'
rarbr BKJrroqarorcfl no ycJIoBLiflM_orpaHI4q."11,p.*1Y3. pa6orbl atpe-
raroB, T. e. HeonrgMaJrbHo rro KnA vilH AIV {.lQ rec ), 6yayr
HMeTb HeCKOJIbKO HHOfi Br4I..,
t70
Puc. 5.15. Pacqer KoopAHHar roqeK on-
THNla.rybHoro BK,fllo9el'lHf-oTKrrcqeHHfl arpe-
faroB no pa6ovel:i xaPaxrepHcrHKe
ANo
A0.a
Pnc. 5.16. Pacqet KoopAHHar roqeK on-
THMaJTbHOTO BKJlruqeHHfl-OTKJIlOqeHHfl arpe-
raroB no xapaKTepHCTHKaM noTepb pac-
xoaa H MoUIHOCTH
Puc. 5.17. 3HepreruqecKHe xapaxrepHc-
THKU f3C c oAHHarioBbtMH arperara-
MH npr{ nepeNreHHoM Haflope
B KarrecrBe npnMep a Ha
pr4c. 5.18 [oKa3aHo. KaK H3MeHffT- -
cff ocHoBHbre xapaKTepHcrrrxn f3c, "'r3cecJrrz BKJrloqeHrre cJleAyloqefo af-
pef ara rrpolrcxo/lr{T npr{ 6oniluux
Haropax H3-3a npeAeJrbHorl Morrl-
HOCTr.r reHepaTopa, a Ha MaJlbrx-
u3-sa cBfl3aHHofi no Hanopy Moul- 4,.^
HocrH ryp6nnu. B groM c,'ryqae
BKJrroqeHr.re cJreAyroqero (e+ I ) -ro
arperara npor.rcxoAHT He no ilv-
nnn 00, a iio JrHHrrH abcd, cocroff-
u1ef.i rr3 riycKoB Jn,rHr'rr? orpaHrrqe-
uuit no relreparopy ab, orrTHMaJIb- af/r3.
Hofo BK./TioqeHl4fl, bc H orpaHHqeHltfl z]0rrc
rro ryp 6wne cd,
DO,rIee HafrqAHo IIoryqeHHbre
pe3y/IbTaTbr pacqeToB no noHcKy
zv nPeAcraeJrflroTcfl Ha 3KcnJIya-
TaurroHHbrx xapaKTepr4cTlrKax BH-
Aa rlrec (H., Nrec ) unu nroc
(H,,, Qrsc).
Ha pr.rc. 5.19, a rroKa3aHo, KaK noJryquTb JrHHHro onrr.tMaJlbHoro
nepexoAa or oAHofo K AByM arperaraM npH H3MeHeHHfr.x Ha n Nroc.
Ans 3roro opArrHarbr llsorr.rHrrrl KnA AJtfl z:l (rouxn I-7) cJIeAy-
er yMHox{r4rb r{a 2. B pe3yJrbrare 6y4yr noJryqeHbr il3oJlIIHl{lI KnA
npu pa6ore AByx arperaroB (rouxz 1-7 Ha pnc. 5.19, a). flepeceue-
Hrie IT3oJIHHHT? KflA v onpeAeJII.rT Totrxtr nepexoAa oT zo:l K zo:2.
Ha pHC. 5.19, 6 noxasau o6ur.rfi BHA Jrt4Hr4tl orrruMa,/'rbHoro nepexoAa
or zo:l x zo:2 npH BKJrror{eHHH 2-ro arperara H3-3a orpaHHqeHHfi no
reHeparopy H ryp6uHe (nuHnr abcd).
O6ururl Br.rr, sKclJIyaraIrHoHHbIX xapaKrepricrr,rK f3C
oAr.rHaKoBbIMrr afperaraMH noKa3aH Ha pr.ic. 5.20.
I-lorepu MorqHocrr4 B BoAonoABoAffr[r4x coopy]KeHrrflx fAC Mo]KHo
YTICCTb NYTCM BHCCCHIIq NONPABOI{ B SHCPTETIIqCCI{IIC XAPAI(TCPIICTIII(II
craHrIr4H npH Ha:const. nns groro cneAyer BHaqaJIe noJlyqHTb xa-
paKTepHCTHKH BCex IIOTepb l].iln pa3HOrO qUCJIa BK,'IlOqeHHbIX afpera-
ios (nyrevr Hx cyMMupoBaHlrfl npLr Q rec :const) II 3areM no HtlM
onpeAeJrurb rotIKH BKJIFoqeHHfl arperaroB (prrc. 5.21) .
SnepreruqecKHe xapaKTepHcrttKH tOC npH zs.6: const AJIs
Qx."op:0. 3ru xapar{Tepr{crr.rKu Tpe6yrorcfl IrHorAa r^iln BoAHosHepre-
THqecKHX pacqeToB. I-loscHttl,I ilopflAoK pacqeTa ?THX xapaKTepHCTHK
AJIfl pycnosort fAC npn Ha=Hrt" tt A/Vs.-,-+[. Benliqtlua ,Vrec
t7l
Nr:c
c rpeMff
Ha=C0flSt

--- PAGE BREAK ---

0nmuuanorce
0xrttoqeHue
HeonnunartoHoe
0xrtpvetue
Puc. 5.18. .IIHsHu BKJrroqeHHfl-orKd'rroqeHHfl afpefaroB rrpH nepeMeHHoM Hanope
a) Nrsc ht
{=const
H2
11n
u,,1
Pnc. 5.21. K pacqery aHepreruqecKlrx
xapaKrepHcrHK afperarHbrx 6.noxoe a^lgoa
KaK QyHKItHs, Qrec rIpH zs.s: 4llo: const Mox(er 6nnr [oryqeHa alfrm
Ha ocHoBe cJreAyrouefo ypaBHe- aa,o
:fIHfl:
ilrec (Q".0) : /Vtlf (Q".0) -
- Aff".0 (Qr.o) - A//" x
X (H", 2, Qs,a), (5.58)
rAe Aff'.0 (Q'.0) H Nu(H^, z,
'Q".0) - norepr.{ Morrluocrr{ B
0r.,.
HH)KHeM 6reQe n arperarHbre noreprr; //:?f (Q".0) - noABeAeHHafi K
,crBopy fOC MoIrIHocrb npH zs.6:const [(grr. (1.69)].
3areu paccquTblBarorcff 14 crpoflrcfl xapaKTepHcrHKH Ailr,.o(Q",0)
(rn. 3) v Al/a (Ha, z) (cr'r. pnc. 5.17). Belnqnsa AMr.o oAHo3HaqHo
onpeAeJrfleTcff Qn.o, TofAa KaK AJrff IroHCKa Ail" Heo6xoArrMo 3HaTb
flu(Q".0). TorAa, sa1aBancb pflAoM eFraqeHur? Qrr.o, orrpeAe/rseM
fluJ Qq.o) H MeroAoM JIHHeI?Horl HHrepnoJlflIrur.t HaxoAIIM
ANo (Qot.o, zs.a). CooreercrBytouee 3HaqeHLIe A rsc onpeAeJlqercff
nyreM BbItrHraHHff rroJryrreHubrx suaqeHHr? ANrr.o H Ay'y'a Hs Nilf rpH
'Qn.O: COnSt.
PaccrrrorpeB Becb AonycTHMbrft AHana3oH Qrec, onpeAe,'rHM 3Hep-
rerl4l{ecKylo xapaKrepHcrHKy fOC Nrec (Q rec, zs.a) (puc. 5.17).
Toqxrr nepexoAa or z K (z+l)-r"ry arperary noKa3arlbr Ha puc. 5.17
Ha xapaKrepncrr.rxax A//rec (lVrec , H).
Ananor['{Ho Mo}KHo loflyrrHTb xapaKTepncrrKkr fOC npH ze,6:
:COflSt, 14 NPH HCNOJIb3OBAHHH PACXOAHbIX XAPAKTCPHCTHK CTAHIIHH.
flpH Hailwilrr4 xoJlocTblx c6pocoB pacqer Q rec(ffrec , zs.a) aHa-
.flofHqeH paccMoTpeHHoMy aJrfopHrMy, Ho K Qrec cJleAyer Ao6aBHTb
AQx.cop AJIfl pacr{era 2s.6, Vqer AQ*..0p saa6onee YAo6eu ilpH HaJlv'
.{HH HaropHbrx xapaKrepucruK fOC (ct"r. rn. 3). PacxoAHbre n Apyrne
xapaKTepzrcrvrKLr fOC c yrieroM B HHX AQ*..dp, KaK npaBH,To, He
cTpoflTcfl.
' PacxoAHne xapaKTepHCrHKH fOC, nocrpoeHHble i.ilfr z'll :
: coflSt H zI,:E": coflst, o6lt.IHo HaHocflrcff Ha 3licn'qyara'
ur.ror{Hbre xapaKTeprlcrr4tr fOC r.r cJIyMar eepxuer't u urlx<uetl rpaHH-
r{aMH rrpeAeJrbHbrx pex(Hruon pa6oru f3C ro Hanopy I,r Mou{Hocrn (cr.
pHc. 5.20).
Ecnn pex(HM fOC orpaHr.rqeH no Karir.rM-"rnr6o ycJIoBI{flM II AJIfl Ma'
Jrbrx Hafpy3oK, To npH yqeTe B rle,'roM Bcex paccMoTpeHHblx Bbl[Ie or-
paunueul,rfr Ha aKcrrJlyaraqnouHofi xapaKTeptrcTHKe noryl{aeTcfl 06'
rqaq 3otla AonycrlrMbIX pex(Huon pa6orsr 13C (cur. pHC. 5.20), Koro-
eto. bt b
rto
H2
t7p
t,1
Plrc. 5.19. flocrPoeHue eKcnrYa'
rauHoHnofi xapai<rePHcruxu fOC
c oAfiHal(oBbIIVIX arperaraMH
172
Qrsc
PHc. 5.20. 3t<ctinyaraunoHHafl xapaK'
repHcrtlKa f3C c o.[,HHaKoBblMH arpe-
IATAMH:
I - nustts orpaullqeHl'Ifl no reHepaTopy;
2 - no ryp6uHe
ffc.6'n=const
C yvemo^r'AN6s3
6es gtena
A lJso6
Ha=C0nSt
Z0.d =r,luH
-o- t
173

--- PAGE BREAK ---

pan cJry)KHT ocHoBoii /l.iln pa3flHrrHbrx BoAHo3HeprerHqecKHX pacqeToBp
Haflpr{Mep AJrfl onrr.iMr,rsar{Hr.r KparKocpolrHbrx pe)KHMoB fOC B cuc*
reMe, Anq o6rerqeHHfl ycnoeur? pa6orsr oneparprBHoro ilepcouaJra l3C
no nn6opy onruMaJrbHoro rrucJra. pa6orarorrlnx arperaroB H T. A-
l-naea 6
SHEPTETNqECKVIE XAPAKTEPUCTUKU HACOCHbIX 14
06PAThMbIX ATPETATOB
6.1 . OErl]hE nOrOlKEHVlfl
B orJrnque or ryp6uH Hacoc [peAHa3Har{eH Ailfl noA'beMa BoAbI c
HH3KHX Ha 6o.nee BbrcoKHe orMerKH, T. e. ryp6raua H Hacoc esazvloo6-
paTHbl no cBor4M TexHoJrofHqecKHM rrpo[eccaM. Hacocn, TaK ]Ke KaK
lr'ruAporyp6unu, HMeloT pa3Hbre cucreMbr 14 BHAbI, orJrHqaloufiecfl no-
Aaqefi (npousnoAHreJrbHocrnro), croco6oM pery.rapoBaHVfl, pacxoAa
HT.A.
FIa KpynHbrx I-IC o6H.rHo ycraHaBrn.rBarorcs qeHrpo6e)KHble, oce-
Bbre r.r AnaroHaJrbHbre Bbrcocbr. flo pa3Br.rBaeMoMy Hanopy pa3rnr{aior
Hr.r3KOHanOpHbre, cpeAr-rer{anopHbre H BbrcoKoHanopHbIe HacocHble ar-
pefaTbl, oAHo- u MHofocryneHqaTbre.
B nocJleAHee BpeMq Ha fAOC ece 6orruee rpHMeHeHHe HaxoAflr'
o6paruuue ruApoMa[ruHbr, Koropbre rexHoJloruqecKl4 vr KoHcrpyKTHB-
Ho coBMeilIarcT B ce6e ryp6uHy H Hacoc. BcreAcreue 3Toro B AaJIb-
ser?ureu H3JrolKeHVH npu paccMorpeHHu oco6eHnocrerl HacocHoro ar-
pefara 6yaertr noApa3yMeBarb n HacocHblfi pexuu o6parnruor? rvraIIrH-
Hbr, H uao6opor.
Hacocsue arperarbr B r{eJroM HMeror re x{e ocHoBHbIe noKa3areJlr
t4 napaMerpbl, onpeAeJlfleMble rexHoJIofHqecKHM npoueccoM, rITo w
ryp6HHsr, n roM qucdrre MorlHocrb HacocHoro arperara r4rl:a norpe6-
.,'lteMafl ABI{faTeJIeM HaCOCa MOXIHOCTb H3 CeTU .Nse:Na, [OAarIa Ha-
coca Qr,, Hanop Hacoca Hrr.
Pery.rrHpoBaHr4e MorrrHocru HacocoB B orJIHqHe or ryp6raH I4HorAa
npon3BoA:aTcn H3MeHeHHeM r{acroTbl BpaueHHg. nH H Hru, B qacrHocrl'il
ApocceJIHpoBaHHeM Hanopa B HaropnoM BoAoBoAe. Ans KpyrIHbIX
HacocoB B ocHoBHoM npHMeHfeTcfl peryJlupoBaHHe pacxoAa vilI4 no-
n aqv.:Pasnnqaror Hacocbl HeperyJlupyeMble - ueHTpo6exslte u pery-
JrnpyeMbre-oceBbre v AuaroHaJrbHbre. nnn nepBbIX Bo3Mo>KHbI ToJIb'
Ko ABa suaueullR lVon: 0 unu /filfi*" npu saAauuoii xapaKrepucruKe'
HanOpHofi cern. OcranlHtte Hacocbl Moryr Becru HenpepblBHoe pery-
JrripoBaHH€ Q,, c rroMorr{bro H3MeHeHHfl q H HHorl\a ao.
OcHoBHbte noKa3areJIH pelKHMa llacoca, TaK )Ke KaK Lr
ryp6nHrr, cBfl3aHbr HeflBHofr. saeucuMocrblo BLIAa
AJII HeperyJlupyeMblx HacocoB Hs (6.1) cJreAyer rrcKrrroqrrrb q14. aa; Tar xe KaK H AJrff ryp6uu, 4nr rp.a$uuecxoro npeAcraeJreHnfi(6.1) HcnoJrb3yrorcfl luuer?Hre (Sasosn6) H yHHBepca,,,rbHbre xapaK-TepHcTr4KH.
Paccuorpuu cocraBJlsroxrHe 6anauca MouIHocrH HacocHoro arDe-I'aTa.
lIoneBHafl MorqHocrb Hacoca .1V", coo6qaeuan HacocoMX(HAKOCTH C PACXOAOM Q" nPH pa3BHBaeMoM Hafiope H", B KHJ,IOBaT.Tax paBHa
l/F : 9,81Q"//";
B MCTABATTAX
AI Q"H'ru' - 
ro2 '
MouHocrb HacocHoro arperara fr^" 6yaer 6onnue.A,r" Ha pa3Mep florepb ANr, BKJrroqarcuIHX B ce6q^Ase'ocHoBHbre co-tcr&B,TfIolUHe - norepl'r B Hacoce Ai/r, H noTepH B ABHrareJre:
ffr" : tr" + Aff" : lf" + Al/, + Aff*.'TorAa 
KIIA HacocHoro arperara
t afft
ffo"
(6.3)
(6.4)
(6.5)
(6.6)
(6.2)
(6.8)
ra: +L:rvAB
3to ognalraer, qro
ffa":#: ffi -/r'*Aff^
rAe Qg roAarra Hacoca npu
AQ" : llo2AA/a '
HH
Taxuu o6pasovr, B Hacoce, TaK )KepacxoA npu r1u: I BcerAa orJruqaercff
rpr oAnofi 14 rofi x{e Nloo ryp6gHa
- AQ" * AQo".
KaK H e r1'p6uHe, orrrnMantHufi
or SaxruqecKoro ua AQu, r. e.
norpe6,nfler pacxoA, Q", 6dm-
Ta: li
102 (AA/H + Affr")
HH
ruufi, Qor, a
Pn AQ".
Hacoc o6ecneqltBaeT noAar{y, MeHbuylo eo' Ha noTe-
CoornercrBeHHo
AA/a: //A"--lr/,,: t"(#) :,# - Aff" * Affo" rc,7)
arfi4 B OTHOCUTeJTbHbTX eAHHHUaX
Ar/: :+:
(6.1)
C yuerou 6anae'ca MoulHocTI4 HacocHoro arperara NrHlVo" paccqHTbr-Balorcfi no Soprr,ry.rlavr
(6.e)
Itot74
Fr: F"(ffo", Q* H^, e, ao, n, D) - 0. /4r:ffo"T":ffi"4"qrui

--- PAGE BREAK ---

ff*: fft - N" - -Atf/"
Ta rlHrlns l02qsqa" '
npn STOM B rl" H quo yqHTbIBaIOTCfl Te )Ke BHAbI noTepb, LITO LI B
Typ6uHbr H rHApofeHeparopa.
flo aHanOrHH c ryp6HHaMI{ Mo)KHo HaIITH BbIpa}KeHvfl, 14 Ailn
Apyrr4x a6coaloTHblx noKa3aTeJIeIt pe>KHMa HacocHoro arperaTa:
TeJIH TOJIbKO oceBblx H AHaroHaJIbHbIx o6parnubrx arperaToB, o6ecne-qHBaIoIrrHx HenpepblBHoe peryJrHpoBaHHe pacxoAa. flp, Hn:const
AJIH Hr{X MO}KHO SanHcaTb
/y'H
: tla.
(6.r0)
KNA
ABYX
TCJIH
MOIII-
afpe-
(6. r 3)
(6.14)
(6.15)
4?*:#:##:tuqw,
t lr-"q" . 102 _ l02Nns' rlnThs _ [ 1021/H _ 102 (A/AB - A//a)
H,:H^:=Q" e" Qn Q"
(6.12)
Hanop ll,, 6o.tttue, qeM Hr, npn zn.6:const 14 zu.6:coflSt, Ha
pa3Mep ABorlHbrx rorepb B BoAonoABoAffIIrHX coopylreHrlflx. 3ro seAet
K orHocr{TeJrbHoMy cHH}KeHHro KnA HacocHoro pex(HMa o6paruuoro
arperara (no uanopy) npn oAHHaKoBbIx Dr, n n Qa AJIfl B3al'IMoo6-
: Q9 - AQ" - AQ*; (6.1 1)
Qr:Qn:Q, Drr:Dr, tlr:tlr, Nr:lVrr:ff
k, - -1 l02N k: 
,,r24' 
: 
QH": Hr'
rAe 4r:Tn(N") H QA":4a" (Nu") - auQQepeHunaJrbHbre xapaKre-pHCTHKH Hacoca H ABr4fareJrr coorBercrBeHHo. C noMolrrbro q *uMox{Ho pelxarb 3aAaqy no o6ecleqenH}o MaKcHMaJrbnor? noAaqrr Q"NPI{ 3AAAHHOM IIOTPC6JICHHH MOIIHOCTH H3 CCTH frO". O6PATHUE NOKA'3aTeJrH Heo6xoAHMbr /Jrn MHHHMH3 arluT noTpe6Jrl.inwn r,,rout"o.r, H3ceTr4 npH 3aAaHHOrt nOAaqe. I-Ip, paccMorpeHr,rr{ TorTbKo arpefaroB
(9.r BoAorrpgBoAnurrrx coopyx<inrrfi u 6refooe) npeAnoJraraercfl, qro
Hn:const. OcranrHue BHAbt norepb MourHocrH orrpeAeJrfllorcr xa-paKTe_p_HcrI{KaMH cooTBercrByrorrlHx oranoB npeo6pa3oBaHrrfl aHeprHrr
Ha f3y. Tax xe xar vr r\afl, rOC, o6ulrru napaMerpoM pexr{Ma Ha-
cocHbrx afperaroB lr HacocHori craHrrHr:r B rIeJroM 6yler pacxoA LtJrLrnoAaqa BoAbr.
Tax xe Kar{ rr A/rfl ryp6uunux arperaroB, yAeJrbHbre rr gu$QepeH-
uHaJrbHbre noKa3areJlH HacocHbrx afpef aroB Ann yAo6Crea Hx aHa-ilv3a H B3aHMHO|O cO[OCTaBJreHHff MeX{Ay CO6Ori MO}KHO CBeCTH K6esp asuepnbrM BeJrHrrr.rHaM.
6,2. 3H E PrET',II{ ECKh E XA PAKT EPVICTVilRh H AC OC O B
h OEPAThMbIX rhAPOMAtUhH B HACOCHOM PE}KhME
SueprerraqecKue xapaKTepHcrHKr4 HacocHbrx arperaroB Moryr 6ttrn
[oryqeHbl, TaK x(e KaK n ryp6unHblx, Ha ocHoBe MoAeJrbHbIX ^nn na_TypHblx HcnbITaHutr. B orJIHqHe or xapaKrepHcrHK ryp6Hn MoAeJrbHbre
xapaKTepr4crHKH HaCOCOB Moryr 6lrrl [peAcraBJreHbr B AByX BHAaX:
rlpr.rBeAeHHbre xapaKTeprrcrHKH, [epecr{HTaHHbre na H:l M tt D:l w(r. e. no aHaJrorr{H c ryp6}rH aMu tt/1, Q'r, N'r) r{ 6espa3MepHbre xa-paKrepHcrr4Kr B KOOpAHHarax kr, kq.Ha puc. 6.1 B o6uepr BHAe no-Ka3aHbI ABa ciloco6a saAaHHfl MoAeJrbHbrx xapaKTepr{crriK o6parlruoro,
oceBoro (a) H AHaroHaJrbHofo (6) arperaroB. Ha xapaKreprrcrrrKy,
rIoKa3aHHyIo Ha pHc. 6,1, a, HaHeceHbr AonoJIHHTeJrbHbre H3o,rr1{HHH'
kt\: const (HsonuunH 6 AJrn ryp6uH)
k,tnt: oYonH{o;L : coflst
niot D(noa
Q":Q":ff:ff:ff
l02Na"q" _ 102/tiAB rlHrlRs I 02tr/H 102 (/VAB - ANa) _
HH
(6. r 6)
(6. r 7)
102 (ffAB - AA/H - ANAB) : Qg _ AQu
HE
parHblx pex{HMoB.
,II,erlcreHTeJIbHo, npH
BeJII.rrrHH a H^) Hr, r. e.
N.102
Ir: QH,
VaeJIbHbre v AHQQepeHukraJrbHbIe noKa3a
HacocHof o af peraTa onpeAeJlflIorcff Ha ocHoBe 6ananca
HOCTH H 3aBHCtT OT BHAa OIITLIMH3aUHOHHbIX pacqeToB 14 Tl4TIa
raroB.
Hanpuuep, yAelrHbie rIoKa3areJIH
Q" Q"
ffo" Nloo
rle gilA Lr qv$- yAeJIbHbIe noKa3aTaIH
Q" tff" 
- ny1
ly'H Nn, '^'qII,
Hacoca H ABuIaTeJIt,
ql - lQ"
g'uo:
B KOOpAHHaTaX
Beru,rraH a QXo xapaKrepr.r3yer co6or? roAal{y Hacoca Ha eAHHHuy
norpe6nseuofi MoxrHocru Hs cerr. O6parHoe 3HarIeHHe qv+ onpeAe-
JrfleT cO6ofi norpe6naeMyro kr3 ceTH MoIrIHocTb Ha eAHHHUy [oAaI{H.
tleu Bblue gxn, reu eSSeKrHBHee pa6otaer AaHHstti arperar.
QuppepeHL+uartbHbLe noKasarenu HacocHblx aepeearol B ornuuue
or noKasaTeneil rgp6un salucnr He roJtbKo or norcasarelteil ux pe-
cttLlr[a, Ho tt or cucTe.lwbL Hacoca. B uacrHocru, B onTHMH3auLIoHHbIX
pacqerax HMeer cMbrcJr paccMarpnBarb anS$epeHuHaJIbHbIe IIoKa3a-
176
he: Q"oA - Q"uq : coflSt,- 
n*ooD|oo nru, D1^,
rAe [rHAeKCbI <(HaT>> H <<MOA)> COOTBeTCTBy]OT HaTypH
ycTaHoBKaM.
H",
OH I4
: COflSti
'?u, Dlu,
(6.18)
MOACJIbHOft
lt l

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Q+<Qt<42<Q1; kI>k2>ke
Q+
4r >42>4s>n+ A/Iff KaxAoI? cHcreMbl HacocoB, B ToM qr{cfle lr ocoobrMrr pexpMHbrMH
TOqKAMH, NO3BOJIflIOIIIHMH O6OCHOEAFIUO NOAXOAI,ITb K AHAilVgY sHCP-ICTHqCCKHX BO3MO}KHOCTCII HACOCOB.
Xapaxrep'cr'Ka .loTepb Morrl'gcl4 (pacxola) uacocoe, ra* )KeKaK H rvp6uu, AAL (q') HrrH qa" (Qn) i nup^6o'nu ;-;;;;peuyrur'ou-MHHHMyMoM B TotrKe 2 sa pr.rc. 6.3. Erl coorBercrBvror vcJroBnfl
dLNa
(6. r e)
.r4e (6.19) cJreAyer, qro B rorrKe 2 slnonHffrorcr yc/roB'fi dl{\"::dlv,,, r. e. KacarerrbHbre r( Kpr.rBbrM Nn"ie"j ;; Adid;i'",;*.ror oArr-Haxoeltl? HaK.IIoH, qro Bo3Mox(Ho ToJrbr(o Ha MoHoToHHo Bo3pacraro-IIIHX KPHBbIX. B rOqXC 2 CNPAVEAJTHBbI II COOTHOIIICHHfi
dQu
l*u-- dN,-0.
dQ^ dQ^
knn\ d) ur
XapaKTepHCTI-IKH MOAer'lbHblX HaCOcOB: oCe-
fr) wr'/
qen'rpo6ex(ltblx HacocoB
Puc. 6.1. VHunepcaflbHble 3HepreruqecKue
Boro (a) n AuaiosarlbHoro (6)
vIg prc. 6.1 cJreAyer, '{r9 xapaKrep HeIIpepbIBHbIx KpHBbIX (p:
:g6n5f 4nR pa3Hbrx cnoco6oB HX 3aAaHHfl B3aHMOnpOTHBOnOJIOXeH:
.AJrn KOopAHHaT ka, ka -MoHOToHuo y6ltnarcUl4e KpI4BbIe; 'II'JIff fl'L
Q'r - Bo3pacTatollli{e.- 
Han6oJree npocrbr no cBoeMy eIaAY 3Hepferl4qecKHe xapaKreplacrH-
KA o6paruvrblx paAHaJIbHo-OcesbIx arpera'ToB 14 UeHTpo6eMHbIx Haco-
coB, pa3n".rutlIIHXcfi 6UctpoxOAHOcTbIO. OCO6eHHOCTbIO HaCOcHbIX ar-
peraTOB flBJIfleTcf 3aBHcHMOcTb pa3BHBaeMOrO Hanopa Ho Or [OAarIH
a;" Xupun".p eTofi 3aB,cr.rMocrz onpeAeJlflercfl 6ltcrpoxoAHocrblo
n-'uaolu 
'(pnrc.^ 6.2\. Tax, AJIfl rt4xoxoAHblx arperaroB, xapaKTepH3ylo'
Uf**a" 6OnnUrul,rU HaIIOpaMH fi MaJIbIMH nOAaqaMH' 3aBI'ICHMOCTb
H* (Q,,) I4Meer sKcrpeMyM-MaKcHMyM (pexun'rnan rotlKa 6 Ha
p;.L 6'2, q. nn, HopMaJrbgbrx no 6uctpoxoAHocrl{ arperaroB sKcrpe-
MyMbI'MaKcHMyMbI "i6n'oaalorcfl 
Ha KpHBblx rl"(Q') la 'Ma"(Q") (pe'
lKr4MHbIe roqKu 3 w 5 Ha PHc. 6.2, a) '
ocHOSHHe 3HepfeTHqecKHe xapaKTepHcTHKH HaCocoB' TaK X{e KaK
a AJrf ryp6uH, o6.naAarct onpe4^e.treHHblM6 oco6eHgocTffMq, O6Uluun
4s,{or Nae ' N'i
vqHrHeas rpKo nnpaxeuunfi nunyx,rr,rfi xapaKTep 3aBrrcr.rMocrpN*"(N") , KoopAnHarbr rorrKrr 2 yA;6;6--onp.e.r"ro .He rorrbKo nGxapaKrepncruKe A1/, (e"), Ho H rro /V*H(er) .
.rrfl t^o:j^._J, _ne5auefi npanee roqKr.r 2 no e,,, 4ocrrrraer MaKcHMyMaKllA arperara. flponepKy KoopALIHar oror:r rorrr(rr Mox{Ho npoBoArrrb.no "cooTHoueHr4flM
dLNa : AN"
d.Nas ffa" '
.. .Yz, rc.22)- c/r-eryer, qro B roq*e s pearr'3yercn paBeHcrBodLIv^Nli:dNILLN", _uro Bo3MolKHo roJrbKo AJrfl MoHoroHHo Bo3pacra-lotr{l{x Kpl'lBblx Noo(-Qt')^lr. rVr,(Qr,), T. e. ireBee ro.rxrr 4, coorBercrBy-}OtrICfi MAKCHMYYII'V"(Q"). [,'rr HCC XAPAKTCPHO BbINOJ'IHEHI'IC COOT'HorxeHun (pnc.'6.8)
T. e.
#:^/;rff"
dNi
dN"
dN:"
dNn
dQa - Q".
dNaa ffo" '
HH dHu-:_-
Q" dQt
-0, (6.20)
(6.21).
(6.22>
(6.23)
/V;
NH
iN,
il1" dN ss
dN,
n) t,"H
sHeprerllqecKHe xapaKrepHcrHKH
3ra roqKa MolKer HaxoAuTbcfl ToJrbKo Ha Bo3pacra1gu{eli qacrH
xpunofi affa(//A"), rAe dNo':d'a,l'l^, r. e. npirpaueHHe rorpe6,rqeNrortMOU{HOCTH H3 Ceru rIoJIHOCTbro KoMneHcHpyercfl norepflMH MotrlHocrHB arpefare. Vuutunaa, qro B ToqKe 4 
^s"anonHreTcfl 
coorHolreH,e
tla : - dn^
ffR" dNaa
a raKx{e norHyrut? xapaKTep 3aBl.rcuMocrn rlo (frro) , Mo}KHo cAeJrarbBbIBOA, r{TO 3Ta roqKa HaxoAHTCr npaBee ToqKH 3 Ua HHCIaAaroU{eriB€r,Br{ rpneoli rlu (I/ru) .
(6.24>
PHc. 6.2. OcHosHlte
t78
HHrzlo.lNag,IH
179

--- PAGE BREAK ---

X
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=
Ans lleHrpo6elr(Hbrx'KHr? npeAea MorrlHocrH,
,ercfl B ToqKe 5.
.3xecr
HacocoB CpeAHeir 6srcrpoxoAHocrrr Slrarruec_noTpe6JrfleMor? arperaroM rr3 cerH, Aocrtrra-
dNo" : d!!= + d^f" : odQit dQ*dQ^ (6.25)
(6.26)
MTIU
\*a
co
CO
=
rdLNa- 102 dLQa __l
dN, HH dN,
'B to'Ixe 5 npuparleH'e noJle3Hor? Morr{HocrH no/rHocrbro KoMneHcgpy-'eTcfl floTepflMI{ B arperaTe' T. e. gTa ToqKa l{ox{eT 6urr pacnoJro}I(eHa.TOJIbKO NPABCC TOqKH 4 N EOHC, fA€ NPPI -YBEJIHqCHI,IH A" PACTYT AMAJ4 yMeHb[rarorcff 3HaqeHHfl ff" (firr. pHc. 6.3) .TuxoxoAHue arperarbr B $aoouevr r,HanagoHe noAaq Moryr HeAocTHraTb eKcTpeMyMa-MaKcHMyMa no KIIA. Oro o3Haqaer orcyTcT_BHe y HHX ToqeK 4 w 5. !,nn arHX arperaroB xapaKTepHo HaJrHrrHeroqK, 6 c ercrpeMyMoM-MaKcHMyMoM KpHBort fl;ib;j (:;. puc, 6.2)..3Aecl BbrrroJlHflercfl cooTHoIrIeHr.re
Q!,A:#: #:Qn, (6.27)
'qro 03Haqaer, r{To KpHBafl 1/rr(Qn) THXOXOAHbTx arpefaroB JreBee'TOI{KI4 6 Ao,ltxHa uueir napa6o"rrnqecKaft sua. B arofi'tou*u npflMafl,[poBeAeHHafl H3 Haqafla KoopAHHar, coB[aAaer c KacareJrbHort ipu.oilff"(Q"). To,rxa 6 nexnr o6uqHo JreBee roqxu 2 c MHHHMyM'MAl/u (Q").
AuanHs oco6eHuocreri ocHoBI{brx 3HeprerrrqecKrrx xapaKTepHcrr.rKqeurpo6elKHblx HacOcoB [oKa3bIBaeT, qro ueo6xoAauo ,"uro xapaK-Tep nx H3MeHeHr4fl He roJrbKo no Qn, HO U no ApyfHM napaMerpaMpex{HMa, {4n, IVt H Hrr. ?tu xapal{repncrr.rKH Heo6xo4uMbr raK}Ke AJrfloueHKH eQ-Qery.1BHocrH p.a6orsr HacocHbrx afpefaroB npH 3aAaHHbrxrpaQuxax ffo" (l) wnw e"e) .
B o6ueiu BHA. yKa3aHHbre xapaKTepr,rcrr.rKH Ailn HopManbHbrx no6ncrpoxoAHocrrr arperaroB npr.rBeAeHbr Ha pHc. 6.8 a' ,o,AaneHrreMoco6ltx pelKuMHbrx rorreK.
B ornH.{rae or ryp6un_ gnn HacocoB Qo,:Q" cessaHbr HeJrpruefiurtun3ABI,ICI,IMOCTflMH KAK C ly',,, TAK W C ffON. tr,Nq HACOCHbIX A|PC|ATOB B
PC}KI,IMC XOJIOCTOrO XOAA B OTflHIIHC OT rYP6r,irr QN:O, AL:Q, HON\,,+0 (cvr. puc. G.2).
I4s IIpHBeAeHHbIx xapal(rep Lrcrul cJreAyer, rrro npaBee Toqr{H st:? pl'lc. 6.3 Q" npoao,rl)Kaer pacrH npH oAHoBpeMeHHoM yMeHbrreHr{HH, H, cJreAoBarenluo, 1V,,.
oco6estrocrbto Bcex HacocoB flBrflercff Bo3MoxHocrb rrx ycrol'ruu-
\oht pa6orrt roJIbKo npl4_ paBeI{crBe raK Ha3brBaeMoro Hanopa rrorpe-'6utenn (cern) ll'ntp-H" H pa3BHBaeMor-o HacocoM Hanopa H,,t 
I
(6.28)
181
*-$
6
r
180
t--
>
H": Hnoro: zs.d - z1.a * L?oorp : H*

--- PAGE BREAK ---

H norp
tl
rt /n \ "H
nnorp\unorP/ ,
d
1v
"t5--z
./t#\q28.63
t 28.[ z
tlr$J
= --l
lf za.o r
81
ur rH
A.g
il
aLA.I
Hxs=2g.6-ZH [= C0nst
& norp
Pcrlltq 0'6=0ne1p=0.tr li.n
zBr.
.JroM llrrana3oHe il3MeHeHltff IIepeMeHHbrx, 6nrrslrrrx K npeAe,[bHbrNr A.,'tflAaHHofi craHUHH.
ze['reHeHr're r{acroTbr BpaxIeHHff HacocHbIx arperaroB n03Bo!,rfernoryqHTb gKcrlJlyaraIIptoHHyro xapaKTep LrcrHKy, noKasaHHyro HapHC. 6.5. BosN,rox'ocrb r43MeHeHHfl qacroTbr Bpau{eHH' no3BoJrfler
#iT:ffr"rt:iltHpoBorrHbre v sHepferr,rqecKHe roKa3arerrH ueHrpo_
B orr'r{He or Typ6HH A,,rr ueHTpo6ex{Hbrx HacocoB MHHHMyMAQ(Q',) (rouxa 7 ii pnc. Url ^* .*;;;;" c rorrKort 2 us-sa He-npepblBHoro H3MeHeHr.{fl ,I/., or ^en. Koopalalu"o, ,ou*" T, pacfio,rrara_tou{eficq rreBee roqKa 2 no 0;;' ;;x|il^^^'wafrcvr H3 coorHorrr eHHn
Pso't
z Surc
dLQ _ to2
dQ' Hr" #-^i/ (6.2e)00
Puc. 6.4. Vcrotiqlteue pexuMbl pa6orsr HacocHoro arperara
rAe AHuorp:AHnorp (Q") - lorepri Hanopa B BOAOTTpOBOAflITIHX CO-
OpyXeHLIqx HacocHol? ycTaHOBKt4 - or BXoAHoro narpy6xa Hacoca Ao'
BbIXOAHOTO CeqeHI'ls HanOpHOfO BOA6BOAa i Zs'-2n.6: Hnc- reOMeT-
pnqecKllilr Hanop HacocHofi craHlrl'lll.^ 
nns o6parzrrlbrx p a1lailbHo-oceBblx MaIxHH ycToftr{I4nurt pextM.pa'
6Oru Bo3MOlKeH TSJIbKO IIpLI TaKoM 3HaqeHHH Qn, I(OrAa //r,otp(Q") -
-Hn(Q") -roqKa a Ha pnc. 6.4. 3ror pexinM AalKe np_H paBeHcrBe
Hrroro 
'v 
H, MOIKeT uMeTb MecTO TOJIbKO Ha HI{CIaAaIOUefi qaCTI4 KpI'I:
Bjfi'Hrr(Qr). flpra ilorraAaHHH roqKr4 a Ha BocxoAflIllylio qacrb KpHBoil-
H"(Q") Bo3MolKFro Bo3HHKHoBeHr,re HeycroiiquBofo pe)KHMa Hacoca,.
*oi4i^^'o" 6yaer repHoAHqecKH caMorIpoH3BoJIbHo Ha6Hparb H c6pa-
cbIBaTb AO XOJIOCTO|O XOAa CBOIO Hafpy3l(y.
HenpepuBHoe peryJrupoBaHne noAaqr4 l{enrpo6e}KHoro Hacoca Bo3-
MO}KHO npH H3MeHeHI4H Zs.6 HtrtH z11.S, eacTglPl BpaIIIeHI4fl' UJIL4 ApoCCe-
JrHpoBaHnH (ucxyccrBeHlloM yMeHb[Ienuu H") .' 
Taxnu obpasorr,r, yHepeerutrecKue xapaKrepucruKu ^LteHTpo1ecrcHoeo
Hacoca 6909r npeAcra?rlnrbcn /Lu^
I:^::::r y BuAy AQ (Q") 6nwsKu x napa6o.ne.\JCOOeHHOCTbTo 3HepferHqecKHX xapaxrepHcrHK qeHrpo6elKHbrxHacocoB HopMa/lbHofi 6ucrpoxoAHocrrr ffBJrflercfl rrx HeoAHo3HaqHocrb.Arrfl KoopAaHar 'Vs", /y'o H fl,, (cu. p,r..- O.gl B;;;;;;; sroro BpacqeTax cJIeAyeT I'ICIO/Ib3OBarb B KaqecrBe pacuernorl nepeueuHori'Q,,, a ocra'IbHble napaMerpbr w xapaKTep LrcrHKw nofiyqarb B Apyf'xKOOpAHHarax HrepaqHoHHbrM -ryreM: tr4cnonrsoBaHr,re B KaqecrBe pac_serHblx nepeMeHTIX N*"_ln ff_" Mox(er norpe6onuto."-"p; orrrnMu3a-unn pelKHMoB HC H[rH fAoc no_ Kpr.rrepr.rlo Mar{cHMyMa noAaqrr HJ1H:3anaceHHor? aHepn'rr.r B BepxHeM 6re$e. Ecn' HC uni raSc o6naka-roT sHepreTHr{ecKaMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH AJrx onpeAeJreHHOfO Anana-30Ha u3MeHeHufl HanopoB, ro AJrfl HHX MOIKHO paccqr.rrarr euooepeH_rIHa.rrbHbre xapaKTepHCTHKIr BHAa
T. e. 3AeCb BbrnoJrH.rleTcfl ycJroBl{e
ANr dLNu_-..
HH dH*
lnt: q[o" (Q"); Quz: q$A, (//r");
QHs: qflf" (rV") i Q"q: qfl;, (No").
D,ns ilHRBHAauHH MHoro3uaqHocrrz B rrocJreAHHX TpexTHKax Hx Mox{Ho 3aAaBarb B 3aBHcHMocrH or err, a ffoqarb pacrIeTHbIM nyTeM.
x,ng noBbIIrreHHf ToqHocr' pacqeToB BbrrIHcJIe HHE Q,,liLr3BoAHTb no cJreAyloqerl 3aBHcHMocrn:
4",:w:#lu"(,
(6.30)
HH I
I
/ e,,Qr>,(s>--.
rlflCToTbl BpallleIIHfl
xapaK'repHcrHI{H
6o ordenauoil rou,rcoiL cooTBercr-
agnryelt HeKoro7ort. noAaqe Q,':j Q",' urttt oepaHuqeHHbLr4tt no Q"
oTpnKA.ilU XApAKTepucTuK, nP_ea,*
craBJIeI-IHbIX Ha pnc. 6.2 u 6.3. 3to'
o6ycnounHBaer v coorBercTBYIo-
urne rpe6osaHllq x nu6uPaeMoMy'
Arr fA3C I'tJII'I I-lC o6paruvtotvty
HJrr4 HacocHoMy o6opyaoBaHI4IO -
ua,uslit AHana3oH I'l3MeHeHI4ff Ha[o-
poB B 3olle 6o.nr,rlttlx uarpyaoN. B
cBfl3H C STIIM BCe nepequcreHHble'
Bbr[Ie oco6tte pe]KHMHbJe roqKl{'
(r<ponre xoJlocToro xoAa) oKa3bI-
BaroTcfl COCpeAoToqeHHbIM14 B Ma-'
3HaqeHae 4rrz cJreAyer noJryqarb KaK o6paruyrc QynxuHro lnr.B pa6oueu Ar,rana3oHe 
"unopor 
q",(eri -MoHoroHHo y6unarcqar.KpHBafl, HMeroqaf HyJreBoe 3HaqeHHe B TOr{Ke 5 na p"c. "6.3. AHano-
183
o
7(
xapaKrepHc-
H y'y'"" nony-
MO)KHO npo-
D
*#)+e"#) (6.31)
Pnc.6.ir. B.nunlluc
H a 3Hep f eTlt qecl(He
HacocHoro afperaTa
182
4r
4z

--- PAGE BREAK ---

rHqHbrfi xapaKTep HMeeT H Kpr4Baq TnE
gzr:+- l- dLN'-
- dNo, dN n" dNaa
3ra xpnBafl nepeceKaer ocb a6cuncc B TorrKe 4; n touxe 2 Qn+:I,.a B Tor{Ke 3 Qxa:T'la. XapaxrepHcrur{a 4"a(//") MoHoroHHo Bo3pacraro-
Ir{&f , orrpeAeJrreMafl cooTHorIeHHeM
tss:#:1+#:+
: nflX"(//o"):
: rla * //o" d\u
tl n-
CN,
A&,
(6.32)
(6.33}
B pa6ovenn Allaila3oHe HalopoB B TorrKe 2 qrt:1; s roqKe 3 eHa-qeHue Qnr:tl"-t,H 3Aecb )Ke rrepeceKaloTcfl MelKAy co6or? yAeJrbHbre H:
4nQQepeHur.raJrbHbre xapaKTepHcrHKr4 Hacoca. Bun oHeprerr4qecKnx
xapaKTepI{crHK o6paruuux pa[ValrbHo-oceBbrx arperaroB no3BoJrfleT
cAeJraTb cJreAylou{He BbrBoAbr.
AuQQepeHrlr.raJrbHbte xapaKrepHcrHKu 4"r (Q") H Qnz(No) He,
o6ecneqnBaror ycJroBHr AocraroqHocru Aocrr4)KeHHfl Mt4 HHMyMa
No"(Q") il Mat{ct.IMyMa Qr,(Nou1, ttro onpeAeJlser ueo6xoAgMocrb pa-
6orrt grHX arperaroB B npeAeJrbHbrx pelKr.rMax.
B ro )Ke BpeMfl Aocraroqllble ycJroBnfl AJrfl 3HeprernrrecKr4x KpHTe-
pHeB MaKcHMyMa 1/"(ffo") n MHHr{MyMa Nou(//") Bbrno;rHflrorcq. 3ro,
no3BoJrfler HCnoJrb3oBarb xapaKrepHCrr.rKH 4"e(i/a") v 4"+(N") AJrfl
onrHMH3auHoHHbrx pacqeroB pexHMoB HC 14 I'A3C. llpu arom, ecre-
crBeHHo, AoJTMHbI yr{HTbrBarbcfl ycJroBur 6ananca Hn n Hnorp.
Hau6o.nee eS$er<rraBHbrM peryJrHpoBaHr4eM Harpy3Ku o6.naAaor
oceBble LI AHaroHalrbHble Hacocbr v o6paruurte arpefarbl, HcrroJlbgy..
rcu{ue yKa3aHHbre fHApoMaurr4Hbr.
O6urufi BHA rJIaBHbrx yHuBepca;rbHbrx xapaKTepHcrHK oceBbrx w
Ar4aroHaJrbHbrx o6paruunx afperaToB 6trn AaH Ha pHc. 6.1. Ha
puc. 6.6 npeacraBJleHa oKcrrJryararIHoH Hafl, xa p a KTe p Hc-
THKa oceBoro Hacoca, a Ha pnc.6.7 -ero $asonne xapaKrepnc-
THKH npl4 nn:COflSt w Q:cOnSt. VIx Oco6euHOcTbIO flBJIffeTCq TO, IITO,
nPH Qtr:0 uou{Hocrb ABnrareJrt lVao AocTufaer cBoero MaKcr.rMa;rr>Hofo,
3naqeHufl, a 3areM rrpn yBefiHr{eHHH Qn uecroJlbKo cHnx{aercr. Kpo-
Me roro, Ha Hr(Q") HMerorcfl ABe HHcnaAarourr4e BerBH, Ho roJrbKo.
oAHa H3 HHx, r4Meroilrafl flapa6o,ruqecrzfi xapaKTep, flBJrflercfl pa6ouefi
qacrblo 3rorl xapar{repncrr{Ku (npanee roqKu 6 wa puc. 6.7).
D^ns oceBbrx HacocoB ro\r<a 4 c MaKcHMyMoM lr/"(Q") Mo)r{er Ha-
xoAHrbcq B 3oHe Me)KAy roqxaun 2 (AA/f"") H 3 (qX".') . B roqre 2'
napaJIJIeJrbHbI KacareJrbHbre K KpHBbrM //o"(Q") v N" (Q").
B roqKe 6 eKcrpeMyMa-MHHHMyMa Aocrrrraer Nno (Q,,). 3Aecn >Ke.
paBHflercfl HyJIIo H Qnr (np, /kr11:collSt u ,p:const) ; no a6coJlrorHoMy
3HaI{eHI4fr Qnr BcerAa MeHbrIe q{rf : l/sD/Q".
OcHogHoe orJruqze o6parrzMbrx oceBbrx H Ar4aroHaJrbHbrx ?rp€raToB:
oT p a[uailbHo-oceBbrx - Bo3MolKHocTb HenpepbIBHoro pefyJrHpoBallfifl'
pex{HMa noAarIH npl{ Huorp(Q"oto) :var. 3ro Aaer Bo3Mo}KHocTb
npeAcTaBJreHr,rf SHepreTHr{ecKHX xapaKTepr4cTuK sTHx arperaToB 14 B:
r84
ly-., 6.-6 Oxcn"nyarar{HoHHbre xapaKrepHc_'rvrxvt o6p arunaoli' ocesor? .;oporuil,*l,
Pac. 6.7, O6qrEr? BHA ocHoBHbrx oHepre-THq.ecKHx xapaKTepHcrHK o6parnuoft oce_rofi rHAporuriruaHr,t A.[R /?y1 : gg1,,r1 H g:,: COnSt
HacocHoM pelr{HMe npu Hu:const.
11a prc. 6.8 npeAcrasJreHbl3 H ep reTH q e CKs s X a p a KTe.p Hcrr.rKu o6p arHnrofo ar-perara npw Hn:coflst. Oco6eu_HocrbroHXnBnnercqMHoroeKcrpe_ I llllNMarrbHocrb Affa(.^/") H q"r(,i*) I I I I I I I \B,oco6st,x pe)KHMHbrx ,orni*""i,', t lll /ll _z" | 2'/' Qn2: (9,81 Hr)-t, s Toq_ aH
Ke 3 Qn2:r'ru (9,8i H,;:'', i i::l: 4 era xapar(reprrcrrrKa nepeceKaer'ocb a6cuucc y'y'u",' flo nc'euy ::{I la!3Kre$^"r^^u Ae"(.v0") coBna-raer c a//a(lvAB) np" Hn:const H uoxer omrr Hcno,,rb3oBaHa AJrfrPACqCTA AUQSCPCHUI,{AJIbHbIX XAPAKTCPI,ICTIII( HACOCA
Q*:W:# rW:#(t* #\,
(n- *"#)
tlnz:
.@o.pqy.rru AJrfl pacrrera
u (6.33).
4-: I -toz- dLea
dN ay Qnr HH dG
(6.34)
(6.35)
Qn 14 Qn+ coorBercrByror Qoprvry,raivr (6.32)
Ann ,'oflyrre'Hfl gHeprer'secK,x xapaKTepr{crHK arperarHoro 6no-Ka c oceBbIMr.r rrJIH l\ilarot{aJlbHblMr.I HacocaMil cJIeAyeT ilcltoutb3oBaTb6anaucosbri MeroA (cu. r.rr. 4j.-b;;";o,z"oi" pacqera B 3roM crryqae,TAK }KC KAK LI 4.UI 'YP6UU, CJIYXAT -XAPAKTC PLICTHKH NOTCPb MOU{HO.crlr prJrrl pacxoAa B 3aBucuMocrn or o6qero napaMeTpa e".
Aff" .0", (Q") : A1/" (Q", H ,) + Aff"oo (QJ ; (6 .3 6)
//f6" : ff,.0,, (QJ * Affu.on (Qu); (6.37)
/)u:- 6'n;1c I
f = const
/luuus
@- no
0ePaHuqeHut:
Hqc0cu
d0uea-nertn
l8ir

--- PAGE BREAK ---

T-
Hn: c0flst
nrj = c0nst
Prac. 6.8. O6rqHfi BHA orHoBr{brx:
SHepreTHqecKHx xapaKTepHcTHr{
o6parnvoro AHaroHaJrbHoro ar-
Derara
Pnc.6.9. SHePreruuecKl{e xa. nPH
paKrepucrHKH oceBoro o6Paru-
MOrO afpefaTa IIp14 nepeMellHoM
lr anoDe
6.3. SHEPI.ETHqECKhE XAPAKTEPVICTV1RH HC, rASC V1 APYTNXThnoB r3y
Sueprernq:cKHe xapaKrep LrcrHKH HC u HacocHoro pelKr,rMa fAocB IICJIOM, TAK }KC KAK H AilN f3C, MO.YT 6ITTS NPCACTABJICHbI KAK 3A.BHcHMocrH a6co"nmsltx H[tH orHocrlTeJrbHbrx noxagarerreir craHur.*rMe)r{Ay co60fi, rroJryt1gs11bt. B pe3yJrbrare peueHHq saftaliw BHyrpu_craHuHoHuofi onrnMHg ar\HLr.
o6uas nocraHoBr{a yKa3aHHoft sar\aq. a.rq HC r4IrH fAoc e Ha-cocHoM pe)KHMe HAeHTUTTHa paccMol_p-eHsofi AJrn f3c _ r"o opraHH3a.uzn sQserrHs'or? pa6orsr etrl foi ;;;^^ripo*o,r.rreHHbrx rpeAnpns-'r'li c yqeroM rrx oco6ennocrefi. I4;r;;;r; rr,rirb cocraB ucxoAsofiaHsopn'raqra H ee o6.'{.ufr 
-iro, 
a raKx(e xpurepw fi onr'MaJrbHocr'.
-- Tax, Ha[pHMep' r,Jln I-IC s KaqecrBe r{p?rrepHff onr'MaJrbHocr'Mox{er 6urs 'IpllHffTo rpe6onaHre o6ecneq'eulrs MHHHMaJrbHoro no-rpe6neHHa Morrruocrn r4s cacreMbr lr".i1i-rpr4 3aAaHHbrx ycJroBaffxpa6oru H ra3Becruor? noAao. ,o BpeMeHH eHc( t), r. e.
Nnr}, traB
AN" .
A&o
Nuc(t):'H" N,."{t) -+ min
trrpH
QHc (r) : 
)" e,.^iG).
BognroxH a u olparHafl 3aAasa, KorAa trpa HsBecTHoMHeo6xoAunao o6ecneqr.rrb MaKcHMyM noAaqa euc(t):
to, so
QHc (l) : ) Qs.a; (t) -+ max
Nnc(t): N r.^i (t).
(6,41)
Nra
(e,sl H)-1
rloQ,atu)4
I-lr: H ^.an * AH"oo (QJ;
ff':9,81Q"1/".
(6.42)
rpaQHxe Nnc(t)
(6.43)
|ln B
o, so
I
i:l
lYnAHl0
N^.0r, : 9,81 QrH ^.6n : 9,81Q" (2".a - zt.a)i (6'38) pex{HMa |AOC KpHrepHeM
(6.44) npa MaKcHMarrbHoM
BoAbr sa nepproA T : t,,_tn
I"K
J : .l QHc (t) dt --> max
1Lt
T4JILI HAKON/ICHHC MAKCHMAJIIUOTI sHCP.HH 3A TOT n.C
Enn HacocHoro
Srrrs o6ecneqeHue
B BepxHufi laccefin
n, to
,:4 N"t (t) + m?X.
(6.44)
ONTHMA,IIbHOCTH MO}KCT
o6tente 3aKar{HB aelrotYr
(6.45)
nepHoA, T. e.
(6.46)
t87
(6.3e)
(6.40)
I,lgNreHeHHe H, BJreqer sa co6ofi r43MeHeHHe v 3HeprerHI{ecKHX
xapaKTepncrnK oceBbrx H AHaronaJrbHbIX o6paruuux arperaroB. llpn
STOM [peAeJrbHafl Hafpy3Ka arpefaToB onpeAeJlteTcfl ABI4|aTeJIeM H
B pfAe CJyqaeB - yCJIoBHfMl.l ux 6ecxastlraqtlOnnoft pa6Orst
(puc. 6.9).
186
II
ft) H2) H1
J _ ?no:, _

--- PAGE BREAK ---

t'r l+ J
1+2
/YHCI
Nr erc
D'.''a.rnc
Pnc. 6.10. SHepreruuecKue xa'
paKTepilcrHKH HC c uellrpo'
6e;rnuun IracocaMH u fA3C R
HacocHoM pexHMe c rpeMq pa3-
HbrMH o6parnuuuH PaAHa,lbHo-
oceBbrMH THApOMalxHHaMH
Puc. 6.1 l. 3HeprerH.lecKHe xa-
paKrepHcrrrr{H HC c uenrpo6ex'
HbrMH i{acocaMn n fA3C B Ha-
cocHoM pe;*iHMe c TpeMfl pa3-
HbIMH o6DarHuuuH oceBbIMH
(a) z AulroHanlHbrMl'r (6) ar-
,)eraraMH
EcrccrneuHo, qro npu
pelxeHHH yKa3aHHbrx 3a-
AAq AOJIX(HbI YTIHTbIBATbCfl
BCE BO3MO}KHbIC TCXHOJIO.
rrrqecKrre, ycJroBHble v 6e-
3ycJroBHbIe ofpaHI4r{eHHfl
pe)KHMa IJaCOCHbIX afpefa-
rotsHfSYBueJIoM.
/\
3
1
g 2
Jx^
FunL ^, Al
o /Yucr /'fAaC
J*'
\<x,/
,YHL FA3C
rX'
l
{
1
n\*/
ixe
NHc,Nto*
J.. ^
X*z
^TMOKC ^ a,MOKCt \ Q" d.\ 
/.tr &
0,5(g"* g"+r) { q,,Ir(ff +r), ' (6.48)
& rr.,
ll rnac
AN,
AA,
lsz
B BHAE
Q"t(t): Qsz(l) : . . .: Qt,(/) : Qrnec(l) : L(t). (6.47
llonyveuHble ycJroBt4fl 6yayr Aocrarorrnbr roJrbxo Ans pa6overl eo-Hbr Harpy3oK Ar.raroHaJrbHbrx H oceBbrx rHApoMauHH.Bsr6op onTHMaJrbHoro qH
TarorrlHx arp eraToB Hc H}KHMe IIpoHsBoAHTCfl, KaK H AJrffpacxoAa (rr,roulHocrH) B arperaTax.
JiflIOT U TOqKI{ BKJlloqeHuq-otxarcrrr
noKa3aHbr xapaKTepHCTHr(H MaJroaf
[,H OCeBr,rMH rHApOtraUrHHaMrr nDH
w SaAaHHOM HenpepbrBHOM rpaofi-
aa$QepeHuHaJrbHan- xa p ar(rep rrcrrr-
UMbIMlr anpefaTaMrr, B OTJIrrt{tre oT
oceBbrx afpefaToB Anfl AHafoHa/rb_
' ^rvvvn vA',ryr,,u I n E^Jlrut."it?'t"ti#;tttt#i;ltto."o,* arpera-TOB aHaflorHqeH paccMoTpeHHOMy B rJr. 5 lnn f3c. Ha ocHoBaHHHa*a'rr*a sHepreTHqecKHX Xapar(Tep HCT'K Hacoc'brx arpefaToB MO'.HOcAe/IaTb BbrBoA, qlo Uenecoo6pa3Hocrb BKJroqeHHfl (z* I ) -r.o arpera_Ta no I(pHTepHIo Qnrtmax on-peleJrflerc, en.:e :lonri,, 
"rn^
lrz
A OTKTIOIIEHHff, CCJII,I
l,nn HC u |AOC B HacocnoM pex{HMe HMeercr oAHa oco6eHHoct>
no cpaBHeHHlo c f3C: KpAnHbLe qeHrpo6ecrcnote HacocbL u 06parulilbLe
padua/tbHo-ocesbte tilau)uHbL npu nocronHHblx AposHnx 6befol utilercT.ro/tbKo 
o}un dongcrunoui. pew,un no 1/uc u/tu Qtrc (uur. S 6.2\,
T. e. A[rn BCeri craHrIHr.r r{oJrfiqecrBo raKr.rx pex{trMoB onpeAeJItercfl
TOJTbI{O pa3HOTHnHOCTbTO afper"aroB LI I.IX q?ICJIOM.
Ha pnc. 6.10 aaua pacxoAHan xapaKrepucrtKa HC H fA3C npu
Zs,6:COnSt, Zu.6:COnSt H nn:COflSt. HeXOrOpafl BO3MOX{HOCTb yilpaB-
JreHr.rfl pex{r.tMoM 3TLIX afperaToB I4 pac[peAeJIeHt{eM Hafpy3KH Me}KAy
HHMH IIOflBJIfleTCf npl4 yrleTe H3MeHeHHg BO BpeMeHH Zs.6 kr 2s.6, O
TaK)Ke H3MeHeHr.rfl qacToTbl BpaueHLIfl arpefaToB.
Ecnu Ha |AAC ycTaHoBJreHbr o6paruvbre oceBbre vilH AharoHaJlb-
HbIe afperaTbr, TO peueHI4e fiocraBJIeHHofi salaqv AJIfl HaCO_cHoro pe-
)KHMa r.rMeeT uuoro o6u{ero c peaJlll3aUueii ee AJII f3C. Hanpuuep,.
KorAa Ha fAAC Hot.(t):Hoi(i ) :const, Heo6xoAuMoe ycrloBHe pac-
npeAeJleHHn nonaqn Qragc (/) unw N raec (l) MolKer 6ltrl 3anucaHo
188
0,5 (q" i Q,*r) ) q[Ir(N,+r), (6.49)r4e gz H Qz+r - A,soepeHrl,aJrbHbre noKa3are nn Hc wnpt rASc B Ha-.OCHOM peX{HMe np'r z Ir z+l sxnrc'eHHtrX arperaTaX Anq Nnc:A;q!+t(N'+t) - YAeniuurl roKa3arerb (z+ i)'-.o arperara nprr ly'r+r:: N-r+r(qr+t(trHc)).
VcnoeHs (6.4s) a_(6.a9) BbrBeAeHbr ro aHa.rror'H c paccMorpeH'br_MH B rn.5 (.":-!11.5.13).'tlp" oroM Arrn pacqera enc 6u"rrrr rr3MeHe_HbI rpeAeJrbr tollr..prpoBaHHr c yqeroM ruouorouso y6unarcqero xa_paKrepa 4rrz(N77g1
Quc,-) |" 8"r(Nnc)d[nc;r:t Nl.*
A'Z
- z ryHC
Qucr+r
Er.nrr*."
r,re Ha HC vnu |AOC oAr4HaKoBbrxynpocrtrrb pacqeTbr no onTlrMr.r3a_
) THrra B Typ6HHHOM pex(HMe OTJTLT-TeM, qTO Ha[Op Ha.An 3aBr_tcrrT He
NHc rNrAac
(6.50)
(6.5r )
189

--- PAGE BREAK ---

rll
1)lf,
AQ
Qxc,
Q rasc
9sz
BoM TorIeK (,MHg, QHc) ilpkr z:var, KoTopble JIe)Kar Ha oAHoI? npflMol?,
coeAHHtrloilIeft HX c HaqaJroM r{oopAHHar. Ec.nu zn.6 14 zt.(.r H3MeHflroT-
cfi Bo BpeMeHH H no pacxoAy, ro xapaKrepHcrHKa l-lc (unn fASc)
6yaer ilpeAcraBJreHa B BHAe orpe3KoB Kpr4Bblx, coorBercrByroxlnx
Hn :YI,T.
Ann o6pararvrsrx AnaroHa,'rbHbrx Lr oceBblx arperaroB rrocrpoeHne
XapaKTepllCTI'lK aHa./'IOTHLIHO nOCTpOeHIzIO paCCMOTpeHHbIX BbIlIIe Xa-
parireprrcrilK fOC (cvr. S 53). l4sNaeHrrrcr Jrrnrrb BFreurr14rl BHA orHX
paKTepr{cTHK. Anq 3rr,rx fratrpay2rlr.rH rrocTpoeHHe 3HepfeTHqecKHX xa-
parireprrcrilri FIC rJrrr I-AOC R HacocHoM pex(r.rMe cJreAyer npon3Bo-
/lll't'1,'rilti )tic', Iftil( rt /(Jrlr ['3C,'r. (.. ilzl ocIloBc 6aji|ailca MoUtilocTLI c
rrc[roJrb3oBanneM xal)ar(Teprrcrrrr( norepb r.r MeroAa oco6brx pe]KuMFrbrx
TOrr('rt (<'nr. S 4 2). I Irf rPnM(.1), nil plrc. 6.12, fl npnMan, nl)one/tentrafl
ll.t llll'lll,/lil lrr)r)l)/l llllll l, lt o(tltlltit lrtlr',1 ll'(',lttrllllit l( tiltlllll,l M A(,)tr,;(Nrr,l),
,\Nrr,:(Nrr,:) tl (.)1r,1(N,:rr) /tr),/lit,,til,t |r)tiltit/tlt't't, lllttt ,'t ilt,t lt 'l (l'llill,\ l(ll
('itllil't tl(rcr'il("ilil1t('r'('l N,t ;lr(('lN4\/[4 l(ll,i l. y("t'it|t()tillt,
( )r'ttt)tillo(, ()'l'./llt'il1(' ,/lrtrlrrlrt'l)('il1t,il;1.1il)ilt,l x N;tpilt('t'('l)ll("1'1il(, lll)('ir.("1',illl
JIeilrrbrx ila pilc.0.12, o'r'co()'t'Brl'r'cl'Byroruilx xal)ar('fcl)rrc'lill( l'3c
190
Hlrl:l\,,l/.:g1"o_y6brBarourHM rr Kprr_
,Llwtt VHC/ yKagaHHbIe XapaKTepHCTH_,IBbIC.
f-naea 7
SHEPTETN LIECKZE XAPAKTE Ph CTVIKV|BOAOXPAHUn4UJ
7.1. o6tJ.lhE noflo}KEHt4'
BoloxpaHn.rrfirqe Jrrclofi f3y
epfeTr.trlecKOfo noTerrurraila Bo/to-
;lrl(\llil'l.
t(rilil1\i il/t rllt,l,l(,lll,tr,t liilli Ir,tr,lt
,/lt,r, rrlrrfrr,l,, I :untt | !,1, l,,r il,tt,,l 1 1, t.t t,
t tttltitltlt,,l I lllllttt,s111,lrl t,,t lIt(,(,t((rl ('
('l)f 'lt,ti ;Ufl(y MyJutl)orJit iltrLtil Ii tJ0-
oBatra rl^Jln BI)rpa6orl<lr grICprrr14
PHc. 6.12. 3uepreravecKHe xapaKTe-
pHcrHr{H HC H fA3C R r,racoctroM pe-
ir(rrMe c oAt4[raKoBbrMr.r oceBbrMH (a) *t
AHaroHa"rrbutiun (6) arpefaraMH
CTOJIbKO OT Q rAOCr CKOJIbKO oT
zr.a(t) u zs.6(t). PacxoA xe
Qraec BlHfler Ha AHuoA (Qraec).
Bua oHeprerr4qecKnx xapaKTe-
pr4crr4K |ASC B ryp6HHHoM pe-
}KI4MC AHAflOTHIICH XAPAKTCPI]C.
THKaM, paCCMOTpeHHbrM AJrfr
npnrlrorrrHHbrx fOC (crur. $ 5,3).
CxasanHoe orHocr4Tcfl Lr K
ryp6HHr{oMy pe}Kr4My n3C vrntr4
f 3c-fA3c.
T ex H o Jr o r 14 r{ e c K r,r e o c o-
6euHocrt4 HC HilH f AOC
B HaCOCHOM pe)Kr{Me npn
6onbflrux BoAoxp aHHilLr-
IrI a x. D,nn o6parnuux paryt-
aJrbHo-oceBbrx afpef aToB Hanop
Hn npaxruqecKr4 rrocrosHeH. Pe-
fyJrHpoBaHHe rroAaqH Mo)KeT
ocyuIecTBJIflTbcfl JrHrIIb r.r3MeHe-
HHeM rrr.rcJra pa6oTaroulHx afpe-
faToB HJ\H tlx. SUepreruqecKr4e
xapaKTepncTvrK[ B 3ToM cflyr{ae
6yayl npe/IcranJrenbr MLrox{ecT-
ln(
f) N,tC,, N rotc
Nrls c
NacrNra3c
l{r I

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Bc/teAcrBHe rexHoJlorHqecKnx rrorepb aHeprHH Ha caMofi f3y (aepu-
Barlr4ff, BOAOBOAbT, fnApoarperaru), a raK)Ke pa3Jrnqublx ofpaHnqeuHfi
pexHMoB, KoTopbre B pflAe cryrraeB Moryr cJry)Kr4Tb npzunHoft HeH3-
,6exsux [orepb aHeprr,rn B BHAe xor'rocrbrx c6pocon.
7,2, ?HEPTEThI{ ECKHE XAPAKTE PVlCTVlKVl
BOAOXPAHhnhq r3C
MareuarHqecKyro nocraHoBKy H pe[reHpre sarauw pactrera floreH-
uHaJrbHbrx 3anacoB sHeprHH B BoAoxpaHr.rJrHrrre r3c 6yaeu paccMar-
pLrBarb, HarruHafl oT npocrerlurero cryqafl K 6onee cJIoN(HbIM.
Pacclrorpnu cHaqaJra cJleAyloqyrc n p o c r e tt ilJ y Io 3 a A a.r y.
Ann 3aAaHHofo nepHoAa BpeMeHH T:tn-to, H3BeCTHbTX rpaHHrrHbrx
sHaqeHrart Hny v yMO, coorBercrByrourux xapaKTepvcrr4K BepxHero
H HHlKHeno 6teQoB B BHAe z".a(Vr) v zu.6(Q".0) AJrr ycraHoBr.rBrxerocfl
pell(HMa pa6oru fOC rpe6yercn wafiru 3KcrpeMyM QynxrlHoHarra
Penras (7'7)' noJIyLIaeM, qTo ollrrrMaabtJoe rrcnoJrb3oBaHrre BoAo-xpaHr{Jrr{ua no r(pr{repHro (7.1) 6y4er coorBercrBoBarb raKoMy pe)KH-My Vcpaa(f), xor4a ' J^-
fi$-0,
rAe
€ : E(Q".0) : zn.6(Q".s) + Q, dzr.a
'6 da;'
ouenu4uo, qro yc/roBr4e (Trg) coorBercrByer nocrofiHcrByZn.6 H, c.rIeAoBaTeJIbHo, Q": Qn.o:
z?.a: z?,e Q): 2'.6 (4" (l)) : consti i
Q3,o : QB : Ag (4 - conSt, I
Q3 = t(7"0 - V".*)lTI: coflSt.
T' 9' 'onTu'14ar'Louotrt Acra\osueururtcn peflcu.tx tttg1oeo eodoxpaHLtJ,ruulaB paccrLarpueae.ttoli nocraH'EKe COOT6ercrsaer , - eeo pQsHolr€puortcpa1orrce (no suaueHuto pacxoda). , ? s .ans'*' 6lpaurauu'e ycrroBr.ifl ro Hni it " yl,to I-,p,, E* co6",rroAarorcffc/reAyroil{nM o6pasoir,r. ,4Jrq 3aAar{Hbrx 3HaqeHlri:r vno: v"'('t6) 
- 
iVo.,,:Vrr(tr,) cJreAyer pu..uriurr, qo" n-o ,irop*yr.
(7.8)
(7.s)
BO BpeMeHH
t..
9":9F$c - i lr" G) dt -+ max,
7o
(7.r)
(7.2)
(7.3)
(7.4)
(7.5)
(7.6)
(7.10)
(7,11)
(7.12)
(7.13)
(7.r4)
rAe
N"(t) -- NFffi(/) - 9,81Q" (t) Hrec (t);
idV"p^a (ftspxo (l))
: Q".o (/);Q" (/) : dt
Hrec(f) : /{ff - h"p^a (l) - L2,.6 (t);
hcpaa (/) : V HnY -,2s.6 (%p"o (l));
Lzr.a (/) : zn.a(Qu.a(t) - e".o (Q".0 - 0).
lloAcrasne (7.1 I ) e (7.2) r.r Aarree B (7.1)ronoTeHur.raJr BOAOXpaHHJrrrua npr.r 3aAaHHbrxyMO, a rar()Ke T:tr,-t6 MolKHo paccqaraTb IIo
Oqe-,r.rAuo, rITo 3Heprerr.t.iecxuir [oTeHurraJIMoxieT 6rrtrl onpeAeJlerr Ha ocr{oBe arJaJrrr3aulux ria rrero Qaxropon.
flpeo6pa3yeM (T,lZ)
9" : fuQ"TErcc : ksV"nu6hrcs,
, rroJlyqaeM, qTO 3Hep-
3HaqeHr{flx FIny w
Qopruy.rre
!,onycxaercn ycJroBHe rroJlHoro r.rcrroJrb3oBattff gHepnHH BoAoxpa-
Hl-lJIHUIa, T. e. Q":Qu.o:Qrec, oTcyTCTBHe IIpHTOTIHOCTH B BOAoXpa-
HHJIHIIIe Qop(/):0, a raK)Ke orcyrcrBlle nrc6ux orpauuueHnfi pex(H-
Ma. flepnne 4na ycJroBufl xapaKrepHbr AJrfl raKr4x fOC, xar BHnrcft-
cKafl, Ko.nunrcxas H ApyrHX, HMerouIHX AJrHTeJrbHoe peryJrr{poBaHHe
croKa (crrl. r,rr. 8) . Anq 3rHX f3C B repl{oA szNIHefi Mex{eHH rpurorr-
HOCTb B BOAOXpaHHJTHX{e [paKTHr{eCKr4 OTCyTCTByeT, a sHepreTHqec-
Kafl. eMKOCTb BOAOXpaHHJIHUIa, 3a HCKrtOqeHr.reM 3KCTpeMaJIbHbrX IIO
BoAHocrH ycJloBr.rrt nonnocrbro HcnoJrb3yercfl A,Trfl Bbrp a6orwn oHeprHH.
PaccuarpuBaeMa n 3araqa MolKer 6urn orHeceHa x o6.nacrr4 Kilac-
cprqecKoro Bapr.raquoHHoro r{clrHC,TeHHq c [epeMeHHbrMH V"p^a(t), rAe
noAbrHTerpaJrbHoe Bbrpa)KeHHe 3aBHCr.rr or V"pu6, Q" n t.
Heo6xolnMbre ycJroBr4r orrrHMaJrbHocru pelKr.rMa HcnoJrb3oBaHHfl
BoAoxpaHr.rJrHrqa npH 3aAar-rubrx Harra,rtbHbrx ycJroBr.rflx Moryr 6urr
roJlyl{eHbr peueHtreM ypaBHeHr,rfl 3fi"uepa BHAa
l4e ks :0,0027,2 - xoas0aqueur nepecr{era rpri ycdrroBrilr, r{ro3n - B xBr.v, V"p^a- e MB, a_-T -; L;-E ,r" _ cpeAHeB3BerreHHoeBO BpeMer-rH 3HaqeHr4e Haropa H rec lpH ycJr-g"rr, .p a6orxw BoAoxpa_HrrJrr.rilra rocrorFrHbrM pacxoAoM es or Vno Ao 2u,., r. i.
lr,
3": tFy.: 9,81Q"J Hrec(t)d.t.
L0
Hrac(0dt) 
f 
r.
Bo/xoxpaHrr.riru{a 9Xt*"
3ABIICIII\fOCTiI OT BJIIIfl rO-
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dV 
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(7.7)
X,nn Hara6olee qacro Bcrpeqarcu{axcr cilyqaeB npeAcras JreHHflo6remnoft xapaKTep r4crprKl BoAoxpaHa,rrurua B BrrAe nunerisoir r4JrHnapa6onaqecxori QynxqHH or h"oo'6 (r. e. 
'h.paa:ilVrrou 
,rn^ hcpa6:: kzV ?p^a ) 3HaqeHHe If rec MolKer 6rrrn Harl,leno atarrlrrvqecxr.rM
192
dt dQu
f 3ax. B8T lo?

--- PAGE BREAK ---

nyreM no oopMyJIaM
Err": //i:$ - drhrpu6.x - Lzr.u(Q") : zs6o - drtcpa6.x- 2'.0 (Q"); (7' 15)
Hrr" : Hioi - dzh"pu6.r - Lzt.u(Q") : Zn.Eo- dzh"p^6.x- zn.6(Q")' (7'16}.
3Aect frcpa6.,. - KOHeqHan r.ny6t.tHa cpa6Orxt.t BoAOxpaHLlJIlIUIa 3a 9p9-
Mfl, T:t")to npn nocrofHHoM pacxoAe Q", onpeAeJlfleMoM no (7.11);
ar:ll2 H ,az:llS - nocToflHHble roaQSuqHeHTbI LJII hcpaa:krVcpaa
v hcpaa:kzV Spua
B (7.13) 3u oAHo3Har{Ho 3aBHcHr roJrbKo or o6beMa ^cpa6orK.n
BoAoxpaHHJIHuIa 3a BpeMfl T, r.e. 3":3"(V"p"o) , HJrLr 3u:3"(h"pua),
vnlkr 9": 3"(2".a). 3rn 3aBr4cnMocrn Ha3blBalorcfl 3 H e p r e r Il r{ e c-
Kr.rMr{ xap aKTepHCTHKaMH BoAoxp aHHJI14IIIa.
C yuerou (7.15) w (7.16) 3" uoxer 6urr npeAcraBrleH B BHAg
cJreAyrouero paBeHcTBa :
rAe
3" : .?i:i - A9,.0 - A9".0,
9i:f : fuHi?iv"pa6.xi
A9".0 : kedh"pa6.xV cpa6.xi
A3".0 : keLzr.oV cpa6.w,
B (7.18) -(7.20) Bce BerHt{t'IHbI oAHo3HaqHo 3aBHcflT or V"*"0.n.
Bennquua gllf JIHHefiHa IIo orHorreHulo K Vcpaasi -A3".0(V"p"o) flB-
Jlflercfl napa6ornqecKorl 3aBHCHMocrbIo B creneHu 2 HJtt4 3 rIpH ltrl'
HefiHofi uiu KBaAparnqHoft 3aBHSHMocru llcpaa oT Vcpaai BeJII{qvHa
A3".e He saBI,IcHT oT 3HarIeHHfl T:tx-toi nOTepI{ SHeprHH 3a cqeT
nOAHflTI4fl HHII(Hero 6neQa A3n.o HeJIHHeI?HbI no oTHoIxeHHIo K Vcp^a
H saBucflr or 1n:t^-to (prc. 7.1, a, a).
.Il,ertcreureJlbHo, nJrn JIIo6oro V"pa6.n npu pa3Hblx T - (nycrl
(Tt1Tz1Ti noJlyqaeM pa3Hble 3HaqeHnfl Qo:Qn.6:V"p^alT vr, cJIe-
AoBaTeJIbHo, pa3Hble Lz".o(Q".0). llpra sroM noTepu 3a cqeT HHx(Hero
6reQa rerra 6onllle, rIeM MeHbrIe f (puc.7.l, a).
VqHrneas BLIA 3aBucuMocrefi 9i:f (l/rpno.,,) , A3o.o (V"po0.,,,
h"p^a.n), A3,r.o (V"poo.u, T\ , Mo)KHo npeAiloJIolKHTb Bo3Mo)KHocrb cy-
IrIecTBoBaHlfl. Tor{KH gKcrpeMyMa-MaKcHMyMa 3" npu HeKoTopoM 3Ha-
qeHHH VSpuc unu ho.ru6 npn T:coflSt (p"c. 7.1, 6)
Heo6xoanMbre ycJroBr.rfl ero cyulecrBoBaHufl MolKHo HaftTI,I H3 cJIe-
AyIOUeTO COOTHOITeHI{fl :
(7.|7',
(7.18)
(7.1e)
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N 
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qTo coorBercrByer BbInoJIHeHI4IO yCJIOBHfl
(7.21}'
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- ke(F.r" * z"puo.* ffi) : o,
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tga: -T-: : -
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194
dV.pu6.*
: - tg p. (7.22),
7* r95
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,,no3 ^nodfrr.u rJrac r
2^ 1 no0
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Pnc. 7.1. O6il{Hli BHA eHeprernuecrcoft xapaKrepHcrrrKr.r
BoAoxpaHHauura fOC
Peanusaqurc (7.22) c yqeroM HeBbrcoKoii roquocrrr r.rcrro/rb3yeuoli
llHSopn,taqHlt MolKHo ocyuecrBr.rrb rpaSoau ailLrru r{ecKHM MeroAoM,
KaK 3TO noKa3aHO Ua pnC, 7.2.
il,nn pacqera yKa3aHHor? onTrrMa.nrrrorYr r,ry6rrusr cpa6orKr.t BoAo-
xpaHHJrHrrra hzpua rrpH 3aAaHHoM ?" npe4naplreJrbHo crpoHTcfl 3aBr4.
,cuMocrb EIrec (7"p"0.,,, f) no Qoprvrynavr (7.15) r.rnr (7.16) . 3areu
HTepaUHOHHbIM IIyTeM npOH3BOLHTcs, nor4cK TaKOi4. h"p^6.^, I.Jr'- KOTO-
porl 6yaer BbrnoJrHflrbcfl ycaoBHe (7.22) .
l6f(ir5="1)
a^2
sirji=3s
Az r.t-
6"art
&szi

--- PAGE BREAK ---

z9.6 1zu.E
T3>.72)71
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puc. T.Z. pacqer onrHua.nluoft r.ny6r.rHur cpa6orxtl BoAo.xpaHHJluu,a npH Qnp:0
AJII pa3Hbtx nepHoAon cPa6orxu T
fIOCneAOBaTeJIbllOCTb BCeX paCqeTOB' B.bIIIOJIFIfleMbIX Ta6JIHrlHbIM
cnoco6oM, 6yler BbIrJIflAerb cJle+yuqull o6pa3oM'
3aAaIorcr pflAoM 3HaqeHHI? lispao.n(O Vt,^Vz, "', !") npq V"-t1
1Vn H npH "Jt&t"o* 
T onpeLeJlflor Qno, Qnt,..,' Qo,' no Sopnay'ne
Q"r: V"p^anlT' (7.23',)
flo Kpl4Bofi 2t,.6(Q,,.0) HaxoArr 2n.60, zn.(t:,, "', zn'6n np14 ycJlo-
Br.rH, rITo Qrr.o:Q"rr. 3areM paccqnTblBaercr cpeAHflf orMerKa ypoBHfl
BOAbI B BOAOXp31177tl4lll€ no oopMyJle
it.a o: Zs,60- dh"p^6.*'
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H Qnp:0
BoAoXpaHI.tr,ntula npll 3aAaHHoM T u paBHOMepHoM peX{llMe Cpa6oTKH
BOAOXp AHVilvUIa.
Lnn ilO,TIyt1g11go1} h?pua BbIIIOJIHfleTCfl cJIeAyflI(ee ycJIOBl'le: npll-
PaUIeHlle sHeprlrlI 3a ctleT yBeflHLIeHIIfl Qe.rt (r' e' Vcp,.,o.',) Ha dTtp^6'*
6y4at qHcJIeHHo paBHo nOTepqM 3HeprHH 3a cr{eT yMeHbuernfl' Hanopa
il-atr rr" nprl rovr xie l/c^pa6.,,. 3io c"rreAyer u3 ypaBHeHIIfl, npeo6-
pa3oBaHHofo H3 (7.22):
dlq- kfHrecd'Vcpa6.x - : k3V"pu6'*d'Firr": - d?n' 17'257
!,anlHefi utafl. cpa6oTKa BoAOxpaHH,lHuIa npl'{BeAeT K VMeHbLUeHItFo
3" no cpaBHeHHro c onrHMa.,'rbHbrM ee 3HaqeHHeM npl{ hTpua sa cqeT
pOCTa noTepb 3FIeprlltl oT yMeur,IIIeHIIfl H rec '
LlzcKa3aHHolocreAyer'Ltrohf,pue,araKilceSS"tt"Saaucnror
no\aedenHoeo Hanopa Hi:i, uHrepsarta T, -BuAa saBuculrocreil
i"-G"ul " zl*a(Q".;) u'pbmuna cpa1orKu - BodoxpaHu/Luu4a. JIn6oe
oTKrLoHeHue oT onTuJflallbHoeo pectcul4a cpa6orKu BeAeT K nonBneHulo
TAK HASbLEAetuIbLX pehfiuJvtHblx norepb gHepeuu u alvLeHbwetTulo Bo3-
.tt'tocttilblx K ucrloltbsoBaHurc noreHqua/LbHblx sanacoB eudposHepeLtu 6
EOdOXpAHU/tLute.
ni, xapaKTepr4crr,rK BoAoxpaHHJrHrrla B;7^La lLcpaa:klVcpaa rr
lL"pna:hzV 3o"o npu6.nlt>t<euuoe 3I{atlelllle h?poa rt F rec MoX(eT 6ltrl
FrariAeFrO r.r aHaJII4THttecKHM nyTeM npH yCJIOBHH IIOcToffHcTBa Z" aU) '
HanpHir,tep, Ans Jrr.rHer?Horo xapal{Tepa 3aBI4cHMocrlI /z.pao or 7qp16 H?
;.:ri;;. ii .zzl rr (7.1s) norytl2sNr, rrro onr'Manr,Har r"ry6rrHa
CDa6oTKI,lBoAoXpaFII4JIHuIahZoua:Ql3)Hi?i,npH3ToMFIrec
- (1/3) Hic;X. 3ro osHarraer, qro Mar(crrM ailbrrafl, orAaqa 3Hep|H-II Bo-
AoxpaHuJIliula 6ea yqera Qno coorBercrByer rny6orol:r ero cpa6orKe'
Bce l,r3JloxeHHoe cooTBercrByer pyIrHbIM MeroAaM cqeTa, Koropble
AaroT npH6,'tHlKeHHbIe pe3yr'IbTaTbl. LJIfl noJlyqeHufl 6oflee Tor{Horo pe-
11reHnfl 3aAarIH CJIeAyeT ]IcIIoJIb3oBaTb aHa,loroByro 3BM. Crpyxryp-
Hafl cxeMa peueHutl 3aAaqn AaHa lIa prtc.7.3.
Pacqer 3u Ans, 3aAaHHOro T no 1Tofr, cxeMe npOri3BoAHTce' B ra-
KoI? noc,reAoBareJlbHocTH. 3aAarcrcq [poH3BoJIbHbIMlI 3HaI{eHHflMH Q"
B npeAeJrax or 0 ao Qx^"" H orrpeAe,,'r1ror 3r, HHrerpgpyf /viffi rc
BpeMeHH T. Maxcul,taJlbHoe 3FIaqeHHe 3o AaeT peueHne 3aAaqu nO
[o]rcKy h:pa npH 3aAaHHOM r.
197

--- PAGE BREAK ---

tlenr 6olbule Hanop fOC, reu 6onrue orrrnMaJrbHafl cpa6clrxa eo-
flepefi4errn K o6o6qeHuro npocrerhuefi 3aAarrr4. BnusHHe Ha
9HeprerHqecKH e xapaKTepHcr HK14 B oAoxp aHLrtrr:1'-
uIa noTepb Harropa, MoxIHoCTr.r H 3HepfHI,I 3a cqeT
HsueHeHHfl yponseli BepxHero H HHlKHero 6teSos,
ecTecrBer{Horo npHToKa BoAu B BOAOXp aHHJrHrr{e
Qnp unu Vtrw.
o6unfi BHA xapaKrepHcrHK norepb Harropa H MouIHocrH npn eroM
He HsMeHHTCfl, TaK KaK B KarreCTBe apryMeHTa B HHX, KaK H paHee, HC-
[o.rlb3oBailcfl Qu.o, LI HaJIHrrHe Qup Jruurb yBerr,rr{HT o6rqr,rfi AHana3oH
3HaqeHHfi Q".0.
B ro )Ke BpeM r HailH.uue Q,'p Mo)Ker noBJrHflTb Ha KaqecrBeHHble H
KOJrHqecrBeHHbre noKa3areJrH rroreHrIHaJIbHbrx fHApopecypcoB, aKKyMy-
JrHpyeMbrx B BoAoxpaHHJrHule.
Ann ynporreHnfl aHailHsa oHeprerr4r{ecKrix xapaKTepr4crr,rK BoAo-
xpaHldnlHxla cAeJIaeM AonyUIeHHe o nocToflHcTBe BeJII{qtIHbt Qnp B ne-
pHoA cpa6orxtt BoAoxpaHHJIHuIa. OHo cnpaBeAJrr.rBo AJrff Mex{eHHoro
B 3roM cryrlae (7.13) Mo)KHo nepenHcarb cJre[]tou1sy o6pasom:
9iffi : keVre"Err": keV"p^uHrr" * heVnp-Hrec:
: ,i$c "p + ,Fyc ". (7.26)
B (7.26) nce ero cocraB/rflrourr4e npu 3aAaHHoM T, Qoo H xapaK-
TepHcrHI{ax 6leQoB 3aBHcffT To,i'IbI(o or 7"po5.,,.
flo asa.uorH14 c (7.17) MolKHo Hanrzcarl, r{To
gFyc - ,FJc np * gFyc 
" : ,ff np- A9".6.np -
- Agn.o.ro -l- ,i:# " 
-- Ag,.o.u - A3".0.",
co cnyrlseM, paccMorpeHr{brM Ha prrc. T.l mn eop:0. CneacrBrreM sro-
ro 6yaer yMeHbrileHr.re KaK 9Xu*t, TaK u horru6. Ha pHc) 7.1 nyHxrHp-
Har JrrrHVfl noKa3brBaer 9FS" Ans cJryuan T1:const u erp;Ao.
Ha pnc. 7.4 roKa3aHbr e o6urer\,r BrrAe 3aBrrcrrMocrrr gl."i."o ,
A3r.o.rrp rz A3s.6.,,n or 7cpa6.,.. B orrr4r{He or tF%" (Z.puo) 3aBH.
cuMocrb gF$crp ( V.p*o) HMeer MaKcHMyM rrpn V cpaa: 0. Vne"rr{qe-
HHe_ cpa6orxu BeAer roJrbKo r{ yMeHbueHrrro gF$no, lprrqeM
'iftro (Z"poo) 6yaer B orrlur{He or 9FSc"(V"p^al eunynaorl xpreofi.
Irls cxasaHHoro c.,TeAy€T, llro npu AqeTe ecrecT7eHHoeo croKa peKu
hlo^a Teil--JileHbwe n"o cpa\HeHuto Co C/tAtlae.M, rcoedA Q,'p:0, qe,w
6ottowe Wnp. 3ro o6rqcHsercq ueua6ex<HbrMrr noTepflMrr rnApo3Hep-
rrrr, aKKyMyJrHpolgF.FOy, u ecrecrBeHHoM CrOKe rpH .UrO6Ona noHtrlKe-
HHr4 Hanopa Ha f3C. VeenHqenlre H,'ur yueHsueuue IYrn npr.r T -
:const 3a cqer H3MeHeHHff ypOBHefi Z16 Hera36€xHo BJrHfleT H Ha Xa-
paKrepHCrr.rKy BoAoxpaHr4rruura riSt" ( rgp"o) (pHc. T.S).
flpra orHoctlTer'tbHo MaJIoM o6reue BoAoxpaHHJrHura no cpaBHeHHlo
9 W"p ! MaJIoM }lanope HHorAa MaKcnMyM gFYc Aocrrrraercfl rpH
h"pn9:0 (prrc. 7.5), r. e. nrc6aq cpa6orxa BoAoxpaHHJrril{a Heue.qe-
coo6pa3Ha.
onruuanbHsl r.ny6aHa cpa6orxa BoAoxpaHHJrHr\a AJrn no,ryr{eHHq
MaKcr.rMynaa 9i36 Mox{er 6uru safrAeHa Ha ocHoBe HcnoJrb3oBaHHq
cJreAyrouux ycnonufi, (nepeueHHnfi napaMerp IVrd :
dris
Prtc. 7.5. Onrurra.ruHaq r.tv6uua cDa-
6_orxu BoAoxpaHHJnua npn'Qnn:gj H
Qnp;40, I"pao:coflSt lt Qnpz) Qopr
p f,oa
"r.gt
. noOJ r.!.np t
q noO
"13cnP
Puc. 7.4. ilorepu 3HeprHH
3HTHoM croKe npH cpa6orxe
H H"'IH UIa
JT3C
Ha TpaH.
BOAOXp a-
(7.31)
199
6nodv r:l
Vrlpoct=o' v$oor V.ladr Y cPod
rAe
(7.27)
(7.28)
(7.2e)
(7.30)
9ilf."o : keWnpn??i;
L?r.a.up : k3Wrrrh"r^6;
LO n.a.np : ksWnoLzrr.6.
ocranrnue qJreHbr paccr{HrbrBarorcfl ro (7.1s) - (7.20) c yqeroM,
qTo Lz"5: Lzn.6(Q".0) npH Qrr.o:Q"* Q.,p:const. VseruqeHae Qr,.o
3a cr{eT Q".o#O Bbr3OBeT rroBbr[reHHe [orepb A3rI.o., no cpaBHeHHro
198
I)
VcpaS
T2
vcoob
:;g!,"0, n"oJ, \i
dv/n.o
-ke

--- PAGE BREAK ---

wnH
tga, : Hrec dHrec
wH.,a dVn,o
: tgFr. (7 .32)
Peanasaqr4n ycnroBlit Q.qD n 9.22) Ailn HeKoroporo r noxasa-
Ha Ha puc.7.6. I-Ippnaox_pacqera coorBercrByer paccMorpeHHoMy Bbr-
tlre AJrf cryqafl Qop:0. HeNoropoe pa3JrHuue 6yaer .uprrul B pacqere
zn.6 xax QyttKrrr4H cyMMbr Qs r.r Qro, a raKx{e cMeu{eHtre paiueruoft
TOTTKH 0 B 0t no fopr.l3oHTaJrr.r Ha 3Har{enun IX/nn
oHsr.rqecxali cunrcn (7.32) Mo)KHo norcHHrb, KaK r.r paHee, paBeH-
crBoM npra6anxll sHepfr.iH or npr.rpocra pacxoAa rroTepe 3HepfH14 or
YMCHblxCHHfl HAIIOPA H rEC, HO MO}KHO, IPCACTABI,IB 'F3t B BIIAC
(7.26), 3arrncarb (7.31) rax:
dtFYc
(7.33)dV 
"pua
LrnH - dp|J."p:*dgFyc,, (7.24)
T. e. B Tot{Ke c hf,ruo nPHPaIqeHI'te oHeprHH, tioABeAeHsotl x f3C 3a
cr{er ,F8t", 6yaer KoMneHcr.rpoBarbcfr 3a crrer rrorepb or-repri.rrr Ha
rpaH3HrHoM cror(e, r. e. __dJFTc"p.
Tax xe r<aK H AJtfl. c,[yt1g" Q'p:0, 3Aecb qe,uecoo6pa3Ho Lrcno.rlb-
3oBaHHe aHaJrofoBoii 3BM AJrr pacqera .?t"d" npH 3aAaHHoM T H
Qrp;40, CrpyrrypHafl cxeMa pacr{era gFSc itoKa3aHa Ha pHc. 7.7.
Puc. 7.6. Cxeua pacqera frloo6 npn
Qop:O u Q"p+O l,nn 3aAallHoro
Tr cpao
Pnc. 7.7. Crpyriryprran cxeMa pac-
ucra 9f$[ npH Qnp:const H
Q n : const
Qnp
260
lrlcno.[rsoBaHrre yc,'roBr.rs (2.8) AonycrnMo rod'rbKo Eiln alailH3a
sHeprerHqecKllx xapaKTeptrcrrrr{ BoAoxpaHrrJrr.ru{a tr noffcHeHtrg BrrAa
nofiyqarcIlll4xcfl 3aBllcHMocteti, a TaKX{e oUeHKH KaqecrBeHHoro Bjtrrfl-
HHff Ha HHX pa3Hbrx Qaxropon.
Peanusauttq ypaB_HeHIrr 3rlnep a AJrn paccMarprrBaelroir 3a^laLrrr
nprr ycJroBur.r, KorAa Qnp+O 14
NFYg : 9,81 (Qro * Q") H.sc, (7.35)
npHBeAer K noilyqeHr.rro cJreAyrouero ycJroBufl, Koropoe 6yaer onpeAe-
JrflTb co6orl orrrr.rMaJrtHmr? pexirrM cpa6orrir.r BoAoxpaHH,IIltilIa:
Q"IF": de/dt. (7.36)
: iBFS""o + "FS" - o
cVcpa6 ' dV"pa6
Peiueune (7.36) Aax{e AJrfl ycJroBrrfl Qn: const y}Ke He 6yAer co-
orBercrBoBarb paBrJoMepHorl no pacxoAy cpa6orlre BoAoxpaHtrJrr.ru{a.
,II,nq cry.lar, KofAa h"rno:ktVct,aa n-pu 
-A,zr,.a:kzQn.a 
14',III4 Lztr,:
:hslQn.a, pacxoA BoAoxpaHHJrr.rqa 6yLer MeHflTbCfl nO ,rrrHeirHouyprJrr.r napa6onuqecKoMy 3aKoHy coorBercrBeHHo BrrAa
Q"n (/) - co * crt;
Q"r(tt - Co -f Cl * Crt,, (7.37)
Aaxe npH ycJlonnu Q6G):const.
C,reAosare/rbHo, V"poa(t) 6yaer ilpH 3ToM r.rsMeHflTbcfl Bo BpeMe.
HI,I NO 3ABHCIIMOCTI,I BHAA .\
Vcp^a(/) : cot { crtz; I
vcp^a(/) : cot * ciz * ,rt'.| (7'38)
Pea.rnsauHs (7.36) Bo3MolKHa nn6o BpyrrHyro MeroAoM KoHeqHbrx
npHpaxr.gHlrl, nu6o c noMorubro 3BM. CrpyxrypHafl cxeMa peaJrrr-
3aUr4r4 (7.36) 6es yqera onpaunuenufi npeAcraeJreHa Ha pHC. 7.g.
Puc. 7.8. Crpyroypuan cxe,Ma
TeHr{Hata BoAoxpaHHJrrru{a 6es
pacqeTa 3Heprono,-
yqeTa orpaFrHqeHHH
2r.t
PHc, 7.9. TeopernqecKue KpHBbre
xHMa cpa6orxu BoAoxpaHHnuflJ,a
onTHMaabHoro pe-
201
z 0.6,2 a ,6
(t:!,,,,.X
lEnPu Qnp= 0
A3 - -.VcPad hrpo1
llFa anplFu I 6, u
a^D+0
Hg
_Q x.6

--- PAGE BREAK ---

36 ^noO ^^,,
\ J r3c "P*
36.,3u6n13np13ili!
Pnc. 7.10. CrpyrrypHaq cxeMa pacr{era 3HepfonoreltquaJla BoAoxpaHHJIHuIa c yqe-
TOM OfpaHHqeHHri nO ypoBHqM BepxHero 6leQa
6yaer r.rMerb Br4A, aHaJrorurrHbrfi xpunofi 3. Il,anHIrI4e rlpI'IToqHocrv HJIH
ycJIoBHn h,:T,,,(,: leVzrpua IIpll zi.?E <Hny -npllBeAer K noflBJlellHIo
pelKHMa, Koropbll? coorBercrByer KpxBoiI 4. 9ra KpHBafl 6yler BorHy-
iofi, '{ro creAter H3 aHaJrH3a (7.36), a raK)Ke pe3yabraroB pacr{eroB
Ha aHailofoBoft 3BM.
V'{er orpaHHI{eHHIl nO Ze.6 Ha 3BM Bo3Mo}KeH MeToAoM
Qynnuul:r. B xa.{ecrBe npHMepa Ha pr4c. 7.10 npe4sraBJleHa
Hafl cxeMa pacqeTa 3HepfoIIoTeHIIHaJIa BOAOXpaHHJIHIIIa C
paHHqeHHfi, BHAa
Qi (Vap"o) : VYSl'a @ -V"p^a (4 < 0;
gr(Z.p"o) :Vcp^o@-VUI,8(/) < o'
Heo6xolHMbre ycJroBrrff orrrHMaJrbHocru pex(1Mq Hc[oJIb3oBaHVr'
BoAoXpaHHJII4UIa, pea.,'IH3oBaHHbIe Ha CXeMe puc. 7.10, nuercT c,'IeAyrc-
urr.rft sHA:
Q"p (r) + dE (t) - -!- UX, (t) - IIIz(t)) : 0, (7 .41)
1""(/) dt dt \ r'
t4e III. u IIIr-urpaQHbIe Qyuxul'tll,
202
hSporr
trlooo z
3ncn
-^a-lruv
J$:Jnptc 139
Puc. 7.1 l. B.nHRHue norepb sHepf Hr.r Ha HcnapeHHe Ha oHepf erHqecKlle xapaKrepHc-
Tr.rKH BOAOxpaHHnH[t
IfIL - Frgr (Zrpu6) sign gr (Z.pro)i
III z - Fzgz (7.p"6) sign ez (Z.puo).
BnuflHHe Ha sHepreTHI{ecKHe xapaKTepHCTrlKlI
BOAOXpaHHJII4Ua nOTepb BoAU H3 HefO Ha IICnape-
H rr e, BoAo3 a 6op rr r. .[,. B xa,recrBe rrJlJlrocrpaunn IIa prrc. 7.1I
npeAcTaBJIeHbr B O6uIeU BHAe 3aBHCHMOCTH TpeX COCTaB,'tqrcUIHX
9fyc, a HMeHHo 3o, )np H 3,,,,,, npH 3r,.r(Fn, t). Ha,ntt'ltte Q,,,'n
BCerAa yMellbilaer ecrecrBeuusrri npuror( BoAbt B BoAoxpaHtlJlllu{e.
flpuueu coorHotileHue Q".r, H Q,,p B pasHoe BpeMff roAa Mo]KeT 6ltrr
pa3JIHI{HO.
A,nq c,Tyqafl, I{orAa Qnp BCerAa $oJlbrtt€ Q,,.n, Y{er norepL, 3Heprlll{
Ha HcnapeHne yMeHblrtHr 3i3t v HecKorbKo yBerHtIHr ho"pu6 (no
cpaBHeHulo co cryr{aeM, I{orAa )rr"n:0) , t.e. hf,pa62 th?puos thZpuar
(ptac. 7.11, a). Koraa Q'p paBeH HyJIlo HJIH MaJI IIo cpaBHeHIIlo c Q,,.',
Bo3MoN(Ho noBbrtrreHHe cpa6orKa BoAoxpaHHJrHIIIa AJrn yBeflnr{eHHfl
ero 3HeprerHqecKort orAaqn, r. e. h Zp^at th|"puaz (prrc. 7.11, 6).
Ans KacKaAa fOC, TaK )Ke KaK I.r AJtr oAVHoqHoro BoAoxpaHttrtH-
I[8, Mox{Ho IroJIyqHTb Heo6xoAHMbIe ycJIoBHs Ann 9i!f* -+ lrlzX B
BHAe (7.32). Hanpuvrep, AJrr /-fi craHqvrr4 KacKaAa
Hxacxt dHuacnl
Vs.6t dVn5t
3lecr
Ws.at: Vnpt *
nI
(7.42)
(7 .43)
rrrpaQHHX
crpyKryp-
yqeToM or-
(7.3e)
(7.40)
(7.44)
Vcpaai fl*"c*l : ffil|f*r - dh"p^at - Lzn.an, (.45)
4o lNcpoo
%s9?t
;/MuH'cpa6
-92s9 Pz
203

--- PAGE BREAK ---

-Eelu Bce BoloxpaHHJIHTIta B KacKa.[.e o,[,HHaKoBbIX pa3MepoB, To
Ha ocHoBaHHH (7.44) Mo)KHo yrBep)KAarb, qro Hal46onruas rny6nna
cpa6orKu AoJrlKHa coorBercrBoBarb Bepxueli fOC KacKaAa, HaI4MeHb-
ruaff - nocJleAHefi,, k-i4, f3C B KacKaAe.
R^o orzqD aLrLr^a Err-rITTA n.nrrrtnr, ltrtnr- w elronrATLTfronI{I/l\t YgngKTpnItc-
.lJ!\- Ll\quqrrrrvv uuluv v r ^rvurrvrvvu rr Jravr ^ 
"r "-
THKaM BOAOXpaHH[II4U\a, [OCTpoeHHbIM TOJIbKO AJIfl nepnoAa ero cpa-
6orxu. klcno.nlaoBaHHe yKa3aHHbtx xapaKTepHcrl{K Bo3Mox{Ho npH
pa6oTe fAC B Kar{ecTBe pe3epBa MoUIHoCTLT t4 ?Hepil4r4 B cHcTeMe, a
TaKlKe rIpH MadToM yAeJrbHoM Bece rHApo3JIeKTpocTaHUufi 14 MaJIoiI
3HaqHMOCTH AJIfl 3HepfOCr4CTeMbr nepl4oAa HaIIoJIHeHHfl BOAOXpaHI4JIH-
u1a. Kporvre roro, [oAo6HbIe XapaKrepl.icrl4K6 flOrpe6yrcrca npu pa6o-
Te f3C Ha H3orrHpoBaHHbrfi pailoH rrorpe6JIellt4fl co cileIIHtpI4qecKHM
TexHoJroruqecKHM IIHKJIOM.
LIHorAa AJrfi sHeprocncreMbr HJrH orAeJlbHoro norpe6uTeJlfl Mox{er
HMeTbMecTO pe)KHM C MaKCHMaJIbHO BO3MOX{FIOIi MOIII-
Hocrbro B AaHHbII? MoMeHT BpeMeHH
Nis (/) : 9,81Q".6 U) @".a (/) - z",a(t))-+ m?X.
rAe AeH.6h - ypoBeHb HHX{Hero 6leQa nocJle,4nefi, ft-fi crynenu KacKaAa
npn pa6ore ro/rbKo l-tr f3C; q,: ll2 + ll3;
h
HXZt"t: t Hi".i,.
rcuree peileHnlo (7.47). Hanpr'rMep, npH Az' a:k'/ -a.--.^MaKcHMyM
/filffi Aocr?rnaercn npg Q'.0, coorBercrByioqeM-(419) QXff' npll
AasHoI? hcpaa (ct"t. S 2.2).
Enn MaJIbIX f3C Lt BoAoXpaHHJII{il{ JIIO6oe H3MeHeHHe Q".o BeAer
npaKTHqecKH K OAHOBpeMeHHOMy HSMeHeHI4IO KaK 2e.6, Tal( lt zs.6'
B rt"" ycJIoBHflx pearlusaqllfl (7.47\ no (7.49) cnpaBeAJIIIBa roJIbKo
AJtfl Har{a.[bHOfO MOMeHTa BpeMeHH to, KOfAa MO]KHO Ct{ilTaTb'- t{TO
2".a0: const. ,[nq Bcero paicrtrarpuBaeMoro nepuoAa- norpe6yercn
peaJrg3ar{Hfl ycJIoBHfl (7.49) Liln Ka)KAoro 3HaqeHHfl hcpa6:hcpaa\t),
;. ;. 0;;;: QJ".u (/). oueBHAHo raKlKe, qro noAo 6nutit pe)KHM He 6y-
r6m ^nnrDAT^'nqnp2T!- vl..j'rnBuro MaKCHMVMa OT.naqll BO,l,oXpaHllrlilil{a
At-r U\J\-, IDV I vr uvuq r s
no sHeprvr4 vrs-sa Heyqera aQsexra nocneAellcTBllff.
D,nn KacKaAa fOC Bo3MolKHa raKx{e peaJIH3aql'1ff peX(llMa no yc'
JIOBHIO
h
Nl".t" (/) : I 9,81Qrscr Hrect'+max.-
l:l
Hanpnuep, AJrfl KaCt(aAa f3c AJII4Ted'IbHoro peryJlHpo-BalHl1lfl' npH
orHocHTeJrbHo MaJIOM nepHOAe I no cpaBHeHI{IO C 'Eao6 ycnonun pa6o'
rbr KacKaAa ro (7.5I) 6yayr coorBeTcTBOBaTh yKa3aHHbIM Bblue A"IIfl
,oAgHoqHoro BOAoxpaHu[II4D\a. .KOrla rsoalT, yr{eT 'Cao6 cKaiKeTcff
'ToJIbKo Ha noCJIeAoBaTeJIbHocTi{ pacqeTa KacKaAa cBepXy BHLI3 H3'34
Heo6XOAHMocTlI Y{eta npHroKa Or BepXHItX fOC K Hll)KHIIM' 3H-epre-
THqeCKafl oTAar{a KacKaLa 3a nep6op, T s UeJIoM sAecb TaK}Ke 6y1er
MCHbIIIC.
vqer pe)Kr.rMa HanorHeHHfl B SaAaqe noJIyqeHHfl
MAKCHMAJIbHOfi OTAAqH BOAOXP AHT4JIHIqA ilO sHEP'
r Lr 14 noBJIHfleT He roJIbKo Ha pex{HM HCnoJIb3OBaHHfl BoAoxpaIHJIHl[4
Ho t{ Ha ero cpa6oTKy. Hanpumep, AJIfl OAHHorIHofr f3C npll Q-t.c6p:0
u Q".o:0 uaxcuwraJrbHaff noABeAeHHafl 3HepMfl_ 6yaer cooTBeTCTBO-
BaTb pe)KHMy pa6orbr BoAoxpaHHJrHtUa npn HnV, t. e. ilpLt hspa6:0.
Sror sHson BbrreKaer Ha ocHOBaHHr.r rofo, riro B paccMorpeHHoM CJIy-
;;;- Vf *"-tfj:Wt"rtil rpH Wx.cop:UX,co:0 H rro6an cpa6orxa
BoAoxpaHI{rIHUIa BeAer ro'IIbKo K norepnM SFYc t? ::--tJ yMeHbueHl{fl
E i"". 3u4uui- tZ.Sf l rIpH yqere rpaHliqHblx yc"noeuit (uanpmtep'
io'2""1- "" 
,*"eT cMbrcrra r\iln 3aAa'Horo nep,oLa T H Mox(er 6ltrl
pelxeHa ToJIbKO_ AJIfl KpaTKoBpeMeHHbIX HHTe0BaJIOB BpeMeHH npH HC-
noJlb3oBanur f3C KaK pe3epsa *oufHocrg. P^erueHue (7'51) Ann Bcero
n.p"o4u 7 npueeAer K.npexAeBpeMeHHofi cpa6Orxe BoAoxpaHHJIHIIla
; ;;;;p"" .aly., oco6eHHo Ann HI43K6- t4 cpeAHeHanopHblx rgc'
D,nn oUeHKH sQSexruBHocTH HcnoJlb3oru""" 9F*"'*t n ruF$["'*"
BBeAeM noHsrgf i<n4 BoAoxpaHHJIHuIa no sHeprHH 14 MolllHocrn:
(7.46)
(7.47)
(7.48)
(i.5 r )
nns KpynHbIX BoAoxpaHHJIHIII B (7.47) Mo)KHo crlrlrarb, qro
z".a(t):coflSt. TorAa rrocraBJreHHafl 3aAaqa Mo)KeT 6ltrs pe[IeHa AJIfl
ycnonnfi ycTaHoBHBIxerocfl pelKLIMa MeroAaMH auQQepeHlll'iaJIbl-loro
I,ICqHCJICHI,I'
dNFS dHrsc- Hrec '* Q'r.o -0,
dQs.a
ycrroBufl no,ryqeHr.rfl sKcrpeMyMa Nfl3t (Q".0)
coorBercrBoBarb npeAeJIbHotZ MouIHocrH crBo-
(7.4e)
npeAcTaBHTb efo
dQn.6
npr4 9TOM HeO6XOAHMbIe
npu Zn,6:const ,6yAyrpa IIo ycJIoBuIo (cM. fJI. 2).
dHrec : - Hrsc
rc* "",@usfiqecxufi cMbrcJr (7.49) 6yAer noHrreH, ecJIH
B CJIeAyIOUIeM BI4Ae:
AN;1 - 9,8lQr.6d.Hvoc_ -AMq: -9,81dQ".aHrrc, (7'50)
r. e. MaKctrMyM /t/FS Mox{Ho rroJryqnrb npl4 ycJIoBHu paBeHcrBa ro'
Tepb MoIIIHOCTII 3a CqeT yMeHbuIeuus, H reC 14 ee Ao6aBKH 3a CqeT
yBerI4I{eHHfl Qrec" B rpaQI4rIecKoM BsAe peaJIH3aUHfl (7.49) 6utna paccMorpeHa B
S 2.2. A.tri aHalr1rr4rrecKoro 1rpeAcraBJIeHHfl BaBHcHMocTI{ Lzt.a or
Q'".0 fipra zs.6:coflSt troxuo olpeAeJlHrr snaqeHne'Qn.o, coorBercrBy-
204
(7.52)
205

--- PAGE BREAK ---

26,6 Puc. 7.12. Kn.[ Hcnorrb3oBaHr.rfl BoAo-
xpaHHJ'rHu{a no oHeprHH (a) H Moru-
HocrH (6)
l/noA
rf;Shu - --"roc-, (7.b3),vf*"u*.
rAe 9F*tu"t - rroreH \r4aJr Bono-
xpaHHJtuua nplj 3aAaHHbrx ycJroBH-
fl,x (uanpurraep, repr{oAe T, hrp^a
- \ r rnOI.MaKc
H T. L.); /vreC - MaKCHMyM
eosMoxHorl noABeAeHHort K fOC
MotrrHocru rrpH saAaHHor? hcpao
h"p^a(t).
IJa pHC. 7.12, a npeAcraBJrelra
3aBucr4Moc'r'b KnA BoAoxpaHuJrH-
III"a_OT Zs.6 Itpvr 3aAaHHbIX yCJTOBHflX
(43 - rrorepu eHeprHra)-. K|IA,
panHrui l, 4ocrr,rraercfl npvrhf,r^6 ;
Bo Bcex Apyrzx cryqarx KnA<1.
V,rer Q*#0 AeJraer 3aBncuMocrb
qFSs Q".d MeHee noruyrofi, r. e.
yMeHbuaeT oTHocHT€JrbHlro AoJrro pe)KHMHbrx rroTepb.
H.a pnc. 7.1.2, 6 npeAcrasrreHa xapaKrepHcrr4Ka qi$c/.7 (e".u)
npu hcp^a:corlst Liln ycraHoBuBrxerocfl pex{Hrwa pa6ortr,'rA; IN--pelKHMHbre noTepr,r.
7,3. 9 H E P T ET VlLlECRVlE X A P A K T EP VICT V1KI4 B O A O X P AHN N1hUq
APY|UX ThnOB r3y
Bo4oxp atlrJrur\a |AOC HecoBMerqeHHoro BuAa o6.naAarcr oco6br-
MH sHeprerHqecKHMH cBoIicrBaMI4. 3Heprernqecxurt noreHr{HaJr BoAo-
xpaHl|^ilHrrl |ASC paccr{Hrr,rBaercfl AJrfl pe}Kr4Ma 3apflAa H pa3paAa v
coorBercrByer MaKCI4MaJIbHo sogN,roxHorl orAaqe v[rr4 aKKyMyJrHpoBa-
HHrO sHepfHH_B_BOAOXpaHr.rJil.rxrax fA3C. OuenuAuo, qro B pex{HMe
pa3pflAa or |ASC rpe6yercn noJryqHrb MaKcr4MaJrbHyro orAaqy, a B
pelKHMe 3apfAa - aKKyMyJrHpoBarb 3Heprnro npH MHHHMaJTbHOM nO-
rpe6.neHLtH ee H3 cucreMbl Ha 3aKaqHBaHHe BoAbr 143 HHX(Hero 6acceft-
Ha B sepxuufi.
MareuarnqecKH 3aAaqa Liln pelKHMa pa3pflAa SopuynupyercffTaK: A[In '3aAaHHoro rlepHoAa BpeMenu T:tn-to IIpH -H3BecrHbIX fpa-
I{HqHbIx 3H'aqeHuflx orMeroK BoAoxpaHr4JrvrrJr, xapaKTepHcrHKax 6le-
Qoe_ zs.a(V".d u zn.6(V".d r^iln ycraHoBtrBuerocfl pelKHMa pa6oru
rpe6yerc n uafirn aKcrpeMyirn QynrUr4olarra
r- ;'' .9l"o - gFffi8"o : i"ruFi'J. (t) dt+ rlnX, (7.s4)
io
2116
r,Ile
ffFfEc (t) : NB"'o (/) : 9,81QBU'p (4 ItFl's. (l) : //i:f nasn (f) - AA/3:30 (t) -
,r" 
AIiliSP (/); (7'55)
QBu.o (t) : *' ";90 ( ai;Xu (r)) : Q".o (/); (7.b6)
dt
,,n2en rrno[.Da3D r H,6 /]\ r^8.6 rn LIr-I\/ \/l/tn
tli{5C (I) : tt i.i' ftcpa6 (t/ - rLHan\L) - IltId s.6 - d' .'rrvH.6 -
- hii6ua(l) - ni';1"(t); (7 '57'1
h?i6^e(l) : HnyB.6 - zo 6(yl;9u (r)); (7.58)
hX;l(A : zn..(tzfi;fl (/)) - VMo".6. (7.59)
IIpnHHrvraeTcfl, qro Q iu.o : Qn.6 : Q rleci AorlycKa-tT". oTcyrcTBHe
norepb BoAbI Hs Bo/{oXpaHI'IJIl{ua' r. e. yi;u"o(/): yl;l(f)'
I4s aHaIH3a (7.54)-(7.59) cJleAyer, qro paccMarpHBaeMafr 3ana'
qa oTHOcHTCfl K KJTaCCUqeCKOMy BapHaIIHOHHOMy HCI{IICJIeHHIO C nepe-
MeHHbrMr.r y3;90 (/). tlpro aroM QynxquoHa.rr (7.54) B o6uteM BHAe
MolKer 6rttt npeAcraBJIeH TaK:
gfu.o : gFibE sp - 'f 
ur, , (a, t) dt -+ max,
to \
r,qe ft:9,8 li A':Qoi M(A,/) : //Fi'Sc(ybXo, t).
HseecrHo, uro QynxqnoHaJrbr noAo6soro BHAa orHocflTcfi K KJIaccy
BbIpo>KAeHHbIX, H Hx peueHgff o6"rraAanT HeKoTOpbIMH Oco6eHHocTflMH'
Heo6xoar.rMbre ycaoBHfl eKcrpeMyMa (7.54\ npI.I 3alaHHblx HaqaJIb-
HbIX ycJIoBHflx toiyt 6ltrl noryqeHbl Il3 peueHHfl ypaBHeHHft 3fi"nepa
dNfasn d dillmn -0.
Mtf,
Hr4
Q x,6
ay?;u"u dt dQg".o
PeuesHe (7.61) noraeuBaeT, qTo B AaHHoM cJlyqae ouo Tox(AecT-
BeHHo paBHo tyn19. flpuuerr,1 I.I Bropafl npoll3BoAgaff .Mo no Qo raxXe
TO)KAeCTBeHHO paBHa HyJIIO, qTO OnpeAeJIfeT oTcyTcTBHe H3"IOMOB Ha
3KcrpeMarn peueHrfl (7.54) .
I,{e reop t4H BapVaUHoHHoro HcrIHcfi e:ntfl, H3BecTHo, t{To SyHxUt'IOuan
J.JIS 1loAo6untx 3aAaq He 3aBHcHT OT pelKHMa cpa6ott<vt BOAOXpaHvIJtH'
ilIa H OnpeAeJIfieTCf ToJIbKO fpaHHqHbIMH yCJIOBHflMH, T. e. 3HaqeHHflMH
yponnel? Ann to rr t^.
He rpe6yer oco6lrx AoKa3aTeJrbcTB H TO, IITO 3Hepfo[oT€HIII{2."I
pelKHMa 3apnAa |ASC raKlKe He 3aBHcl'Ir or V;;Xq Ir onpeAeJln'
eTcfl TOJIbKS rpaHHr{HbIMH ycJIOBHflMH nO ypoBHnrra 6leQOB H r{HcJIeHHO
(7.60)
(7.61)
rASC
MO}KHO
207
paBeH sHepfonoreHuHaJly pex(HMa pa3peAa.
Pacr{eT aHepreTHr{ecKI{X xapaKTepHcTHK BOAOxp^aHHJIHIIIa
AJrfl pex{HMa 3aprAa-pa3plAa, r. e' 3n(2".d HrtH Jn(zo.a),
rrpoH3Becrt4 cJIeAyIourlIM o6p asou

--- PAGE BREAK ---

noAmaeur\a (7.56)- (7.59) B (7.55)
,lVB'6
.tria3c(/)_9,81+(,".u(v7;!^u)-,'.u(vi,^x)).(7.62)
PasAennM nepeMeHHbre B (7.62) -H npouHrerpHpyeM noJryqegHoe Bbr-
palKeHHe
t^t - vqla6.n , -a
J' nr|orc(t)dt:3"(t) : J Hraac(f:i:6) aVEi^a.
to Y"p"oo
kls (7.63) c,'reAyer, qro .?B(l): g"(V"";6^e (q), n pacr{er sHepro-
noreHrlHaJra BoAoxpaHr.rJrHUIa MolKeT 6trrt npoH3BeAeH c HcnoJlb3oBa-
HLreM _ HanopHbrx xapaKrepncir.rr< BrrAa H rrcc|Vi;u"u). floc.ueAuue Mo-
ryr 6um nocrpoeHbr_ Ha ocuoBe 3aBr4cuwocreii (7.58) n (7.59) c
yqeroM roro, uro 7i;9u = VI;f;, c rroMorubro o6nqHux o6reuHux
xapaKTepHcrHK BoAoxpaHHJrHUr |AOC HecoBMerqeHHoro BHLa
zs.a(vo.d H zn 6(vu.d Hru4 hi'p6^r,(7:;f6) n hx;x(r;;f). Ia,ree norry.
I{eHHyro 3aBr.rcHMocrb H.lec(Zi;90) cJreAyer rrpor.rHrerpHpoBarb
aHailvrprqecKu r4Jrr4 qr.rcJleHHbrMH MeroAaMH !;rfl RorvqeHr.Iff Oynx-
t\un 3o:3nVi;1^) , HanpHMep no Qopuy.ue
-l Ir fi,| 
m
ra (/ "p5ua*): I o,d (fliA3ci +H
/:l
rAe 3u-B xBr.q; Hrp;ec -B M;
m
:I ATcapoji ATcpaoj- sJreMeHrapHbre
i:l
HHJIHXIa.
B HeKoropbtx crytraax Bo3Mo)r(Ho noryrreHrie uanopHbrx t4 gHepre-
THqecKrIX xapaKTepr{crrrK BoAoxpaHHJrHuI |ASC B aHailvrzqecKoM
BHAC.
HanpaMep, npr{ hi;Zu : krVi,;Za u hi,;X: krVX^X norryqaeM, r{ro
Hrrec(y3;Xu) : Hff -(kr-t kz)Vf,;6ua. (7.65)
floAcraenss (7.65) B (7.63) , rorryqaeM
e"(vi;6^e) : ai:$ (rzfo"a - pSpuo ) - u, t u, [(zfp,o )r-(z8o"u)'I. (7.66)
Xna V|ruo : 0
o"(rl;u.o) : Hi:ivi;1a_ + (r:;:J" (7'6e)
Sxcrpe1,ryM -MaKcgnayrr4 (7.67) u (7.69) 6y4er coorBercrBoBarb ycJIoBHlo
l'l.aec : I/i:# -h""p6uo_ h1:^- 0. Q '70)/
xapaKrepficrHKax 6le$os ycJIoBHIo (7 '70) coor-
BE Ha noJIoBHHy Hi?,I He3aBlicuMo or Btl-
(7.63)
flptl oAI'IHaKoBbIX
n^dn mDlram nn q 6nlt{t
l'EILTDJ\.1 vyqvvrrrs
Aa xapal{repl'lcrl'lK zs.6(V o,d tr zs.6( V'.0) ,,ncBn T.!
(p".. 7.13) .\r 
Ens 3aAaHHblx 3Haqeuufi HflY H VMO
MaKcr'rMyM Kl lA llcro.rb3oB3yy\ BoAo;\pa-
gunnura BbIcoI(oHanopHbIX |AOC paBeH I
np14 nonsofi cpa6orne I'IJIH HanoJIHeHlII'l
BepxHero 6accetltua AJIII pexillMa pa3pflAa-
3 Ap fl La COOTBeTCTBeHHO.
Paccuorpuu 6onee c,'lo)l(Hble c"[yqau'
|AOC c HII>titlllM 6acceii nou, DelNllrl
KOTOporo onpeAed'IfeTcR He3aBI{CU-
Mo or pexHMa f A3C. Ouenu4uo, qro
rI B oroM cflyr{ae llccneAyeltufi tpyHt<uHoHa'n Bbl'
pox<4enunli. TorAa neo6xoAHvlte ycJIoBHfl sKcrpe'
MyMa QyHxUIlouaJIa npHHI'IMaIor BIIA
Hroa.(Vrpos)
Puc. 7.13. O6urHfi BHA 3HeP'
reTHqecKHX H HanopHblx xa'
paKrepHcrHK BoJ.OXpaHH']Htrl
i,q.gc HecoBrteuetllloro BItJ'a
Befiepurpac-
(7.72>
,?fasci) LV cp^ai + , (T .G4)367
AV6px6-n u3; Vcpa6m=
o6rentr cpa6orNz BoAoxpa-
(7.67),
or V7;6^o
(7,68)
!
|'rA3C
cr), rAe
|ASC ue
h*5
C1 H c2 OnPeAe-
3aAaHO, TO efo
dzt.6ldt:0.
l4s (7.71) cJleAyer, qro npr 2s.6:const sHep-
roeMl(ocrb BoAoxpaHlulrut |ASC He gaellcllr or pe'
xHMa nx pa6ott'l u onpeAeJlflercfl ToJIbKo rpaHHrI'
HbTMLI ycJIoBHflMl't 6leQon. 3ro xapaxrepHo AJII cJIy-
qafl, I(orAa HHIKHHM 6r,e(rom fA3C KparKocporlHofo
peryJrHpoBaHHfl rB.rqercff BoAoxpaHuflHue fA3C
AJrHre.nbHoro peryitnpoBaHHt (crr'r. r.l. 8).
EcnH napaMerpbl BoAoxpaHHaHur fA3C 6nns'
r{H Apyr K Apyry, ro MaKcHMaJIbHafl orAar{a |ASC
Mox(er 6urt AocrurHyra Ha 3KcrpeMaJlffx c H3JIo'
(7.7t)
MaMH. Koop.u,unarbl TOqKfl H3JIOMa e fs CneAyeT HaXOAHTb no ycroBlllo
ce - 3parrraHa. ,[lnr paccMarpHBaeMoro cflyr{as oHH npHMyT BllA
dff"I :dN, L
dQ" lt:to-o dQo lt:to+o'
(ru" - o"#) l,:,,-o: (t" - Q" # ) l,:,.*o, e"(v?ili : nff v3;2u- -b* (v1;u^u)'.
eooreercrBeHno AJrr rrapa6o.nuqecrofi gaeucr{Mocru h|i'ua u hirf"
4.,,, V;rX BMecro (7.65) w (7.67) HMeeM
r/reec (ri;90) : l/i:# - (k, * 4y (vZ;6^)' ;
90ts
3,qecr Q":d.Vspa6ldt npn SKcrpeMaJII{ Vcpaa(t, cr, c2, cs,
JrflIorcfl Hs rpaHnqnblx ycJIoBHit, a cs H ca H3 (7:72)'
Ec.nu npeufl HaqaJra u KoHUa Cpa6orxU BOAOXpaHLI!'lHLII
Moxuo nairrn no ycJIoBHlo rpaHcBepcaJlbHocrn'
,4
1l
209

--- PAGE BREAK ---

lFz
f A3C o6ulero BHAa c rPI'IroKoM
BOAbr B BepxHee BoAoxpaHHJIHII,e.
B srov c.ryqae, Kat( II AJIn f3C, onrnua.nlHufi
pexiHM HcnoJlbsoBaHl{fl BoAoxpaHHfiHqa 6y'
AeT OnpeAeJIflTbcfl BCeM ql'IKJIOM 3apffAa-pa3-
pfAa.
Ecnn rpe6yercn uafirn orAeJIbHo onrHMaJIb-
rrrrfi np>rurr nr?nqn, v.nrl ?Ari,cna (nou MaJIoMr*'r.'F.\l
yAerrbHoM nece |AOC B sHeprocucreue), To He-
o6xoAlturte ycaoBut ero MolKHo 3anl{carb' Boc'
nod'rb3oBaBIxHcb ypaBHeHHeM 3finepa:
_/ll\
Q11p(t) (= -F- l:0' (7'73)
y s.o (l) F".aU\ /
VTs ycJIoBHtt (7.73) cJleAyer, B qacrHocru'
BbIBOA O He3aBHCHMOCTI'I rloreHqHaJIa BOAOXpa-
HHJTHUIa |AOC HecoBMeuleHHoro BHAa or pex(H'
Ma ero cpa6otxu [Q"p (l) :0, r. e. ycrloBue
(7.73) raK)Ke rolKAecrBeHHo paBHo uynro].
flpu Q,p (l)+0 ucc.ne4yeunrft QyHruHoHan
Puc. 7.14. Cxeva KacKaAa AByx TaK>Ke BbIpo>KAeHHHfi' Ho pelxeHHe 3Aecb cJIeAy'
iAdC 
"..o*.ur.I{"o* 
*au 
' er r.rcKarb B BHAe ercrpeua.nefi c I.{3JIoMaMH.
Vcloeue Qtp(l):coflst cnpaBeAJIHBo AJIfl o6urq-
HbIX fA3C KparKocporlHofo peryJlt'IpoBaHI{fl, npn
erou (7.73) nupox,u,aercfl B paBeHcrBo F".o (l) :F".0 (l). VcIosHe Qrp (l)*const
,cnpaBeAJIHBo Aflq |ASC AJIHTe'nbHoro peryJII'lpoBaHIIr.
KacxaA rts Tpex BoAoxpaHHJIHIq (pHc.7.l4) c xapaKrepHcrl'IKaMH
z"r(V"r), ?nz:zttt:21r1(V"z), znz(V"z). Harlaeru ycJIoBI'Ifl ontnuansuofi cpa6otxH
AByx BepxHllx BoAoxpaHHJIHIIt npH OTCyTCTBLIH noTepb BoAbI AJIfl 3aAaHHbIx orMeToK
Hnyr, HflVz, yMO3 Nts. to H VMOr, yMO2 rn HflVs Lnn tu I'lHrepBarla T:t^-to
npu Q"o' (f ) : Qnpz (l) : Q'pe (l) :0. MareuaruqecKu uerleBafl SyHxUun npnMer BHA
0N, d _aNt t
dV"p^a, - 
dt Tq", : 0;
dN,
0Vcp^6, dt dQ"z 
- v'
Pacrpoeu noeJreAoBareJrbHo Bce cocraBJrsrorqHe (Z .80) :
d//r A 02", 0V^, 02,,
ov"r* : vu ]7"r ffi * (Qsr * Q"z) fr
Q"r f Q"a
F"s '
(7.83)
oN, -,- - \.
dQ"z 
- ('H1 - tuz) t
dilt
;A. 
: (7il-znt) * (z"r -zrz): zer-znz.
flo4crauuu (7.81) - (7.84) e (7.80) H yrrreM, qro
d ,^. _ dtn dVil dV 
"p^a, _ Qer',
dt 'BL - 
,W av .r^u, dt 
: + 
o- t
dzn _ dzn dV"z dVcp^62 : _ e"z
dt dV"z dVcpuaz dt F"z '
dzw _ dzrz dVna dVnuns _ e"r * e"s
dt dvus dvrans dt F"s
Vut:Yf;, * Vnanz:Vszi
Vss: V11z: V2, * Vr na
lfi
V"^n: J Q",Odt;
J
,0
dVrz Qrr-:-
dV"pu6t F",
(7.81)
(i.83)
(7.84)
(7.85)
(7.86)
(7,87>
(7.88 )
(7.8e)
(i. e0)
(7.e1)
2lr
SKacK -
"s
AIrv 81 -
N"2: (Qur
t'fi
,[ tru"'
.0
Q"r (zut
* Qur)
(l) + N", (l)l dt - maxi
(V"t) - zn(V"z)) 9'81;
(zn (Vr) - zsz (7"e)) 9, 81 ;
vl, - Yio|u,;
(7.74)
(7.75)
(7.76)
(7.77)
(7.78)
(7.7e)
B erol\a cJlyqae noJlyqaeM, qro ycJroBur (7.80) rolr{AecrBeHHo paBHbr Hy.;rro, r. e.
nrc6oft pexnM cpa6orxH .qByx BepxHHx BoAoxpaHHJrHuI onruMar,reH H 3HepfonoreH_
IrHaJr KacKaAa onpeAeJrflercfl ToJtbKo fpaHHr.rHbrMH ycJroBHflvru 6teQon.
Stor nHsoA cnpaBeAilHB 11 AJrfl HacocHoro pelKr.rMa, KorAa BoAa us 2-ro I 3-ro
BoAoxpaHHJrrlu noAaercg s l-e.
Peueuue sa!.aln Aile. Kacrar\a |AOC, aHa,,rornqHoro paccMorpeHHolry, npu yc-
JroBHH, qro 1-e BoAoxpaHHJrHrqe cpa6arunaercq, a 2-e u B-e uanonnflrorcff, H rpe6y-
er noHcKa MaKcHMyMa qe.nenofi QyHxrluu (7.74) npn N,r, orpeAe,{seuoii no (7.75),
I/g1 -no (7.77), a raK>Ke
ils2 : (Q"r - Qrzl Qw (V"z) - 2", (V,"))g,81
l/rRl-
V"r: Ylr - V1p6uaz: Vtzi
vss: vuz: v|r* v3;90, I vf,i6uoz.
D,angas, 3aAal{a OTHOCHTCq K MHOTOMepHbIM 3aAaqaM BapHaIIHOHHOTO IICqHCfie;
Hr.rR c nepeMeHHbtMH yl;o"ot u V8"16^or'
Heo6xoLllMbre ycnoBHrr sKcTpeMyMa (7.7a) MOIKHO nOIyrIHTb, peul{B cHcreMy
ypaeneHaft 3fi.nePa:
2l()
npn ycJroBHH, qTO

--- PAGE BREAK ---

tlv HafI3 - (Qur (l) - Qur(t)) dt.
llpHueHeuHe K paccMarpHBaelvtoft saAaqe ycloaufi '3fi;repa npHBoAI'lT
nHMocrH pea"IIH3aqHH coorHo[IeHHfl
n /l\ n.(t\
YP3l2 - :(Btv!
Fuz G) Fu, (f)
fiJrH noc,'Ie rtPeo6Pa3oBaHlig
'AHalornqHo MolKHo noJryqHrb yc.loBnfl oIlTHMSJIbHoro 3anor'IHeHHq 1-ro u 2-ro
BoAoxpaHu.ttttur Hs 3-ro.
PaccuorpeHHbre Bbrirre ycJrOBI4fl AIrfl 3apflAa-pa3pflAa BOAOXpaHI4'
JTHUIa |ASC MOfyT 6trrn Hcnorb3oBaHbl t4 Ailn OnpeAeJIeHHfl eHepfo-
noreHrlHaJIa ApyrHx BI{AOB r3y.
iun, npflMbit ryp6uunuft pe)KHM noc \'uu")'*) aHarorl4r{e' pe-
)KHMy pa3ptAa rAgc npr y^cnon,'' rlro zn.6:z*,(t)' Ho orJl'qaerct
HeOnpeAeJIeHFIocTblo BpeMeHH Haqa,{a Cpa6orrn 6acceitsa; ero MO)K-
HO HafiTV r4s ycnonufi TpaHcBepcaJlbHocrH'
D,nn o6pargoro ryp6r4Hr{oro pe}KHMa (o.r.p.) nOC (e*> Zao")
ueJleBaff Qyuxutta IIpHHHMaeT BI4A
9,81Qo.,.n(l) (z*(/) - zor"(Va^. (l) dt->ftiax,
Fnaaa I
SHEPTETHqECKVIE V1 PE}+(hMHbIE OCO6EHHOCTVI f ?Y
c BoAoXPAHVIIMUAMH pA3HOrO BV1,4A
PE|YNNPOBAHVIfl CTOKA
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ConpeureHHoe HapoAHoe xo3flficrBo xapaKTepH3yercfl pe3KHM yBe-
JI,IqeHHeM nOrpe6uocrefi B BoAe /Jrfl yAoBreTBopeHHfl pa3flr.rr{Hbrx
T)^-^iiy)KA. 'ij"ol'a iiy:KHa npoMbil-uj-reHHocrH H ceJrbcKoMy xosRficrny, BoA-
HoMy rpaHcnopTy I.t pu6Hotvty Xo3flrlcrBy, oHeprerrrr(e rr r(oMMyrra.rrbHo-
6ttrosoMy xosnticrBy H r. A. B Hacrosil{ee Bperv{fl HH oAHa orpacrTb He
MolKer .pa3BHBarbctr 6es npecno/r BoAbr r{aK npoMbnxr'reHHoro cbrpbfr
r.rJIH KOMTIOHeHTa TeXHO,[OrHqeCKOfO rrpOqecca.
OAsaxo o6reu npecuori BoAbr Ha 3eu.ne orpaHrrqeH. Eule coBceM
HeAaBHo noAo6Hotl npo6,reMbr He cyil{ecrBoBaJro, TaK KaK o6Urafi o6't-
eM norpe6Hocret? B BoAe He [peBbruraJr ee ecrecrBeF r{brx 3anacoB B
lro6ort crpaHe. B rracronulee BpeMq r\,rHorue crpaHbr ouyu{aror leQrr-
IIHT BoAHbrx pecypcoB, xoropsrr? BO3HrzKaer He roJrbKo Hsia pocra
norpe6uocrerl B BoAe, Ho pr Hs-sa HepaBHoMepHoro pacnpeAe.ireHrrfl ee
BO BpeMeHH rr no TeppHTopHtr pa3Hbtx cTpaH, He coBnaAarouefo c
rpaSaxaun norpe6Hocrerl B uefi paaHbrx orpacneft xosqflrcrea. Ann
?IJIJrrOCTparlfir{ MO}KHO rrpaBecrr.r cJreAylouue AaHHbre no Haureir crpa-
He: c 1913 no 1968 r. HaceJreHr4e crpaHbr BbrpocJro B 1,5 pasa, a no-
rpe6neHne BoAbI - B 5 pae. Eo.rluuuHcrBo peK Hauert crpaHur cHero-
Boro nr.rraHufl; Bo BpeMfl BeceHHero noJroBoAb.rr 3a 1,5-3 Mec npoxo-
AHr Ao 60-95 % roAoBoro croKa. Oco6o caeAyer orMernrb rtpairHroro
HepaBHoMepHocrb pacnpeAeJreHHfl peqHofo croKa no repprrropHH
CCCP. Ecln n PCOCP oH B cpeAHeM B 1,7 pa3 Bbnxe, qeM no ecefi
crpaHe B ueJIoM, To, rranpnMep, n Typr<vrelrrrrr-e 100 pas Hrrxte. Becr-
Ma xapaKTepHbrM flBJrfleTcr 14 cyrqecTBeHHafl HepaBHoMepHocTb roAo-
Boro croKa B MHoroJrerHeM pa3pe3e. Bce sro o6yc"noerHBaer Heo6xo-
AI{MOCrb flepepacnpeAeJreHr.rfl peqHofo croKa no reppilTopHrr cTpaHbI
I{ Bo BpeMeHH. 3ro MoN{Ho ocyurecrBr,rrb nyreM co3AaHHff r.rcKyccrBeH-
HbIX BoAoxpaHHJrHUr, Koropbre HaKairJIrrBaror lls6nroqsrrrt peunor? croK
B nepuoAbr, KorAa oH [peBblrxaer norpe6uocrH B BoAe, rr orAalor Ha-
KOnJIeHHyTO BOAy B nepr{OAbr noBbnrreHHoro cnpoca Ha Hee.
Taxuu o6pasou, peryJIHpoBaHI,Ie croKa-npoqecc repe-
pacnpe1eJrer{r,rrr ero Bo BpeMeHrr rr npocrpar.rcrBe. 3ro nepepacnpeAe-
JreHHe ocyu{ecTBJrfieTcfl B HacToquee BpeMfl B ycnoBHflx KoMnJIeKcHo-
ro HcnoJrbeoBaHaff H oxpaHbr BoAHbIx pecypcoB B paMl{ax BXC. B coc-
tas BXC BxoAffT BoAoroKH c pacno,'rox{euHbrMLr Ha HHx BoAoxpaHuJtH-
rrlaMH, a TaKlr(e BoAonoJrb3oBaTeJrH B BI]Ae pa3rHrrHbrx orpacneli Ha-
poAHoro xo3sr:rcrBa, norpe6nanurue peuHofi croK paccMarpnBaeMoro
peruoHa. Kaxarrft BoAo[oJrb3oBareJrb npeAbfiB/rffeT cBoH tpe6onaunn
K pex(HMy peqHofo croKa. B ycJroBnffx Ae$uqura BoAHbIx pecypcoB
3To npuBoAr.rr K Heo6xoAnMocru peueHufl TaK Ha3brBaeMblx BeKTop-
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(npru Qo".: Qo'"'p)
dNo.r.p - d dNo.r.p dzu -0
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I\Jrfl. sa1aHHbrx rpaHHLrHbrx yc,rlonrafi' 6accefina ts kr tr<.
Paccuarpnnaeuuft QyHrquona4 BbIpolKAesHUlz. Srcrpeuyu ero
AocTuraercff B o6uleru cJlyqae Ha sKcrpeMaJlflx c H3JIoMlyi' Koop4n-
Harbl ToqeK [3JIoMa cJIeAyeT I'IcKaTb c noMoIIIbIo yc'nonuft Befiep-
;p;.;;:gpa*u"u. E.n" BpeMn Haqarla pa6oru nOC ue Qt'txcl4po-
BaHO, TO ero MOIKHO uafi"rW; BOCnOJIb3OBaB[IHCb yCJIOBHeM TpaHCBep-
CAJIbHOCTH.
2i2
(7.e5)
(7.e6)
(7.e7)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Hbrx saAar{ TeopHr4 onrHMaJrbHofo ynpaBJreHHs, KorAa noBeAeHHe BXC
onpeAeJltercfl He OAHHM, a HecKOJIbKr.rMH KpHTepHtMH OrrrHMaJrbHOCTr.r,
conocraBJleHue Koropbrx Mex(Ay co6or? npeAcraBJrqeT 3Har{r.rreJrbHbre
M eroAHqecK14e rpyAHocTH.
3Aecl x(e 6ylyr paccMorpeHbr aHepreruqecKue H pex{HMHbre oco-
6eHHocru, Koropbre npucyrrlu f3y c eoaoxpaHzJrarrlaMu pa3Horo BH-
Aa penyJrKpoBaH4n cTOKa.
I-3C c BoAoxpaHlt./Ipriliai,ti pa3Hoio tsi.iAa pery-iiripoBaiinfi croxa 6y-
AyT aMeTb pa3,/THr{Hble TeXHLIKo-sKoHoMHrIecKHe noKa3aTeJIH no aQ$ex-
THBHOCTH HCrrOJrb3OBaHVfl pacxoAa Hanopa BoAoToKa H noAaeAeHHo,fr
oHeprHH. O,HH 6yayr HecrH pa3Hbre SyHKr{zH n BXC pr, B rracrHocrH,
UAHUM h3 ocHotsHblx ee KoMnoHeHToB - SJIeKTpOSHepreruqecxoH cHc-
TeMe. 01^npaBLIJIbHoro yqera aHeprerar{ecKux vr pe}Kr4MHbrx oco6eH-
uocreri fOC c BoAoxpaHHJrHuaMH pa3Horo BHAa peryJrapoBatvfl cro-
Ka Bo MHoroM saBHcHT u e$$exruBHocrb pa6oru ncert oJreKrpooHep-
reruqecKofi cucreMbl B IreJroM.
Jrt-peryJrflTopa r{ HcrorrHHKa iluKoeofi Mor[Hocrn.
8.2. SJIEKTPOSHEPTEThTIECKA' CI4CTEMA, BhAbI
PETYIhPOBAHVII CTOKA
S.nerrpoeueprerHqecKoe npoH3BoAcrBo o6naAaer cJreAylou-tnMH oco6eHHocrflMr{t
npncytttnMH ToJtbKo sroli orp acJrn: I ) onHoBpeMeHHocrb npoueccoB npon3BoAcrBar
pacnpeAeJleHufl I4 norpe6aeHHfl sJreKrpooHeprnn npu 3aAaHHoM ee KoflHrrecrBe H Ka-
qecrBe, Ailn qero Heo6xoAHtto 3Harb rpe6oeaHun norpe6Hrenl K pe)KnMy pa6orrr
gJIeKTpocranqHfi KaK HcrorlHHKoB 3Heprnu;
2) orHocureJlbHafl 6ucrpora nporeKaHnr rexHoJrorHqecKux npoqeccoB B gJreKT-
po3HeprerHKe, xapaKrepn3ylouatcff B nepexoAHbrx H aeapufiHux pexnMax corbrMn
lr rbtcqqHbtMH AorqMH ceKynAbr, uro rpe6yer aBToMarHaa\HH npoqeccoB ynpaBJreHur.
B 3HepreTHr{e;
3) TecHat cBfl3b sJIeKTpo3HeprerHKH c HapoAHbrtvt xosslicrBoM, qro npeAbrrBflff-
er x Heft oco6ue rpe6oaauut: HaAe)r(Hocrb rexHoJlornqecKoro uHKJIa, onpeAeJrreMoro
oco6eHHocrnMH npou3BoAcrBa an6oro BHAa 3r'reKrpocraHrlufi; 6ecnepe6ofiHocrl cHa6-
)KeHHfl sueprnefi norpe6ure"neft, o6ecnequsarcu1aqcr pe3epBaMH Mou-lHocru pa3Horo
BHAa; KaIIeCTBO sHeprHH H 3KOHOMHqHOCTb pelKuMa npor{3BoAcrBa 3Hepfr4H.
Ilorpe6nre"ueli eueprHu, npeA'bflBJrrrou{ux pa3Hbre rpe6onaHnq K ee Ko,'ruqecrBy
Bo BpeMeHH, Mo)I(Ho pa3AeJrHTb Ha rpH ocHoBHbre Kareropuu: nocrorHHue (npouuru^
.neHHocrl), ce3oHHbre (opoureHHe, rop(ropaspa6orxa) H nepeMerJHbre B rerleItHe cy-
ToK-HeAeJIH (rourrayHantHo-6utroeoe xossrlcrBo, TpaHcnopr). B Haclonilree BpeMn
6o"nruras qacrb norpe6nrenefi u npou3BoAureneii. eJrer(TposHeprr.rH s Hauerl crpaHe
o6teAnHelrbr B 3JreKTpo3HeprernqecxHe cHcreMbr, noA KoropbrMH noHnMaror coBoKyn-
Hocrb 3BeHbeB uenoqKr.r noflyqeHns, nepeAaqu, pacnpeAeJreHHff u norpe6neHr.rq greKT-
214
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uofi cucreue
te *1 d) t2 tr t4
pooHeprun. flocxonrKy Ha TSII Hnn AT3U npou3BoAnrcfl H renJroBas sHeprnr, no-
Ao6Haq cHcreMa HasbtBaercq .?HeprerHqecxorl. OcHoeHlre xapaKTepHcrHKH cucreMbr -
rpa$uxu Harpy3KH, HnH rpaQnKH H3MeHeHHfl norpe6uocreii B gHepfxr{ no BpeN{eHrr
P 
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(puc. 8.1, 6) vt roAoBble (pHc. 8.1, e).B pac.rerax peiKrrMoB 3HeprocHcreMbr rpaQuxH
Harpy3KH o6slqno npeAcTaBJIflrorcq HenpepueHori H!'rH cryneH,{arofi xpneoft. Kax
npaBHJIo, HcnoJlb3ylorcfl ABa BHAa rpaQnxon Harpy3r(H - peryJrfipHbre, HJrH nJraHo.
BbIe, lI HepenyJlflpHbte, I,tJIIt Henr'IaHOBble.
Cyrovutrlt rpaQr.rx Harpy3KH sHepfocHcreMbr o6nqso xapaKTepH3yercfl TpeMf
a6co.nmHuMu H TpeMff orHocHTeJrbHbIMr{ noKa3arerrrMn. K nepnutr orHocgrcff MaK.
cI'IMyM H MHHHMyM Harpy3KH PMaKc u P[n", a raK]Ke cpeAHecyroqHafl Harpy3Ka
F 
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?r npeAbflBJrfler pa3Hue rpe6onaHur K pexuMy gJreKTpocraHuuu.
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2t5

--- PAGE BREAK ---

JrynuKoBafl sOHa 3aHllMaer 14-16 q cyrox' B rarou pe)KI'IMe Moryr pa6o-
TaTb KaK f3v, rar H K3C C N{aHeBpeHHbIM O$OpyAOBaHHeM. B nHKOeofi 3oHe
Hau6oJree 3QQeKTLIBHo pa3MeqaTb f3y 14 B HeKoTopblx cfiyr{affx ra3oTyp6HHHbIe
H CneqHaJlbHble nuKoBble cTaHuHI'I.
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pacnoJlafarb pe3epBaMH no MoulltocrH H sHeprl'Iu: aBapllfiHblM' Harpy3oqHblM' pe'MoHr-
HbrM H HapgAHoxo3qficrBeHHblM' qro Moryr O6ecnequtb He Bce BHAbI f3C c BoAo-
xpaHHJIL.lqeM.
B xaqecrse orHocr.rre,lbHbrx noKa3areJteii rpaout<a Hafpy3KH HcnoJlb3ylorcfl cJIe-
Aytouue.
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h, u, npeacTaBJtfeT oTHou'eHr.re norpe6JlfleMofi sHeplHH sA [ep]IoA ? rPf;ax" 3a Tor
x(e nepuo4. t{errl 6onr,ue h, "tel rpaOHK P"(!) paBHoMepHee pl TeM s$d;el<rtlnnee
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.[,,nn eHeprocHcTeMbr npoMbuildIeHHOlO Ha3HaqeHl{n 6 yeenuql',lBaeTcfl H B CHCTeMe C
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repb 9i:i npa yBerlHqeHHH hcpaa.
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QT?U (4
t4 Q;l8u (l). TorAa or ta Ao t r 3HaqeHrrn Qo (l) paBHbl
14 f3y pa6oraer 3Aecb no BoAoroKy, He Hcnod'Ib3yfl BoAy
- cpa6orKa; 't
-pa6ora no BoAoroKy; (8.1)
- HanoJIHeHHe,
H3 BoAoxpaHH.IIHrrIa. B l4HrepBaJIe it-iz IroTpe6Hocru npeBbIuarcT
nprrToK r( cTBopy-rrAeT cpa6oTr(a BoAoxpaHrrJIlru,a; 3aTeM B llHTep-
BaJIe tz-ts - ero HanoJIHeHI'Ie. Aanee oT ts Ao t+ f3y pa6oraer
orrflTb no BoAoToKy.
Bpeur, B TeqeHr{e r(oToporo BoAoxpaHrrJrrrure cpa6arbtBaercfl or
Hny Ao yMO u cHoBa HarolHflercfl or VMO ao Hny, Ha3blBaercfi
U L{ K JI o M p e I y JI I{ p o B a H n fl Tper: tt-tr. flepnorl 7n.. A€.ulTCfl
Ha nepLIoA cpa6orrlt l.ru6 II IIeplIoA HaIIo"'IHeHll fl
Trrn .
flpuHnro paccqurbrBarb pacxoA BoAoxpaHri,rrrura cneAynurttM 06-
DA3OM:
Q":
rAe
V cpaa : Zcp^o (h"p^a (t)) (8.2)
npH
V"p^a - V"(H[IY) --Vr(zr5 (t));
hcpaa: HIIV -z",a?).
KaxAoe BOAoXpaHHJII4uIe XapaKrepg3yercfl oT H o c HT e,T b H o I1
e M K o c r b ro (o 6 I e M o M) Br,, o[p€AeJrseMori orHorueHl'teM noJle3-
Ilofo o6teua BoAoxpaHIIJIIIua 7r,,.,,,,.r,, I( cpeArleMHofoJIeTFIeN'I),' CTOI(y
peKH B AaHHoM crBope We:
o vrorr.r" I/D (Hny) - vB (yMo)
" lY/o Wo
(8.3)
B sasucnMocrn or Bv HepaBHoMepHocrn croKa, a ral{xe rpe6oBa-
ri4fr. BXC K pelKrrMy BoAoxpaHHJrHUIa pa3JiHLrarur cJIeAyIouLIe BI{Abl
pefyJrHpoBaHufl croKa no lpert 6es pi:ry/IHpOBaHHfl, (Tp.r:O,
zs.6':Hny) ; KparKocpoqHoe pery"'IHpoBaHHe (Tp.r He
217

--- PAGE BREAK ---

npeBbrgaer cyroK-HeAeJIH) w AJIlIreJIbHoe p ery JI H p o
(io* 6oaee cesoHa, roAa HJIH HecKoJIbKHX JIer) '' '(a>x^brfi 
r43 nepeqHcJreHHbrx BLtAoB peryJll4poBag*fl' croKa
eT cBOt4MI{ gHepreTuqegKi.lMH H peXHMHbIMH OCO6eHHOCTflMI'I,
peHHbIMH HHlKe.
rr a Fa/^ trtra otrr\/nl,,lpl1Q A|-J-VI9 aT(.\|{A L4 faC
O'J. I Jlu ErE.J I l-l J JrTrt \Jv^' r7 'tt v I vl
C KPATKOCPOT{HbIM PETYflhPOBAHHEM
r 3 C 6 es p eryJl Hp oB aHHs .lo,Y;, T 111.,r ? I n9:l.1tl :?. :^t-T:* I
BOAOTOKa,T.e.npuze.6(L):rltlJ:culIsL.vL)(Pe..nvl]urrl..,./rrrtJLrDI1Jrl
oAHo3HaI]Ho onpeAeJIfleTcfi npHTOLIHOCTIIIO K CTBOPY f3C, TAK I(AK
Q".o(l):Q,,p(li vr Q"(l) =Q. 5u* npaBI4rIo' 3ro FIH3KoHaIIopHbIe' He-
6ontruue no MoulHocru f3C. OHr,r BbI3bIBalor Ha14MeHb[IHe H3MeHeHI'Ifl
B npHpoAe AaHHoro peruoHa, He H3MeHflfl ecTecTBeHHOfo pelKI4Ma BO-
AOTOKa, eCJrH B KaCKaAe OTCyTCTByTOT f3c C pery-[xpoBaHHeM cToKa.
Ann peK cHeroBoro nuraH1fl rpaclux pa6oru fOC 6es perynupo-
BaHr4fl, KaK npaBLIJIO, OTHOCHTeJIbHO paBHOMepHUft eO BpeMeHI4 u CO-
orBeTcrByer 6asucHoll 3oHe rpaQHNa Harpy3KH. Ans peK Ao)KAeBoro
nHTaHr.rfl pelKHM oTAaql.I f3C Bo BpeMeHI4 Mo)KeT 6ltrl HepaBHOMep-
HbrM, oAHaKo raKlKe coorBercTuyr 6asHcnoluIy pex{t4My. HrzxaKne BHAbI
pe3epBa cHCTeMbI Ha TaKHX f3C He ycTaHaBJIHBaIOTcfl. OcHoBHafl 3a-
Aaqa cHcTeMbr pefyrrHpoBaHHfi f 3c - IIOAAeplKaHI4e IIOCTOfHHofo
3'HaqeHHf Hny 
^to 'upen,t.nr. 
PexHvt pa6oru fOC MolKHo cqHTaTb
yCTaHOBHBIIHMCfl. BOSIvIOXHa OIITHMI,I3aqllf BHyTpI{CTaHUI4OHHO|O pe-
*"tu fOC 6es peryJIHpoBaHus. B I{eJIoM c yr{eToM HNo pexuM sTHX
fAC MolKHo ollucarb cJIeAyIoqI'IM o6pa3oM:
z".a(t) __ HflV: consti
Q" (4 - o; Q".o (l) : Q"p (/)i
Puc. 8.3. Pex<uuu pa6oru fOC
cyToqHoro peryJrHpoBaHHff
BaHHori ro Harropy MorqHocru ly'.r"r(Hrsc) (puc. g.2).
3ro eHeblBaer AonoJIHHTeJIbHbre norepr.r Mou{Hocrrr rr oHeprlnr. B uerrrnxrIoBbIrIeHI'Ifl aQSelmr.IBHocrrI fOC 6es peryJrnpoBaHlrfl cror(a Ha Hrrx
HHOfAa pa3Meualor rar( Ha3brBaeMyro ce3 o rr H ylo M o u{ H o c r b
ff.ur. ona o6ecneqesa eoAor? ofpaHr.rqeHHoe BpeMfl B roAy vr Br'rHffer
TOJIbKO Ha pacxoA ToIIJIHBa B CuCTeMe. He vBer'n.rqt.tBaf gnrrecHqrcutefi
MorrtHocrrr fOC.
f3C 6es peryilnpoBanun o6naAaror Ma.rrbrMH KnA ro srreprvH v13-
3a 3HaqriTeJIbHbIX xoJrocrblx c6pocoe
eF"t : rfi - A9,,.0 - A9oa"* - ao|,"*,
BAHHC
o6naAa-
paccMoT-
B,N PcrN,
aP
q 13c
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I )gI
Puc. 8.2. Pexnuu pa6oru f3C
6ea penynnpoBaHHfi croKa
zs.6
z a.t
ng,)
- H.0
=ooa n.6
l.l
Qrec (/) :
Q*.cop (/) : Q'.u (0 - afSt'(ll.ec (l))'
Q".o (l) < a$t" (H'ec);
npu QH.o (t)> ail33 (//'ac);I Q"u (l) npu
I Ofat'(Hrec)
(8.4)
Mouluocrt noAo6ultx f3C HeBeJIHKa- (puc. 8.2)' 3saqureJlbHylo
rIaCTb rOAa 3Aecb BO3MoX{HbI XoJlocrlre c6pOCbI BoAbI' flpt,t 3TOM MOul-
HOCTb f3c 6yaer onpeAeJrfrbcf cxenaofi co3AaHHfl Hanopa u opfaHI4-
3aqgerl npony&u Q*.".n r{epe3 ronosHoti y3eJI B HHxHtaft 6le6 IIJII'I
qepe3 AepI4Baqt4to LI Hanopulrti 6accetin B HI4;{HHfi 6leQ AJI9 Aepl4Ba.-
;}[iil;'i"Af; ;.p.r noioc6po*r B HHIKHHI? 6reS AItr nrlor'HHor?
igC. ,[,qn .rrro6ort cxeMbr co3AaHLIfl Ha_nop.a uMelor Mecro noTepg ero
3a cqer HHlKHero 6leQa, r' e' A'V"o(Q"';) v A3"'o(Q"'0.)'-Ec'nu npo-
;t.;-e*..0p opraHr.r3oBaH rrepe3 AepI4Batl'to lt uanopunfi 6accefis, ro
noflBJrfiroTcfl AonoJIHHTeJIbHbIe [oTepH Hanopa v, cJIeAoBaTeJIbHO'
MoIIIHocTHHsHeprH14'I{ToBeAeTKMaJIoI?arreprerr,IqecKofiacpsexrun-
"oat" 
AaHuofi .*.ooot. B nepuOAbl np-onycKa MaKcHMaJIbHbIX pacXoAOB'
KOfAa Hanop MOXeT 6Slrt MeHb[Ie H"o, BO3MOX{HO noflBJIeHI4e C B t-
2lft
(8.5)
rAe --A3''.6 - norepn 3HeprHH sa cqer Hrrx(Hero 6recpa; AJ $* H
^ nH
AJ pex - pe)KHMHbIe nOTepH gHeprIILI 3a CqeT XO"'IOCTbIX c6pOcoa LL
Hailuqtr cBfl3auHori no Harropy Mou{Hocru.
Koa0SHrIr,reHr ucroJrb3oBaHnfl croKa AJrn fOC 6es
pery/rfipoBalr4r k?i' oqeHb HusNufr; K o a O O r4r\r4e H r H c n o x b-
3OB aHr4f, HarOpa kun' sHaqr.lreJreH AJrfl pycJroBbrx f3c Lr He-
cKoJrbKo MeHbrxe AJrfl AepHBar{HoHHbrX.
fAC cyrotlHoro perynupoBaHnc cToKa. OcHoslroe Ha3HaqeHHe aro-
ro BHIa peryJrapoBarnn croKa - npeo6pa3oBarb, KaK [paBHJro, paB-
219

--- PAGE BREAK ---

HoMepHbrii rpaQrrri npr{Tor{Hocrn ri crBopy corJlacHo rpe6osaHrtau He-
paBHoMepHoro cyroqHoro rpaQuxa Harpy3KH. lnn eroro B HeKoTopoe
BpeMfl cyroK rrpoHcxoAHT HaKoIIJIeHI4e Wnp B BoAoxpaHHJIHIIre, a 3a-
TeM efo pacxoAoBaHHe B qacbl nllKoBblx Hafpy3oK
flp" paBHoMepHoM rpaQuxe rpr.{rottHocrt'I K crBopy fOC B rer{eHue
foAa ,.Jlfl peaJrw3arw4H CyToqHoro pefyJrHpoBaHvfr, AocTaToI{Ho HMeTb
BoAoxpaHHJrr.rilIe B pa3Mepe no,'toBHult o6tenla cyTor{Hofo cToKa. B pe-
aJIbHbIx ycJIoBHflx groT o6reu r,tolKer 6url Hecl(o.lbKo MeHbue HJrr4
6o.nlrle. Hanurrne Aaxe se6o,nnuroro BoAoxpaHI4Jtr4u\a yBerHtIHBaer
o6ecneqeHHocrb orAaqu fAC B reqeHne roAa. f3C cyroqHoro peryJII'I-
nrrp,2r{Lrcr Mnn\rr 6r-rrr- nn?T{r-rMrz no enr)co6v coanAHnfr HanoDa- xoronrtfi^
KaK npaBHJIo, He6ortuofi. B cBfl3a c 3Tr4M HeBeJIHKLI H 3arorIJIeHHfi
B BepxHeu 6refie raKllx fOC.
Ha"[Ht{rae cyrorrHoro pefyJrnpoBaHr.rr croKa npHBoALIT K [osBJIeHHIo
HeKoropbrx oco6eHHocrefi eHeprernqecKoro 14 BoAoxogqlZcrseHHolo I{c-
rroJlb3oBaHrlfl roAo6Httx fAC. fIoqcHIaN,I oro rpaQuuecxu Ha pI4c. 8.3.
qHBaercfl Ao Ni5n ; e o6uIeIuI cflyrlae trFJc 6yAer reu 6onlrle, qeM
Bbt[Ie nt4KoBocTb rpa$ana Harpy3KH, T. e. qeM MeHb[Ie h u 0 (ctut-
S 8.2) . Tena caMbrM o6ecneqHBaercfl raK Ha3blBaeulttl M o [l H o c r-
nofi eOQeKr f 3C, KorAa l/i:fc)rVF"%, Hyrlyqualorcf yc-
JroBHfl pa6ornr TOC H A3C B cncreMe 3a cr{er BbIpaBHHBaHr4r, HX rpa-
Quxa pa6ortt B cyrKaX. VeenHqellHe MoilIHocrn l3C npH roM x(e rpa-
Qzxe Q"n(l) BbI3oBer HeKoropoe yMeHbueune Q*.cop(l) ro cpaBHe-
Hr.rlo c f3C 6cs perylr{poBarrktfl, r. e.klip >kfi'. Buecre c reM
roaQ$raqlreHT ucrroJlb3oBaHtrfl Harropa 3Aecb HecKo/IbKo MeHbIrIe 3a
cqer norepb ero rrpH cpa6orNe eoAoxpaHHJIHIrra. Ha paccMarpl4BaeMblx
f3C rlo3Mo)t(tta yc'fatloBI(a cc3otttto[t Molltlloc'r'll.
IlOlo6nute CTaHUHII MoryT aKTllBHo ytlacTBoBaTb B cyTotIHoM pac-
[peAeJIeHLrH Harpy3KH B nepl'loAbl uanofi rl cpeAHeft noAHocrn- Ha Hux
MolKer 6r,lrn pa3Meu{eHa v qacrb narpy3otlHoro pe3epBa cl4creMbI-
EcrecrneHHo, rrro npH sroM npeAiloJlaraercr onrliMaJIbHbIM BHyrpl'I-
craHrlnoHulirll pelKHM r.rcflo,rrb3oBaHr4r o6opyaoBaHLIfl. B nepuoAbl IIa-
BoAKa HJrr4 no,'IoBoAbfl, KorAa Qno) Qf33, f3C cyrotlHoro pery-
JrHpoBaHnn pa6oraeT B lasucuofr -.Iacrz rpaQHKa Harpy3KI'I H He yl{acT-
ByroT B ero pefy,'II4poBaHI{H. B ero BpeMt oHH He MoryT HecTI{ H SyHt<-
UHH pe3epBa cHcreutt. Enn HH3KoHanopHbIX f3C yMeHbueHue Hatto-
poB B naBoAoK HJ\I4 nOilOBOAbe MOIKeT npHBecTI{ I{ yMeHbueHHrc pac-
IIOJI a f a eM o fi tvtolqgocTli.
Cyro.lHoe peryJrnpoBarlae Mo)Ker npkBo/.r4Tb K pe3KHM r<oJre1aHufl'M
yponnerl BepxHero r.r Hr4)KHero 6reciloe, orJIHqarouluMcfl or ecrecrBeH-
HorO xoAa yponueir BOAoToKa. PaccprOrpuM 3To Ha prIC' 8'3, npeAno-
220
ilarafl,, uro rpasHKLr orAarrH no MolqHocrH f3c 6ea peryJrr.rpoBarrnfl w
cyrorrHofo peryJrHpoBaHafl nponopqHoHaJrbHbr fpaorrKaM pacxoAoB,
r. e. Q"p(/) H QFdc(f). flpelno,rox(HM, qro BoAoxpaHH,rHUre f3C
no3BoJlfleT peaJIH3OBaTb nOJrHOe cyTorrHoe pefyJrr4poBaHHe cToKa,
T. e. Tpen: I cyt. 3ro osHaqaer, r{To craHUus ie pa6oraer npri Hny,
a nepHoAHqecKH HarroJlHflercfl Ao Hero rr 3areM cpa3y cpa6artrBaercfl.
Aonycrurrr, trro B MoMeHT tq orMerKa BeDXHefo 6ne0a DaBHa Hny,
T. e.- Q"o:O, Qn.oo: Qnpo: Q raco Torla Bo BpeM, ir-iu 6yaer npo-
HcxoALITb cpa6orxa-HaIIoJIHeHLre BoAoxpaHHJ[rula B coorBercrBrilr c
rpaSuxoM, npeAcraBJreHHbrM s ra6r. 8.1.
Ta6;rHua 8.1. Pexuusr pa6oru fOC cytouHoro penyJrHpoBaHilq
llapauerp I.o ,o-al ,2-ag t t-t,.
2s.6 Hnv Cpa6orxa HanonHesue Cpa6orxa
\
I4a rpaQHKoB pnc. 8.3 BHAHo, rrro cpeAHecyroqHafl orMerKa Bepx-
Hero 6lecfa 7s.alFiny. 3to qsreHlre 6y4er cBfl3aHo c yMeHbueHtreM
9il;o vt, cJreAoBareJrbHo, ecerA nnpa6orrn fOC cyror{Horo peryJrn-
poBaHHs tto cpaBHeHr4ro c fOC 6es pery,lrnpoBaHr.rfl 3a AaHHbre cyrKrr,
a raKll(e H 3a roA B UeJIoM (ou. S 7.2) . OAHarto noAo6uoe yMeHbueHHe
cyrouuofi nupa6orxu 6yAer KoMleHcHpoBaHo rrpHpocroM roAoBori Bbr-
pa6orKr4 3a cqer coKparueHHfl IZx.cop.
VragauHrte norepu cyroqHoro peryJrrlpoBaHlfl Aocruraror 3-5 %
cyrorlHoli Bblpa6orrn fOC 6ee pery/rHpoBaHrrfl lr yBeJrHLrrrBalorcfl c
yMeFII)rueHrreM rrarropa fOC. FIa,nrr,trre rrx oCrvcnoB.rretro t(ar( cllltxielrn-
eM 7n.6, TaK II nOBbIlIeHHeM 7e1.6 3A CqeT BO3FIIIKHOB€HIIfl B HIIiliHeN'I
6re$e HeycraHoBr.rB[rerocfl ABfi]KeHHfl BoAbr. IlogcHrru aro rB,'re-
HHe Ha pr{c. 8.3. Arq ycraHoBlrBtuerocrr pe}KrrMa r(axiAoMy 3rrarre-
HIaro Qfe% : Qu.o 6yaer coorBercrBoBarb ; - (/) : zu.o(Q,,.r, (/) ) no
rpHsor? cBq3H Hrd)KHero 6reQa. Tor4a Arfl rrHrepBa.rra tq-ts z|.a (/) :
-0. OAHaxo g Aet?crerlTe.,TbHocrr.r 3a cqer r.rHepur.roHHocrrr )rirrrr(ocTrr
H3MeHeH?re orMerKH Hr.r)r{Hero 6ne$a Bo epelreHr.r 6yeer npoucxoJrrrb
no HecKoJIbKo rrHoMy 3ar(oHy. Xapaxrep 3aBrrcrrMocrrr zT?t'(t)
orlpeAeJlflercfl MHorHMrr Qaxropauu H onr4cbrBaercr B o6uletr c,ryqae
!JIr MeAJIeHHO H3MeHflTOXIHXCfl rrpOqeCCOB BO BpeMeHrr ypaBHeHirflMlI
CeH-Beuasa. Ann Hoqnoro repr{oAa, KorAa ffif" (/) : 0, OTMCTKA
HHII{FIero 6le$a 6yAer nocTerreHno yMeHbuJarbcr, He Aocrtrrafl. npH
oroM cyxoro AHa peKH K yrpeHHeMy nHKy Harpy3KH. fpa$nx z?:t' U)
Aocruraer gKcrpeMaJlbHbrx sua'{eHr.rfi HecKoJrbKo rro3}Ke, qeM rpaQHx
ttrnon"u"n" 
I 
HnY
221

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Q".o(/). flpu aroM AHara3oH $arruqecKux xone6asufi yponHeft Hux<-
Hero 6ne$a B Ter{eHHe cyroK Mox(eT Aocrurarb HecKoJrbKr4x MerpoB,
r{To AoKa3btBaeT Ba}KHoCTb yqeTa HeycTaHoBHBlrrerocff ABr4x{eHI4f BoAbI
AJrn Hr.r3Ko- H cpeAHeHanopHbrx f3C. B qacbr MaKcHMaJrbHbrx Harpy-
3oK zt?f o6uqno HecKoJrbKo MeHbue cBoero MaKcHMaJrbHoro 3Haqe-
HvIfl 3a cyrKH, r{To no3BoJrfler yBeilHrrHTb orAarry fOC B aro BpeMfl.
C.nelyer 3aMerHTb, r{To rrpn oroM cpeAHecyroqHafl orMerKa HH}KHero
6reQa c yr{eToM HeycraHoBuB[rerocfl ABH]KeHHn BoAbI MeHb[re, rreM
aJrq fOC 6es peryJrr4poBaHtfl.
Taxur'r o6pasovr 2 Ailr cyror{Horo HHTepBaJra BpeMeHH .efi? >
n6.D :,, ac,D z'r- r ^nn'a Attn ruAUEUl'u sroa \1 Jroi, .T. e. ^llA acnoJIb3oBaHLIf d;:]
JIHqHilC9. 3A CTICT CIJH}KCI{I,Iff WX.I:611, IJCCMOTPfl HA YMCHblllCHHC
HeB3BeueHHofo Hanopa B reqeHHe roAa. c yueronn (9.5) 3a roA
,Fer" _= .?i:f _ A3".0 _ A3".0 _ AgpQu,* _ Agfl*.
ec.pv CyTt
yBe-
cPe,u,-
(8.6)
flo H3MeHeHHIo HarlopoB HaH6o.nee cyu{ecrBeHHo BJTHTHHe cyror{-
HO|O pefyJrHpoBaHr4fl Ha pe)r{HM r-rr.13Ko- t{ cpeAHeHanopHblx 13c. flpu
oroM AJrfi pacqera rpaQnxa z",a(t) B 6o.nturaucrBe cryrraeB HeJrb3fl
noJlb3oBarbcfl o6teuHofi xapaKrepucrHxoii BoAoxpaHHJrHrr{a zu.a(V"),
coorBercruynqefi crarHqecKoMy peN(HMy pa6orrl f3c. trns onHca-
HHfl tlpoqeccoB B BepxHeM 6leSe Heo6xoArzMbr cneuuaJrbHbre MaTeMa-
THtlecKlle MOAeJIH, y_t{HTbIBaTOU{He HadrtHqHe nepexoAHblx npo[eccoB H
B BoAoxpaHHJII.rUe. ?tw x(e MoAeJIIz AoJI)KHbr yqnTblBarb HaJrnqr4e rre-
pexor,l{blx rHlpaBJIHttecKHX rrpoueccoB 14 AJrrr AepHBauuor{Hbrx fOC.
oco6esHo 9To orHocuTcfl K craHrrurM c AJrr.rHHoft 4^epunaquefi, o6nala-
rouIHM K TOMy )Ke OfpaHHr{eHHbrM cyroqHbrM peryJrHpoBaHHeM. vXa-
3aHHoe ofpaHHqeHHe MolKer onpeAeJrflTbcq KaK MaJrbtMH o6tenlarraH
BoAoxparunrrla B roJIoBHoM y3Jre unn 1accerlHa cyrorrHoro peryJrnpo-
BaHHfl B KOHTIe Aepr.{Bar{r.rH, TaK 14 ofpaHr4qeHwflM4 pe}KHMoB f3c co
cTopoHbl BXC. Tpe6onalrHn BXC, KaK npaBr.rJro, cBoAflTcfl K Ireo6xo-
ALrMocrrl 6asoetrx pelKHMoB pa6oru f3C. EcrecrseHHo, r{To npH groM
pe3Ko yMeHbixaeTcfl ycraHoBJreHHaf MorqHocTb cTaHrIr4H 14 pacTeT
o6teu xoJrocrbrx c6pocoB, r. e. yBeJr14rrr.rBarorcrr norepr{ 3ff$ 3a roA.
B nepuoAbl ttoJIoBoAbfl rroBbrueHHe pery/rHpoBorrHbrx B03Mo]KHo-
crerl HH3KoHarropHbrx f3C, coBMerr{eHHbrx c eo4oc6pocaMu, Bo3Mo>K-
Ho KaK nyreM HcnoJlb3oBau14fl eQQexra 3)KeKr(r.{r{, TaK H peryJrHpoBa-
HHeM Hanopa. nnn ororo B nepnoAbr irranor? Harpy3KH cncreMbr
Q*."0p (i ) yBerur{HBaror, a Bo BpeMfl rpoxo)KAeHHf rrrKoB - pe3Ko
yMeHbuaIorcfl. flptt 3ToM Ha se6o,'rlruoe BpeMr Bo3MolKHa HeKoro-
pafl Qopcuponxa ypoBHq BepxHero 6le$a, a raKlKe yMeHbrrreHne or-
MeroK B HI.IIKHeM 6teQe sa cr{er rroflBJreHHfl HeycraHoBnBrrrerocfl ABtr-
)KeHHs BOAbr.
nns coBpeMeHHbrx o6teAHHeHHbrx 3HeprocuCr€14 BpeMff pa6oru
fOC B reqeHue cyroK r.ir{orAa cocraBJrffer 4-6 q. I-lpn erou xapaK-
repHbr pe3KHe rone6aHufl Harpy3KH Ha f3C. B yc.rloenflx, KorAa fOC
pa6oraeT B (<HMnyJIbcrroM>> pelKHMe, rpe6yroTcq cner{HaJrbHbre MeToAbr
pacqera pelKHMoB KaK B BepxHeM, TaK 14 B HH)Knem 6re$ax. flpueurr,
npHMeHfleMble AJIfl pacqeToB MeAJreHHo MeHsFoulefocfl fr4ApaBJrHqecKo-
222
ro npoqecca, 3Aecb craHoBnrcfl uanoaQQeKTHBHbrMH. Oco6eHuo 3ToorHocnrcff K MaJrbrM r3c c yaJroHHepur4oHHbrMH 6te$auH.cyrouHoe perynnpoBaHue rAoc. b otnnurae or foc ans fA3cHecoBMeIIreHHoro BnAa MolKeT orcyrcrBoBaTb Q"p (/) B 6le0ax. 3rncraHuHH HMerOT, KaK npaBHJro, BbrcoKHe Hanopbr (100 M ri errue).our'r cnoco6un Hecrn SyHxqr,ru HeKoropbrx BHAoB pe3epBoB cr,rcreMbr-3aAaqa cyrorrHoro pery/rgpoBaHt4n |AOC HecoRMeu-(eHHofo BHna_ilepepacnpeAeJreHHe BO BpeMeHH sHepfHH, SanaceHHori B BoAOXpaHH_
JIHIIIaX craHIrHH A[Ir [oKpblTr4fl nepeMeHHoro rpaQraxa Harpy3Ktr cHc-TeMbI H noBbl[IeHur. e$QeKTI4BHocrLI [poxox{AeHHff HorlHoro npoBaJraHarpy3Kt4 T.?C u."'rz A3C.
Ans fAoc coBMeueHHoro Br.rAa, rae e'o+0, ynenrrqrrBaercfl ro",rb-
19 "-6P:M 
nepepacnpeAerlseuofi oHeprHH no epernreuu. Pexllrr.rsr pa6o-TbI r AJU cyrollHoro peryJrupoBaHnfl xapaKTepa3yrorcfl 3Harr6Te,'rbHbt-MH xone6aHtflMt4 yponHer? 6ueQon, B yicroflruee BpeMfl axrya,utuoftsaAaqell craHoBl4Tcfl I4cnoJIbgoBaHHe |ASC B KaqecrBe pe3epBa cuc-TeMbI no MouIHocrI'I 6es execyrouuoll cpa6orxn-HanoJrHeHrrfl BoAoxpa-
HT4JTHII{a.
Cyrounoe penynnpoBaHne nOC. OaHo6accefiHossre fI3C 6ee nou-Hfl'rnr cIIeuHaJIbHbIx rexHuqecKux peueuuir cnoco6urr pa6orarn roil-Ko B 6asplcHoll qacru rpa$uxa Harpy3r(H czcTeMbr H3-3a oco6eHHocreft
H3MeHeHHf affflc Bo BpeMeHa. OcyruecrBJreHHe Ha HHx pelKHMa roA-KaqKH BoAlt e 6accefiH nogBoJlfler HcnoJrb3oBarb craHrrHro KaK norpe-6urena-peryJrsropa, TaK H Anrfr, noBbrueHr.rfl AoJrr.r yrrzcrHq craHr.llnr BnHKe rpa0rzxa Harpy3KH. SSSexrHBHOcrb rzcnoJrb3oBaHufl HacocHoropex{HMa o6lscHqercq pI TeM, qro 3aKaqHBaHLre BoAbr B 6accefiH HAerHa He6o.ustuHx Hanopax, a cpa6orxa-Ha MaKcr.rMa.rrbHo Bo3MolKHbrx
Ps
Nrac ,rlH P/'T3C
Puc. _8.J. Cyrounoe peryr'rHpoBaHHe
Ha fI3C
Pnc. 8.5. HeAenruoe peryr'rnpoBa
HHC CTOKA
223

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fAC HeAeJIbHoro peryJlnpoBaHnfl croKa. 3aAa'{a HeAeJIbHoro pe-
:X'it:""il':i":13^i;Jjl"'o;'"T,'T":J#Jf.'31;':"i03;5ff ffi ;fl';
HeleJlbHoe pery,,'IHpOBaHHe CToKa 1103BOJIf eT yCTaHaBJII'IBaTb Ha
fOC qacrb Harpy3oqHoro H anapufiHoro pe3epBa cucreMbl (co epeue-
seru AeficTBufl B HecKoJIlNo uacon) .
TeqeHHe HeAeJIH.
221
6teQor B TeqeHHe cyroK, HeAeJIr{ npH HeH3MeHHbIx cpeAHeMecsqurlX
Harropax, nocKoJlbl(y IIHKJI peryJlHpoBaHHfl, sAecb HeBeJIHK.
3hH craHuHH HMelor 3HaqHreJrbHble o6reuu xoJlocrbrx c6pocon B
rerreHue roAa, r. e. 6onbrlue rorepu 3l:/.
I-AOC neAelsHoro peryJrnpoBaHHq. PexunaHue oco6eHHocrn TaKI4x
|AAC xapaKTepl43ylorcfl Bo3Mox(HocrffMH nepepacnpeAeleHnfl Ha-
rpy3Kl{ cHCTeMbI B TeqeHr.re HeAeJrH, a TaKxie r{cnoJlb3oBaHlieM 3Tllx
ciauqnfi KaK HaAeiKHoro oneparHBl{oro pe3epBa cHcreMbI. Bce cKa-
saHHoe Bbrule o peXLIMax yponHeit n uanopon BblcoKoHanopHblx fOC
CnpaBeAJIHBo H p\iln |AAC, Ho npu aToM Ao,IX(HbI ytIHTbIBaTbcfl cne-
quQrzuecKr.re xapal(repLlcrtiKH l.lx 6ter!on.
8,4. AI]|4TEJIbHOE PETyflhPOBAHhE CTOKA
3a4a.ra AJruTeJrbHoro peryJrlrpoBaHHfl crot(a -- nepepac[peAeJIeHHe
ecTecTBeHHoro crot(a 3a nepuoA, 6olnuufi oAHoro Mecfqa, ce3oHa, ro-
Aa B cooTBercrBull c rpe6onauuflMlI yqacrHIIKoB BXC (cttt.
pac. 8.1, B H e). Ans ororo rpe6yrcrcn BoAoxpaHHJIHxIa co 3HaqH'
TC,TbHbIM OTHOCI4TCJIbHbIM O6ICIUOI'I, O,I-0,5 II 6ONCC, qTO BCAET K
6onlurum 3aronJIeHlrfM rr 3HaLrrrreJrbHoMy Ir3MeHeHHIo ecTecrBeHHoro
pelKHMa peK.
HanHque AJr?rreabHoro peryJrr4poBaHHfl cror(a go3Bo,'tfler rapaHTI'I'
poBaHHo o6ecne,rrrrt HapoAHoe xosrrtcrgo soAoft B tteo6xoAt'tMoM Ko'
Jrr4r{ecrBe v KaqecrBe B HyxHurl MoMeHT BpeMeHH. AerlerBHTeJIbHo,
ecrecrBenHufi croK peK oTJrr4rlaercfl HepaBlloMepHocrblo He roJIbKo
BHyrpH foAa, HO tr MeN(Ay foAaMH, rrTo MOXier npllBecrH K Hapy_ue-
HHro HopMaJrbHoro SyHrquoHnpoBaHr{ff orpacnefi HapoAHoro xo3flIlcr-
Ba. Heo6xoluMocrb B AJrHTeJrbHoM peryJrLrpoBaHnH croKa onpeAeJIff'
ercq HenpepbrBHblM pocToM norpe6Hocreft B BoAe Bo BpeMeHII, f,o-
cKoJrbKy B rr,Iexenulrir ttepr{oA 3TH norpe6HocrLI Moryr IlpeBbluarb
Qou,*(l). B orflHr{He or KparKocpoqHoro peryJlr.tpoBaHufl uHtpoptrl a\ufl.,
Heo6xOAI,tMafl 1.iln pactteToB AJILITeJIbHoro peryJlI,lpoBaHIIfl cToKa, o6'
JlaAaer 3HaqHTeJrbHo 6o.tlurefi HeonpeAeJleHHocrblo, tITo Heo6xoAtluo
ytlurblBarb npu ynpaBJlesran fOC.- 
A"nurennHoe peryJnrpoBaHr.re no3BoJrfler paoMetuarb Ha fAC pa3Hble
Bl4Abr pe3epBa gHeprocLrcreMbr, B ToNr qHCJIe liarpysouultit H anapHfi-
sufi. IIo UHKJty pefyJrHpoBaHrafl r{ peuaeMbIM 3aAaqaM pa3rHqaIoT
ABa Br.rAa AJIHTeJIbHoTo peryJII.IpoBaHI.Iff cToKa - TOAItLIHoe (cesoHHoe)
LI MHOTOJICTI{CE,
I-op.nunoe (cesonHoe) penynnpoBaHue croKa. Ecnn IIHKJI peryar-
poBar-rurfl paBeH foAy, To TaKoe pefyJlr{poBaHr{e foAHtlHOe; ecJIH Meiib-
trre roAa, To ce3oHHoe. I( erorray eraAy peryJlupoBaHIlfi orHocltrcs 6o,'tl-
irrafl qacTb fOC ua Bo.nre,.[,Henpe, O6u, Avry4aple, Baxure I'I Apyrux
peKax CCCP. OrHocureJrbHbrr? o6reu noAo6Hltx eoeoxPgHI4/lllul Ha-
xoAnrcfl B npeAeJlax or 0,1 (uHor4a ao 0,04) Lo 0,2-0,3. flpn 3roM
qeM 6o.nlrue I43MeHqHBocT'b cToKa Bo BpeMeHI.i, TeM 6onausurt o6leu
BoAoxpaHHJIHilIa rpe6yercn Lr.fl ero pefyJIIIpoBalIIIfl. Kax npaBilJIo'
BOAOXpaHT.TJIHUIa AJrHTeJrbr{OfO pefyJrr{poBaHIlrl cToKa BeAyT II KpaTKO-
cporrrroe p efya r{poBaril4e.
,lr 8 .lax. 387 9D(

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0"
&trp1
&to.pZ
zg.t
; c83L 8.6
z a.6
Pnc. 8.6. foAuqnoe (cesouuoe)
peryJfl.lpoBaHHe croKa
Puc. 8.7. MHorolerHee perYJIHPo-
BAHHE CTOI( 
BHcr.rMocTLI or H3MeFIqHBocrH cTol{a no roAaM II B TeqeHIIe ro,a,a. Kar<
IIpaBtrJro, ollr{oBpeMeHHo c MHO|OJIeTI'IIIM pefyJlIIpoBaHIIeM OCyuecT'
BJrfllorcfl vt Apynre BrrAbr peryJlrrpoBaHrtfl crol(a - roAIIqHoe (ceaoH-
Hoe), Kparxocpor{Hoe. B cBfl3H c sTHM Liln MHoroJIeTHeno peryJlHpo'
BaHVfl. cnpaBeA/rHBbr re )Ke peN{r4MHbIe oco6eHHocTH, KoTopble 6unu
paccMoTpeHbl Bbtrle. Lle-sa 6onlruoro AIIana3oHa cpa6oTKH BoAoxpa'
HHJIHuIa Bo3MolKHa A,rttITeJIbHan pa6oTa f3C c HanopaMH MeHb[Ie
H*o, t4 cJreAoBareJrbHo, co cHHlKeHHor? pacnoJlaraeMofi MoulHocrblo.
nns BoAoxo3rficreeHrroro peryJrHpoBaHIrfl xapaKrepHa oUeHI(a pe'
ryJrr4poBorrHbrx Bo3MolKHocrefi AJrure/IbHoro peryJlIrpoBaHLrfl croKa c
noMoulbr.o Ko3,i, ci, el uHeHTa p er y ii ii p o ts a H ii ff
Ha puc, 8.6 noKa3aHa ltpHHrlnnvaJ::orar, cxeMa ocyqecrBJleHHfl
xoAqrrHoro (cesoHuoro) BoAoxo3flricreeHHoro peryJlHpoBaHul croKa.
Ans Q"^p, ocyulecrBJrreTcr roAaqHoe p_eryJlplpoBaHne _croKa, Koropoe
xapaKTepH3yeTcf oTcyTcrBHeM Wx.cap. VtrleuilueHl4e o6beMa BoAOXpa-
HHJrHr.rra Ao ce3oHHoio o6reua cHHlKaer 3aperyJll{poBaHHbIIl pacxor,
AO Qaapz H BeAer K noflBJIeHHIO XOJIOCTbIX C6poCOB.
IIpn oAIlHaKoBbtx orMerKax HfIy roAHI{Hoe (cesouHoe) peryJll{p-o-
BaHLIe croKa yBeJIHttHBaer norepn 9i:$ H3-3a yMeHblxeHliff Zi,E
npH oAHoBpeMeHHOM CHI'IX(eHHH noTepb I43-3a lZx.g6p, T. e. kii'> kii',
Ho kh' < kh'. Ha'nuqne rorl,t4qHoro (ceaonHoro) pefylupoBarur'
yBeflHtl1Baer ffiifc v o6ecne.reHHocrb orlaqu f3C B TeqeHHe Alrvr-
TeJIbHOfO OTDe3Ka BpeMeHI4.
Pe>rcHu noAo6nbrx BoAoxpalrHJrHrrI 6yAer xapaKrepH3oBarbctl cy-
IItecTBeHHbtMLI KoJIe6aHHflMH yponHell BepxHero 6ne$a B TeqeHHe ce-
goHa, roAa H nocToflHHbIMLI ypoBHflMH BepxHero 6leSa B TerIeHHe cy-
cp a6orKH BoAOXp aHVnHu\.
MHOronerHee peryJIHpoBaHHe cToKa. IIHx.n peryJlupolattfl. 3AeCb
Moxer AJrr.trbcr HecKoJrbKo Jrer. I4s6rtroqHbIfi croK MHoroBoAHbIx JIeT
HaKanJrgBaeTcfl B BoAoxpaHr4Jtr4t\e LI cpa6aTblBaeTcfl B MaJIOBOAHbI€
roAbr (p"c. 83).CpeaHrafi ypoBeHb BepxHero 6teQa 3Aecb orHocHrerlb-
Ho uauvreHrurufi H3 Bcex Bo3MolKHbIx BI,IAoB peryJll4poBaHHfl croKa.
CneacregeM groro flBJrrrorcfl sHaqHTeJIbHbIe rlorepH sHepruK Ha rpaH'
gHTHoM croKe npn oqerrb BbrcoKor? o6ecnetleFlHocru gHeprernqecKux I{
BoAoxo3sficreegHlrx noKa3areJlefi f3C. flocrnraerce aro 6onnruuun
a : Qo*r/Qe, (8.7)
rAe Qpu"-3aperyJIIIpoBaHHbIIl pacxoA I41w orAaqa fOCi Qo-cpeA'
HeMHoroJleruufi pacxoA peKI4 B crBope craHullH.
B BoAHoaHeprerllqecl(oM pefyJlllpoBaHI'II'I noAo6HbIM napal{eTpoM
fl BJrf ercf nutpa6orl{a 3HepfIII'I.
3HeprerHqecKoft oco6eHHocrbro AJIHTeJIbHoTo peryJlnpoBal' ufl' cro-
Ka flBJrrercfl cyulecrBeHHafl 3aBrrcHMocrb eQSexruBHocrH HcrIoJIb3o-
BaHHr 3fi sa ur4riJr peryJrupoBaHrrfl or pe>t(ttMa BoAoxpaHllnllu{a.
B qacrHocTH, [pe>KAeBpeMeHHafl cpa6oTKa ero M_o)KeT n,pHBecTII K He'
Bo3Mo)KHocrr4 r{cnoJrb3oBaHufl noJIHoft MoIIIHocrll f3C B nepl{oAbl oceH'
r{e-314MHero MaKCHMyMa Hafpy3r{r{ r.rs-3a cHIl}lieHllfl Hanopa II pacno'
JraraeMort uouluocrn. 3a4epxxa cpa6oTKH B MHoroBoAHbIe roAbl IIpH'
BeAer I( BbIHyx(AeHHbIM xoJlocrblu c6pocau.
rleM strrue orHocr.rrelrHnfi o6reu l3v, Tem 6onuuee 3HaqeHHe npH-
o6peraer npo6JreMa a$QerrrrBHoro HcrIoJIb3oBaHI.ifl 3HeprHI'I BoAoxpa-
rruJrrtu{, r. e.9loo. Anq HeKoropblx pel( crpaHbl (n Clt6llplt, I(a'
3axcraHe), rAe IIottrH Becb roAoBofi cToK npoxoAuT B nepuoA tloJlo-
BoAbfl (i-4 rvrec), pe)KHM HcnoJrb3oBalvn sHeprHH, HaKonJIeHHor? B
BOAOXpaHLIJI14ilIe, npt.Io6peTaeT peularcu1ee 3HaqeHI'Ie, nOCKOJIbKy B
MexeFrrrbrii nepuoa Qo (/) npatirllqecl(tl paBIlo HyJIIo.
f3c.
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nrc6oe LI3MeHeHHe pelKHMa fOC B AauHur? MoMeHr BpeMeHIi MolKeT
cyulecrBeHuo noBJrHflTb Ha e$SeNrnBnocrb nocJIeAyIoluHX pelKHJvIoB-.
fioarouy Borrpocbr AJrr.treJrbHoro ynpaBJIeHHfl B sneprocHcreMax c f3C
HMCI.OT BA)KHOC 3HAqCHHE AilN IIOBbIIUCHHfl SKOHOMHI{HOCTH PA6OTU
T3C u AOC,
o6reuauu BoAoxpaHHJIIIU{, Lrrfl Koropblx By"'o :0,5 v' 6onee
226
B 3A-
rlz g* 227

--- PAGE BREAK ---

8.5. CnELlHAnbHblE BVlAbl PEI-ytll,lPoBAHhfl CTOKA
KacraAnoe peryJrnpoBaHHe croKa. KacraAnoe HcnoJlt'3oBaHHe BoAorol{a Aaer
Bc|3MO)t(HOCrb YJtytl111r't'u I(OMnJleKcHOCTt HCnoJIb3OBalJI{ff BOAOTOKa AJIfl Hy}KA BXC,
a. Tar{x(e noBbrcurb Kog$Orrurrerrr r.rcnorb3oBaHuff noreHIrHaJIbHoI? 3ueprHn BoAoroKa
3a cqeT noBbtuJetrHf creneHr.r HcnoJb3oBarJl]fl rJanopoB H pacxo/toB. c roqxH spellHfl
M aI(cHMaJrbHofo HcnoJrb3oBaHHfl BoAoroKa Heo6xoAtluo HaJII,IqHe oAnoft nJIornHHofi
fOC s ycrbe. OAsar<o oro BeAer K yulep6aM r.r3-3a saroflJlenuft, ,qaxe ecJIH Bblpa'
6orxa rawoft craHUrln npeBbruraer noreHUHaJIbHbIe Bo3MolxHocrn BoAoroKa B
ecrecrBeHHoM cocroflHur.r. Coopy>renue coMKHyroro KacKaAa nJlort4 HHbtx fOC yBe-
'rrrr'D 4ar vqv b --- ry^qw w b.- rI nq vAovAnA fee rI.III,ITe.nhHoro nervrHDoBaHHqdrararlDqvr r\qr\ ,v w , rr r\ f, r -- J -- r -- ------ -
croxa kw g ka 6.nusxg r{ eAHHHrre. B or,lnque or KacKaAa nJIor?IHHbIx f3C yne-
JrHqeHHe qgc;a cryneHert KacKaAa ,4epHBauHoHHbIx craHllnfi noBbl:lnatcT kw tt kn 3a
cqeT Jyr{uero HcnoJIb3oBaHHfl MeCTHO|O CTOKa n nonBeAeHHOro Hanopa' xoTfl npH
sTOM OAHOBpeMeHHO yBe,'ruqHBarorcq ero norepH B BoAonpoBoAfllIIHX coopylKeHHffx.
,4Jrq CCCP HaH6o,'ree xapaKrepHbr r(acr{aAbr f3C a.nnteJlbHoro peryJlHpoBaHHfl
cror(a (Boax<ctto-Kaucxufi, .[luenpoocxllii, Anrapo-EHuceficxuil u AP'). KaN,lloMy I{3
BoAoxpaHHJtHrrl raKux KacKaAoB npHcyntri 3HepferuqecKl'Ie oco6eHHocrl'I, paccMorpeH-
Hbre B S 8.3 u 8.4. Kpor',re roro, o6reAHHeHHe fOC s KacKaA yBeJIHqHBaer o6lltufi
no;resssrft o6.seu BoAoxpaHHJrr.rU Lt Kar( cJIeAcrBHe crenel{b SapefyJlupoBaHHocrl'I
cror(a peKH B Ue,'roM. floao6urre KacKaAbr flBJlttorcfi, KaK npaBI'IJIO, coMKHyrbIMH'
T. e. ypoBgg HH)t(Hero 6r,efla R KalK/loM crBope npeBbtularcr I'IX ecrecrBeHHoe cocroq'
HHe AJlrr nrc6ux pex(HMoB f3C. 3ro oanauaet, r{To BoAoroK npeBpalqaercff s u€'
noqKy npororrHblx HcKyccTBeHurrx oeep. B ?THX ycJlosuqx fOC ocBo6olKAalorcn or
3rrarlHTeJrr,rrbrx 6a30gbrx nonycr(oB B ttHixtutfi 6re$ no rpe6oBallnflM BXC n, cJIeAo'
Barer,rbHo, yBeJ,rHqHBaercq crefleHb HX yrlacrHg B noKpbITHLI nHKa rpa$uxa Harpy3KH.
Conpeuetgue O3C HHor.(a BK,'lrorlanr s oe6s ttccKoJlbKo KacKaAoB. B csqsH c
srHM oco6oe 3HaqeHr{e npuo6peraer 3aAalra coBMecrtiofo ucno"nb3oBaHHfl fOC pas'
Horo BHAa peryrHpoBaHHff croKa B oAHoM rpaol{Ke Harpy3Kl.I c yrleroM T3C u A3C.
Kopperrnoe Ha3HaqeHrre pe>r(HMos O3C AJrfl npoeKTHblx H SKcnJIyarauI{oHHbIx 3a.l(aq
Bo3MoxHo roJrbKo c HcnoJIb3oBaHHeM 3BM'
Orueruu oco6eullocrH, r(oropr,re ueo6xoAHtvto yttllTbIBarb B pacqerax pex(HMoB
r(acKa,u,oB.
HarH,{He KacRaAa npHBoAr.rr K neo6xoAlltuocrH yqera rHApaBrl{tlecKI{x pex(u-
r,tos f3C Mex(Ay co6oii, r. e. cBfl3n no pacxoAy H llanopy. ,Ilro6oe H3MeHeHI{e pe-
xHMoB /-fi fOC KacKaAa cr(asbtBaercr Ha H3MeHeHI{e uoAnopa (/-l)-fi f3C (censr
no Hanopy) u npvrouHocru x (/*l)-r? cranuuu (censl no pacxoay)'
flo1nop B HH)r{FreM 6re$e I-i4 fOC yBerlrr{HBaer norepl{ A/Vu.o, Ho oAHoBpe'
MeHHo yMeHbrxaer noreprr sHeprr.rH B BepxHeM 6reQe (l+l)-fi craH[ul't 3a cr{er yBe-
ilHqeHwfl Hanopa. B Kacr{aAe 3a crrer nepexonHbtx npoqeccoB B BoAoxpaHHJIfiUax
oco6oc 3lrarrclnc nltno6pcracr l<oppcnrnt,tii noA6op Hx MareMarHtlecKHx MoAeJIeft
AJrfl BOAHO3HepferUqecKlI.\ pacqeroB.
flpu xacxaAr{oM HcnoJrb3oBaHHH Bo1oror(a BecbMa cnox<Hofi saAaqefi cTaHoBHrcfi
peureHHe Bonpoca o Mecre BoAo3a6opa BoAbr A,'tff BXC, Koropafl Mox(er 6r,rrr pe-
[IeHa ToJIbKo Ha ocHoBe paccMoTpeHHfl pex{HMa Hcno,'Ib3oBaHl{fl BCerO BoAoToKa B
ueJroM.
B KacKaAe 6ee peryJrnpoBariurr croKa ,lo6aBflenHe eue oAHoft noAo6Hofi fOC
yBeJrHqHBaeT cTefrerrb r.rcnoJrb3oBaHHfi BOAOTOKa, He MeHflfl BHL peTyJIHpOB aHafl,.
B Kact(aAe c I(paTI{OgpoqHblM peryJIHpoBaHLIeM ro,rlbl(O BepXHfftl fOC KacKaAa
228
nepepacnpeAenffer paBHoMepHHft B TeqeHHe cyToK npHToK B HepaBHOMepHbtfi B CO.
oTBercrBnu c rpe6onaHurMn rpaQHKa Harpy3KH, pa6o"ran g cauofi eepxnefi ero
qacru. Bce nocneAyrorqHe fOC pacno.rrararorcfi, KaK npaBHJro, Hfix(e B nHKe rpaOHKa
Harpy3t(H, nepepacnpe,u,eJrtr uepanHoueptrr,rii rpaQnK npHroqHocrH B coorBercrBHH
c rpe6oBaHHflMH P"(t). flpn sHaqnre,'rbHbtx rso6 rpa$nr Q"p(l) x xa:xloi'r f3C
KacKaAa BbIpaBHHBaeTcF.
floqru He cKa3blBaercff Ha pelKHMe pa6orbr KacKaAoB Ao6aBfleHne B Heto BoAo'
xpaHH,'ruqa c MeHbrrrHM rlHKJloM pefyJrHpolaqvfl, croKa (no Ip."), qeM cyqecTBylo'
rtlue B KacKaAe. 3gaqHre.erHo cJro}KHee BJTHffHHe Ao6aBJreHHt B KacKaA BoAoxpaHH.
Jruqa c 66.nruHu lper, BeM cyurecrByrolqfle. Ec,rrH AonotHHTeJ'IbHaq fOC pacnono'
>KeHa B KoHue KacKaAa, To pexuM BepxHHx fOC npn gToM He H3MeHfferct. B npo'
THBHoM cfiyr{ae Mox(er H3MeHHrbcr pe}KHM pa6orn cyiqeerBylouiiix i3C. HanpHnlep,
Ao6aereHHe e KaqecrBe BepxHeft f3C nro6oro BHAa peryrlnpoBaHHff B I{acKaA 6e3
peryJrHpoBaHHs c MafibrM Tso6 noJrHocrbro noAqHHHT pexHM HH)KHtlx f3c pexHuy
arofi crasUuu. 3ro no3BoJrr{T npeAcraB,trqrb nolo6Huft xacxaA B BoAHOsHeprerHqec'
KHx pacqerax B BHAe oAHoii grsHsa.neHrHoft rHApogJleKTpocraHuHt{.
fpynna F3C 6es rilApaBJr[qecrofi cBfl3H. K srofi fpynne orHocfircff f3C, pac'
noJrolKeHHble B pa3Hbrx peqHtrx 6acceftsax. nnn sroro BHAa peryrupoBaHtlt cTOKa
xapaxrepHbt oco6eHHocrr.r, onncaHHbre a $ 8.3. Mecropacnorox(eHne Hx B rpaQnKe
Harpy3KH Moxer 6urr onpeAeJreHo Ha ocHoBe onrHMH3aqnoHHbtx pacqeroB na 3BM
(crra. r.n. l0 u ll).
Ha.nHque B gHeproct{creMe HecKoJrbKIrx fOC gacraBJrrer yquTbtBarb H aJIeKTpH'
qecKyro cBs3b Mex(Ay Ht{MH, a raKx(e cBfi3b fOC c TOC n AOC.
Pa6ora fOC na qea rpaQnKa Harpy3xu. B rex cnyqaffx, KorJI,a Bo3Mox{Ha pa'
6ora fOC Ha ABa rpaQHra Prr(l) n P"zU) no KpHrepHIo MaKcHMaJIbHoro BblrecHe'
HHq T3C u A3C H3 nnr(oBofi uacrH, pelKt.tMbr pa6orr,r fOC tuoryr 6urr onpeAeJleHbl
c noMorr{bro uHrerpanrnofi rpHnofi npoAorrxorrerlbHocrn Harpy3KH lr(3ifl) H
t,(e:1.) .
KacxaA Asyx fOC c KoHTpperyJrnpoBaHnena. 3ror BHA KoMnneKcHofo Hcno.'Ib'
3oBaHHfl BoAoroKa noflyqaer sce 6oflruee pacnpocrpaHeHHe e HauJeIt crpaHe. Bepx'
Hffff f3C o6uqHo BbrcoKoHanopHar, 6onturofi MouIHocrH, o6ecneuHBaer AJIHTeJIbHoe
peny,'rnpoBaHHe croKa H pa6oraet B pe3r(onnKoBoi\,r pex(HMe. HHxHqr f3C HMeeT
He6ontruoe BoAoxpaHHJrHue KparKocpot{Hofo peryJlnpoBaHnff, pacnoJlaraercs e6nH3H
aepxHefi fOC H nepepacnpeAelqer pe3Konepeuenuuft rpaQux ee nonycKoB B paB'
HoMepHyr,o orAaqy s HlrxrHHfi 6ueS xacxaAa B ueJIoM, HanprtMep Canuo'[IyrrreHcKaff
u MafiHcxaq. flpu sroM oAHoBpeMeHHo peualorcfl Bonpocbl sHepreruKn I'l oxpaHbt
cpeAbr B pernoHe HHIKe AaHHoro KacKaAa. 3tu fgc HMercT or{eHb TecHylo cBfl3b
Me)KAy co6ofi KaK no Hanopy, TaK H no pacxoAy H Ao,'INiHbI paccMarpHBarbcfi B pac'
qerax rar oco6ufi sua fOV.
flo csouM 3aAaqaM raxoft KacKaA 6nHsox x 6yQepHoMy perynHpoBaHHIo croKa'
B r(oTopoM HH),t{Hee BOAOXpaHHJtHqe ocyuecTBJIfleT peryJIIIp0BaHHe CTOKa B CBOeM
crBope c yqeroM rpe6onauuri BXC H Bo3MolKHocrefi nepxHeft f3c.
I(oryrneHglpyroqee noAoxossficrBeHHoe peryJrnpoBaHHe. 3aAa'{a 3Toro Bl'lAa pe'
ryJrupoBaHHfl CTot(a - O6ecrleqeHHe 3aAaHl{oro rpa{lHr<a pacxOAOB B HyxHoM MeCTe
rr Bo BpeMeHH. B sro1{ cryr{ae BoAoxpaHHJrHlqe pacno.laraercfl B Hau6onee 6naro'
npHfirHoM Mecre c roqKg 3peHufl ero TexHI{Ko-3KoHoMHqecKHx noKa3are.nefi, HanpH'
Mep B fopax, yAaJreHHbrx pafioHax. Csouilau rronycKaMH oHo KoMneHcHpyer HeAocra'
rcu{Hfi o6reu pacxoAoB B 3aAaHHoM crBope HH>Ke no TeqeHHIo peKH.
8 3ar. 387 229

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Kounercupyloqee sreKrpHqecKoe peryJtldpoBaHHs. 3a1asa peryJlHpoBaHHt-
o6ecneqeHne ruaKcr.rMa.lbHoro BbrrecHeHHq T3C u AOC I{3 nHKoBoft qacru rpaQuxa
Harpy3rir{ P"(t) }r noBbrrreHue rapaHrnpoBaHHoft orraqu rpynnbl fOC 6es rtlApas-
.nnqecrofi cBfl3n 3a cqer acfiHxpoHHocrH croKa H pa3roro BHAa peryJlnpoBarnfl Ha
fOC. Tax, no,r,o6Hyro po,rrb s 3axasxaere o6ecnequBaer I,lHrypcran fOC, BbtpaB'
HnBarouaff per*(ntrr MHoroqncJleHHbrx f3C 6es peryJlupoBaHAff nnr c KparKocpoIlHbIM
peryJrHpoB a HHeM.
. 3anlnra or HaBoAHennfi. 3aAaqa peryaupoBaHun - yMeHbIrIHrb BepoflTHocrl'
garonJreHufl TeppHropHfi n HHIKHeM 6le$e 3a cqer aKKyMyJrHpoBaHI.Iq qacrll croKa
B BoAoxpaHHJrHue B nepuoA npoxo)KAeHnff orreHb 6oauuux pacxoAoB. llpnuepaun
TaKHx f3C ssfismcs Xericxas u Eyperlcxafl, Ha !,a"rlueu Bocrore. Cpesxa MaKcI{-
f,df Lnd fihrt 6DAtt tt 6 a ^1106 au qrtu Ta nL-
MaJlDnuIU llllb,ar PdL^\JAUD lYlLrnEr vLJu{LUrDtrnrDvn rryfr ervrYl ,l oq Lavr orrqaflrvvru
Hor? $opcnpoBKH ypoBHr BepxHero 6te$a.
Kacran [AAC. B noc.neAHee BpeMfl noflBHJrncb npopa6on(H KacKaAHoro ucnoJlb-
3oBaHuff lA3C, HanpuMep rpex6accefiHoBafl cxeMa c AByMf |AOC Ha 6oflbrilI,Ie Ha-
nopbr. HanuqHe uuoro6accefiHosofi cxeMbr no3BoJlfler 6olee ru6xo HcnoJIb3oBarb
Bo3Mox(Hocrn raxAort craHuHH sroro KacKaAa. Anq aroro KacKaAa Heo6xoALIMo
ytrHTbrBarb B pacqerax HaJIHqHe cBfl3H pexHMOB nO HanOpaM U pacxoAaM.
fAC Ha.BoAoxpaHnJrnulax soAoxoscftcrBeHHoro Ha3HaqeHHs, B KoMMyHaJIbHo-
furosux u Hppnraq[oHHbrx cucreMax. B Hacrosulee BpeMfi sce 6onee aKTya"rbHblM
craHoBHrcfl Bonpoc o6 gHeprerr{qecKoM Hcno,'rb3oBaHHH noreHIluaJIa BoAoxossficr-
BeHHbrx cHcreM nyreM ycraHoBKH Ha Hr.Ix rHApoarpefaroB. Pexuu pa6oru arltx
f3C, KaK npaBItJIo, paenou.epHltt?, v oHH pa6orarcr s 6asilcHofi qacrH rpaQnra
narpy3Ku 6es cnelluaJrbHbrx HHx<eHepHbrx peureuufi. OAHIaU H3 Hllx Moxer 6rtrl co-
opyxeHHe Mad'roro KoHrppery,'lHpyloulero BoAoxpaHIrJIHlrla B HL't)KHeM 6leQe nJIo-
THHbr Bo.[oxossftcreeHHoro Ha3HarIeHHg.
.. ,,. l'3V. B cocraBe sHepre,rrrqecKHx KoMn4excos. I4HreHcuSuxaqun n pauHoHaJIH-
gauvfl HinoJlugosaHnr BoAHbrx u sHeprerHr{ecKr.rx pecypcoB BeAer x Heo6xoAHMocrH
co3r.aHHR B oAHoM Mecre HecKo.trbKHX BHAoB crauunfi - A3C, T3C, f3y, cBs3aH-
Hbrx MexAy co6orl TexHorrornqecKuM uHKJroM. KpynHne TOC u A3C tpe6ylor orpoM-
Horo o6terua BoAbI AJIg ocyqecrB,,reHnq c3oefo rexHoJloruqecKoro uHx.na. B cBfl3tr
g 3r4M 6o.nuuuHcrso nocrpoeHHbrx xpynHux T3C H A3C opueHrHpoBaHbl Ha Hc-
noJrb3oBaHue BoAoxpaHHJIHtq cyqecrByloqux fOC. B rex xe cryqaqx, KofAa no-
cJreAHHx Her, lix npuxoAr.rrcfl co3AaBarb A!'rR o6ecne,Iennff HopMaJlrHofi pa6oru T3C
H AOC. flpn erou f3C H fAqC 6yayr npH3BaHbr BblnorlHflrb He rortbKo npncylqyto
I{M poJrb B cgcreMe, Hx BoAoxpaHuJrHura 6yayr Bblno,rr.rflTb 3aAaqH oxJlax(AeHlrfl rex-
uonoruqecxoft BoAbr TOC n AOC, yMeHbrrrafl ypoBeHb renJloBoro 3arpfl3HeHuff B
perHoHe.
FOV s cocraBe rexnoJornrtecKnx KoMnJreKcoe. B nocfleAHee BpeMff Haqarbl pa3-
pa6orxn cxeM I'lcnoJlb3oBaHuff f3C c BoAoxpaHHJIHuIaMI'I B coqeraHlau c rexHoro*
THqCCKHM NPOH3BOACTBOM B AAHHOM CTBOPC: NPOH3BOACTBOM X{HAKOTO BOAOPOAA'
aMMHaKa, yao6peuufi 4. T. A. Taxue f3C no cBoeMy Ha3HaqeHHIo noJlHocrblo noAqn-
HCHbI NO CBOHM DC}KHMAM ABTOHOMHOMV NOTPC6HTEJIN.
l-naea 9
ocHoBbl METoAA PACLIETA
B OAOX O3frnCTB E H H O rO k1 B O A H O 3 H E P rE T h r{ E C K O r ai:
PEIKhMA r-3v C BOAOXPAH4n|/,U]AMH
9.1. O6tJ]hE nOrOlKEHht
BoAoxosqrltcreeHHbre lr BoAHo3Heprert{qecKLIe p acqerbr npoBoAffTcfl B
onpeAeJreHHor? nocJreAoBareJlbHocrH, o6urefi I.JLfl Bcex rHAposHeprerH-
IICCKI{X YCTAHOBOK. OT NPABHJIbHOCTI{ H TOI{HOCTH 9THX PACTICTOB BO
MHO|OM 3aBHCHr rr acp(bexrrrBHocrb Bbr6paHHoro pex(HMa rtrApoy3Jla
I.rlfl BCefi BOAOXO3fllirCreeHHOr? CUCTeMbr, a CJreAOBaTeJrbHO, aoQerrUn-
HOCrb HCnOJIb3OBa}lvfl. rHApO3HepropecypcoB.
Boaoxo3fl rlcrBeHHbIe p a cq eT bl cB.fl3aHbr c onpeAeJIeHH-
€r,r 6araHcoesrx orHoueHnfi no pacxoAy (o6terr,ry) eoaur B AaHHoM
cTBOpe 14 coorBeTcTByroilIero HM pex(HMa cpa6orxu-uanotHeHHq BoAo-
xpaHHJrrua. Pacqeru npoBoAfTcfl npr{ 3aAaHHoit orAaqe no pacxoAy
(o6reuy) nnu orMerKaM 6reQoe.
Bo,iHosHeprerHqecKHe p acq erbr cBfl3aHbr c onpeAeJle-
Hr.reM ocHoBHbrx 3HepferHqecKHx napaMerpoB pexHMoB f3y, T. e. Ha-
IIopa, MouIHocTH rr 3Hepfr4H, npr.I 3aAaHHblx fpaQnxax oTAaqll cTaHuHlI
no MouIHocrH A/ rey (l), pacxoAy Q".o (l) urtkr pe)KHMe 6leQor
z".a(t), z".e(t). 3ru pacqerbr cJIolKHee, qeM BoAoxo3tficrnesHue, H3-
3a cJroxHocrr4 B3aHlvrocBs3ell Hanopa, pacxoAa n MouIHocrH f3y c
pelKHMoM BOAOXpaHHJrr4UIa, I43-3a- KaCKaAI{.OCTH HCnOJIb3OBaHHS BOAO-
roKa, MHoroo6pa3Hfl THTIoB f3y no cnoco6y co3AaHHfl Hanopa ll pe'
I\/JIIIPOBAHUfl CTOKA H APYTI4M NPHqHHAM. :
3HaqureJrbnbre cJroxHocru rrpu npoBeAeHHr.r BoAoxo3nltcrgeHHux n
BOAHOsHepferHr{eCKHX paCqeTOB BO3HHKaIOT rlpU yqeTe pe]KHMa cpa-
6orrcl-nanoJrHeHl.rfl BoAoxpaHr.rJrr.Iul AJIn pa3JlrlrrHbtx pacqerHblx ttHTep-
BaJroB BpeMeHH, XapaKTepr.r3yroxtkrxcfl. pa3HbrMH MaTeM aTHqecKHM H MO-
AeJrflMH oTAeJrbHbrx 3TanoB TexHoJrorr4rrecKoro npoUecca. no3ToMy npr
r{3yt1g11r" oco6eHHocrefi 83ariMOcesgeit napaMerpoB pe}KHIua f 3y
BecbMa eQ$exrr.rBHo HcnoJrb3oBaHHe aHaJroroBbIX 3BM, no3Bo,'IflIourHx
MOAeJrHpOBarb npoueccbr B Jrro6oM MacuTa6e BpeMeHH H AOCTaTOT{HO
HarJrflAHo, a quQpoBbre 3BM ueJrecoo6pa3Hee HcrroJrb3oBarb ylKe Ha
sTane npoBeAeHHfl MaccoBblx LIHx{eHepHbIX pacqeToB.
fpa$oaHaJIHT?tqecKHe MeToAbt, AaIOuIHe npn6"nu>xeHHoe pelueHHe
BoAoxo3flr?crnegHrtx Lr BoAHo3Hepferr.rqecKrrx 3aAaI{, n03BoJIflIor Ha-
rJrflAHO npeAcraBnrb 0r43r.rKy npoueccoB, npucyu{Hx rly JIIo6oro BvAa-
9,2, PAC'{ETbI PE}KhMOB BOAOXPAHh.rIhLU T3C
BoAoxoscficrneHHbre pacrrerbr. Pacqeru npoBoAflrcfl AJrfr Bcex f 3C
KOMnJTeKCHO|O Ha3Har{eHHn. 3al.a:c.a pacqeTa. .3aKflIOqaeTcfl B IIpoBepKe
Bo3MolKnocrefi o6ecneqenus BoAor? ufiH rapaHTHpoBaHHblMH orMerKa-
Mu pa3JrHqHbrx yqacrHHKos BXC.
8* 231

--- PAGE BREAK ---

3a,u,aqa pacqera pelKHMa cpa6otKI4-HattoJIHe-
HHfl oAHHor{Horo BoAoxpaHHJIIauIa 3a rIepHoA T-
:t^-to npH H3BecTHoM HaqaJlbHOM COCTOflH14LT
2s.60:zr.a(to) vilv Vs,s-V"(to\ II p n 3 a A a H H o Il o r A a q e r H A'
poy3Jra ro p acxoAy Q".o(/) . I,IsnecrHbl: MareMarHqecKHe Mo-
AeJrH 6reSon, orpanHrretwfl, r4x pelKHMa tro orMerKaM, xapaKTepwcrr4Klr
B pacqerax KparKocpoqHbrx pex(HMoB cJreAyeT I4cnoJlb3oBarb MoAeJIH
HeycTaHoBuBlrlerocfl ABHIKeHHfl BoAbI, cBfl3bIBaIouIHe MelKAy co6ofi
ocHoBHbre napaMerpbr pex(HMoB 6seQon 6onee cJIolKHoIl 3aBI'lcH'
MOCTbTO.
flp, orI,IX ycJIoBHflx n nro6oii MoMeHr BpeMeHH f 6y4er cnpaBeA-
JIHBO paBeHCTBO
Tex )Ke yc4oBHflx, qTo H B saAaqe, paccilfoTpeH-
H o r? B br ttr e. Als Ar.rcKpeTHor:r nocraHoBr(r.r 3aAaqrr
I
rAe
Vn,6t: >] (Qot * Gi - AQ'or, - AQsx c) Ltr,
/:l
n LVni : Vii - v[t
vnJ - 
^+ L+
(e.6)
(e.7)
(e.8)
(e.e)
(e.10)
233
rAe
Q, (l) : Qn.o (/) - IQ"p (4 - AQno, (/) - AQexc (l)1, (9.3)
T. e. BMecro (9.1) Mollffio 3anucarb
V"(t) : Vno- {W*.a(4 - [Vnp(/) - A7'o'(l) - Arexc (41]' (9'4)
Bce qlesbt npaBofi qacrt{ (9.4) nu6o H3BecrHbl, nn6o 3aBuctlr or /
1{JIH cBt3aHbI OAHO3HaqHO c V, vt t. B CsqsH C STHM 3TO COOTHO111eHUS
JIeTKO peaJII43OBarb no orHoIIreHHIo K v".
Hanrzqne orpauuueunfi ro Vn t4iln oTMeTKaM 6reSOe Mox(eT no-
BJrHffTb roJIbKo Ha AonycTnMocrb 3alaHHoro rpa$uxa oTAaqH Q".o (i ).
PeanusaUuq (9.4) Bo3MoN(Ha KaK B ra6IHqHoIi, raK n n rpa$Hqec-
xoft QopMe, a raxxe Ha 3BM. nnn qncreHHoro peueuuL (9.4) .npea,-
cTaBJrfleTcfl B AHcKpeTHoM BI,tAe. B ceqsn C 3TllM 11epl4OA T:tu-toPa3-
6uealor Ha n B o6utepr c,Tyt12g HepaBHbIX HHTepBaJIoB BpeMeHH' B
npeAeJrax KoTopbrx 3Har{eHHfl pacxoAoB npHHI,IMaIOTCfl nOCTOqHHbIMH.
TorAa Ha KoHeu i-ro uHrepBaJIa V* 6yler paBHo
L
Vnr : V"o - 
!. (Qroi - AQoori - AQexc ) Lti. (9.5)
I:t
O6parHafl 3aAaqa soAoxoes,frcrBeHHoro pery- r.u,e
JrLrpoBaHr4fl., KOrAa no AonycTHMbIM pe)KHMaM
BepxHero 6reQa no Vo H,Irt4 zs.6 rpe 9.y"-rcfl onpe-
Ae;Hrb o6teMbI nonycl{oB B HHx(rtufr 6leQ rpH
232
3uaqltreJlbHo cJlox{Hee BoAoxo3flrlcrseHulre pacqerbr Ailn KacKaAa
i3C, rAe B 6a.naHce pacxoAoB HeooxoAr.rMo yqr.rrbrBarb Harrrr{ue rqo6
(ctut. S 1.3) .- floc.neAoBareJlbHocrb pacqera B r(acKaAe nprr saAaHHori
orAaLIe lto Qs.6 H/IH z".a(Vt) cBepxy-BHrr3. Vqer rso5 MO]K€T ocy-
ulecrBJrffTbcf, Hafipr4Mep, cABrrfol,r Bo BpeMerilr rpa(rrrxon Q,,.0(l) Bepx-
Herl f3C no orHorrreHr.rrc K paccMarplrnaeuori.
PeanrHtte BoAoxo3qficreeHHrre pacqerbr nprr saAaHnorl orAaqe no
pacxoAy uJlH o6teuau BoAU HaMHofo CJTOXHee OlrrcaHHbr.\ Bbr[re.
Taxaq cJlox(Hocrb onpeAeJrflercq ueo6xoArrrvrocrbto yqera MHoxiecTBa
ycnonurl H ofpaHHqeHrafi Ha pex{HMbr BOAOXpaHHJTHUT, qro MON(er npH-
Becru K r{repaquoHHorl rpor{eAype.
BoAnoeneprernqecKHe pacu-eiu fOC. 3rn pacr{erbr ocHoBbrBarcrcfl
Ha MareMarl4qecKux MoAe/rrx rexHoJrorHr{ecKoro npouecca f3C, pac-
cMorpeHHbrx B npeAbrAyu{Hx fJraBax. Aaxe A.nq 4erepvrHHripoBaHsor?
uu$oprraat\r4\ oHLI xapaKrepH3yloTcfl 6ontruori cJrolKHocTbio 83aHMo-
ceqsefi nepeMeHHblx, r{x HelnHeriHocTbro. Bo rvrHortrx cJryqaflx 3TH cBff-
3LI HeflBHOTO BLrAa; B pflAe c.,'ryqaeB rroBeAeHHe lpoqeccoB onr4cbrBaeT-
cn anQQepeHrr?raJrbHbrMH ypaBHeHHflMH I-r'o u 2-ro nopsAna. floarouy
Aarb _o_6qtee peueHue AJIfl Bcex 3aAaq BoAHogHeprerr{qecKoro pacrlera
Ailn fOC c BoAoxpaHn.rrurrreM HeBo3Mox{Ho, H 3Aecb 6yayr paccMor-
peHbl roJIbKo Hal,t6o"nee rr.rnrrqHbre pacrrerbt pexrrMoB rrrApos/reKTpo.
crauquii. llocxo"nlry AJlr CCCP, oco6eHHo Ann enponerlcxoft qacrn
crpaHbI, c Hanpsx{eHHblM BoAHbrM 6anaucoM xapaKTepHbr HHBKoHa[op-
HbIe pycJroBbre fOC, HM 6yaer yAeJreHo oco6oe BHr.rMaHHe. Vqer oco-
6esuocrefi soAHoeHeprerur{ecKux pacr{eroB srrrx fAC no3BoJrHT 6onee
a$QexruBHo HcnoJlbsoBarb orpaHuqeHHbre BoAHbre pecypcbr yKa3aHHo-
ro pefHoHa.
llpnr HelpepbIBHoM xapaKTepe H3MeHeHr.rfl Bcex sHeprernr{ecKux H
rlrApaBJIHqecxt4x napaMerpoB Bo BpeMeHH orAaqa f3C ro axrHeHofi
Mou{Hocru ff rec (/) B .nro6or? MoMeHr BpeMeHrr / naoxrer 6urn pac.
cI{HTaHa rro c/reAyrour{M Qopruy,rrarr,t :
//rec (l) : 9,8I I^t (t') Q^, (t) H ^i (t),
V"(t) - V,o - A% (4,
I
L
LV,(t\: .t' Q" (t) dt;
to
(e.l)
(e.2)
oo2r$
sl
/l
\* (t):4, (Qar (t), H ^1 Q\;
H * (t) * Hrec (l) : z".o (t) - zn.a Q)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

sprr
i
rAe
z".au) : zs.6(7.p^o (l), Qop 0, x);
zr.a!) : zn.6(Q".u (t), z".on@, T)
'tr'nfl 
"o, ro
Q".uU): Qrec (l) + Q*.cop (/) : 
e (Q"r (t)*Qx.cop (0) : Gn (l) *Q" (/);
Q"(i): ry:v"p^o(t),
T. e. B o6rqeM Br{Ae
y'/rec: /Vrec (Zrp"o, i"p^a, zo, *, Qon, X, f , t),
rAe X w Y - BeKTopbr AonoJrH?rreJlbHbtx nepeMeHHblx, or Koropblx 3a-
BHcflT ypoBHH 6leQon rrpH HeycraHoBnBuleMcfl ABHIKeHHH BoAbI.
Bo.nrurzHcrBo cesseft B (9.15), H? Koropble HaKJIaAbIBaiorcfl yc-
JroBHff qeflor{r4cJrenHocrr.r pa6ornr arperaToB (onruuaJIbHoe rrucfio go
u coctan so), ue.nuueftHrre, HegBHoro BVAa. Pearrasallut groro BbIpa-
lI(eHHfi B o6qeru BHAe BecbMa 3arpyAHeHa. I4crnroqeur.reM flBflflForctl
aHaJroroeHe 3BM, Koropbre c yqeroM HeBbrcoKoft roqnocrH r.rcxoAHoft
uuQopuaqr.ru Moryr HcnoJrb3oBarbcr n yue6HoM npoqecce AJIfl peaJII4-
saw4vr (9.15) B caMoM o6u{eu BHAe.
BnHqHrae pa3JrHtrHbrx napaMerpoB r{a pe}KHMbr fOC paccMorpHM
Ha Hau6onee pacnpocrpaueunoi.t BoAHo3HeprernqecKoll 3aAal{e.
, 3 a[aqa pacqera napaMerpoB pelKHMa cpa6orrcn
B OAOX p aHH JI H IIIa //rJTII T eJIF, IJ O r O peryJtHpoBaHHf,
Br,ipa)Keiifie (9.2i) - HenirHei.inoe airSSepeiiiiiidirbHoe ypaBHeHHe
l-ro nopflAKa rro orHorxeHHlo K Vcpaa.Beaaqplsa Tcpao HeflBHo cBr3a'
Ha c Nrec, H e o6U{eM BtlAe Hallirlt rlcKoMyro SaBHcl'IMocTb l/spa6 (l) :
: 7cpa6 (N rec(/) ) HeBo3Mox(Ho. ff oaHoe r\{oAeJrrrpoBaHrre ypanueuuir
(9.16)-(9.20) MolKHo noryllHrb ronbKo Ha aHarloroBol? 3BM.
nepenr4rxeM (9. 16) - (9.21 ) B crreAyroureM BHAe:
A/f3c (l)
Q'ac(/): zoQ^(t): zoQa (9;t
Irec (l) : q, (Q, (t), H ^(f));l
Hrec(f) : 2".6(Vqpao (l)) - z".a(Q".a(t));
Q".o (l) : Q'p (4 + Q" (l) : Qrsc (l),
ifrec - ly'rac (V"p^a, V"p^6, t).
,\ifOC (l)
(e.r l)
(e.12)
(e.13)
/n | ,{\(u. r ?,
(e.15)
(e.17)
(e.l 8)
(e.r e)
(e.20)
(e.21)
Qnp (r) (9.22)
.reeofi H npanofi
9,81q.r. (t) Hrec(t)
[,rJrH nocJre pa3AeJreHHfl nepeMeHHbrx u HHTerpvpoBaHHff
q.ACTH COOTBCTCTBCHHO NOTVIIACM
Q"e (o)-'t or"o^u. (9.23)
V.p^a(t) 3a nepHo.A T:t,,-to (oAHH 14Jrv 6onee Mecfl-
qeB HItH 4eraa) npH Lr3BecrHoM HaqaJIbHOM co-
CTofl,HHH ero 2n.60:zrr.o(V,tprr6(/o) ) I'I saAaHHot? OrAArIe
f 3C no aKrraeHoIl MorqHocrn,M rac (/) . tr4ssecrHbl: Harlop-
HbIe H oHeprerur{ecKne xapaKTepHcrHKH craHuI4I,I: peN(HM fOC-yc-
TaHoBHBtuaftcR, r. e. zs.6:zr.a(Vt) Lr zn.6:2n.6(Q".0). PaccnnarpgBae-
Mafl fAC - pycJroBafl c oAHHaKoBbIMI4 arperaraMn, rAe AHcvc :
KoTopbtx 3HaqeHnf lV rec H Qnp Moxtuo ctIHTaTb npaKTHqecKH nocTo-
tHHbrMH. KoseqHo, rrocJleAHee 3aMeqaHHe cnpaBeAJII'IBo H D,rn 4rec.
( C yqeroM npuHsrbtx Aorlyueuatt MolKHo 3anllcarb
9,81r1.r" (t) HrccU)
C yqeroM cA€JIauHbrx npe!,noJloltenrti;i
(9.23) IlorllrqvM Arln t-to:Lt.i vr Vcpa6c,:
no Nrec II Qrec BMecTO
V cpaatu
Nreci dvcpaar, (9.24)
9,81t1a"". Hrsc(7.p"0, V"p^e , t)
rAe Vspa6;H Lr 7.p"6r,.-cpa6orKa BoAoxpaHHJItIUIa B Haqa.Te tt KOHUe
r4HrepB ana L^tt.
Aaxe npn nolo6Hofi 3anncu ypaBHeHHfl ero peueHne B oOIIleM
BHAe HeBo3MolKHo I43-3a cnoxHofi cBf3il H rac C Vcpa6, H6o H rsc:
:H rec (V"pua, V"pu6, /). BeeaeM B cBff3H c srHM eule oAHo Aonyue-
HHe, Koropoe no3BoJrrer yrrpocrrirb (9.25) Lr Haiiru HcKoMyro Be,THtIH.
HY Z"p"orn AJIfl [IHTepBaJI a L,tt.
flpavreu cpa6orxy BoAoxpaHLrJrHn\a paBHoMepHoft B TeqeHHe L'tt
Qst
Vcpadin-Vcpa6tx
: COflSt. (e.25)
(e.26)
H lrecl =!
BbrP ax(eHHH
Ltt
3ro ogsaqaer,H nocrorrHcreo_fl".6,
Qreci : Qn.6i: Qnpl * Q"i: coflst'
I4e ycnonwn (9.26) cJleAyer, qro npu lV reci :coflst
:coflst Aoax{eH 6strl nocrorHHbrM rr cpeg,urrir lra[op B
t
t-t^-(dt:-r)
to
234
rVrec (l) : 9,8lqps6 (l) Qrec (t) Hrec(t), (e.16)
235

--- PAGE BREAK ---

(9.24). VxasaHHuli Hanop EIt c yqeroM cAeJIaHHbIX Aorlyuenrafi 6y,[,er
3aBHcerb roJrbKo oT oAriotl nepeueuttotl 7cpa6rri. Pacqer Et MolI(Ho
secrlr no $opvry,rau (7.15) Ilnu (7.16) AJln JIHHeiIHoro vilv napa-
6onuqecKoro iaparrep a saBncvMocrn hcpaa (V,,noo) .
VqurHeafl cKa3aHHoe, BMecro (9.2+1 MolKHo 3artucarb
vc0a0!d \/ . IYC0O0 rr I C0od
PHc. 9.3. Bcnouorare.[bHble 3aBHcHMo-
cru Qo (7"0^ a) u F (V.poo)
At,S
A+
Hl,'l
Att
%pa6o Vcpadir Vrpod
PHc.9.4. OnperteeeHne Vro"ot* c no-
Moulbro xpueori S(7.poo)
NrlNzlNa(N+(.- &rse
PHc. 9.5. 06urnii BHI n.rraHrilerKH Alac.
THllKOf O
Nrgc i
9, 8lri.s5l/1sq (Vcpa6 ; H)
- a"o,)
Ncpao t:
vcpa6l x-lr
: I F(V, -
J 
- \' cpau
YcpaS i u
, _^\d,v- _. ,.a t\, --' upau tt
(9.27i
rAe
/vlac i
9,8llrac rHrec(Vcpao i H)
: (Qrac i(Ltt, Vcpao i r, ffrec i, llrec r) - Q'p;)-t :
: (Q", (Alt, Vcpaa;x, fftec dr lrec ;, Qrpi)-l' (e.28)
Taxuu o6paeou, Enfl nor.rcKa Vcpa6;u Heo6xoAIalr,Io IrMerb gaBr4ckr-
MocTH Q"r oT L,ti, Vspu6rr,, A/rec, Tlreci , Qo,rr. 3ru uHofoMepHble 3a-
BACHMOCTTT C yqeTOM nprrHflrbrx Aonyil-leHHrl l\Iox{Ho npeAcTaBHTb B
BHAe oAHoMepHoI? 3aBHcHMocrH Q" (V"p"ot*) viln Q"G".d npu A/i:
:COflSt, lV reCi :COflSt, Qnpi:COnSt 14 n rOCi:COnSt, COOTBeTCTByIO-
rrlHx KalKAoMy l-vry uurepBarly BpeMeHH.
flpouecc ror{cKa peuieHrlfl iloqcHr4M B rpaQoaHanr4TnsecKoM BHAe.
n^nn 3Tofo nocrpouM BcnoMofaTe,rtbHble 3aBI{cHMocrH N recr :
:A'reci (Q.ec) :ftuuQ recllrec; IIprI yCJIoBI'1t1, qro II reci :CoflSt
(puc.Ll).
3i
t s.6
Nrsc i
4 r:c
PHc. 9.1. 3aslrcu l\aocru Nasa (Qlec) zn.6
npH /(rs:cottst v HfeC :conSt
Pnc. 9.2. O6uetfi BHA ocHoBHofo
p acrrerHoro noJrr n,raH[IerKH ]1ac-
THUKOTO
236
B KOOpATTHITAX ?s.6, Qrec npOBeAeM rr3o./'rHHlrrr nocToflHHbrx Ha-
nopoB H reci :coflStr T. e. nocrporrM r{pnBbre, 3KBnAltcTaHTHbrg
zn.a(Q".0) nprr pa3Hbrx 3HaqeHtin x H rec (p"i . 9.2) .
Ha pHc. 9.1 npoBoAHM ,rnrHHro, coorBercrByrouyrc rVrsc,. : corlSt,
noIyrleHHble KoopArrHaTbr ToqeK nepeceqeHrrR ee rr3oJrrrHrrflMr{ H -
:const nepeHeceM Ha puc,9.2 (rouxu 1,2,3,-4). CoeArrurrB yria3aH-
HbIe Tor{KH Ha pfic. 9.2 HenpepbIBHorl KpHBofi, noJryqrrN{ 3aB}Icrilltocrb
l/ reci : CoflSt B IioopAllHarax Zr.o, Qrec rr,TII Q rac (eo.o, N rec).
Ilpone4ena Ha roM x(e prrcyHKe npflMyr.o JnrHrrlo, coorBercTByroulylo
Qupt : const. TorAa p a3Hocrb opArrH ar rprrnor? Q rec (2".a, ,V rsc)
14 JIITHLTLT Qnpl:const onpeAeJIrrT 3aBHCr.rMocTb Q"(2".0, iV rec, Qoo).
HaHecerra noryqeHHylo 3aBl.rcuMocrb Ha pnc. 9.3 B 3ofry, rAe V"p^a2
>-Vspa6il, rr BbIqHcJrnM Ha ocHoBe (9.28) o6parHyrc ert QyuxUllro
F (V.puo) : ^F (zo.o, /V rsc , Qno) .
Ann 3aAaHnoro 3HaqeHHfl V"n^6r, Ha pHC. 9.3 onpeAedrHM nJroulaAb
Qurypu S lnq npou3BoJlbHbrx 3HaqeHnrl cpa6orKpr BoAoxpaHHJII.rua B
l-l,r I'rHTepBaJre, T. e. [ocrpor4M 3aBrrctrMocrb S(7.pn0,,,) (pHc. 9.4).
OuenIa4Ho, qro ecJru F (7.p"0) BbrnyK./'ra n 6nrrsxa no cBoeMy BIIAy K
ru nep6oan.recxofi gaBHcHMocrH, To S (Vcpno) - BorHyrafl KpHBat.
PasuepHocrb S coorBercrByer Lti. 3ro o3Haqaer, qro rrcKoMoe 3Ha-
qeHHe Vcpa'ix MolKHo naiirn, npoBeAr Ha pHc. 9.4 ropH3oHTa/'rbHyro JIH-
uurc Al'i:CoflSt Ao n_epecelleHnfi c KpHBol? S(V.poo)
AHa"uornqHbrM o6pa3oM MoxHo Har?Trr perueHrre nocTaBJIeHHori 3a-
Aaql.I AnF,. BCeX paCqe-THblx 14y1- ze'
repBa"roB nepuoAa I. O.reBHAHo,
r{To AJrir aroro Heo6xoAHMo no-
crpouTb Ha pnc. 9.2 ?r3o.,tytHt4tzaE.
Bcex 3ajl.aHHbIX sHaqeHlrrZ v'cJ
i/rSCi :COllSt i.:7, 2, ..., k. I-lo-
ryqer-rHafl cepr.rfl KpuBbrX,Vps6; :
: COnSt B KOOpAHHaTaX 2s.6,
Qrec [oryl{nra Ha3BaHHe n,rraH-
urerrlr Macruuroro (pHc. 9.5) ,
KOTOpar HarJrflAHO no3BoJrfleT
BbIflBI,ITb 3ABHCI,IMOCTH OCHOBHbIX
pelKHMr-rbrx napaMeTpoB B Bon-
F (V"p^a,-) : (
"€/ -^
4rac,
237

--- PAGE BREAK ---

cflyqae Bo3MO}KHa H r{HCJIeHHafl peaJrH3aUr4ff BOnHOSHepferr4r{ecKHX
pacqeToB
3auetnu, qro nocKoJlbKy B ocHoBe qr4cfleHHbrx w rpaQoaH a1rr4Tr4-qIecKHX MeTOAOB BOAHOgHepferHqecKux pacqeroB JIex{HT OAHa 14 Ta }Ke'aHailurr4qecKafi 3aBncuMocrb, rrJraHrrrerKa Macraqxoro npuo6peraer
oco6oe gHar{euue Arfl ucnonrdoBallfl ee B yve6urtx tlan"* np" wgy-r{eHHH oco6eHHocreli 83aHMocBt3H BoAHo3HeprerHrrecKHX rrapaMerpoBpexHMoB fOC.
Aerlcrsure.IlbHo, HHret'paJr rpaBo i4 qacrw (9.27) Mox(Ho BbrqgcJrgrbc AocrarorrHo ssrcoxort crefieHbro rorrHocra rro c;re,qyroqefi eoplry.rre:
At1 :
I n dv"p^a Vcpa6iH-7cpa6i"
Qrec (7.p"0 i *, Nrec i) - Gp;
tu
dVr l
YrSCi-vupi
(e.2e)
rAe Q- recr (Vt't't^6i^, ,Vrec; ) nu.tltc.ltfleTcfl c yqeroM npeAnoJlox{eHHfl onpIHefiHou xapar(repe rr3MeHeHHr Qrec (/"nnoo,., Nrec;) no Qopmy"rre
Qrec t(Vcpaai n, Nrec i) : Qrec , (zr.ui*, ilrec;) :
:0,5[Qrec i "(%pao i rr, ffrec;) * Qrec i * (%p"o r H, l/rec;)]. (9.30)
IloAcranHe (9-30) B (9.29), noJryr{HMl qro HcKoMoe 3HarreHr.re Vcpatt,.
OJTIKHO O6ecneqnTb peueHHe cJreAyr,oulefo r{efBHofo anre6pauqecKofo
ypaBHeHr,rfl c AByMfl Her.r3BecrHbrMz Qrecin ?t Vspa6i.i
0,5 [Q.tc i n'(Vao^6; n, ly'rec ;) * Qrec t *(Vcpa6; H, ly'rec i)l :
VcpaaiH-Vcpa6tu
: Qop; *'Q"i.
hcPootr
flronix
a)
@r$
r)
vcpao
P
I
I
Vcpa6
: Qopi * Ltt (e.31)
VpanHeurre (9.31) cooreercrByer o6nuHonay 6anaHcy pacxoAoB B
crBope H MolKer 6url peaJIH3oBarJo KaK rpaQoanaJrHTHr{ecKHM, TaK 14qHcJIeHHhIM nyreM. llo nepBoMy cnoco6y pacqerbr BeAyrcfl rro rrJraH-
ilIeTKe Macrnqt<oro. flpeaeaprireJrbHo crpoHTcfl 3aBltcr.rMocrb
A rec(2,.6, tV rec ) no ypaaueullro (9.30) (p".. 9.6, a). 3areu K
Qnro holalilnercr yqacroK pacxoAHor.i xapaxrepHcrHKH BoAoxp aHHJrr4-
ilI.?, coorBeTcrnyrcrrlrzli ycJroBHro Vc:pa6iu}Vcpaa*r. flepecer{eHHe KpH-
gLtx Q rec (zr.a, Nrec;) r.r Q"k".d B roqr(e a o6ecnbqnr noryrreHue
x'{cKoMofi cpa6orKH BoAoxpaHuJrHU\a (pruc. 9.6, 6).
. ..tng Ha[oJrHeHHs
p e a n u s au prs ( e 3 rT'":"[",T: ; T h l;: ; 
Q" ( /' p' o )'
238
t}-Hng<!_---QE-&_-+-
Ze.t | | 
-\.@raci
r3ci
I
0,-ni
.|, zt.ri t{"v;
rCi--
tnst
"-__r________-r\ _N
t-3cin \. &r:c
Puc. 9.6. Pacqer cpauorKH (a) tI Hano,'rHeHrrfl (5) BoAo.\paHu.rrru-la no n",raHuerKe
Macruuxoro
florperuHocrb perxeHHr (9.31) H (9.32) reM MeHbrre, qervr 6.'rnxe
K ,ruuefiuovry sr.rAy KpHBbre Qry. (zr.a, lVrec ), qro coorBercrByer
tsblcoKo- H cpeAHeHanopHblr"r fOC. nns Hu3KoHaropHbrx f3C ,I.'rrrre.rt-
HO|O pefyJlllpoBaHIIfl yKa3aHHbre 3aBilcilMocTrr Mot-yr 3r{aqtrre"lbrro oT-
JrHr{arbcff or Jrr.rHerlHbrx. B noAo6HsrX Cryqaffx cJreAyer pazlura HH-
TepBaJI Lti Ha 6onee MeJIKHe I.I AJIfl Kalr{Aoro r.r3 Hrrx npoBecrrr BoAHo-
3HepfeTLIqeCIflte pacqeTbr AJln rvreci :const, Q,,pr:corlst il Tl r3ci :
: COflSt. I(oHeuHo, flPH 3ToM HecKo,'IbKo H3MeHHTCfl 3aBI,ICHMocTb
Qo (zn.o) 3a cqer yMeHbueHr.rq pacqerHoro rrHrepBaJra.
B KaqecrBe I4JIJIrocrpaIltt4 Ha pnc. 9.7 [oKa3aH paclreT cpa6orrn
BoAoxpaHHJIHII{a l.iln KpHBoJrHHeirHor? 3anrrctrMocrrr Q .ec (zr.a,lVrec)r
npH ycJIoBHH, qro A/r:3A/rr, xoTfl B o6qem cryqae Bo3MoxHo, qro
4tti*Lti". Ia1 pr49. 9.7 cJreAyer, qro Heylrer He.nnHerlHoro xapar(Tepa
Q roc (2".a, lVreci) neaer x 3aHHNieHHbrM orMerKaM zs.6 H, c,'reAoBa-
TeJrbHo, .K yMeHbueHHio HanopoB Ha f3c (crur. Tor{Krr a H b Ha
puc. 9.7).
il"naHurerxa &Lacruurcoro no3BoJrfleT Har,TrflAHo npeACTaBr.rrb ce6e
nPo[ecc peueHl4fl pa3rl.ItlHbIx BoAHo3HepferHqecKHX 3aAaq, HanprrMep
yqer orpaHnueHttii no nponycxHot:t cnoco6Hocrrr arperaroB l3C, ne-
peMeHHoro KnA (pnc. 9.3) v qlcila BKr'rroqeHHbrx arperaroB, B roM
r{HCIe H C pa3HbIMH XapaKTepHcTl'rKaMr.r, 3aAaqrr pacqeTa pexiilMa Bo-
AoxpaHI{JIr4ilIa n f3C npH 3aAaHHbrx rpaOr.rKax Q"(/), Qrec Q), zuaU)
rr r. L. 3lecr >Ke MolKHo HaxoAr.rrb rrpeAer'rbHbre MoulHocrti crBopa AJIfl
Pr.rc. 9.7. Pacqer cpa6orxn BoAo-
xpaHI.r,'rHuIa Liln xpnaonuHeftHofr
saBucHMocru Qrec (2".u, ffrec;)
(e.32)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Nraci Niact,
,ds(te r)
\A
f?c'z JLl
zs.tr
lluuun ozpaHuqeHufl ' &rsc
@-ro ?p',epamlpg; @-no mgpfu{e
PHc. 9.8. Pacqer pex{HMa HanoJ'rHeHas BoAoxparrl{JHura npn pa6ore f3C c npeAeJrb-
HO BO3MOiKHbIIVIH MOUIHOCT'MH
3aAaHHbtx 3HaqeHHrl v"pu6, Qon H KnA (Cvr. nyHKTHpHyro JTHHHTO Ha
puc. 9.5).
Ha nJIaHIIIeTKe Macrraqxoro npHHuHnHaJIbHo Bo3MolKHo yl{ecrb n
Qx.cop. Oluaro npu sroM Heo6xoAHMo ee noJIHoe flepecrpoeHue c
yqeToM Toro, ero 2r.r.6 u H rec 6yAyr onpeAeJlrTbcff He Qrec , 2 Qu.6,
paBHbIM cyMMe Qrec I{ Qx.cop.
HarnsAHo Ha nJraHuerKe Macrr.ruKoro Moryr 6rtrt npeAcraBJleHbt
pe3yJrbTaTbr BoAHo3HepfeTHqecKHX pacqeToB c yqeToM orpaHLIr{eHnIi
no MoxlHocrt4.
Paccuorpuu cJreAyrourrr-"r cnyuarl. llycrr 4nn 3aAaHHbIx 3HaqeHafi
npe4ensuotl MourHocrn fAC (p"c. 9.8) Ailfl HHrepBaJIa Ltt (AexaAa,
MecflU H 6o.nee) rpe6yercfl onpeAeJIHTb pelKHM HanoJIHeHHs BoAoxpa-
HHJrHuIa, npu pa6oTe craHUHH c MaKctIMaJIbHo Bo3MolxHofi MoIII-
Hocrbro. 3aAan.nr zf;.ai tr Qnp, > 4ffi3 I4 Bce AonyqeHnfl, npaHfl-
Tbre B ocHoBr-roH 3aAaqe.
Ha pnc. 9.8, a Bl4r,Ho, qro ecJIH ocyxrecrB,'trrb pe)KHM fOC c MouI-
Hocrblo N Feci (rouxa n) , to K KoHIIy LIHTepBaJI a Ltt KoHeqnafl or-
MeTKa BOAOXp aHHJrr4I\a 6yAer CoOTBeTCTBOBaTb zs.6(r. oAHaxo npH
zs.6a rrpeAeJrbHoe SHar{eHHe MorIHocrr,r f3c 6yaer 6o;tlue Nflecr -L.r
paBHo ff fec;o (p".. 9.8, a).
CneAoeareJlbHo, B XoLe peUeHHfl sa1as24 Heo6xoAllMa KoppeKUHa
H3MeHeHr.rfl npeAeJIbHbIx MoxrHocret? fOC B 3aBLIcI'IMocru or ypoBHn
240
e".6. PerreRHe Ha aHaJIoroBoIl 3BM ocyulecrBJlffercff nyTeM
J(apaxrepprcrnK.lffffi",, : ffff3f @n.d rr pea"nrr3ar{rrn IIx Bo
a coorBeTcrBr.rH c ypaBHeHHeM
| .afFec(/)-A/ffit'(2".6 (l)) I : t dQ'
p dt '
f.ile P:gOnSt. 
I
Pean[gauuq [ocraBreusofi gaAar{H r{Hc.,'reHHbIMH MeroAaMH ocy'
ulecrBJrnercfl HTepaUHoHHbIM nyreM. Eln sroro cJleAyer Bocno/lb3o-
BaTbct MeTOAOM AHxoToMHIl, T. e. cHaqaJla 3aAaTbC.fl /V leci:
:0,5 (N Fec, *'N fieci ). AonycruM, rlro B aroM cflyqae KoHeqHafl or'
rr^Tr1o DAnvuaFrr 6r-arh o rlt) n.nnnnii rr.nan qrruu n/\rrt.trtora'rp',rr1'r 7- a- {rou-lYl\-lI\4 DUPnrrvIv vDvYq LLq Dlvyvrr rrrvyqr+rrrr vvvrvvrv r &rt.uc
Ka c Ha pHc. 9.8, a) npn //fecic lNfscro. OxoH.rareJlbHoe x(e perIeHIIe
SaAaql.I rV reci Ha pHc. 9.8, a coorBercrByer H3o,TIIHIIII MouIHocTH,
npoxoAflIqell uepea TOqKy s, H JIexHr B npoMexyTKe Mex(Ay H3oJIH-
HHflMLI N recr :coflSt 14 N rgcz :cotist. PeuleHnrc 3af,?tlH cooTBeTcT'
tsyer cJleAylou{ee ycJIoBHe AJIff AByx cMe}KHbIx Itrepaqtrfi:
ffrec ri- Nrsc i i-r
Nrac ii
3AAAHHfl
BpeMeHH
(e.33)
( 8,v,
d)
fA€ eiv - TOIIHOCTb paCqeTOB.
Ann ycKopeHnfl pacqeroB B rraLrecrBe r{aqa"rybHoro 3HaqeHIttt
JVreco MolKHo 6part ero BHaqeHHe B roqKe r - nepecqqeHuH I:AHHH 2
,4 xpHnoft Q" (2".6, A/) Hiln HeMHoro BbII"xe. O6ucusercfl 3To BorHy'
TbIM xapaKrepoM Itr4HHH orpaun'{eHHfl no ryp6HHaM f3C (ct't.
pnc. 9.8, 6).
PeureHueM 3aAaqu 6yler 3HaqeHHe zt.at, coorBercTByloqee pa6o-
Te fOC c MoIIIHocrbIo lVreci, IIoKa3aHHofr Ha pl{c. 9.8, 6, AJln Koro-
pofi BblrroJlHflercff yKa3aHHoe Bbrue ycJIoBHe roqHocrl{.
Bce cKa3aHnoe coorBercrByer ycJIoBHro pa6orbl fOC AJIH 3oHbI
cyulecrBoBaFIHI ilHHt4H orpaHHr{eHI.rfl ro ryp6nHau (xpwaan 2 Ha
pHC. 9.8, 6) A nusetlsocrn ee. Ec.nH KpaBafl orpaHnqeHnfl no ryp6n-
HaM cyuecrBeHHo HeJrHHeirHa, To AJIfl rroBbrr.rleHHfl TotiHocrn pacl{eroB
cJreAyeT yMeHbtlrrrTb pacqeTHbrfi r.rHTepBaa Lti I-r BHoBb npoBecTll onll-
caHHbIe Bbt[Ie pacqeTbt. Ha puc. 9,9 noKa3au xoA pacqeTa peiKI,lMa
HanoJIHeHHs BoAoxpaHHJIHIrIa ArIfl L^tt Lr Lt(\i: * Lrr.3
Heyuer HeJrHHefiHocrH KpHBofr 2 (pruc. 9.9, a) BeAer K 3aBbnleHuro
LeftcrBLIreJIbHoI? orMerKLI z[.ai:ztlai Lt yMeHbrueHrl]o A recr '
Erqe 6o.nee ycJlox(HflIoTcfl pacqerbr Hano,'rHeHrrfi BoAoxpaHILrttula,
yr{HrbrBarcrur4e ofpaHHqeHr{fl no ryp6l{HaM r.{ feHeparopaM oAHoBpeMeH-
Ho (prc. 9.9, 5). B erou cfiyrlae cJleAyer cHaqaJIa HrepaIlHoHHbIM ny-
TeM perxHrb sa!.arry Arfl 3oHbr cyuecrBoBa:Hfifl. KpHBOfr 2 (sOHa I)_:_x?:
TeM rrpoBecrH pacrreT pe)KHMa HarroJIHeHHs BOAOXpaHH/lHUIa AO Hny
B 3oHe II c A,tp:Ltt-Ltu n Nrec: Nil$t. flora groM Bo3Mo)KHo
BoSHr4KHOSeHr.re CVTyat\HU, KOrAa HanOJIHeHlIe BOAOXpaHIL{llilIa npo-
H3ofiAer ga BpeMt HecKoJIbKo MeHb[Iee, qeM Ltiz, T. e. nprl (Ltn*
A, ^^^^!
ilf3Ci=l-url5L
241

--- PAGE BREAK ---

0,g(26.6,At1) Pnc. 9.9. Pac.rer pe)riHMa HanoJrHe-
HHfl BoAoxpaHH/IHu1a npn pa6ore
f3C no rpeAeJrbHo Bo3Mox{HbrM
MOlllFrOCTtrM A Cy[IeCTBeHHO HeJrH-
Hefiuofi nvqnn ofDaHHqeHHfl
+ Ltir) <Ltr. TorAa B reqeHHe
Lt6: Lti- (A/ir * Lttz) fOC 6y-
Aer pa6orarb c /Vrec : Nil$A
npn Qrecir:coflSt 14 Q*."atrt*O,
flpu sroM 3a cr{er xoJrocrbrx
c6pocoB Qrscis 6yaer HecKoJIb-
KO 6oflbilJe, rIeM IIOKa3aHHOe Ha
prlc. 9.9, 6, qro o6tscssercfi
cHHIKeHHeM Harropa f3c.
Ecnu KpHBbIe I u 2 cyqecr-
BeHHO HeJIHHeT?HbI, TO HHTepBa-
nn Altr vt Lt.iz cJleAyer paa6ub
Ha 6onee MeJIKLIe H [poBecrH
pacr{eT MeToAoM, onHcaHHbIM
Bbrue (pnc. 9.9, a).
KoueqHo, MaccoBbre pacqerbx
pe)KHMoB f3C c BoAoxp aHHJrv'
r{eM BcerAa BeAyTcfl qHcJIeHHbI-
MH MCTON.AMH C HCNOJIb3OBAHH.
( g.lu.
,Q,auo: At1, Nrn it Qno l, i=7r2r...tR
' 2 A.6 0 ,2 0,6 (V O.O) t z t.6 @ n,6)
Haqa/to 4uxrta no L
,Y.
l1t
,, f
Vcpa6 io:Vcpad QA.6 o)
n0 20.6[Kj
zA.0 ix j u
.Q6tj =
,Vcpa6 i. xi (z 6,u r n ',
I Vcpa6 io-Vcpai lr
& rac
&ru"
att
JluHuu oepaHateHul: 6)
@- no ze'Hepanopg ; @-no nyptuue
4n.6 ii = Qno i+ Qa ii
eM $BM. OlHaro cJteAyer yquTblBarb, qro HcnoJlb3yeMbte ypaBHeHHfl
npuroAHbI ToJIbI{o AJIfl JII4HeIIHbIX yqacrKoB KpHBbIx Qrec (2".6, lVrec)-
Ha prac. 9.10 noxa3aH aJrropHTM pacqera pe)KHMa BoAoxpaHI4JII4uIa
npu 3aAaHHoM rpaSure N rec (/). Peueuue 3anaLr4 Anfl KalKAoro
uirrepnana Ltt HaxoAI,ITcfl HTepaUHoHHbIM nyreM AJrn 3aAaHHoft roq-,
HOCTI,I tN, T. e. HCKOMOe 3HaqeHHe Vcpa1tr A-O,rXHO O6eCneqHTb TaKOe
ilFec, qro6bl
(e.34)
Ta6ruqnaq $opua peaJII43aUI,lH paccMorpeHHoro Ha puc. 9.10 ail'
ropHrMa npeAcraBJIeHa e ra6n. 9.1.^ 
Bce H3JtOlt{eHHOe oTHocHJIOcb K clyqarc, KOrAa /Vrecr:CoflSt B
HHTepBaJIe BpeMeHH Ltr Lns peueHl{fl sa1a.uv, auafloruqnoflI pac-
crr,rOrpeHHofi, npu ycJIOBHH, KorAa 3a1ala aupa6Orxa f3C ga HHTep-
ean Lti, r. e. 3 1!5; HJIH ff reci, HeO6XOAHMO I4CnOJIb3oBaHHe MeTOAOB
BapHauuoHHoro ucqucfleHufl (cu. r.rr.8 u ll).llpu oroM peIIIeHHfl, flo-
ayqeHHbre MeroAaMz AuQ$epeHuuaJlbHoro H BapI{a[HoHHoro Hcl{Hcfle-
Hr4fl, MoryT orJlnqaTbcff Apyr or Apyra, oco6eHHo B pacqerax pycaoBblx
HH3KoHanopHbIx fAC.
3HaqlarbJlbHo npoqe pacqeTbl oAI4HoqHol? f3q c .BoAoxpaHHJIHuleM
npn 3aAaHubtx pelKnMax orAaqu no Q" (l), .Q".0 U) , - !y.a\) nrtr4
V"p"o(/). Ouu ocHoBaHbI Ha pearlg3aqgl4 (9.31) unu (9.32), n Koro-
242
,.-
illsct>ilreci'?
' i:k 2
il lsc t > il rec i '7 Peweiue 7in i- eo u un epIarra :
zO,Otixr, ersc ij t Hrecij
nputfit npinnnt ,|
6 tK:i+l. < 20.6 iix zf,'oix H'za'o ii 
2(- 
\q
. CU-/ -------. <€17
Cnon i: i-r|
za.6,t-t,ix=z6.6io
lcpa1. io=vcpodGp'.oto)
t_-
Puc. -910'^Anropnrv pacqera pexuMa cpa6orru-HaroJrHeHHr Boaoxpa HHJy4uJa pyc-noeori f3C npu saAaHHoM rpaQuxe Nrec (l)
P_bIx HMeeTcq roJIbKo oAHo Her.r3BecrHoe - JrH6o Q reci*, nu6oVcpa6ty. Bc.ueAcrBl{e SToro pacr{erbr B 6oJrbrrrprHcrBe cryqaeB ocyilIecr-BJlfllorcfl 6e3 l{TepauuoHHoro npouecca Ha ocHoBe HcnoJrb3oBaHufl Tex
0.s (z6.g,Ati
\
H
ocr)
fla (26.6,Ati2)
24?i

--- PAGE BREAK ---

T a 6JrHrta 9.1. Pacqer BoAHmHeprernqecKoro pexrrlMa fgC 'C.Bo[oxpaHHJIHqeM
Qsr
_?r, 6 t lorr.
-^t\,laKc
Qrec r
tll-ln lot"lNrcc, lQ'o"l 
zB
AaHo: Ati, Qu.6it Qnpi., L=1121
20.6(V1,il t zu.6 (0rr.d)' 26.60
Haqalto quKna no L
+
i -'l
{lcpdo is=vsps6e6'6s)
6; =Qu.6i-anp i
V 
"p^,
V.pr" t, *6no
...k
z*6 t
za.6nu I
"ol ny.o." "I
Q"z Qt.6 z
Ha,ll't.ttle KacI{aAa He r.I3MeHrrr flocJreAoBare")'rbHocrb pacqeroB jl.rrf
orAe,nltlor:i f3C. OAnat<o 83arrMoBJrnflHrre pe)ritrMoB f3C B KacKage
norpe6yer r.rrepaUnouuor,i nporleAypbl B caMr.rx pacqerax. flpu 3roM
Ann saAaHHcro rpacprtNa orAaqr.i KalKAoiii fOC no Morr{Hocrr.r cJreAyer
Becrl{ pacqer c BepxHeii cryrleHI,I I(acr{aAa, 3aAaBaflcb Her(oTopbrM
npn6.rruxeHHbrM pex\r4MoN,r nocJreAyroil{rix craHutrfl, yroqHfleMbrM B
npouecce r{repaurroHHoi.i npoueAypbr.
B pa3oMI(Ityrot\l I(acKaAe peueHr.re MolKeT 6trrs HafrAeHo 6eg r.rre-
paqr.{oHHofo npouecca. B covrxHyToM riacKaAe norpe6yeTcf Hecr(oJrbKo
IlTepauuri ,ir,"rrR yqsla 83atrMoBJrrrffHtrfl fAC Apyr Ha Apyra IIo Hanopy
u pacxoAy.
Ecnn 3aAaHbr pe)Kr.rMbr Q",(/) , zu.at(t) vilvr V"p^aL(t), ro pacrrer
?reayer Becrt.r cBepxy BHH3 rro Kacr(aAy. Ann 3aAaHHbrx rpaQuxon
Q,r.or (/) pacrrer I-raAo Becrrr c r{H)rir-reii f 3C r(acKaAa.
Aono,rHIareJIbHble rpyAHocTH BbrqHC,THTerbHoro xapaKTepa BHocr,rr
Yqer Bper\,4eHl.r Ao6eranus 14o6 N{ex(Ay crBopaMrr. Vqer norepb BoAbr
Il3 Bo/toxparrrrJrHrua norpe6yer eu_le oAHoii rrrepaurroHuofi npoueAypbr
(no pacxo4y).
Ornaerlru Heo6xoAr.rMocrb r.rclo,rrb3oBaHrrfl B pacqerax A,'rfl pa3Horo
I'lHTepBarrIa A/ cooreercrByloilIrix MareMarr.rqecKrix MoAeJreiI 6reQon v
BoAonpoBoAflulnx coopy>Neunfi (cvr. rrr. l0 14 11) Hanpur,rep, B AJrpr-
reJrbHoM peryJrHpoBaHHH rpr{ Lt, paBHoM AeraAe (vrecnuy), 4on1'crrr-
MO IOJIb3OBaTbCfl 3aBLICIIMOCTfiMtI Zy1.g1 It ZnO OT Vn il Q,, a COOTBeTCT-
BeHHo. B pacqerax I{parKocpolrFIr,Ix rr cpeAHecporrHbrx pexir.rMoB Heo6.
xoAr4Mo yqr.irbrBarb HeycraHoBr.rB[reecfl ABr4x{eHrre BoAbr B 6rerfax
fOC, T. e. olrpeAeJIeHI{e zs.6 H 2116 Mox{Ho Becrrr no coorBercrByrournM
MareMart.tqecK14M MoAe,rrflM. Vtler HeycraHoBIrBrtrefocfl ABLIIKeHHg Bo-
AbI B 6leSax fOC BeAer K rroflB,rreHrrro Aono,rrHr.{TeJrbnbrx rrrepaur.ron-
ilbrX pacrreroB no rraIopy.
Oco6oe BItatteuHe elt6op r(oppet<ruorYr MoAeJrH 6r,e$on nplro6peraer
B pactrerax I{parxocporrHbrx pe)Kr.iMoB Ma,rrbrx fOC c r4x rtpaKTr.ir{ecKH
<<6esbrHepur.{oHirbrMrr>) ror(a3areJrflM[.t Bo BpeMeHH.
245
i
airTi 6,sct)
I
N rec i(Qrec t, trrec i)
i
i=k?
t+2..':Y
H 7ss i = d,5 eA5 h+ z A,6 i il -
Pr.rc. 9.1 L AnropHru pacqera pex{HMa
cpa6orxu-uanoJlHeHHff BoAoxpaHHJ'Ilt'
u-ta pycroBori f3C npfi 3aAal{HoM fpa-
Qur<e or4aqu Iro Q".o (/)
Baercn V,.aU) Q"(/) v Q".o(/) .
Pacqer Hanopa, pacxoAa H Motq-
riocrH fAC TPOHCXOAI{r B Tofi
)Ke rroc JI eAoB aTeJIbHOCTH.
Cuu>xeHHe HanoPa rPI4 cpa-
6orxe BoAoxpaHI'IJIHura nPI'lBo-
AHT, KaK npaBHJIO, K yMeHbule-
Hr.to KIIA fOC 14 KaK cJIeAcr-
Br4e - K yBerrlI,lqeHHIO fJIy6IIHbI
:pa6orxu B 3aAaHHoM HHTePBa-
Jre Ltt |Ip14 H3BeCTHbIX 3HaqeHI{'
sx A'recr 14 Qnpt no cPaBHexHIo
co cr,vqaeM nocroflHHofo KIIA
(crr,r. prac. 9.3 tt 9.4).
A.irq nPHrIJIorllHHbIX 14 AeP14-
BaulioHHux fOC B Pacqerbl cJIe-
Ayer BBOAI{Tb norepl'I Haropa B
AepHBaqvr4 14 BOAOnpoBoAfII{l4X
coopy)KeHnflx. IIPn Yqere nepe-
ue.tHoro Kn.[, f3C 3ro Mo)I{er
npHBecTH K [OflBJIeHI4IO AOIIOJI'
rilireJrbllbIX Urepauuti B pactle-
rax lro Hanopy.
I
t
26.6,i-t,x=zaio
Vcoa6 io=Vcpa6?0.6i o)
AVcpar r
Av^_^_ --' uPab a
cp0
Cmon

--- PAGE BREAK ---

flpu r{aJrr{qr.rH cyuecrBeHHbrx norepb BoAbI r{s BoAoxpaHnnrua,
3aBncfltr{Hx or ero pe)KHMa, B 6rox-cxeMe prac. 9.ll noqsfircq Heo6xo-
AHMocrb peaJrH3aur.IH HrepaIIHoHHoro npouecca npH pacrlere Q"(f).
nns cJlyqas, paccMorpeHHoro Ha puc. 9.10, v npl4 3aAaHkrt rpaSuxa
zr.a(t) yqer 3Tr4x norepb cBeAercfl K noflBJIeHHro JILIUb Ao[oJIHHTeJIb-
r-rbrx 3aBucuuocreft.
Vqer xoJtocrblx c6pocon na fOC npHBeAeT K noffBJIeHLIrc HrepaUH-
oHHbrx pacqeroB, c oAHor.i cropoHbl, Li AonoJIHI{TeJIbHbIX 3aAaq - c Apy-
rofi, B qacrHocrt.r 3aAarrH nor{cKa rr.rcJra H creneHu ort{pbtrttfl BoAo-
cJIHBHbrx ornepcrr.tr?, Ailn nponycKa xoJlocrblx c6pocon. 3ra ga1aqa
AoJrlKHa pe[rarbcfl c yrreroM AorroJrHHTeJrbHux QarropoB, B ToM r{Hcfle
cKopocrr4 MaHeBpHpoBaHr.rfl 3arBopaMH BoAOc/lHBOB.
9,3. PACI{ETbI PE}I(hMOB BOAOXPAHHNh!l.[
APyTHX ThnOB r3v
Pacqetu pex(HMoB [AOC. 3a,qaqa pacqera ypoBeHHo-
ro pe)KHM a 6reQos fASC HecoBM eIqeHHoro BI'lAa
Aarr neprroAa 3ap nAa 14 p a3 pnla z".a(t) v zrn,6(t), a
TaKlKe ocHoBHbIx noKa3areJIeE 3T14x pelKHMoB
Qr,lec U), HrrccU), H,,(l) ArItl 3aAalllloro rpaOI{.K.a
rla6orbr craHur{rr rto aKrlleHoI? MoxrHocrl'I Nrnec (/).
3aAanur xapar{repr4crr.rKr{ 5le$on zu.a(Vn.a) v 2r.6(V.".0); KnA 3apflAa
(nacocHuft-pexrarra) 
" 
pa3pflAa (ryp6r.iHusrfi pexau), a raK)Ke norepl{
Hanopa B BoAoBoAax hona npuHflTbl nocroflHHblMn.
Mareuarr4rrecKar MoAeJrb 3a\aqr4 rrpeAcraBJlflercfl cJleAylouutvt o6-
pa3oM. Lnn 3aAatrHbrx rpa(rr'rxos fflasc (/) n ,Vfiaec (l) Ha I'iHrepBarle
BpeMeHr.r T:t,,-t6 nptl lienecrHor,{ cocrorHl'lll 6leQon B MoMeHT to,
T. E. Zn.6o, 2,s60, npll yCJIOBI4H, UtO hnon:COflSt, ktx:COnSt, k'ry=
:.nnri," ip.oyetcit iafirn z,, aU) u 2,,i, a(t) , a ral{)Ke Q raec (t) ,
I/raec U), H^(t).
Pacqer BeAercfl npH cJreAyloilIr.rx AorroJrHI,rreJIbHbIx AolylrleHHffx:
pelKHM |AOC ycraHoBr4snlrrics, r. e. lpa$uxu zr,a(t) H z".a(t) oA-
3HaqHo cooreerirBylor V"a(t) v V"d(t); norepll pacxoAa B 6se$ax
orcyrcrBylor; 3aAaHHbIe rpa$r.rnn pa6ortt |ASC no MoIIlHocTI,I Aony:
crHMbr; pacrrer npoBoArircn D.iln |AOC c 6noquofi rHApaBJILIqecKot?
cxeuoif c o6parnnabrMti oAI4uaKoBbIMH arperaraMu, T. e. Tla:4rAOC,
H a;: H.t;.
OcHoeHHe pacqernble coorHotueHnfl r,Jtfl 3apflAa (uacocHuft pe-
>xuu):
z".a(t) : zs.6(V".aUD; zn.a(t) : zn.6 U*.a Q));
Vr.a (t) : Vs.ao(e".oo)
Vr.a0 : Vn.6o@n.ao) - .lI e"G) dt.
to
ArIfl pa3pnAa (ryp6uHnuii pe*xurr,r)
ffFnec (t) : Qf,aec (t) H: (t) rf (t)
f*Qiou, (t) H:(t), (9.41)
Qioec (/) : Q"(t) - dv"'.a U) ) 0;
H: (t) : zB.a U) - zn.a (t) . _ hnoa
I
V".a(t) : Va.6oeo.ao)- i q" (t) dt;
to
vn.o G): 4r.oo eu.oo) + l' O" (t) dt,
I.o
IipU
CoornercrBeHHo
a
+JA"G)dt;
(e,38)
(e.3e)
(e,40)
102
rAe
npH
(e.42)
(e.43)
(e.44)
(e.45)
fAe
fffae" (r) : +ffi9 - frf;,QFnec (r) HN U),
QFaec (l) : Q,(t):'g# ( 0;
HN 0 : ?n,a (t) - zn.a U) * h"oo
c yuerorr'r ,6a.n-aHca pacxoAoB.Ha fAoc FrecoBMelueHHoro Brrra no-rIyLIaeM' qro 
ltI: , | -'l --Lin..al ;"1. .."o2".* vs.a oAHo3HaqHo cBn-3aH c Vn.a Ailf saAaHHbt" s"u.reiir| V".oo i,"y".uo.
B t#-"f,1'frT,il,'[*ru) -rg +ol B (e 3bi ;" (s'iit- (e 4b) rr (e 38) -
I/Faec (t) : ktrr -dv".JL @u.a (V".nW - zu.o (Vr.a(4) _F hnoo); (g.46)
,,vfrA ec (t) : ffi lfft k,.a (v,.a 0)_ zn,a (vu.r,(t)) = hoo^). (g.47)
ilo.nyueuHue ypaBHeHHff oTHocflTcff r( r{Jraccy uenlrHefiHrrx ;trr(l_sepenqr,a"'IbHblx ypanueHuft I-ro noprrAria no orHoureHHro K Hcr{oMbrMnepeMeHHbrM. PerueHlte ,THX ypanHenHrl e o6qena BHA., T. e. B Br{AeauanrTrqecrofi 3aBHc?rMocra V" a or i;;." r.r t, neBo3Moxirro. Tonr-KO B IIel(OTOpr,rX rtacTilbtx CJryr12flX CBr3b Vn.a c lVresc rr / VO>XUO
(e.35)
(e.36)
(9.37)
246 247

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Hariru fi e aHaJILITI4TIeCKOM BilAe' HanpfiMeP Ann,lVr,q,ec:COnst y H3-
BeCTHbIx aHaJIIITLIqSCKIIX 3aBHCI'lNtOCTflX Zs.6(V".0) v Zs'A(V"'a) '
B qacTHocTtr, 3TO OTHOCI'rTCn I{ |ASC HecoBMeu{eHHofo BHAa' I'lMeIO'
IIII4M HCKyCCTBeHHbIe BOAOXpaIJIIJIIItqa' C XapaKTepHCTHKaM14' 6'rHgKI't'
MH K 3aBI'ICHMOCTflM hrt ^6: AV ".Puo '
A.ns rotrcKa MeTOAa peuieHllfl 3al\aLILI B O6Ulervr cJIy(lae [pllBeAeM
(9.46) H(9.47) KBTTAY
(e.52)
(e.53)
(e.54)
(e.55)
VIe (g.4S) n (9.49) c",reAyer, rrro 3 ilou. r.l 3laec saBLLCnr roltbtn
oT odttoeo napat LeTpA - uctxo'1()slJe'lvLozo o1belta BodOXpAHUTXUUI
1AAC B HaCocHoJvL u rApduttHott't pewcutvlax, r' e' SFasc (V"'o) LI
Sleuc ( I/",0) , ttltLl C Ll'tcro,t't o)uoSHaqHOLi CBtL:tu V t,'rt vr Vrr'6 -
-3F,qac (V".d r.r 3 leec (7,r.0) . ?ru saBH.HMocrrl or"IHtIalorcfl or
srrepfeTilrlecr(rrx xapar{TepilcTI{K BOAoXpa}ll{,lrlIua IIa pa3Mep KnA
fASC B ryp6llFIHoM ll Haco*loM peN(lIMax'
Hanraqrt| iloAo$tIblx xapaKTepLICrllK 3HaquTeJIbHo ynpoilIaeT pe-
ITI.FIHe IIOcTaBJIeHHOLI aa4atrr'r. AeficrnnTe"Ibl-IO' 3aAallHOMy ^rpaQI4Xy
/'/;;tij-*o*Ho nocraBrrrb B coorBercrBlle 3aBI'ICHIvIocrb Sraec U)
H AaJree no 3HepreTHqecKHM XapaKTepi4cTIzKaM Sraec :3teec (V"'o)
i Tror"(V,, o) Ailn llacocrtoro t! ryp6l4HHoro pe)KnMoB llerpyArlo
paccqHraTb ypoBeHHbrH pelKHM fA3C H CBfl3arlIlble c Hl'lM ero sHepre-
Tr4rrecKr.re rroKa3areJll4, r. e. zraU), z,,.a(t), Qr,rsc (/), H rtec (/) H
H "(t) .
B o6^em BlrAe 3aBtrcr{Mocrr.r 3ilnec (V".0) LI 3|aec (Vo.o) , a
raKxe Sfesc(V,,.0) lr Slaec (V,, 0) y"nlyl 6ltru nocrpoellbl npn no-
MOU{H Hanopllblx xapaKrepl'lCrltl( fA3C, onpeAeJItleMblX CooTIIoue-
HHflMI,I
0,5(ni+//i) ffi,
m
npv Vs.6^:Vi:E + I LV"^nt'
i:l
CooteetcrBeHHo
io,b(r/i +Hf)##
i:l
m
rpu Vs.a m: 7ili5"
i:l
f o,u(Hi+Hr)l{p#r
H
i:l
m
npr{ vs.6 *:vI^:E + > AZ"^nr.
i:l
3Aecl Avcpaoj H ATr,aoj-sJIeMeHTapHbIe o6leust cpa6oTKI'I VItr4 Ha'
no.rgeHgfl BoAoxpaurl,rnuf fA3C, coorBeTCTByloullle ypoBllflM z|'ct H
; i";' vrrlr z|.ai u zfr.ai' Hanoprr arperar?" lA?1 !l.i: ;1x' coor'
BeTCTBVtoT YKa3aHHbIM 3HaqeHHflM ypoBHeI'i Ha HanopHoH XapaKTe'
p".t"n. |AOC (crvr. pnc. t.tgl- --. .^ )-\
Ha ocHoBaHt, pacueroB ('g.SZ)-(9.55) MolKHo nocrpogrb sHepre-
Tr4qecKr4e *uptntap'"a"rn" fAgC AJIfl Typ6HHHoro H Hacocnoro pex(H'
MoB (pnc. 9.12) .
C noMourblo HafiAeHHbIx xapai
3Ha'IeHHfi Vs 6o (en.oo) , Vn.6o (ztt'oo)
rr,IH |ASC AJIfl Kax{Aono MoMel-Irl
BOAOXDaI{HJILIU{, T. e. Ztt.6, Zn.6t Vt
(9.36)', (9.37) , (9.42) t4 (9'43) -
ryp 6unHoro Pe>KI'tMoB.
I^ng Bcefo [epHoAa BpeMeHH T:t,'_-tg Mo)KHo IIocT-poHTb I,IcKoMbIe
rpaeraxH H3MeHeiHff Bo BpeMeHH ?s.6, 2H.6, Hn, Hr, Hrtec u Qr'eoc'
O6urraft BHA srux 3aBHcHMocrefi npeAcraBJIeH Ha puc' 9'13'
9 3ax. 387 
249
SFaec (l) :
Siasc (/) :
ffilor. @dt: ktt
fflnu. (t) dt - l?'N
I
I
,)
t
t'
I
,)
to
V-a
"J'" H:(Y".0) d\lo.ai
vr.6o
V^ F,
i'" s; (v,.) dvu a.
v o.6o
(e.48)
(e.4e)
HXV".u): zn.a(Vo.o) -- z,r.o(V's) -r hooai
H:^(Vo.d : ?r,6 (7".0) - z,n.a(V".d - hnon'
Auanonrqno cTpotlTca II IIailopl'lble xapal(TeptlcTIIKI.I fASC
Hn,r(V,,.r,) u H''u(/,'.0) .
!,a"rree cJreAyeT rrpoHIIrCfPHpOIla'rb ylia3allllblc 3aBI'ICHMOCTI'I ilo
V".;i Vrr.s lir.lc,,reHHbtMII NIeToAaMII (nanpllMep' ro rpopttnyne rpare-
uHiI).
An, pacqerrrofo r.rHTep BaJra,_ paBIIO|O I '1, npll Hailopax B MeTpax'
o6teuax BoAoxpaHILtrtula B,,y'6r',e.xLIx Merp,i uotpa6orxy (norpe6'
248
(e.50)
(e.51)
JreHLIe) IAOC noflyql'lM B MeraBarr'qacax:
io,u(ni+Hf)W14
npu Vs.a m: YX:f' - i AY6ns6 1i
i- t
gtaec (V".0 *) :
n1
\tr
1)
i--t

--- PAGE BREAK ---

3' (z o.o)y^40 s,6
3t(z n.l)
9M0s.g
6, 3
Ka HE rASC MOIKeT CqHTaTbCfl npaKTHtIeCKH nocrofHHOl:t' HellgMeH'
HbIMI,I B TCI{EHIIC KPATKOCPOqHbIX I'IHTCP-BAAOB BPCMEHI'I MOIYT CqI{'
r,arbcn orMerKlr H Harropbr "u'lSbiiAaC 
B KacKaAe f3V AJlurerlbHo'
ro peryJrHpoBaHHs. Pexnm pa6orrt 6le$on noAo6Hofo KacKaAa B AJIH-
TeJIbHOM IlHTepBaJIe BpeMeHI',l He3Haql{TeJIbHO 3aBIICIIT oT HacocHOro
lyJIHpoBaHI'Ifl.
TKOCpOI{HOrO pery,/'lHpoBaHHfi LJlfl
B BpeMeHH Pex{HM BE 6Jry:.,,on-:
aMH CO CTOpOHbI BepxHeH rJJ n
MeUIeHHofo BHAa yCJIOIKHHT pacqe-
^r.r?-!^'!^ !-rr1e!!2 rqHI.l,q HpKoronhlx -nOnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX COOT-
Tbl'l'UJlbffu b LMDTLT/IE rrv/ruvr!
uorueunfi, nponopuHoHaJIbHbIX qHC'
tercq B TeqeFIHe cyroK He3aBIICHMO
reAe.ntleT co6oft TOJIbKO -ypoBeHHbIH
nptL'IHBHbIx crauqttl'1. florepl{ pac-
u c,lyqae MoulHocrr oAHo6accefiHo'
,.n r*. (zaur)z"r) B Aausrtft Mo-
MeHr / panua
PHc. 9.12. 3ueprernuect{rte xapal{repucrl4KH
fA3C ntfl BepxHero (a) I'l HH)IiHefo 6se'
Qoe (6)
tl
I r MGKc
nH
Hnft)
Puc. 9.13. 06urHii BIIA 3aBHcHMocrI't sHepre-
THqecKHX noKa3areJlefi fA3C Bo BpeMellll
Kax npaBHJIo, e4uHLtuHstft HHrepBaJI Lh LJrfr |AOC cyrol{Horo
peryrgpoBaHl{fl paBeH I q, Bllyrpl4 Koroporo A rnec t/) :const. A;n
B-brcoKoHanopnui |ASC 3ToMy coorBercrByer fiHHeI?HbIiI xapaKTep
I{3MeHeHHfl Hanopa v pacxoAa B TeqeHHe STOrO I4HTepBaJIa, npI4qeM
AJrfl HaCOCHOTO pe)KLIMa Hanop yBeJII',IqI4BaeTCfl, a pacxoA _yMeHb[iaeT-
cfl; AJtf ryp6l.r HHoro pelKHM a - Hao6opor. flpu _ cKaqKoo6paeHom H3-
MeHeHr,rH lV-raoc Bo BpeMeHH TaK X{e CKarlxooSpa3IIo H3'MeHfleTCf I4
pacxoA. HanOp H^:H, Hnkr Hu, B MoMeHT H3MeHeFIllfl MoIIIHOcTH He
MeHfleTcfl npu ycJIoBHI,I hso!,:const uJ]l14 lI3MeHfeTc'{ Ha pa3Mep
h"oa(Q raec') (p".. 9.13). Hexorop-oe BTIHflHHe Ha H^ Mox(er oKa-
aarb LI H3MeHeHrie KI-IX, |AAC npH Q rAsc :const.
MaxcnuantHnrri kr MHHHMaJTbHbIfi Haflopbl Ht 6onrrue coorBer-
cTByroxIHX sHaqenlafi H, Ha Zhso\.B IIepHoAbI ocraHoBKH |ASC Ha-
nop Ha ycraHoBKe nocrofHeH H paBeH pa3Hocrn ypoeHeft 6]eSoe. flpn
nycKe arperaToB Hanop Ha MrHoBeHHo ll3MeHfleTcfl- nu6o yBeaHqH-
Baercfl AJIfl HacocHoro pelKHMa Ha htnt,(Qreec ), "rrr'i6o yMeHbuaercfl
AJrfl Typ6vnHoro pe)KHMa Ha ry )Ke BeJIHqI4Hy.
Oco6enHocrlt BoAHoeHepreruqecKnx pacqeroB Apyrllx rHRoB I'9y.
llpune,u,euHuft BbIue noAXOA K opraHu3aIIHH BoAHOsHepreTHqecKHx
pacqeroB fOC 14 |ASC HecoBMeLqeHHoro BI4n,a ro3BoJlfer pe[IaTb
aHaJrorHqHble 3a!.a!I kr D,iln ApyrHx BHAOB f3y-
E^nn fA3C, raK >Ke KaK H l"rrq f3C, MoN{Ho_y:tec]:b IIorepI'I BoAbl
r.r3 BoAoxpaHqnr4ura. VcloxHeHr4e pacqeroB a"[q |ASC coevlellreHHoro
BHLa 6yAer 3aKJrroqarbcr B HcrroJrb3oBaHWL cooTBercrBylolrtHx xapaK-
repracr"r 6leQos. B qacrHocr'H, ec,Ilu HE |AOC ssnsercfl BoAoXpaHI'I-
JrHuIeM f3C AJrHTeJrbHoro peryJrupoBaHvfr, To B TeqeHHe cyroK orMerl
25t)
Zr*: 2*(t); Z6ac: ZA1"(VA^")
tuE;l'o - vo
Afi5i * Q=.cop : Fo,. ry
npu Qi;l'P - QE;l'o (,vE;:'0, AE;I'o)'
r rrr.r.D afi5i Hft5i '1ft3C
/vnec:T,
flft5a' : z6ac- zr,r- hfi#'o
(e.56)
(e.57)
Lt al;T o : frfi;l'P (aft5i);
(4 + Qx.cop O) dt (9.58)
rAe
ilpfi
Xoaocrue c6Pocst HMercT
ro onopo}KHeHllfl 6acceirua, a
EfO HANOJIHCHHI,T.
D,nn o6Paruoro rYP6uuuoro
,4ytoruHe B.bIp ax('eHHfl :
- f tonaa
0
(e.5e)
Mecro rIpH Heo6xoAraMocTrl 6ltcrpetlue'
B o6parHoira ryp6nHHoM pex(llMe -fipw
peN(LIMa (=uo"{zi noflYqaeM cJIe'
(e.60)
9* 251
rro.r.D aft5i//?-t'3'E qfi5i .rvnoc:7,

--- PAGE BREAK ---

npH QiiSc - Qft3c (/fft'5c, ,?ft3i) H Qr.c6p : Qx.c6p (,,.?ft6d).
AHanoruqHbre Bbrpax(eHlrs Mo)KHo sailvcarb v rrn HacocHbIX pe'-
xHMoB o6parrauoro o6opyAoBaHHq n3C.
Ha Heioropbrx n3C'rurox<er 6';rtr peaJIH3oBaH Hacocnufi pexzM -
npsuor? unu o6parHttii. B npnuoM HacocHoM pex(HMe BoAa nepeKarln-
BaeTCfl Hs Mopr B 6accefiH, e o6parHona - Hao6opor. llpn aroivt npfr-
naolt uacocHrtfi pelKHM MolKer HaqHHarbcfl npH z7alz6ac, a SaKaHqw-
Barbcfl rrpn zvlzaac. Ann o6parnoro HacocHoro pe)KIzMa BHal{are
zya{z,62s, a R KoHIIe z*}z6ac. lipaxrliuecKll 3To o3Harlaer Bo3Mo}K-
Hocrb H3MeHeHufl sraKa HaropoB flSC B HacocHoM pe)KHMe.
PacqerHure ypaBHeHHfl r.Jrfl npflMoro HacocHoro pe)KHMa LIMeIoT
BHA
fiffSi : zxr- ?a^c- h""Jr'';
t
v"o:"'' - vo + i (a?i3i (4 + Qx.cop U't) dt
0
^rn.H,p Afi5CflftJ"o .rvnsc : -rozn1'Jcp '
flft5i : z6ac_ ?,,r * ftft'5"p;
t
Yff5i - vo+ f Qir5cn (t) dt
0
npu Aft5i == Qft5C (ruft5C, ,v?i5ao).
-zr(t)l
CooteetcrBeHHo ,qnn o6parHoro HacocHoro p$xr.rMa
rrO.H,DrrO.H.D
ilft5aP - vn3c r/noc '
tozTt?ijC
flft5i : zyr- z6ac * h?i5C;
Y?i5d - vo- iq?tS.' (t) dt
b
(e.66)
(e.64
(e.68)
npn aff5i : Qff5f (ruil'sap, aF,5.o).
PaccmorpeHHbre Bbrpa>KeHnfl Ailn n3C Becbtvla HarJIflAHo pea.itn-
3yrorcff Ha aHanorosofi 3BM. B KarlecrBe irpr.rMepa Ha pnc. 9.14 no-
Ka3aHbr cxeMbr pacqera ryp6uuHoro (a) rr HacocHoro (6) pexriMoB
n3C npu saAaHHbrx orAaqe-rorpe6neuHro no MourHocrH.
l-naea 10
3HE P|ETVL{ECK,h E XAPAKTE PnCTVIKV1 T3Y
nPn o n Th M v13 ALlvlvl K P AT K O C P O Ll H b I X P E )K h M O B
1 0.1. O6rl]hE nOnOlKEHt4fl
Onnorl r{3 ocHoBHbrx oco6enuocrefi cyror{Horo (uelentuoro) rpa-
Suxa HarpysKr{ coBpeMeHHbrx sHeprocr.rcreM flBJlsercfl ero HepaBHo-
MepHocrb, qro onpeAeJlser oco6ue rpe6onaHna K pelKHMy sJIeKTpo-
craHllur?. Tax, B nepuoAbr MaKcHMyMa Harpy3KH Bce gJIeKTpocraHuHI{
3afpyx{aroTcff noJrHocTbro, 3a HcKJrroqeHrreM pe3epBHblx arperaToB, Bce
ocra,/'rbHoe BpeMfl B TeqeHr.re cyToK Hafpy3Ka cHcreMbI MeHb[Ie MaK-
ctttrla.ulsOfi.
B cBfl3H c arHM ueo6xoAntvro onper,eJrlrrb onrHMaJIbHoe qucJlo l!
cocraB o6opyaoBaHlln gJleKTpocraHqufi, BKflIorreHHofo rIoA Harpy3Ky,
a raKx{e paunoHanrHnfi cnoco6 ee pacnpeAetleHnfl, T. e. pelxHrb 3a-
Azrry, noxoxyro Ha paccMorpeHHyro B rJr. 6. OnHaxo 3aAaqa onrtIMH'
sarltrn KpaTKocpoqHoro pe)KHMa sHepfocHcTeMbI 3Haqr.ITeJIbHO CJION{-
Hee 3aAaqu onrlrMu3 ag:at BHyrpr{craHrluoHHoro pe}KHMa f3C r4s-ga
6o.rrturori pa3MepHocrH, paeHoo6p asr4fl, THnoB aJreKTpocraHullfi, yqacT-
ByrotrlHx B noKpbrTHH Harpy3Ktr sHepfocHcTeMbl, cJIolKHocTH ylieTa
BnrkrflHtr, pe)KHMoB pa3Hbrx gJleKTpocrauunfi Apyr Ha Apyra, Mnoro-
qHcJreHHocrH Saxropon, onpeAeJIsIoI{HX eQQerruBHocrb pexuMa
gJreKTpocrauqufi, HennuefiHocrn HcrroJrb3yeMbrx 3aBHcHMoctefi, orpoM-
Horo qLIcJIa pa3rHr{HbIX ypaeHeHuI? cBfl3u vr orpaHur{enufi pexHMoB
craHqHfi runa HepaBeHcrB vr r. A. X.nn fAC, KpoMe Toro, AoJIX{HbI
yr{r.rrbrBarbcfl rpe6oaanHn K pexuMy, npeAbflBJlfleMble BXC.
3aAauy onTI4MH3 a\t4w HopMaJIbHoro KpaTKocpoqHoro pelKHMa
SHepfocHcTeMbI cJIeAyeT oTHecTr.t K BeKTopHbIM, I{eJIOqHCJIeHHbIM, MHO-
ro3KcTpeMaJIbHbtM 3aAaqaM Hentlsetiuoro nporpaMMHpoBaHHt.
25e
(e.61)
(e.62)
(9.63;)
(e.64)
(e.65)
PHc. 9.14. Cxeruu pacqera ryp6unuoro (a)
252
- zPft)
.,0,H.0
" rl3c
H HacocHoro (6) pe;xHrr,ron flSC

--- PAGE BREAK ---

,[,ono.nHnreJlbHble cJlox{Hocru BHocHT yqer BepoflTHocrHono xapaK-
Tepa HcxoAHort r.rH0opu atmu rrpn nporHo3HpoBaHHH onrr,rMaJrbHbrx
Kal{ecrBe ocHoBHbIX SJIeMeHTOB sHepfocr{creMbr paccMarpr4Bar.orcfl He
oTAeJrbHbre auepro6.noKH, a sJreKTpOCTaHqHr4 B UeJrOM. flp, 3TOM 3a-
Aaqa BHyrpHcraHIIHoHHofi onruvr.r3aur{r.r pe)Kr.rMoB arr.rx crasqHri npeA-
n.oJr araercff peuesnofi .
Ans ynpoueHnfl cJIolKHofi eaAaqra MolK[ro HcnoJrb3oBarb M e r o A
AeKOMnOSHT\LtH, c rroMourbro Koropofo cJrox{Hyro 3aAaqy Mox(Ho
pa3AeJII{rb Ha PflA 6o.rree npocrlrx. V.rer rpe6onaHr.rfr BXC H oxpaHbr
oKpyx{aFouleri cpeabr B pflAe cryrraeB rrpeBpaqaeT 3aAaqy KparKocpoq-
uofi onruMHsaIl.Lrr4 e ue$opMaJrn3yeMyKi. Peureuae rocJreAHeir so3rvrox(-
HO C_npr.rBreqeHHeM M eTOAOB KB a Jr r.rMeTp H H.
cnelyer orMeTHTb, rrro Bcfi Hcxo Llafl, n HSbpvr atryfl,, r..rcfloJrb3yeMaff
B pacqerax, o6"naAaer HeKoropofi norperuHocrbFo. floarorvry "rrrc6or1 no-
.nyuaeuurl B pacqerax KparKocporrHoro pe>KHMa sHeprocHcreMbr pe-
syJlbrar cJleAyer paccMarpnBarb roJrbKo KaK Hara6o.nee eeponruuri.
Bce cKa3aHHoe BbI[Ie orHocuJrocb K TaK HagueaeMori gKcruryara-
qHoHuoft 3aAar{e, HJrH 3aAaqe n,'IaHHpOBaHHfl CyTOTIHbIX pe}KHMOBgHeprocncreMbl B ycJIoBHflx aBToMarr,rsuponaHnoft cucreMbr Aucner-qepcKofo ynpaBJreHHfl (ACny) . nns npoeKrHofi. sa1a.rv raKafl Aera-
rH3arIHq npri yqere oco6esuocrefi pelKHMoB sJreKrpocrauunft He rpe-
6yercn, H AJrfl Hee Aocraror{Ho yrrul'brBarb npn6"rrnxeHHoe pacnpeAe-
.rIeHHe Harpy3KH MelKAy craHuHrMH 3Heprocr,rcreMbr. HarpysKy Mo)KHo
cqHTarb gaAaHHofr B OAHOM sKBHBaJTeHTHOM y3Jre. cyrOUUUft rpas_lax
Harpy3KH MoxHo rlpeAcraBJlflTb B BHAe xpnnoft [poAoJr]KHTeJrbHocrH
HT.A.
O6e sa1aqt - v sKCnJryaTauHoHHafl, H [poeKTHaq He HMeror pe-
uIeHHfl s o6UeM BHAe. OHo rr,roxer 6trrl noayr{eHo roJrbKo qr,rcreHHbr-
MH MeTOAaMH, KOppeKTHOe rrpHMeHeHHe KOTOpbrx Bo MHOTOM OrrpeAe-
fiflercfl nocraHoBxoit saAaqu. He MeHee Bax{Ho so Hs6exaHHe rpy6lrx
oruu6ox 3Harb Qrasnuecxufi cnnsrcr iloryr{aeMoro pe[reHr{rr.
'. Ocsoeuoft saAaqerl Aauson rJIaBbr flBJrflercfl paccMorpeHue aHepre-
Tr.rsecKHx oco6eHsocrerl H xapaKTepHcrHK pa3Hbrx rHnoB f3y, yqacr-
ByIoII{HX B onrHMH3ar\ur4 KparKocpor{Horo pe}KHMa gHeproBoAoxossrt-
crneHuofi cncreMbl, H alailH3 Heo6xoAlrMblx ycnonufi orrrr.{MaJrbHoro
HcroJrb3oBallrfl f3y B reqer{r{e cyroK (He4enn).
10,2. 3HEPTETV|LIECRAE NOKA3ATENh rDY B PACqETAX, KPATKOCPOqHbIX PE}KhMOB
ocuoattoil sadartert peealtupoEaHun KpaTKocpotlHblx Hopr4drtbHblx pegtcut4os pa-
6oru aHepeocucreil fl,ornercn noddepmauue 1attanca necrcdg npouaeodcreon u
norpe6neuuen sHepeuu npu sadaunow dongcrunom npe)ettax rcone1aHufl. qacrorbl tt
HanpffirceHun npu odecne,leHuu noKpbtrun HaepAercu uau6o/Lee anoHo.il4uttHbthr cnoco-
254
604, T. e, rpe6gerca uailru raKoe uucrto u cocraa pa6orant4ux l'leLTpocranqurt.
(TAC, AAC, f7V u |pgeux eudoa sneKrpocran4ufr) u raK pacnpe]etturb HaepAeKA
necrc7g HttlLLL, ,oo6br o6ecne,rurb BbLnollHevue eadauoeo NpttTeptlg onril,fialb'
HOCTU.
HaH6o.nee o6qHM oAHoqe,teBbrM KpHrepHeM aKoHoMHI{HocTH pa6orlt cueruausoti
SFIeprocHcTeMbr B HacTorruee Bpetufl fB"'IfleTCfl MllH?lr'lyNt ll3Aepx(eK HJIII ero qacrHHfi
cnyuafi - MHITHMyM pacxoAa ycr'loBFIono ron.[HBa 3a cyrKH (ue4earo).
flpeAnonaraercr, qro xone6aHns Harpy3r(H npH llopMa/lbHbIx pexHMax MoryT
6urt AByx BHA9B: peryi'IflpHble c nepuoAoM B Hecli6Jlbl(o qacoB (cyror) H Heper)t'
fltpHbte, cnyuafiHue C nePHOAoM OT Ao,r1eir CerynArt AO HeCKOJ'lbKHx MHItyT.
HepasuOlutepHocTb cyTot{Hofo rpaQnxa B ocHoBHoM onpe.4eilqloT p e r y JI fi p'
Hbte t(o,ne6alltrfl ltarpy3tiu, B.qiltrrr ila l\{aticllMyl\l II MIIH}lMyl[ HarpV3KH
B TeqeHHe CyTOI(, a TaKllie Ha I43MeHeUI're rpaSUXa nOrpe6,'leHHq 3HeprHH B TeqeHHe
HeAerH. B Hacrostqee BpeMfl .q,ocraror{Ho paapa6oraHbt cnoco6rt nporHO3HpoBaP-fif
pery,'rffpHofi uarpysxH. B .tactHocTu, B l(pynHblx CHcTeluax OTK.IIOHeHHe n.[aHHpyeNtblx
rpaQnxOn pery.nnpHofi UarpySxu Ha C,'IeAyIOtqHe CyTKII OT pea"'lbHblx, Kalt npaBll"lo'
He npeBbtg aer 2-3 0lo MaKcHMyMa cyroqHofi Harpyaru, I{To no3Bo".lser npoH3BoAHrb
pacrrer pexraMa cucreMbr ,[,'rfl cJre.qyrcuIHx cyroK (HeaenH) npaKTl{qecliH npH oA'
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pery,'rspHbrx xo.ne6aHHft Harpy3r(H B coBpeMeHHbrx KpynHbIX 3Heprocllcre\tax BecbMa
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ne6peuu. Taxnu o6pasou, dnn coapeJfleHHbtx gcnoauil. eadaqert s'KoHorutqHoeo pac'
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qerax rexHoJtornr{ecKHe HJrH MrHoBeHHbre (nuHefiHrte nnn Qasonue) xapaKTepHcrHKH
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nnir ycrauoBltBuerocq pexnMa.
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Baercfl He ro,'rbKo 3HepreruqecKr.rMH xapaKTepucrHKaMH o6opyAoraHna, Ho H xa'
paKTepucruKaMH 6teQon Ir BoAonpoBoAnulux coopyNeHuft.
B pacqerax r(parKocpoqHbrx pex(HMoB g 6onsuttHcrBe c.4yqaeB Moryr IlcnoJtb'
3oBarbcq xapaKrepHcrHKH BoAonpoBoAqurnx coopyxeHnfi, coorBercrByiotqHe ycTa'
HoBHBureMycfl pex(HMy (u,r. rn. 3). To"nsxo AJrfl nepexoAHblx pex{I'tMoB, coorBercr'
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Moxier norpe6onartcn yqer AuHaMr.tqecKr.rx npoueccoB B Bo,nonpoBoIfllIHx coopy-
xeHHflx. OAHaxo gTa 3aAaqa orHocuTcr K BeAeHHro oneparnBHoro pex{HMa fOV s
pea.rrbrroM RpcMenlr, xoroprtfi 3Aecb I.te paccMarpHBaercfl.
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uon pa6orbr c nepnoAoM ocpeAHeHnfl He MeHee cyror( (ueae.nu). Iloarouy HHorAa
B KparKocpoqHbrx pexnMax Heo6xo,(uuo HcnoJrb3oBarb LHHaMHqecKHe xapaKTep[crtl'
KH LrJtt4 MareMarnr{ecKue Mo,qeJu 6reSoe AJrfl HeycraHoBuBlrlHxcfl pexHMoB c pac-
qerubtM HHTepBaJloM oKoro I q. KoHeqHo, 3ro 3HaqHTeJIbHo yc.[oxHtler pacqer pe'
xHMoB sHeprocHcreMbr c fOV, a Heyqer HeycraHoBr.rBtxuxcn pex(HMoB 6leQoe ,aar
HH3KoHanopHbrx craHqufi, yqacrByro[IHx B peryJrupoBaHHH Hafpy3KH, npHBoAHr K
256

--- PAGE BREAK ---

cyruecrBeHHblM OIUHOI(aM npn or{eHKH s$Qexruouocrn pa6orbr aHepr.ocncreMbr B r_(e-
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pacqeroB KparKocpottHbtx pelKIdMoB cncreMbl c raKHNrr fOC, oco6eHHo HH3KoHanop.
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npoueccbl n 6le0ax. finn nucoKoHanopHbrx craHuHrl Hsr,reueHHfl]rH Hanopa B Teqe-
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He yqacTBoBarb B pery'lHpoBaHHH Harpy3nn, pa6oran B 6ase rpaQHKa Harp).3KH c
I\taKCHMaJlbHo Bo3Moll(Hoii no Hanopy Moulnocrbro. D.ns arux nepuo.{oB ilroiKHo
noJIb3oBarlcs o6uqHblMu KpuBbtMLI cBs3erl 6reQon Afiq ycraHoBnB[rerocr pe]KHMa.
nns HecKoJIbKHx fOC 6es rtlApaBlHr]ecxofi cBffsH onpeAe.reHne onrui\raJbHor-o
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npoxoAnulero qepe3 4auHuir crBop 3a cyrKu (HeAenro).
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Bo.iloroKy, - He-
257

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To craHUHff pa6oTaer B ntn(e rpaQHr(a Harpy3KH c pe3lionepeMeHHblM pex{HMoM pac'
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onpeAeJrserct peXHMoM fOCl, H 3apaHee ee HeJIb3tl yqecTb B rpaSHKe Harpy3Klt'
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npeAcTaBJlfI0TCfl TexHoJIOlHqecxHMH HJ\V MfHOBeHHbllvlI'! xapaKTepHCTHKaMH'
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258
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roT B pefyJrHpoBaHHH Harpy3KH er.rcreMbr, pa6oTaf B ocHoBHoM B 6a3HcHoM pelKH\{s.
OcHosHor? r{purepurl onrnMa,rrbHocrr.t - MaKcHMyM Bbrpa6orKH nOC.
B KaqecrBe xapaKrepucruKu Mops ucno,'ib3yercq MapeorpaMMa 6accefiHa -
cTarHqecKafl KpHBan cBrr3H ero o6beMoB H ypoBuefi. SHeprerHr{ecxoe o6opyAoBaHrs
npeAcra BJr f eTcfl M f HoBeHHbrMn xap a KTepHcTH Ka M H.
Hacocnue craHuHH. HC o6nquo pa6oraror no 3a,aaHHoMy rpaSHKy noAaqn, on-
peAerflq co60fi 6asucHyro Harpy3Ky cHcreMbr.
Pacqer pe)fiHMa HC cJreAyer npoH3BoAr.ITb no MrHoBeHHbrM xapaKTepHcrHKaM
BOAOnpOBOA'TUnX COOpyXeHHft U 3HeprerHqecr(Ofo O6OpyAOBaHHf c yqeTOM ero TeX-
HOJIOTHqCCKHX OCO6EHHOCTCI?.
Ecnu HacocHar craHrlnff pa6oraer B cucreMe KaHaJI - Karihrr, To ee Hanop
nocrorHeH. nns cHcTeMbl BoAoxpaHHJIHr.ue - BoAoxpaHHJIHule B 3aBHcHMocrH oT BtI-
Aa peryJrupoBaHHq, Hanopa H orHocureJrbHoro o6teua Bo,rloxpaHHJlntrl c.ireAyer y.ufl-
TbrBarr, r.rsMeHeHHe ypoauefr 6te$on no cTaTilqecr(HM HJrlr AHHaMHrrecKH:\{ xapaKTe-
p HcTur(a M.
OcHosHofi xpurepuri pa6orn HC s cucreMe - MHHHMyM norpe6,rneMofi gneprnn
npr-t 3aAaHHoM o6beMe IrJrH rpafnKe noAaqu Bo BpeMeHH.
Ha.nuque peryJlupyrou{ero o6beMa 6reQor no3Bo"rrrer Hcno,'rb3oBarb HC B Ka-
qecrBe norpe6urelq-peryrflropa rpaQr{Ka HarpyBKH.
10.3. OnTnMV3AuVl'. PEH{hMOB OAhHOL{HOr r9y
B CYTOIIHOM TPACDhKE HATPY3RV
Pacqer onrHMaflbHoro cyrorrHoro peN(rrMa coBpeMeHHoir sHepro-
cr4cTeMbr B o6ulevr cryqae BecbMa cJIo)KeH. B cBfl3H c 3THM HaqHeM
arrailH3 o6qer? 3a,.aLrv c npocreriruero c,ryqaq, a 3areM o6o6uluu no-
JIyqeHHbre pe3yJrbTarbr Ha 6o.nee cJrox{Hbre u npoaHaJrr.r3HpyeM B,'rrrfi-
Hue pa3Jrr.rqHbrx saxropoB Ha [oKa3aren?t pe>xuMoB f3y.
3a4aua onrHMHBauHH KpaTKocporrHbrx pex(HMoB oAHHoqHoft fOC
(npocrefiruufi cryqar?) MareMarr.rqecr{r4 Mo}Ker 6srrr npeACTaBJIeHa
cJreAyroillHM 06pa3oM.
3aAasa KoHIreHrpHpoBaHHafl eHeprocncreMa c oAHofi nJrorHHHoIl
fOC v HecKoJrbKHMr.r TOC, T. e. cryqar?, r(orAa rrorepflMlr B JrrrHI.tH
gJreKrponepeAarrH kr pacnpeAeJrHTe/rbHor? cerv Mo)KHo npeHe6peqb..
L1ssecreu nocToflHHblfi cocraB BKflror{eHHoro o6opyAoBaqtfl, TAC B
Ter{eHHe cyroK H efo SHepferr.rqecKHe xapaKTepr4cr?Kr4. D,ns f3C sa-
259

--- PAGE BREAK ---

AaHbI eHepreTnqecKHe xapaKTepvrcTr4Kn, nocrpoeHHbre npr4 HeyqeTe
nycKoBbrx norepb pacxoAa 14 HeH3MeHHOM B TerreHHe CyroK Hanope
Ha arperaTax. A.rrs olpeAeJleHHocTr.r npHMeM, qTo Bce r6ApoarperaTbr
oAHHaKOBbI.
Tpe6yercn nafnu raKne pelxuMbr fOC H TOC B reqeHne cyroK,
T. e. Nrsc (l), lVreci U), i:1,2,..., tt, Koropbre o6ecneqnsafiH 6u
MHHHMaJrruufi pacxoA ycJroBHoro rorrJruBa B cr.rcreMe
tnm
. Bc: J > Bt (Nrrc t @) dt -+ min
to l:l
npu ycJroBr.IE 6ananca aKTHBHbtx naoulHocrefi
p (l) : P"(t)- Ahec U) -f rurr" I (/) : o,
i:l
saAaHHoM o6rcue croKa rrep$ f3C sa cyrrff
f*
lvr"" - J Qrec (t) dt : 0
to
( r 0.3)
H H3BeCTHbTX pelKHMaX 3JreKTpoCraUUUfi Ha Har{aflO t6 u KOHerr t^ pac-
cMaTpHBaeMbIX cyroK. Heo6xoAulao raKlKe o6ecnequrt BbrnoJrHeHHe
saAaHHbrx orpaHuqeHufi pelKHMoB f3C H T3C BHAa
/vf5E (/) < l/rec (/) < lrF5t" (r);
/vT5b i (l) < rvreci (/) < ffT3fi (t).
:" flpannono)KuM, qro Bce 3aBHcHMocrH, HcnoJlb3yeMble B pacrrerax,
BKJIroqafl H P"(/), nenpepbrBnbr H ABa>KAnr ar.rQSepeHrrHpyeMbr. TorAa
nocTaBJIeHHyro 3aAaqy MolKHo oTHecTfi K rpaHHqHbrM Bapr.rauHoHHbrM
c H3onepuMerpHr{ecKHMr{ yc;ionrzruH Bu!,a (10.3) npH Hailv.rtr Hero-
JIoHoMHbrx ypasHeHHr? cBrr3H BHAa (i0.2) 14 orpar{H.leuaft rHna Hepa-
BeHcrB (10.4) H (10.5).
B aroM cryqae Mox{Fro cru{Tarb, rrro eKcrpeMyM (10.1) Aocrprra-
eTcfl Ha Tex )Ke 3KcTpeMaJrflx, qTo v 3KcTpeMyM cJreAyroqefo Bbrpa-
}KCHHfl:
6yaer BbrnoJrHrrbcff H3BecTHoe ypaBHe-Hue 3ftnepa - Heo6xoAuMoe yc-
rroBl4e oKcrpeMyua SyHruuoHarla ( 10.6)
F".r. -#o,urr"-o;
.Fdn
F,vrsc t-;F"rr.i:0, i:1, 2, , ,, ffi,
(10.0
(10.8)
(r0. r0)
(10.r r)
nI'e
(r0.r)
(r 0.2)
(r0.4)
( r 0.5)
[aF AF
i Ft :-ir/lsc dMrec
dF
1^l
it *rrf3C
//rec - 3; (10.9)
dt
.dNrt .-T3CIVTOC !: - .
dt
FAI-^^ :-'l vv
tr.-
" ivTSc i - 
'Nrac i
Pacrpoeu ypaBHeHHn (10.7) H (10.8)
F,vrsc -+Frurec:tr*ffi -r(r)+ l
,1ilrec- ^ d dQrec
, dilrec -Lvec _ll 
ffi 
- o;
d JBt
F"rr. i - A Fireg ,:6; 
-?'(t) +
* 
oilrec i' dNrac I dt ofurr" i . .
dNrec
AF
F. :-i
rvrec i ANrec i
txf m
o: J l) a, (NrcctGD +?,(t)q(l) + frecQrsc(4 + IIIrec(l) +
to Ll:l
+ 5 IIIrcci (l)l dt -'f , r, u, t) d.t +min, (10.6)
FrJto
fAe ?u(t) , Irec - HeorpeAeJIeHHbIe HerpHBHarbHbIe MHO)KHTeJIH J\ar-
paH)Ka; U rec(t), III ree (t) - rurpaQuute Sy"*Uutr, BBeAeHHbIe B
UeJIeByFo SyHrqIzro F AJrff yl{era orpaHnueuufi Tr4fia HepaBeHcrB.
LlseecrHo, r{To Mr.rHr4MyM (10.1) 6yaer HMerb Mecro, ecJru Nrec U)
n Nrecl(t), i:1,2, ..., ffr, flBJlflIoTcfl oKcrpeMaJIflMH, T. e. BAoJIb HHx
260
flpoanaJrH3Hpyevr Bo3Mox{Hocrb norytleHLIfi pe[IeHHt ypaBHeHHI
(10.1'0) kr (10.1t) . gnc.rro HeH3BecrHbIx. paBHo (3m*5): (2m+2) -
rrocrof HHbrx LIHTeTpHpoBaHHf ; (m* 1) - pacqerHblX HeHgeecf Hltx
ifrec vr Nrec ; l,rec H fu(/). tlncno ypasHeHuir raKil(e paBHo
(3m*5) : (m+ 1) - ypanHeHnfi 3rl.rrepa; (2m+2) - rpaHuqHblx yc-
aoeHfi H ypaBHeHHr cBn3H (10.2) II (10.3) ,
I4Hurrrn cJroBaMH, ecJrr4 paccMarpriBaeMbre ypaBHeHHfl H€coBM'€cr-
lrbr, a orpaHHtleFIHfl IIe flBJIfllOTcfl IIpOTHBOpeqaIIIHMH Apyf Apyfy, To
perrreHue gaAaqn MolI{eT 6rtrl uafiAeuo, ecJIH OHo cyulecTByeT.^ 
Heo6xoAHMbre ycJroBrrfl onrnMaJrbHoro pacnpeAeJleHnfl aKrHBHofi
Harpy3Kn gHeprocH-creMbr Moryr 6urr npeliranJleHbl B aHa,'IHTHqecKbM
Br.rAe cJreAyroqraru o6p a3oM :
Dirc , (t) : bi"", (t) : ,: biec^ (t) : ],recqiec1) : t'(t),
rAe
blec t - brec 1 * brec i * bu ii
4iec : 4rac* qrL" * 4*r"c
(ro. r 2)
) tro.r3), 
,u,

--- PAGE BREAK ---

npr
brec i
co6nn0ettuu 1anauca not4uocrert
cucTetr4bt. AertcrenTeJrbHo, Ha ocuo-
EaHuH (10.17) HMeeM
,frec:ffi=ffi
&grBdBt
oNrec idffrec i
dQrec
dff.r" '
oBi
breci- - d
dt
.)'l
I
I
l
0.14)
d dQrec (r0.re)
Srec : Qrsc: -
dt dff.ec '
Ecnu npuHflTb Bce [poueccbr B aHeprocncreMe ycraHoBHBIIIr4MI4cf,
a Au$QepeHqr4aJrbHbre xapaKrepL,rcrkrKt4 arperaroB LI 3JleKTpocraHqult
. vuATnM rrrrncrhrrr-rv rtrrrrrxrrwfr q.nn2Tr- nnl.r u-.->oo tI o^.-+oo lervr r-n 6)v J rvr r vg69,y LLr^L ywl lL \-^'.. .-^. -/,
ro ( 10.12) nprzMer BHA
, brccr (/) :
HsorAa (10.15) 6onee
. . E brec*(t) : frecgrec (l) : }t (t). (10.15)
YAo6uo
brsc r(t) - brcci (/) :
Drec t (0 - lrec4rec (l)
rAe bracr - orHocurenrultti ilpupocr 6aaaucupyloueft craHuI{H
(gaect TOCI), npeAHa3HaqeHHor? r,Jtr rroKpblrufl BHenJIaHoBoro us'-
MeHeHHfl Harpy3KH B ClICTeMe.
C yuerou (10.15) Mo)KHo nocrpoHrb aHeprerHqecKyrc xa-
p a KTe p H cr uKy 3 K B HB aJIeHrnO fi T3 C sHep rocrlcr e-
M br H AaJree rrcIIoJIb3oBaTb ee B pacqerax
brccr(l) : . . .: brec^(t) : br*r(ffr*"(l)) : ?t(t). (10.17)
Ha ocHoBaHHLr cKa3aHHoro rrpeAcraBHM ( 10.15) c yqeroM ( 10. l7)
B CJreAyroueM BHAe:
Dr*" (ffr*" (/)) : hrrcQru.(iVrec (l)) : l (l) (10.18)
H paccMorprrM oco6eHuocru onruMaJlbHbtx pelKHMoB fOC B eHepro-
cHcreMe.
I-Ipe4nonoxnM, r{To r{HcJro BKfl}oqeHHbrx rroA Harpy3Ky arperaroB
f3C B TeqeHI4e cyroK nocroflFlHo II furec 3aAaHa. Tor,u,a ycJloBue
(10.17) Ailn nrc6ofi Harpy3KI4 cl4creMbl, pasnofi, A, 6yaet coorBercr-
BoBarb repeceqeH14Io brn" (1V""") aHQ6epeHuHantHoft xapaKrepHc-
rHKH f 3C grec(l/rec), yuHoxeHuofi Ha lrsc (rouxa o Ha
puc. 10.2). B roqKe o pacxoA ycJroBHoro ronJILIBa B cl4creMe 6ya,e'r
cautrfi Mr.rHnManlsuli Bo. Jlto1oe orKrtoHeHue or l'lo"*t a Nflec eeder
K nonl/LeHwo pect{urtHblx norepb I lHepeoc'ucreJvLe ABp.*.'
flpu H3MeHeHHu Harpy3KLI cHCTeMbI Ao Pc:C Ann l,rec :collst
sHepreruqecKafl xapaKTepvcruna f3C cMelllaerct rrapaJIJIeJIbHo ca-
uorl ce6e, nepeceRa-fl, be^"(Nrnu) e Hosol? rouxe B (puc. 10.2).
I4e (10.17) Qusuuecrcuil cJvIbLCrt l, rac .lt4oxtcHo uHrepn_perup_osarb,
KaK ronllusHAn eQQercTulHocrb rcacrcdoit edunuu,ot pacxo)a eo)ot Ha
f AC, f. e. ?, rec nOKaSbtBaeT, HacK,O/LbKO AileHbauTcf pACXOd TOuIU-
Ba'Ha. TAC npu AlerlttqeHuu pacxo}a ao}ot ua l?C na I nslc npu
262
sarncarb cteAyrcIIrHM o6pasou:
0, i:lr 2, . o ,, ffii I tl0.l6)-0, I
BenH,{p{Ha IreC B paCqeTaX
o6tr.{Ho onpeAeJrfleTcfl r4Tep al\fi-
ouHbrrvl nyreM TaK, ,iro6tt o6ecne-
qnrb BbrrroJrHeHne ycJIoBHfi ( 10.3) .
tleu 6o,rylilre V rec 3a C)/TKH, TeM
MeHbrlre lrec u rrao6opor.
B r(aLrecrBe HJrJrrocrpauHr.r Ha
pHc. 10.3 noKa3aHbr rpaQHxra Da-
6orlr f3C npn pa3Hblx l,rec - or
f,F5L no ff3t", paccqnrblBaeMblx
no QoprrtyJlaM
Prnc. 10.2. Onruuanusoe pacnpeAene'
HHe Harp\'3KH MexAy f3C H T3C
bylf bSif'
^ MHfl
^foc - a M?KC
^rec :
qffiL" qrSt
(r0.20)
/Vrpc
o2+d)
Fuc. 10.3. OnrraMa,rbHr,te pe;xurvltr f3C
2+ 2+
trp3s {r:c
1 MUH
U 3KB
^ MUH
Lrec
7u rac
il MOKC
rv 13c
r MOKC
Lrzc
B 3HepfocHcreMe nPH pa3Hbrx 2- rec
?63

--- PAGE BREAK ---

ff&Liri4rir+
Ilplr 1,il3[' B MaKCrrMyNle riarpy3r(rr BCe T3C pa6oranr c npe-
AeJrbHor:r MourHocrbro liy,?f". Ec.nri NTif" >P\u"" , ro Vrr,(fffiff) -
:Q H .Nrsc (l) :0. Ec,lu A/i',?f' <Plu*", ro fOC pa6oraer B rtlKe
rpa0HKa Harpy3KH no BbIHyx{AeHHoMy pe)KHMy, orpeAeJIfleMoMy yc-
JToBHffMH lananca MoluHocTefi e cHcTeMe:
y'y'rsc (?'f3t', t) : P"(4 - //Y;$".
Maxcnlra JIbHan palouan NlolilHocrb f 3C npg sroM paBHa
I rPa6 6M?KC 17MaKclVigC: fc -rraKB
PasHr.rUa MelKAy //t$t" u NF3% cocraBrlr Bpaqarcrr1rfrcn pe3epB
CHCTCMbI.
4nn lfijfl f3C pa6oraer c MaKCr4MarrbHo Bo3Mo]KHoI? Molq-
HocTbro B cHcTeMe; pe3epBbl clicreMbl nepexoAflT Ha T3C
(puc. 10.3,a). "Jho6oe yBenl4qellue L,rec cBepx ^FAti vrt7 yMegb-
r."r. HlIlKe ffl53 He BJII4fler Ha pex{I'IMbI f3C 11pH Ha:const-
flpu I43MeHeHHH lrec or fuffiti Ao 1,f5t pacrer creneHb yqac-
Trrfr, fOC B onTHMadIIbHoM pacilpeAeJleHng HarpysKrl cHcTeMbI; oAHo-
BpeMeHHo yBerHr{r.rBaercn " 
/rF33 (puc. 10.3, 6).' 
no pe3yntrarana oIITIIMH3aUHoHHbIX _ pacl{eroB npI{ P.13HbI-X. lrec
Mo)KHo llocrpourb 3aBHCHMocrI'I B.-(Irec ) n Wrec (X rec
(prEc. 10.4). Oco6eHHocrb arux KpHBbIX BaKflIoqaercfl B TOM, tlro OIIII
uMeloT noqTH y1HHeliHblll xapaKTep B 3oFIe cpeAHHX l.rec -(noxasaHa
rxrpHxoBKofi Ha pHc. 10.4) . B erofi soHe JIIo6oe H3MeHeHVe V rec Be-
Aer K rlpo[opunoHaJlbHoMy I{3MeHeHUIO Bc.
I,lueHno B grorl 3oHe 6o.nnuoe 3HaqeHHe HMeeT nu6op paUHoHaJIb-
HOFO MeTOAa pacnpeAeJreHHfl HafpysKH B sHeprocHcTeMe. Lns 3Ha-
qeHHfi l, rec , 6nutxux x 1,il5t rnnr ff$", aQQexrraBHocrb MeroAa
pacnpeAe/reHHs Harpy3KH B sHepfocHcTeMe cKa3bIBaeTCfi HaMHOTO
MeHbrIe, a ArIfl l, rec > Iffit' IlJII'i hrec < ffffi - He 3aBacl4r or
Hefo.
PaccuorpeHHoe Bbrue orHocr{Tcfl K cJlyqarc, KofAa yAeJIbHbIIl Bec'
fOC B cHcreMe He MeHee 20-30 % Pyu"" . Ec,'[t yAeJIbHbIfi gec fOC
HegHaqr{TeJIeH, TO AaX{e rtpu 6OnlurOU H3MeHeHHH W rcC paCXOA
B"(L rsc ) 6y4er H3MeHfrbcf MaJIo. 3ro o3ual{aer' qTo MeToA pac-
npeAeJIeHHfl Harpy3KH MelKAy fOC vr TOC B cucreMe 6y4er oKasbl-
BaTb MaJloe BJIH'HHe HA Bt.. PacxoA B" 6y,qet
,k;:t-Lryl?.- | onpeAentrbcs B ocHoBHoM ctloco6oM pacnpe-
/Lrlc l---T/- 
'-' 
a-' | - ,,,, r,^rr/ -.' Te/- 1rarr rrr'\ \r^ nna-
AeJreHIzr Harpy3KI4 Me)'I{Ay T3C KaK no ycJIoB-
HOMy, TaK H no HaTypaJIbHoMy TonJIHBy.
!,nn vanblx H cpeAHHX 3HaqeHHfI frec, co-
^lli I lT----T oreAcrsy]ouux 6a^sonouy url4 rIorIynHKoBo-
t,vri, MY pe)KHMy pa6orrt T3C, Aas MHoTHX craH-
pnc. 10.4. 3aeHcHr\aocrH rlr.rii (aaxe HH3KO- lr CpeAHeHallopHbIx) cnpa-
B" (l 1s6) H 17 p36(lps6) BeA,'IItBo AonyUIeHHe o rIocToflHcrBe Hanopa
arperaroB B TeqeHue cyTox. 3ro cBn3aHo c MaJIblMIt ;tltana3ollarlll ll3-
rvreHeHr.rfl Harpy3oK f3c B TeqeHile cyToK. Ecnlt iKe Iio,r'le6aHIln 1'lloB-
Hef{ HH)riHero 6leQa 3HaquTe,TbHbr, To Arfl. I{x pacqeTa }toitiHo no,'lb-
3oBarbcfl KptrBbrMr{ cBs3tr AJIfl ycraHoBHBLUerocf pe}KlIMa. Coorgercr-
ByroIIIHe u3MeHeHI.If Heo6XoAI.{Mo BHecT}l II B 4nQSepeHl{l'la"ilbHylo'
xapaKrepvcrvrKy fOC (cr'r. S 5.3) .
B yCJIOBHflx AeSuqHTa BoAHblX pecypcoB, IIcno,-lb3yelvlbIx J,,1n
oHepreTHqecKHX UeJIeI?, fOC B oceHFIe-3l.IMHI4Ii nepl'IoA pa60raIoT c
SonlruHvtti 3HaqeHHflMH lrec, cooTBeTCTBylOIIIHI',tH pe3KOnepeMeHHo-
My pex{HMy lV rec G) (pnc. 10.3, 6). B srl'lx c,'Iyqanx LJrfl HII3I(o- H
cpeAHeHanopHblx f3C HeO6xoAHMO yrIHrbIBarb HeycraHoBHBllleecff'
ABHIKSHHe BoAbI B HHx{HeM 6re{le H BHocHTb coorBercrBy}olilue H3Me-
HeHHff I.I B AHS$epeHUHaJIbHyIo xapaKrepl.IcruKy f3C (cur. S 5.3).
trnn 1pHTIJIOTLIHHbIx fOC c A,/'iI.tHHbIMu BoAOBoAaMI{ II AepHBaUIlOH-
Hbrx fOC AJr?rreJrbHoro peryJrupoBarr4r. pacrler onrnMaabHoro cyrorl-
Horo peXHMa Mo>KHo rIpoBoAI{Tb npt{ nocToffHHoM Hrec B TeqeHHe
cyroK, yqr{TbrBaff gro B luSQepeHuriaJlbHbrx xapaKTept'IcruKax craH'
Ifi4l4,
Ans Hn3KoHanopHbrx fOC KparKocporrHoro peryJlHpoBaHHff AonoJI'
HprTeJrbHo norpe6yercq yIIeT t{3MeHeHHq ypoBHefi BepxHero 6reQa Br
TeqeHHe cyTOK, T. e. nepeMeHHOrO Hrec w Ha.
Vqer AHHaMrar{ecKHx rpoqeccon n 6reQax f3C norpe6yer HecKoJtb'
Ko rr3MeHHTb pe)KI{M cTaHI{H}I B TeqeHHe cyTOK: 3arpy3llTb ee 6orrue
B nepHoAbl noAbeMa Hafpy3KLI H yMeHbLlIHrb Hafpy3l{y B nepHoAbl ee'
cnaAa.
B coaperr,reHHblx ycJroBr.rrrx LJrfl TOC xapaKTepHo HaaHqtIe orpaHI{-
qeHuoro pacxoAa ronJrnBa B TeqeHr4e cyroK. 3ro He no3Bo.IlfleT crpouTb'
sKBHBaJreHTHbre xapaKTepHcrHKt4 TOC 3apaHee H ycJlolKHfler peueHne'
3a.IIaqr.r.
Hanpuuep, ecJII4 Ha r TOC c HoMepaMLI or m-r Lo m-ft 3aAalr
CVTOIIHbIfi NACXON TONJIHBA
lH
Brec i - |. Bi (//tr" i @) dt: Qi (/) : 0,
1
tO
To Heo6xoAr4Moe ycJroBHe onruMa,rrbHoro pacnpeAgneHufl HarpygKn B cncre.
ME HMECT BI'A
brec r (l) :,' 
.'. :: lr' r" r" ) ^';' ^:lr::l ; :"!'ii :-;ll 
:
( 10.24)t
l4s-za c,rrolKHocru 83at4Moceqseil pe)KHMoB 3JleKTpocraH\Lrft B cnc-
TeMe lreci kr fureC, COOTBeTCTByIOXIHe BbIIIOJIHeHHIO yCnonnri
(10.23) no T3C vr (10.24) no fOC, Moryr 6um HafiAeHn ro,'lbxo c'
r{cnoJrb3oBaHr.reM r4TepaqlroHHbIX MeroAoB IIo[cKa. Feapastvtepuufi.
MHOX{HTeJrb },, reci COOTBeTCTByeT OTHOCHTeATHOI? eQQexrnBHocrl',l',
4aHnofi i-fi TOC no orHorleHlato K ApyrLIM. tleu 6onlurlrfi o6teu
Breci 3aAaH, TeM MeHbrle l,rsci Ia 6o'nlure 3arpy3xa j-ft TAC II Ha-
(10.21)
(10.22)
(10.23)'
264 26t

--- PAGE BREAK ---

fraxa
o6opor. I-lpor l" reci : I HMeeM c.rryuail HeorpaHl4r{eHHoro 3anaca ron-
rruBa Ya i-frr TOC.
B paccMorpeHHbrx Bbrrile cJryqaflx npeAl.IoJIafailvcb nocroflHHblMH
cocraB lr rruc.ro BKJrrolreHrrbrx arperaroB ua l3C. OAuaro AJIfl ruApo-
craHqlrfi, KaK 3To noKa3aHo B rJI. 5, noAAep)KaHHe nocroflHHoro qHcJIa
BKJrroqeHHbIx arperaroB npu H3MeHeHHH Harpy3KH fOC HepaUHoHaJIb-
vcJroBHfl OnTHMaJIbHOfO pacnpeAeJIeHHfl Hafpy3Kl4 B CHCTeMe
(pr.. 10.5, a).
Enn lloJryr1g1114" oAHo3Har{Horo pelxeHl4fl o6uquo npl{MeHflercfl
c.neAynulufi npl4eM npeo6p a3oBaH?lfl xap aKrep ilcrrlr' BHAa
qrec(ilrec ) nPu Hn: coflst.' 
fiycrn fOC pa6oraer B coBpeMeHHofi rvroulHofi sHeprocl4creMe, oc'
HauIeHHofi 6ro.rHtrr\,{r.r arperaraMH, I4MeIouII4M14 noJIofHe xapaKTe,pfic-
iKH brec(l/rsc ). Ans raxol? ctlcreMbI xapaKrepl'IcrgKa 03Hs(/V3Hs/
€ilIe 6Onee nOJIOra, qeM arperaTHble xapaKTepvCTr4Kr4, V MO>KHO cq14-
TaTb, rrTo B se6onnruou AHanasOHe H3MeHeHHfl Harpy3KH oHa 6y4er
Qurypn kabcdl nnn (pHc. 10.5, 6)
AQrec i : Qrec ,LNt * (Sr- Sr). (10.26)
flpet yMeHbIITeHHLI Harpy3KH T3C na AlVi nprr ben":i.rec Q rec:
:coflSt pacxoA TonJrHBa 3a Ltt yMeHbuHTcs Ha cJreAyrouyrc Be.rrpr-
IIHHV:
A'Bt: br 
"rAl,AA/,
Lltlu c ylieroM A//r u3 (10.26)
L,B, : beasi (AOree - (S., - S,)) Alr.' 9rec I
flpuHHuaa Bo BHrrMaHHe, qro W rec Ha cyrKH 3aAaH, HeO6xo,{H-
Mo B TerreHr.re ocraBuefics qacrH cyroK T-L,tt: L,t cHH3HTb Harpy3Ky
fOC Ha HeKoTopoe BHarreHHe AlVr, Koropoe o6ecnequBaer paBeHcrBo
HyJrro Bbrpax(eHHfl
AQrec t Ltt- LNtQrec, Lt:0, (10.29)
rAe Qrsct -AHQQepeHuHaJrlHufr rroKa3arerrb fOC B r.rHrepBaJre Lt.
CoorgercrBeHHo Harpy3Ka T3C yBeJrHqrrrcfl, sa A/" qro H npnBeAer
K yBeflHqeHuro pacxoAa ronJrHBa Ha A.Br:
A^Br: LNpAt : #AQ.ec t Ltt, \
rAe br:lrecqrsc, a AlVr HafiAeHa Hs (10.29).
I4gueHeHne pacxoAa ronJrHBa B cHcreMe or paccMorpeHHofo ne-
pepacnpeAeJreHufl Harpy3oK Mox{er 6nrl HafiAerio no Qoprrry.re
LB : LBt - LBt : lrac (S, - SJ Al,.
fIOCxO.nlNy XreC t4 Ltt-npoH3BoJIbHbIe BeJIHqHI{bl, TO MOX{HC}
CACJIATb BbIBOA, qTO IIPI,I SZ)Sr II3MCHCHHC MOII{HOCTH f3C OT lVZ AO
A/r npn Pd:const npuBeAer K sKoHoMHH ronJrnBa, a npH Sz(Sr-
K ero nepelxory. 3xonouun H nepe)Kora He 6yaer npn S2-Sr.
I( auanorHqHbrM BbrBoAaM MoxHo npurirr.r, ecJnr yqecrb H HeropH!
3oHTaJrbHocrb b"*" (Nrn") , u 6o.rrluee qHcJro arpenaroB na f 3C.
Ilo.nyueHHoe [paBHJro oueHKH 3HaKa LB no3Bo/rffer cpaBHHTe,'IbHo
JrerKo HaxoAHTb H eAHHcrBeHHoe (rno6a.rrluoe) perueHlre 3aAaqH. D,n*
eroro cJleAyer npoaHaJrr.r3upoBarb coorHolueHue nnouraAert Sr [nuttte
bun"(Nr*")l H 52 fuux€ brn"(ffrn")] npra nocJreAoBareJrbHoM yBeJIHqe-
Hr4Ll N rec OT UaHUeHrUrefi MOilIHOCTr.r, COOTBerCrnyiOUleli yCJTOBHTO
(10.16) (r.e.//r Ha puc. 10.5, a), Ao Har6o.nrurefi (^Va na puc. 10.5,4).
PeruenueM 3aAaqn 6yler roqKa c 1/ rec :Nz HZ puc. 10,5, a.
Ens ynpoilreHus [or{cKa rJro6aJrbHoro petueHnfi AJrfl Kax{Aoro 3Ha-
rIeHHq P 
" 
B pacr{erax HcnoJlb3yroT TaK Ha3brBaeMyro cnpflM,IIeHHyIo
auQ$epeHrluaJrbHyro xapaKrepucruKy fOC. nns aroro cHaqaJla npo'
BoAtr ropH3oHTaJIbHyIo JIHHHIo AB raK, I{To6bI AB:0 nJrI4 Sr:Sz.
3ro osHaqaer, rrro Ha pacxo4uoft xapaKrepucruKe fOC Q rsc (Nrec)
Nt Nt /\rec
d)
f3C u TOC npu nepeMeHHoM
N rac
il,. BKrrro-
(10.25)
(10.27}-
I
fi 0.28)PHe.
qCHH
N2
AQrec, - .f Qrec(l/rec) dNrec.
ly'r
B KoopAHH arax anQcf epeHUHarl-bHofi xapaKrepHcrI4KH fAC
tlrecr l/rec npl{paUIeI{HIo pacxoAa AQrecl coorBeTcrByeT [JIoUIaAb
266
( r 0.30)
267

--- PAGE BREAK ---

grrr(N.rJ
IIT3C
COOTBETCTBVIOUHfr VqACTOK CE
AB 6yaer raKlKe npnrrlonuHeftHblM
(puc. 10.6).
flonyueHHyro KpHByIo OABC
HCfro,Tb3yloT B onTHMH3aIIHOHHbIX
pacr{erax. B cnny ropH3oHTaJIbHoc-
rH q rec (ilrec) e 3oHe ABC Bce
H3MeHeHr{fl r{arpy3KH B cHcTeMe
6yayr B ocIroBHoM BocnpHHI'IMarb-
cfl fOC BrrJlorb Ao Aocrux{eHuff
3HaqeHHnA/ffiti @J"
IJ..ns hcKJlloqeHufl MHoro3Haq-
riocrH (Heonpeae.neHuocru) pettre-
Hr.rfl Ha 3BM rIpH Qrec:Qr uLYT
Ha npeAcraBJIeHHe yqacrKa AB B
BHAe HaKJIoHH ofi. nuuptw.
PHc. 10.6. Cnprru.neHHlre sHepferHqec- Konequo, FcnoJIb3oBaxHe crlpflM-
FLe xapaKrep'crnr<n r3c *'.1":1"53J'"""L fl:ffi"(l"rur} "#3-xory To[JIHBa B cIACTeMe; oAnat<o
tsefir.rr{HHa ero oSurqHo HacroJrbKo MaJra, rrro ero npeneSpera}or. flpu
cnpflMJreHHH anQrpepesunanruoft xapaKrepHcrr4Kr4 f3C ueo6xoAlltvto
yrtHTbIBarb ee oco6eHHocrn, onpeAeJrreMbre l-reonrnMa.rtbt{btM BI{JIIo-
qreHHeM arperaroB (prEc. 10.5, a) .
llorepn pacxoAa Ha nycK-ocraHoBKy afperaroB fOC, raK )Ke KaK
u pa3HorHnHocrb o6opyaoBaHHfl, orHocnTe/rbHo MaJIo BflHqrcT Ha o6-
[rde{ft BI{A cnpsuleuuoft xapaKrepHcrHKH.
3gaqnreJlbHo CJIO)KHee peul4Tb 3aAaqy HaXOIKAeHHfl OnTI4MaJIbHO-
ro qHcJIa H cocraBa BKJIIoqeHHoro o6opyloBattfl. Ha TOC. 3Aecr He-
o6xoAHvro yqnTbrrarb fiorepu TonJrHBa Ha nycK arperaroB, AJIHTCJIb-
trocTb caMoro nycKa I{ orpaHHqeHHyIo cKopocTb Ha6opa u c6poca ua-
rpy3Kl,t. Kporr,te Toro, HaAo raKlKe yqHTbIBarb H H3MeHeHHe noTepb
MOTIIHOCTLI B CeTH, BbI3BaHHOe [epepacrpeAeJleHHeM Harpy3Kl',l UeXIY
cr,aHI{HflMI,I r43-3a nycKa-ocrauoBKu arperaros. TarHlvI o6paeou, sada-
qa eot6opa cocrala lK/uoqeHvbtx aepeearol Ha f?C u retw 6ottee ua
TAC craHolurcn o6u,ecucrennoti, onpedennenoit Ha ocHoae pacqera
HaulbLeodnedweeo pectcuJrta pa6orot Bcex arteKTpocranqufi cucrerwbL
COBJflCCTHO.
O6ufee pe[JeHHe raxoft 3aqa'uv Mo]KHo noJlyqt{Tb roJlbxo IIHCJIeH-
lrbrMH MeroAaMr4. flpuHqan [oAXoAa K peIIIeHHFo Lr ero QnslEuecxnr?
cMbtcJI Mox{Ho IIoflcHHTb raK )Ke, KaK v B ananornquofi 3aAaqe Arfl
:08
6onrue D"*"(/Vrec-Ar"i). Ans nycxa i-ro arperara Ao.rrlKHo BbrnoJr-
x{flrbcrl ycJroBHe brno} blf ,
AHanHg coornollteHuR be^" 
" 
b|f no3Borrrer uafirn onrrrManrHufi
cocraB pa6orarcuero o6opyaoBaHr,rfl TOC s rro6olYr MoMeHr BpeMeHpr.
nnn ycKopenr4fl noucKa peueHr.{ff Mo)KHo 3apaHee npopaH}KHpo-
tsarb arperarbl TOC B rropflAKe y6stnaHrrr b|f .
Kax noKagbrBaer onbrr pacqeroB cyrorrHbrx pelKHMoB aHeprocnc-
TeM, HMeHHo 3aAar{a nu6opa onrlrMaJrbHoro cocraBa pa6orarcuero
o6opyaoBaHufl TOC Mox(er Aarb MaKcnMa.nnHrrrl sKoHoMnqecrHii aQ-
,Qexr no cpaBHeHuro, HanpuMep, c saAar{eft pacnpeAe/IeHnfl Harpy3KH
p nun.rptrtA (q:qq rrrrFrrq r z.2tr,-vavrv n2ncMnrnptrrrllMLr El rn 5\
vqAs
Peruenpre paccMorpenuoft ga!,aqr cyruecrBeuno yc.[o]KHHTcff, ecJIH
yqecrb seo6xoAr.rMocrb nycKa orKJIrcqeHHbIx arpefaroB B yrpeHHee
tspeMff npr.r noAbeMe Harpy3KH, a raK)Ke co6.nrcAeHHrr 3aAaHnoro ypoB-
Trfl, HaAexHocru oJrexTpocHa6xeHns (v,anuuun pe3epBoB B cncreue).
3aAaqa onrnMaJrbHoro pacnpeAeleHHc Harpy3KH B KoHqeHrpnpo-
saHHofi eHeprocucreMe c gKBuBaJrenrHofi T3C n I'AOC HecoBMeu-(eH-
floro BllAa c o6parnMbrMn oceBbrMH HJrH AHaToHaJIbHbIMH arperaraMH
npn H^:coflst B HacocHoM H ryp6nnnoM pexnMax. B KaqecrBe KpH-
TepHff onruMarrbHocru npHMeM (10.1) ; orpaHHqeHHfl ( 10.4) , (10.5)
yrrreM fiyreM BHAor{3MeHeHHfl aHQ$epeHr{HaJrbHbtx xapaKrepHCrHK Ha'
cocHbrx H ryp6Huuux arperaroB TaK, KaK gro cAeJIaHo B rJL S lr 6.
by.u,enn AaJree cqHTarb pex{rlMbr crrcreMbt ycraHoBIrBIIntM IIcfl, a
P"(t) - Henpepunuofi $yur<quef,r.
llycm B rerleHue cyroK |AOC oAHH pa3 pa6oraer B pelKHMe 3a'
pflLa, o6ecnequeaq 3aKaqKy B BepxHee BoAoxpaHtt,,'Illure 3aAaFIHol'o
o6reua BoAbr V{raec. -?areu B pexnMe pa3p.qr,a -?ror o6teu BoAbI
,rroJlHocrbro cpa6aruBaercfl, T. e. H3onepnMerpuqecKHe ycJIoBHt EJrfl
fA3C rrpuMyr BHA
tH
lVfrcr- .f Q.oec (/) dt : 0;
0
tn
.[ Qror" 0 df -Wlrcc - 0,
0
rAe /" H t, - qHcJIo qacoB pa6orrt |AOC B HacocHoM H Typ6uHsotul
pe)KHMax.
Vc.noelEs 6a.nauca MournocTefi. Ans rex ]Ke pex{HMoB
(ro.3l)
(r0.32)
/y'reci (l) : 0; (10.33)q"(l) - Pc\ + //F,qec (t) -
q* (l) - Pc@ -ffflasc (t) -
I
i:l
tn
i:l
Nreci(/):0. (10.34)
{enenan $ynruHa npr{ oroM npnMer BHA
@ : B. -l- ?r"(t) q" (l) * l' (/) q' (0 - loQ.ae. (l) + lrQ..r"c (t) * min.
(r0.35)
269

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Tar xarc 4Faec (fft.qsc) (u'r. prac. I 6.12) -y6uearcrlan KpHBarr,
To. ycJloBllro (10.38) 6yaer coorBercrBoBarb MaKcr.rMa,rbHafl 3arpy3Ka
rAaC B HacocHoM pex(HMe (unn Hc) c yqeroM saAaHHoro o6teua
lVFrcc (puc. 10.7). IIp" eroM MHHHMaJIIHuIft o6repr 3axaqr{Baernofi
ga /r, no4n 6yaer coorBercrBoBarb (puc. 10.8, a) pex{HMy
peAe/rfleMoMy KaK
ffrec (/) : PI* (l) + ruFaHi (l) : const.
PHc. 10.9. 3asucr.truocrH 1,. H l,u or
\v rtec
Pnc. 10.10. Vqer srr.rsHnq norepb Motr-
HOcrH B fiHHHrrX sJreKrpOnepeAaqH Ha pac-
[rpeAeJrelrHe rrafpysriH B cl{cTeMe
flpHueu B KaqecrBe pacqerHbrx nepeMeHHbrx Nreci (/), NFaec (t),
ffFaec (l).
l{cno.ntsya Liln peueHHfl 3aAaqn ycfloBuq Ofinepa, [oryrraeM
B brp axeH r4e Liln onr HM a,,'1 bH or o p a c rI p eA e Jr e H H ff
HafpysKH B oHeproc14creMe c fAOC:
ryp 6uuHur? pelKHM
"'" :t'i;';::,fl,I ^,ni^" lulz ;,lil,:
Hacocnurt pex(HM
(r 0.36)
brccr(t):brccz(l): . . .:broc^(t):
: bro"(ffr*" (/)) : - 1"gFae6 (/) : 1, (l).
Dr*" (ffr*" (l)) - Irqfor" (t) * min. (r0.38)
PHc. 10.7. Onpe4eneHHe onru-
MaJIbHoro pe)KHMa |ASC B 3a-
pqAe
Pnc. 10.8. Pexuvn 3apnAa
fAgC c nocrosHHblM H nepe-
MeHHbrM qilc,'roM pa6orarcuux
arpefaroB
Pr r'N
D,nn MaKcr4MaJIbHoro o6ten,ta Wf'rcc 6yaevr HMerb (puc. 10.8, 6)
lGse (/) : P'(t) + l/Fi55' O : const. (10.40)
flporvrexyrotlHoMy 3HaqeHuro W{aec MelKAy WFKLc n Wi17fic
6yaer coorBercrBoBarb pelKprM |AOC, ror(a3asHtrir Ha prrc. 10.8, B.
Ecnu yqecrb B pert<HMe 3apflAa Bo3Mox{Hocrb peryJrHpoBaHrrfl qnc-
Jra BKJrroqenHbrx arperaroB, To Harpy3Ka |ASC 6yaer MeHflTbcfl cKaq-
xoo6pasHo (perc. 10.8, a). llprE oroM 6yayr r.rMerb Mecro pelKrrMHbre
norepu ronruBa Ha TOC npn o6ecneqeurrrr pa6oru fA3C c Maricrr-
MaJrbHbrM KnA e nrc6oN,r pex{r{Me. Bonpoc o nu6ope pe}KrrMa 3apnAa
Mox(er 6um pelxeH ToJIbKo c noMoulbro oueHKlr Bcex Bo3Molr(Hbrx
noc/reAcrer.rft or H3MeHeHHff pex{Hrvroe fA3C.
Onpe4eaeHue HarpysKu TOC s pe)KHMe 3apflAa fA3C tnn Ptnn
u P" > PTn" noKa3aHo Ha puc. 10.7. \
Ha pnc. 10.9 AaHH e o6qeM BHAe 3aBucr.rMocrn W rrcc or i, H]"^.
Buure B rJI. 5 6u.no rroKaa3Ho, r{To yqer s auQ$epeHrrrraJrbHbrx xa-
paKrepucrnKax f3C v |ASC norepb MotrrHocrrr B r{anopHbrx BOAo-
BOAaX, AOIOJIHHTeJIbHbIX pelKHMHbrx noTepb 3a cqeT nepeMeHHofo Ha-
nopa H H3MeHeHr{fl yposHer? 6teQon npHBoAHT KaK K noBbnreuurc a6-
CoJIIOTHbIX gna.legHfi q rec, Tat( H K yBeJilrrreHirlo Har(JroHa
grec(//rec ). B pe3yJlbrare cur.rlKaercff eQQexrnBHocrb pa6oru fOC
c nepeueuuoft uarpysrofi Lr yBeflr.rqr{Baercr nepex{or ron/tr.rBa B
cllcreMe no cpaBHeHrrlo co cJryqaeM flocroflHHofo Harropa Ha afpefarax
IOC npH 3aAaHHoM 3Har{eurzn IV rec .
- lo1 llulmn ny!n't \r^utnn-:r:i: :rt''*"({l'l gl/(|\llrfJl :;:- r-s
--< c uqem1u nuguu 3nq4m1:1tti71'tL
6r:, I 'r
T3C, on-
(t0.39)
(10,37)
BenH,IHHrt 1,, v ?ur- nocroflHHbl B Terreune paccMarpuBaeMbrx cy-
ToK. Quslt.Iecxurl clrtrcn 1,, aHaJrortrqeH ], rec . 
-h, 
xaparcTepulger co-
6oil ronttusHArc epQercrulHocrb I us aodor, saKaquBae*roil o depxnee
aodoxpaHultuL\e. nnn pex(HMa sapflr\a rAoc ranH HC noflyrraeM He-
o6xoAraubre ycJroBufl, B cJreAyrouleM BHAe:
\\
--\
ir;
A' J
,Yi3c
Nsxg , , NrAgc
r MllH
A rRsc
Nrnac
Pc) PfuH
270
271

--- PAGE BREAK ---

10.4. OEUlhtz CnvqAr PAEOTb| r3y B CyTot{HoM TPA(bHKE
HATPY3Kh
O 6o6rqrd Lr n onyrreH Hbre B br trre p e3y/'Ibr arbr AJIfl npocreft urero cryr{af
pa6oru oAuoir f3C Hnr4 fASC B r{oHueHrptzponaHHori 3Heproct.tcre-
Me Ha 6onee c,roxiHbre.
PacnpeAe,IIeHHe aKTHBHL'Ix Harpy3oK B gHepro-
cHcreMe oAnoli f 3C I.LTIII f ASC rpI't saE aIrHoll cxe-
Me JrrrHun 3JIeKTportepeAaqtI. B 3ToM cJlyqae ycJIoBIie 6a-
ilaHca Harpy3oK B cHCTeMe 3arllllllercfl B BHAe
Sm
I Pn 0-y'frec @- I //tu. i@+'LPcG) = q (l) - 0, (10.41)
Fi Fr
rAe Py(/) -Harpy3l{a ?-ro y3JIa cIIcreMl AP"-IloreplI MoulHocrl4 B
JrHHHsx aaeKTponepeAaqu, paccr{HTbIBaeMble no Qopuyne
rAe f a - at(TuBHoe conporrlBJreHr.re or-ro yqacrKa, Ovt, Jtt4HHrt 3JIeKT-
ponepeAaqH, qepe3 l(oropylo nponycKaeTCfl nOToK axtHsHofi ,N6, MBr,
t4 peaxrunuori 0r, Mnap, MoulHoCrH npl{ nocToflHHoM Haflpfl]KeHHI'I
Uco , KB.
Heo6xolrrMbre yc,'roBr.rr onrrrMaJrbHoro pacltpeAeJIeHI.If aKTHBHbIx
Hafpy3oK B crlcreMe IIpHMyr BI4A
breci(l)(I _ oFr(/))-bot(t)(t - oFi(t)) -+min; 
\ fr0.43)
?vrscQrec(l) (l - o|r(|) - bn(t) (l - oF"rr(41 * min. J
.II,ns lonycruuoli 3oHbr oHH Moryr 6urr npeAcraBJIeHbI B c.IleAyrclqel\4
BHAC:
grsc (l) (10.44)
t-ofr.o1t;
rAe o f,1 n o Fece - oTHocuTeJIbHbIe nplipocTbl norepb aI{THBHoft IvtoUt-
HOCTH B JlvHHflX 3"IIeKTpOnepeAaqH,
(10.45)
finrcAeuun 6anat{ca axTusrrofi rrarpy3Kn B cHcTeMe LI MoryT [pllHl'fMarb
rlo6bre 3HaqeHr.rfl, KpoMe HyJreBbrx. Buecro HHx BBeAeH orHoct'lTeJlb-
272
AP. : T.a
(10.42)
P
ofgc p :
nuir npupocr 6anaucllpyrorueii craHuHr{ (e,lect TSCl), f,nn Hee
go Mo)KHo crnrrarb, qTo o F, (f ) -0.
3annureiu (10.44) B crreAyrou{eM BHAe:
o6nq-
( I 0.46)
(10.47)
broq (t) 4 (l) : frec{rec (t) k tc(l) : qG) hU),
r\e h.1, krec 14 4- nonpaBorruue xorQQuqHeHmr,
4 (0: (l _ oooi @)-t;
krec (t): ( I - oFecp (l))-t ;
I "\ l. P ,,.r-t
4\t):(l-o'prlt))
t{ucneuuue 3HaqeHHr o Fi ,, o fr.o MeHb[re l, r. e. k;]1 H
*rec )1. Taxuvt o6pasou, yqer norepb B cerflx yBe.,Tnr{rrr btEci rr
Qrec. llpu groM gJrer{TpocraHrIHH, yAa,TeHHbre or ocHoBHbrx y3.toB
Harpy3l(Il, 6yAyr HMerb, KaK npaBr.rJro, 66nilune 3HaqeHrrrr orHocr{TeJrb-
',HbIX npHpocroB norepb B cerflx. nnn raKrrx craHuHfi. oFecp ,nuueiiHo
3aBr4CflT OT Harpy3KH
2Nrrrr (r0.48)
t{eu 6onrute oi; t'n', ofscp , reM rlreHbr.uyrc Hqrpy3rry 6y,fer
Bocnpr4HHMarb paccMarpHBaeMar j-n T3C urn4 fOC (pnc. 10.10) .
Vqer orpaHuueHHoti nponycr(Hoft cnoco6Hocrlr d'rrrHrrH 3.TeKrponepeAaqn H no-
Tepb aKTHsHoft I\aoqHocrn B Hr.rx ycJrolKHner 3aAaqy noHcKa onrHMaJrbHoro pacnpe-
"q,eJIeHIlt Harpy3KH B gHeprocncreMe. CeqgaHo 3ro c Heo6xoAHlrocrbro peueHHq ce-
tesoir 3aAaqu no pacqery noroKoB Mou{Hocrr.r B ,qHHHrx nprr 3aAaHHbrx Pr,
Y:1, ..., si fftOCI, i:1, ..., ffi| Nrec.
EcnH B pacqere He yqnrblBarb noTepH MotuHocrH B .rrHrJHrx 3.'rei(rponepeAaqH,
To Heo6xoAutrlocrr co6nrcAeunn 6a,nauca peaKTHBHbrx HarpyaoK B cncrer{e He
noBJrufler Ha no"qyqeHHbre Bbrure pe3y"rrbrarsr. PaccrvrorpegHbre Bbt[re ueo6.xoAltrrue
ycJroBHff onrr.{MaJrbHoro pacnpeAe,reHHfl anrnBr,rofr Hanpv3rttr B cncreilre c f3C (npn
nocrotHHoM Hanope) HafJrflAHo pea.ryr{3yrorcfi B BHAe cxe}lbr perxeHHff Ha aHa.loro-
sori 3BM.
B xaqecrse npuMepa Ha pnc. l0.ll H 10.12 npeacraB,rreHbr crp)'Kr!'pHbre cxerv{bl
peueHltfl nocJIeAoBareJlbHo ycJlo)KHflloulHxcr 3aAar{.
Ha puc. l0.l I pea,urr3oBaHbr ycnoBHfl (10.18) A,'rfl nocrosHHoro cocraBa sriBHBa-
negrHofi TOC g uoqHorvr H AueeHor? ltepHoA. Vcrofi,{Hsocm no/'r!'qaeMoro peIxeHHq
o6ecneqHsaercfi HcnoJrb3oBaHHeM B cxeMe MeroAa Iua,,'roro napaMerpa, Aitfl qero
(10.18) npeo6pasyrorcn K BHAy
p dAPn
oigcp: ::-dN rec
brr," (iy'r*" (4) - LrecQrec(il."c (l)): - + ry ,
gz
(10.4e)
rAe tt -- Koucrat{ra, no46npaeMafl gMnHpHqecl(HM nyTeM.
Ha pnc. 10.12, 6 npelcraBJreHa crpyKTypHafl cxeMa pacqera onrnMa.nbHono cy-
Tot{Horo pex(HMa cncreMbr c f3C H nflrb}o TOC c saAalrHoit cerbrc (puc. 10.12, a)
Ha ocroBe pcaJu3autnt ycrroBrrfl (10.44).
273

--- PAGE BREAK ---

trrac grrc
n,,' llf\* *.,,
( l 0.54)
r,ue ANnrt - neperoK no xaxoft-ro ycJroBHo npuHnror? nepeofi JrHHHrr sjeKrponepe-
.qaqH AJrfl Y-fo y3,'ra Harpy3KH.
Ha pHc. 10.12 nepeToKH A1/o 14 LNt oAlro3HaqHo onpeAeJlfiIoTcfl perffHMaMn
ilreCS H tr/feC H He BxoAflr B qHcJIo pacqeTHblx nepeMeHHblx. 3Haxn AMi,
i:1, 2, ..., 7, coorBercrBylor crpe.rrKaM Ha pHc. 10. 12, a, qro cAe,'taHo A,'tff oAHo-
3Har{Hocrr.r ganrcr ypanHeHnrl 6anawca MoqHocrn B Ka;,KAoM y3"rre.
flpe4nonaraercff, qro B cxeMe r{cnoJrbsyrorcfi guQf epeuqHav'rbHbre xapaKTepHc-
rnxs f3C H T3C c yqeroM norepb B cernx (r.e.. ofecp 
" 
ofecp).
rJnannnaoEAruLra ua nrr^ lA 1l rr lA 1g ^varrlr rtnn^flr rr uqnndnul! u trnrrrn 6rrrtrryvAUrqudlvllrlulv rrq yltv, tv.rI rl tv.la vnLrtrDt rryvLrDl rl rrqreL,LA\LDL J r vu^re
IICnOd'rb3OBaHbI l^Jrfl rICC,leAOBaHHfi B.rrr.rflHHff pa3.[rrr{HbIX napaMeTpOB Ha pexiIINlbI
13c.
OaHoBpeMeHHoe pacnpeAeJIeHIIe axrHsHort 14 peaKTHB-
norl MourHocrLI B cHcTeMe c yqeroM rloTepb B "'rIrHuflx
a Jr e r( r p o n e p e A a q H o3HaqaeT ueo6xoAituocrr, yrtera 6a.raHca pearirrrBHbrx
uouuocreft:
,E tr(l) - 0rec(r) -fr,Oreci (r) +Aoc (l) :* (/) :0,
aoc:i,,ry,
( l 0.55)
pHc. l0.ll. CrpVxrVpHas cxeMa pacqera cyrotrHofo pelliul{a sHeprocHcrevn c f3C
H sKBHBaJeHrHor:i TOC
llepnort oco6eHHocrtn grofi 3aAaqn flBJlflercfl Heo6xoAtltvtocrb Bblnonueuus 6a-
JIaHCa Harpy3oK B y3v'Iax CHCTeMbI
m
{,r (l) : Pnt (4 - >l Nraci p*Nrec (l) + iln.p.ry (l) - N".p.",y (l) :0, (10'50)
F_t 
rvvr @
rle P T 
- Harpy3Ka B \t-t't y3rle cHcreMbl;,*Nn"pr" n 
- o6utnii npHToK MolllHocrt!
oT T-ro ys,'ra K cMe)r{HbrM; -,MneperT - o6urnli npgroK MotqHocrl{ K Y-My y3JIy oT
CMC)KHbIX.
Ec.nH r l'-tvly y3'ny no.u,xoAllr n nauuir' To
| ^/ ,r,, - f ANnu., (l);-l- /vnepctl \o) - 
_.
V:l
n
- ly'neperY (t) : - I . otnuy(f).
V:@+l
TaxUu O6pasOtll, B 3aAal{e notBfltltoTgf HOBbIe paCqeTHbIe nepeMeHHble - nepe'
TOKH MOIIIHOCTH nO JtL'tHHflM 3Jlel(TponepeAaqu, 3TO BTOpafl OCO6eUHOCTI 3a(at.;.r'
!.an pelxeHgf ga1aqiv npeO6pasyer'l 6aaaHcoebte ycJIoBI'lR no cHCTeMe I{ Y'My
y3ry K BHAy
nrn
r1l (l) : I P, (l) - I. Nru.t (l) - ilrec (l) - ANJI (l) :
Y:l l:t
I dNrscl:-T---F-',
r,qe @ T -peaxrHBHan Harpy3r(a y-ro y3"ra; A@. -norepu pear(ruBHoii nroulHocur e
cerH, paccqHTbrBaeMbre no Qoprvryne
(l 0.56)
rAe .ro - peaKTHBHOe COnporHB,TeHHe, oU, (l)-rO yqaCTKa ilHHHH 3,',reKTponepeAaqH.
CoorsercrBer{rro B uefleByro Syuxuluo neo6xoAulro 6yaer BBccrtr roBoe c"qa-
raeMoe p(l)r|l(/), rAe p(l) - HeonpeAereHHsrfi MHoiKHrerb ,IIarpau:t<a, Kpoue ro-
ro, cJreAyer yqnrbrBarb 6anaHcu roKa lanq q (l)] H Hanpflx(eHl.lfl [r.rn tl'(l)] B
Kalr(AoM Y-M y3.[e Harl)y3n]t lr JnrHr.llr s,lelrrponepeAaqrr.
(10.51)
(l 0 .52)
Heo6xoAHMbre ycfloBHfl onrHMar'IbHofo pacnp
aKrHsHofi 14 peaKrugHoli Harpy3ori B clrcrelte
nycruuori 3ot{br Harpy3ori 6yayT cti.raAbtBarbcH
l{HM o6pa3oM. /J.ns arcrasHort Harpy3Klr cucreMbr oHH 6ylyr
oarr (10.46) , r\e ki cJreAyer paccqHrbrBarb no Qoplryne
hj(t): >l
CA€,[EHHfl,
A.lfl AO-
c.neAylo-
COOTBCTCTBO.
(1 0.57)
p
O O i cooTBeTcrBYloT
MOU]HOCTH B CerH npH
(r0.58)
275
AuanoruqHo paccqr.rrbrBaercs H k rgc .
B (10.57) orHocnrerrbHbre npupocrbr oFi, o epi, o 3i
orHocuTe.[bHbrM npHpocraM norepb aKrprsrroil n pearrueHofi
eAHHnqHoM H3MeHeHr.rH Harpy3KH 1-ri craHqun unu leC
d@"
274
(10.53) oopi: oNt

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ntsct Nrec z
/N+aNz
N.r 3s 3(b s)'-Nrect
t Nrsca(6+)
AtYT
cxeMapacqeTaonTHMaJlbHofocyTotlHorope)I{HMaSHepro.
sJrer(rp onepeAaql'I
_ dauc
doi '
aLPc:tor'
Tax rax Bce paccMorpeHHbte n (10.58)-(10.60) 3HaqeHl{s
Bnor'rHe or{eBHAHo, qro ece kiQ) n (10.57) 6yayr 6o"rrue I u
p accqnraHHble no ( 10.47 ) .
9TO 03HaqaeT yBe.IIHqeHHe cooTBercrBylou,!lx 3HaqeHtlrI
Kslt Cr'IeACTBI{e CHH)I(eHHe Hafpy3I{II Ha yAaJIeHIlble CTaHI\WW.
nnn pacnpeAeJreHHff peaxrnnHoft MourHocrH cncreMbl B
klQ) u k feC N{ox(Ho Ilcno,Tb3oBarb cr'leAylot]Iee BblpaiKeHI're:
oPr, {t)
ki (t) ( l0,6r),
j:1, 2, ..., tfl.
Tarurvr o6pasou, d,on odnoapelueHHoeo pacnpe)e,teuun axruenort u pearcruenoit
HaepAgoK 6 cucreJile eada,aa euqe 1ottee Ac.4urcHnercn ua-sa ueo6xodu,vocru co6,'tto-
denun 6attaruca HanpnJtteHuil e gsttax HaepgsKu u tnnlneuun dbnonHureJlbHo(t cuc-
reilbr ypaaueuurt euda (10.46), ede ki u ttygg paccqurbtBaprcr no, (10.61).
PerueHae raxor? 3aAaqu Bo3MoiKHo roJrbKo HTepauuoHHbrM nyr6M. Vcrroxngetct,
u onpeAeJreHHe oTHoct4Te,'IbHbrx noTepb MorqHocTll B JrHHFrflx gJreKTponepeAaqH.
Heyuer 6ananca peaKTHBHbrx Mou{Hocrefi s cucreMe, KaK npaBHflo, 6o,'rbtle Bce-
ro cKa3brBaercfl Ha H3MeHeHHH pexHMa pa6orn yAa,reHHbrx crauqrfi. Eea yqera
yra3aHHoro 6anaHca Harpy3Ka raKnx craHuur? HecKoJrbKo 3aBbrilIaerct.
PacnPe.Ae,reHI.re Tor'IbKo pear(rHeHofi MouIHocTrt B ceTH.
Onruuanrnbre pell{Hrran T3C u f3C Mo}KHo nahrw no Qopuy,rre
p,,, p p
o'ei\t) o6roc (t) obr (t)
-;:. A ^: _=------. (10.62)r
I - ofii (l) I - oeroc (i) t - ofi, G)
3ro ycnonne cnpaBeAJrHBo H AJrfl pacnpeAe.rernlR Harpy3rirr N{ex(.f,y }tcrorrHHK0MHr
peaKTHBHoii trlouruocru.
B pea.nluux ycJroBHqx Hanpfl)KeHne HeoAnHaKoBo B pa3Hbrx roqKax 3Hept'ocnc-
TEMbI, I{TO NPHBEACT K H3MCHEHI]IO OTHOCHTE.I]bHbIX NPHPOCTOB NOTCPb B CCT'X KAX-
Aori craHqHH or 3-5 % H Bbrue; oco6esuo aro orHocurcrr K o$ , ofl,
Vls-sa oAHoBpeMeHHocrH npoqeccoB npoH3BoAcrBa, nepeAaqfi, pacnpeAereHHfl Ir'.
norpe6.rreuuq g,'IeKTpogHeprHH .lrto6oe H3MeHelrrre pexur\{a craHqufi cpa3y xe cKa3bt-
Baercr Ha KaqecrBeHHbrx noKa3arer'rqx pa6oru norpe6nrerefi s"'reKrpo3HeprHH. Ha-
npnMep, npu cHHlr{eHnH HanprxeHar B y3Jrax yxyAmarorcq KoM}tyHa"rrlHo-6utosHe
ycfloBrdq.
Bc,reAcreue aroro 6onee npaBH,'rbHbrM 6urno 6sr HaxoiKAeHHe onrr-rMaJbHoro pe-
;xHMa 3JleKTpocran\ui't coBruecrHo c yr{eroNr r4HTepecoB norpe6Hre"'refi aueprun. 3ro
norpe6yer, oqeBH.u,Ho, H BBeAeHHs HHofo KpHTepHff onrEMa,TbHocrn, B ToM r{Hc,te HI
BeKropHofo. Vqer HHrepecoB norpe6Hre"nefi 3HepfHH Bo MHOfoM Mor 6u H3MeHHfb
H
oei
p
oel
(10.5e)
(10.60)
6P p lleHbue l, to
6o.rrrue ueu fty(l),
b raci H Q ree L1
( 10.46) B KaqecrBe
A IY4
aN+
IJU I
Ntec z
Nrec s
aNs
aNs
AN,
:ANZ aNz
:/Ns aNs
:AN+
/Nr
ra
f (x) t - ofr,1ty
1 - ofli (l) - o9t lo of,' to
r - of,, 1t1
!Pcz
- Pcs
aNs
Niec +
: Pc+
Pcr
Pct
N lsct
Pcz
Pc+
trlec z
Ntec+
ffrgc
aNr
f{tgct
/vracg
aNz
ANs -
aN+
ANs
aNe
aNz -
Pr.tc. 10.12. CrPYxrYPrran
cHcTeMbl c yqeToM "ll'lllHH
Ntsct
A --A N"u1 l"l-\ '
277

--- PAGE BREAK ---

p[n" - BbrnyKrra v HMeer napa6oJrr4qecKuft BHA. }ra KpHBafi ilo3Bo'
JrfleT onpeAeJrflrb cyrouutrii pelKLIM JIIO6Ofi sJIeKTpocTaHuHI',I IIpH ee
pa3MeIUeHI4tI B npaSHKe Harpy3KH B BHAe HeKoTopoit soHtrt, OrpaHHqeH-
HOfr no M otrlHocT r,r f op H3 oHTaJrbH bIM I,I JI H HHff M LI.
flycrt, HanpHMep, 3aAaHa MaKcHMaJIbHafi pa6€rIafl MOIIIHOgTb t'frt
f OC' ^1; H ee cyroqHan Bblpa6orKa 3r A;rs onpeAeJIeHHo-
o*-ny.rl 3t:Oz(N; -gt (N,) , a Nz: Nz-Nr. Tor.qa peuIeHHeM 3a-
,i1aqvt "6y4.t iosf fpaQuKa Harpy3KH' pa3MeIIIeHHaff Me)KAy ropl'I3oH-
TaJIbHbtMH JlVHr4gMw, COOTBeTCTByIO1{I{MH nHKOBbIM MOUIHOCTflM Nz
*-N,. Oro ogHaqaeT, qro npfMoyio.rrlHufi rpeyroJtbHr4K abc c_war-tl:;
MH 3r, tVr coBMecTr4TCR C TpeyroJIbHHKOM &'b'c' Ha HHTerpaJIbHoI{
KpHBofi.^ 
Hau6oRee 1iifipo1o r.iHTerpaJlbHafi KpI4Bafl Harpy3KH HCnOJIb3yeTcfl
npH npoeKrnpoBairHra f3C u^fA3C, npgqeM orJII4qHe noflyrreHHoro ro
Hefr pelKr{Ma {;C";r"-fnAC or onrgManbnoro (cu' S 10'3) reM
MeHb[Ie, qeM 6O.nsrUe OrpaH6r{eHV\I' HaKJIaAbIBaeTCtl Ha UX pe}KHMbI H
qeM MeHbr.xe yAeJIbHbIfi eec erqx crasUltft B sHeprOCHcTeMe'
flpanourepHocrb HcnoJlb3oBalr4fl, IlurerpaJllirofi KpHBofi AJIfl pacqe-
TOBCyTOI{HblXpe}KHMOBnoATBep}KAaeTCtlHcJ[eAylou{l'lM[oJIO]KeHI4eM'
ilOe.U,noaO)KHM, r{To B KaqecTBs I{3onepHMeTpI4qecKOrO yCJIoBHfi pa6O-
rr'r f3C Hrll'l |AOC evlecro (10'9) 3aAaHo
P6
TorAa Heo6xoA?rMoe ycJIOBHe Onrl4MaJIbHOrO pacnpeAeJleHl',Iq Ha-
rpy3KH B CHCTeMe AJIfl Typ6HHHOro pe)KHMa npHMer BI'IA
br*"(Nr*"(4) : l' : r'' (0 - const' (10'67)
a, AJrfl HacocHoro
br*" (ffrn" (/)) : - I,, - l'* (/) : const'
u) 6)
Pnc. 10.14. Pacqer peiKLIMa rpynnbl f3C no HHrefpaJlbHoft xpusofi uarpyarn
6asosoft qacrn rpaQHKa Harpy3KH cl.lcreMbl. Toquo TaK )Ke MolKHo
onpeAeJlflrb H pelKHMbI rpynnbl fOC npu 3aAaHHoM noptAKe Hx pa3'
MerrIeHr{fl B rpaQune Harpy3Kr.r cncreMbI H n3BecrHblx MaKcHMaJlbHblx
pa60rrHx MorrlHocrflx.
Cne4yer npeAocrepeqb oT xapaKrepHoft oTIIH6KH B ptacqeTax pe>KI'I'
MoB rpynnn fOC, Ans Ka>KAOII H3 KoTOpbIX 3aAaHbI '3t H iVi, BO3HH'
Karoubir B cJryqae, KorAa coBMecrHbtrl pelKHM arnx cTaHI{HIi onpeAe'
JrsroT tro o6qeMy <<TpeyrOJIbHHKy>> c KaTeTaMH, paBHbIMH cyMMe BCjX
3t H Ni. Iloao6Htrir 
-npHervr 
Mo>KFro npr.rMeHflTb JIH6o roJIbKo AJIfl 6a'
3HcHofi r{acrr.r rpaQHxa Harpy3KH cr4creMbt, JIH60 npH anpHopHqil yBg:
peHHocTH B TOM, rrTO BCe r{acTHbre TpeyroJIbHLlKr4 c KaTeTaVn 31 w lt{t
pa3MerqaroTcf B 3oHe cyulecrBoBaHllff o6uerO Tpeyl'OJIbHHKa He3aBrl-
cHMo Apyf or Apyfa.
Pexuusr sapsAa |AOC raKx(e Mo)r{Ho onpeAeJlnrb no HHTerpailb'
Hofi KpHBofi, ceigblBaloqefi vrexly co6or? nJIouIaAb <<npoBaJla> tpaQet-
Ka narpysrcH 7np c coorBercrByroqer:r erl l{cnoJlb3ygMofi Mol{Hocrblo
l/op (cnrl prac. ib.tS) . ,II,ns nocrpoeHHfl yKa3aHHofi HHrerpaJIo".g.[
KpHBott 3aAalorcn nocToflHHofi MolllHocrnrc TOC, paBHoft cyNtMe Pt""
H N.,p, r,r onpeAeJlstor 3on no Qopuyne
(lo.6e)
Pacqet pelKHMa /f t.lec @ no gnp(N"n) npoBoAHrcff AaJIee raK
lr{e, KaK Lr Arrfl. pe}KHMa fAC, paccMoTpeHHoro BblIrIe. OAHaxo 3Aecb
3aAal,orcfl /VH;*t - /Vfib% u Ssap-pnp. Kporr,te roro' pe>KI'IM fOC 6y'
AeT nepeMeHHbIM BO BpeMeHI4 npq OrpaHI'IqeHHOfi MOUIHocTn N reac'
Moquocm TOC AJIfl peX(HMa 3apflAa c_JleAyer- paccqnrblBarb KaK cyM'
ny P*(/) n N r^aec (ti, uaftteuHofr no 3sp(N"n).
T
-rf
crrsc - l
0
ly'rsc (t) dt - 0. (r0.66)
(10.68)
T. e Hau6onee onTt4MaIbHbIM fBJIfleTcfl pe)KHM T3C c MaKcI'lMaJIbHO
llocrofHHofi uoulnocrbro B reqeHne cyroK c y'I919Y-:3?.":"eHnri pe-
I{HMOB 13C u T3c, qTO I{ peaJIH3yeTCf Ha HHterpa'ttbHoft KpI4BOft Ha-
"otuoof..uorpeHurrft cnoco6 npra6.rruxeHHOrO pacr{era cyror{HOro pe-
fi(riMa f3C Aocrarotlno "u'n"At"' 
OAnaxo oH npI4MeHI4M ToJIbKo npH
pacrroJIOxeFIIIt'l craHul{ll B pa3HbIX 3OHaX fpa(
1lHct4Mocrl'l pe)KHMoB pa3l{blx TOC 14 fAC Ap:
HOM cJlyqae BO3MO)l(l{o noJlytleHLIe cllTyi
pprc; 10.14, a.3Aecl rpeyroJlbutirt't abc u del
iit al 83aHMHo <repeKpblBalor>> Apyr Apyra Ha
Bofi Harpy3Kl'r. B 3roM tnyuut tpegvil:::#""nrne AollonHllrenbHbrx
yc.nonuft AJIfl onpeAeJIeHHr pex{l4MoB ra>xAofjt f3C'
Hanpnuep, 
^;?l;;..^^ 
ib.i+, 6 rpuHnro ycrloBl4e I\4aKcHManbHofo
-yrracrrrrr AByx f3C n no^pr',r* 
^n'ilNoeoft qacrra fpa$I,Ka Harpy3K''
B cessu . ,r,n* i[ il-r iei, i<ax o6"'raAarcu{at 6:i:T:YH Bo3Mo)^r(-
HocrflMH p.ry.il"pto uu^i^i, OVa.t pa6orars KaK B nuxoeoil, raK Lr B
Nno
9np : J" I (trnn) ddon.
0
280
rl
t4
a,l, o
t
rcn(t+t\
l0 3ar. 387 281

--- PAGE BREAK ---

10.6. OCOEbIE CNYL{Ah PACt{ETA KPATKOCPOI{HbIX
PE}KhMOB T9Y
PasHoo6pa3rre BHAoB f3y u oco6eHHocret? HX pe')KI{MoB npHBoAHT
K ueo6xoAnMocru HcrroJrbsoBaHtr B pacqerax KpHTepHeB onrHMaJIb-
Hocrr.r n cnoco6oB pacqera, pe)KrlMoB, orJruqaroilIl4xcfl or paccMoTp€H:-
Hux e $ 10.3-10.5.
llpurr,reporvr TaKofo cJryqafl Mo)Ker 6urr 3reKTpHrlecKoe KoMrreHcH-
pyloqee peryJrHpoBaHve, KorAa qacrb f3C cncreMn pa6oraer rro pe-
)Kr{My MaKcHMyMa HcrroJrb3oBartr csoeii noAeeAeHHor? MoIrIHocrLI, a
Apyrne onpeAeJrrrcr csor1 pe)KLrM Ha ocHoBe o6nrecucreMHbrx rpe6oaa'
ttuft, B r{acrHocru MaKCHMyMa BbIpaBHaBaHI,rr pe)Kanroe T3C ra.rru AOC.
B TeqeHrie ci/ToK.
trnn KacKaAa I'3C, pa6orarolqax B cocraBe BXC, rpe6onauun
nocJreAHert vroryr Bo MHoroM onpeAeJIflTb H Bo3MolKITocrH a,TeKTpH'{e-
cKoro peryJr14poBaHtrs. llpurvreponr Moryr cJlyx{HTb pex{HMbI BbIHy}K-
AeHHbrx xoJrocrbrx c6pocon r^ilfl cyAoxoAcrBa v psr6roro xosn?crna,.
MaKcHMaJIbHoe BbrpaBHr4BaHr4e pelKHMoB f3C B Terrenue cyroK IIo'
rpe6oeauHqra BXC r oxpaHbl oKpyx<aioueii cpeAbl u r. A.
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

Anq Kpnrep?rfl MaKcHMyMa Bblpa6otxw n fOC rpn saAansou o6-
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2E5284

--- PAGE BREAK ---

Ha.nnque oAHHaxosofi pa3MepHocru nepeMeHHblx no3BoJlfler oIIe.
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--- PAGE BREAK ---

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qeHHfl KpaTKOCpOtrHbrx 3aAar{, a HMeHHO peueHl4e 3aAaI{14 no pacqeTy
danauca gHeprHH B cHcTeMe H croKa Ha fOC. flpn eroM, ecTecrBeH-
Ho, npeAroJraraercfl peueHHort 3aAaqa KparKocpoqHoft onrHMH3arlr4t4,
peaJIH3yIoqeI? 6a.nauc MouIHocrH Bo BpeMeHI4.
CxasaHHoe Bbrrrre, a raxlKe Apyrr4e coo6paxennfl onpeAeJlflIor He-
o6xoAnuocrb LrcnoJrb3oBaHnfl B yrrpaBJIeHHH AJIHTeJIbHbIMH pelKHMaMI4
f3C c BoAoxpaHnJrr.rruaMr.r MeroAoB arperl4poBarr4fl. H AeKoMTIo3HIIHH.
MeroA arperHpOBaHHq 3aKJIrOqaeTcf B TOM, r{TO Bce 3JIeKT'
pHrtecKHe cTaHqr4H npeAcTaBJrflroTcs cpeAHeHHTepBaJIbHbIM-H tatJr[4 pe'
>KHMHbTMH xapaKTepHcrvKaMH, cBfl3bIBaIoIIIHMI4 MelKAy co6oIl HX HH-
TerpaJlbHbre sHepreTr4qecKue nOKa3aTeJIH 3a OnpeAeJIeHHbIe HHTepBaJIbI
BpeMeHH, rrpHHLIMaeMble o6uqHo paBHbIMI4 oAHofi AeKaAe HJIH MecflIly.
3rn xapaKTepHcrHKH Moryr orrnr{arbcfl or TexHoJIorHrIecKI4x v[rH
MTHoBeHHbIX sneprernqecKux xapaKrepHcTLIK f3y (crtr. rJI. 4-6).
flpu Hx pacqere H nocrpoeHnrl cJreAyer yquTblBarb aJIropHTM orlpeAe'
reHnq napaMerpoB pexHMa aJreKrpocraHIIHH, a raK)Ke IIpHHflTbIe _Qa'
soBbre KoopAHHarbI H crpyKrypy !flp"BJIeHHfl cHcTeMbI (no4po6uee
cM.S Il.3).
MeroA AeKoMno3HUHH 3aKJlloqaeTcfl B HTepaUHoHHOM pe'
IITeHHH 3aAaqH OrrTr.tMH3 ar\Ur4 AJTHTeJTbHbIX pe)KHMOB npH BbIAeJIeHHH B
nepBooqepeAHyro 3aAaqy 6anauca nsrpa6orxu axrusnofi aHeprllu cplc'
TCMbI.
- OqeHra aQSeKTHBHocTH noflyrlaeMoro peueH'fl cJIolKHa v33a Be-
poflTHocrHoro xapaKrepa HcxoAnofi nuQopMalrt4n LI MHoroqetleBoro Hc'
288
noJlb3oBaHr.rfl BoAHbrx pecypcoB. oAHaxo He3aBHcHMo or MeToAoB pac-
qera H rrocTaHoBKH 3aAaqH pa3Hbre f3y 6ylyr npeAcTaBJreHbr B Hefi
onpeAeJIeHHbIMH SHepreTHqecKHMlr xapaKTepucTAKaMH H noKa3aTeJrs-
MH: 3aroHouepHa 6yaer n B3aHMocBr3b pa3Hbtx KpHTepveB MexAy
co6or?.
I,lsnecrHo, qro Liln orreHKH gHepreruqecKux noKa3areaer? f3y
o6slquo rIpHHHMaloTcfl HeKoropble cpeAHHe no BoAHocrH ycJroBnfl. Sror
noAxoA npLIHflT n 4auHort rJIaBe npr{ aHaJrH3e aHepreruqecKnx xapaK-
TepHcrHK H norasareneri f3y. B ocHoBHoM paccMarpr{Baercrr oAHo-
ueJleBafl Saryaqa c SHepreTHqecKHMr4 KpHTepHflMH OnTHMaJTbHOCTH.
Tpe6onauHn ApyrHx yqacrr{oB BXC K pex(HMy fOC yqHrbrBarorcfl
D Elr,frra rtr.nattutrorrrr# Artorrrtartntrarnd bnrrdrrrt^ Airtr nF^^?rr?rrarttr# ttop srrAv vr Hqrrrrawrlrlrr. trrLa!trrJn yJLr\..4 DJtrltT,IT.rttj JIrL/\ vr Panrl.rEnrlr[ -na
pexLIM f3y H Bo3Mox(Hocrr4 ero r43MeHeHr,rr npH BBe AeHr4Lr MHoroUe-
JreBbr.x KpHTepr4eB.
11,2, 3HEPTETV1LIECKV1E NOKA3ATEJIh r9Y B PACLIETAX
AnnTEnbHbtx PEIKhMoB
OcHosHas sar,aua ArHTeJrbHoro nJraHHpoBaHHs gueprocncrena c fOV, KaK 6uno
oTMeqeHo Bblrue, 3aKJrloqaeTcfl B onTHMaJrbl{oM pacnpeAeJreHHH Bo BpeMeHn OrpaHtr-
qeHHblx sHepfopecypcoB AJIrI npr.rHqroro KpHTepHrr onrHMaJrbHocil.r, T. e. onpelene.
nus 6anauca sHeprHH r.I cToKa.
Han6o.nee o6urnfi oAHoueJleBofi xpnrepuft aQQer<THBHocrH pa6oru 3Heprocncre..
MbI c fOV - MHHHMyM H3AepxeK H 
" 
HtH qacrsufi cnyuafi - MHI{HMyM ' pacxoAa
ycJloBHoro ronJIHBa Bc 3a nepHoA T. OcuosHHe gHeprer[qecKHe noKa3arenH Bcex
crauuutl cHcreMbr 3a KaxAbui pacuerHufi uHrepnaJl BpeMeHn Lti, !: l, ..., k, npep,-
craB.IIqIorcE B BHAe cpeAHeHHTepBaJrbHbrx I.IJIH HHTerpa,'rbHbrx noxagarenet? 3 rgct
unn N rOC/, I rgCi wnw NTOC;, H reCt, Q reCl I.t r. A.
A,'rs fOC, pa6orarorqnx Ha H3oJrHpoBaHHyro Harpy3Ky, KpHTepHeM onrnMa,'rbHo-
crlt t'loxet 6firl MaKcHMyM nupa6orxu oHeprr.rH 3a nepHoA T unn MHHHMyM pac-
xoAa noABeAeuuori eHeprHH nplr BbrnoJrHeHHH 6anaHcosoro ycJroBnfi (11.2). Kpure.
puft uaxcuMyMa rurpa6orrH f3C rr.roxeT npHMeHflTbcrr H npn Apyrnx ycr'roBHflx, Ha.
npHMep n 4etpHquruux no nr,lpa6orxe cHcreMax r.r.nH npH Ma,'roM yAeflbHoM Bece
f3c,
MareuarnrlecKafl [ocraHoBKa paccMarpnnaeuofi sa1aun AJrfl r(pH'r'epnff B" Mo-
xer 6um npeAcraBJreHa cJreAyrorr-(HM o6pasou.
Toe6yerca uafirn raxofi pexHM fOC H T3C sa nepnoA T:t*-to, xoroprrfi
o6ecne.JHa 6sr tvrttgnuyM B.
h
Bc: 2 n, (3s) -, min
tl: I
(r r .l)
npH
tp; : 3ci - Sreci - ?reci fA3"1 : 6 (11 .2)
u 3aAaHHbtX orpaHHqeHHgx
;f "" < Tt < n'!u"";
ry""<x;(xf"*c,
(l r .3)
(l l .4)
289

--- PAGE BREAK ---

rAe B KaqecrBe E1 Lt xi Moryr 6um npuHrrbr pa3JrHr{Hble SHeprerHI{ecKHe H BoAo-
iossficteeHHbre noKa3areJlu f3C n TOC.
' B AaHHofi 3aAaqe HaqaJrbHoe (o lo) H KoHeqHoe (n l*) cocroflHnq cHcreMbl
o6nquo 6Hsaror HsBecrHbr. LIHonAa saAaHHe KoHeqHoro cocrorHPlq cucreMbl 3aMe-
rrffercs ua f3C Ha H3onepr4Merpnl{ecKoe ycJIoBHe BHAa
fOC 6es peryxupoB a*un n c KparrocpoqHbrM perj,lnpoBaHHeM cToxa )eHrbrB?.
IOTCfi npH OnTHMI{SaIIHH ,U,JIHTeJIbHOTO pexr.rMa cucrenrbr KaK Hepeny"lHpyeMbre craH-
UHH B 6anasce gHeprHH.
fgC AJtnreJlbnoro peryJtnpoBaHHs. I{uxn peryJrHpoBaHHfl TaKr.rx fOC Moxer
npeBbruarb paccMarpHeaervrHii nepHoA T. oAHar<o onrulraatHurfi pe>KHM A,'rff ne-
pHoAa I scJeAcreHe B3aHMocBt3H pexHMoB fOC BHyrpH no,rrHoro r.taK,,ra perynn-
poBaHI"Ifl He Moxer paccMarpl{Barbcq He3aBHcHMo or o6u-(ero onruMarbHoro pexu-
Ma craHuHn 3a Becb UHKJI peryJlHpoBaHufl. B p"aa cJryqaeB Bruecro noJrHoro ugKna
peryJlupoBaHr.rfl Mox{Ho paccMarpuBaTb orAeJrbHo nepuoA cpa6orxu H nepuoA HanoJr-
HeHI,t.fi C 3aLaHHbtMI.t BO BpeMeHLI rpaHHrrHbrMH ycd'roBHfMH.
O6uquo f3C a,'ruteflbHofo peryJrupoB aHHn Be1yr r.r KparxocporrHoe peryJrHpoBa-
HHe CTOKa, n I'ilfl ero yqera Heo6xoAHtvto ltcnoJlb3oBaTb cpeAHeHHTepBaJrbHbIe xa-
paKrepHcTuKH.
Oco6eHHocrtro f3C AJrr{reJrbHoro pery.rrupoBaHHfl croKa Alilqercfl, gHa.rurenlHuft
AHana3oH t'I3MeHeHHfl yponuefi 6seQon, a raKxe pex(HMa [onycKoB Bo BpeMeHH. Ha
pexnrr,l xacxaAa f3c cyrlrecrBeHHoe BJtHflHHe Mo)r(e,r oKa3arb yrrer H3MeHeHHq noA-
nopa MexAy cTBopaMLr.
fOC ,u,JIHreJIbHoro peryJIHpoBaHHfl croKa flBJrflrorcq ocHoBHbrM pery,rHpylounM
3BeHoM B SHeprocucreMe. PexHu Hx MoxieT onpeAeJrflTbct KaK gHeprernqecKnMp,
TaK H soAoxosqficrBeHHbrMu KpIrrepHrMH.
I'pynna fOC pasnoro BHAa perynnpoBalnfl. Bce cxasaHHoe Bbllre cnpaBeAaHBo
,aa.a fOC, pacno,['o>KeHHbtx Ha pa3Hbrx BoAoroKax, a raKxe Ad'rr BepxHHx fOC xac-
KaAa.
nns KacKaAa fOC cneayer yrrnrbrsaru oco6eHHocrH BoAHosHep.rerHqecKHx pac-
qeroB, Koropble 6st.ttt't paccMorpeHbr B ur. 8, a taxxe B3aHMocBfl3H pexHMoB Bcex
f3C xacxaAa KaK no pacxoAy, TaK H no Hanopy.
llpu Ha,ruqnr.r B KacxaAe fOC pasHoro BHAa peryJrr.rpoBaHHq croKa, HanpnMep
BepxHfls fOC I - 6es peryJlnpoBaHnff H HHxHflq fOC2 - IrrurerbHoro penyrgpo-
BaHufl, Moryr no.sBuTbcs AonoJrHI{TeJrbHbre Qaxroprt, BJlHsrottI,He Ha Hx pexnM. Torla
HuxHHfi 6leQ fSCl Ao.nxeH 6um npe4craBJreH B BH,qe saBHcr{MocrH 2r.6r or QH.6r
H 2n.62. flpH o6paruou nopflAKe pacnoJloxeHHf f3c B KaCKaAe Ztr.6t 3aBHCHX'
ToJIbKo or Qn.or.
BseAeHI'Ie Hoeori fAC Molxer cyuecrBeHHo r.r3MeHHTb pacqerHyro cxeMy Kac-
KaAa.
B lonrocpollHoM nJIaHHpoBaHHH 3HarruTeJrbHoe B.i'rHffHHe Ha pexr.rM f3C oxaetr-
Baer BXC. Vqer rpe6onaHntl BXC npHBoAr{T x Heo6xoAHMocrH Hcno,rrb3oBaHfit B
pacqerax BeKTopHblx KpHrepHeB. OAHaxo B HacToslqee BpeMq yuer rpe6onasnfi BXC
cBoAHrcq, KaK npaBHJIo, K BBe.u,eHHro orpaHr,rqeHuft ua pexuM f3C, pa6orar.oqilx no
oAHoueJleBoMy 3HeprerHqecKoMy t4JtLt soAoxosqficrBenHoMy xpurepNrc. B npaKrrf-
qecKHx pacqeTax MHoroue.tleBble r(pHTepHn cBoAflTcrr K oAHOrleJreBoMy KpHTepHro c
HCnOJrb3OBaHr.reM pasflHrrHbrx npHeMoB U MeTOAOB (exCneprnne orleHKH, !lllep6u
u r. A.).
Hacocnue crauUuH. B cBfl3H c reM qro HacocHble craHuHH flB1qrcrcfi norpe-
6urenfiuH-peryfltropaMH gJIeKTposHepruu, onrHMH3arlHr AnHTeJrbHbrx pe)r(nMoE
sHeprocHcreM, B cocTaB fioTopblx BxoAqT grH CTaHUHH paSHOrO BHAa pefyirHpoBaHHt
croKa, HMeer csou oco6eHHocrr.r.
Pexnrrr HC 6es peryJrr{py}oqero BoAoxpaH[ Jruu\a vIrH c Bo.qoxpaHHJrHrqeM
I{parxocpoqHoro peryJlnpoBaHufl yqnTbrBaercrr a (11.2) B BHAe AonoJrHure"ttuorl Ha-
291
(11.5)
Cqurarorcr H3BecrHbrMH: rH4porpaQ npr.troqHocrn K crBopy BepxHell fec u 6o'
mL rravnr/ ^Tannqvu. nnqrhu? rrqFn\/?Kr,r arrcrpMkr u nnrenli -qHg0l.rnl1u.E'4n lrPnrvanuurD rYrLlr\AJ vrpvHqrrrrrr '^---r-- ----r-----
B JrHHHflx g,'reKrponepeAaqn; xapaKrepl{cruKH 6re$oe H BoAonpogoAqil-(Hx coopyx{e-
Huft; cpe4HetlHrepBaflbHble eHepferuqecxue xapaKTepHcrHKH TOC n f3C.
Ecau nepnoA T pas6ur Ha oAHHaKoBbte no npOAoJIltLHTeJIbHqcrH UHTepBaJIbI
npeUeHn Ala, i:1, h, TO BMecTO HHTeI'par'lbHblX noKa3arenefi 9, V(, B Cne,Uyer
HcnoJlb3oBarb Hx npou3BoAHble no BpeMeHu N, Q, B.
Oco6eHuocrtrc sHepfergrlecKr.rx H rHApaBJILIqecKnx npoqeccoB npH AJIHreJlbHoM
peryJrr.tpoBaHug croKa flBJrflercfl HX ycraHosltsuuftcn xapaKrep, qro nosBoJlrer npeA-
cTaBHrb f3C cpeaHeuHrepBaJIbHbIMI{ noKa3a'reJlrMH.
B coBpeMeHHbrx gHeprocucTeMax, KaK npaBLIJIo, npucyrcrBylor f3y pa3Horo
THna H BHAa pery,TLIpoBaHHn CTOKa, O6.naAaronlue pa3HbIMH gHepreTHr{ecKHMH nOKa-
gareJrsMr.I tt oco6egHocrqMH B 3aAar{e AorfocpoqHoro nJIaHHpoBaHI'Ifl pe)KHMoq.
: fOC 6ea pery.nupoBanHs croKa.3rn craHIIvtu pa6oralor tro BoAoroKy IIpH Zn.6:
:coflSt, OcHoeHHe norepH Hanopa - B BoAonpoBoAqlqux coopylKeHnflx H B HHx('
HeM 6beQe
- B orrr.rrrHe or KparKocporrHbrx pelKHMoB Hanopbl fOC, oco6eHHo HH3KoHanopHbIx'
MoryT 3HaqHTeJIbHo H3MeHflTbcfl B TeqeHHe nepuo,Ua T.?ru OTaHUHH B 3aAaqax 'U,OJI'
nocporlHofo nJIaHLIpoBaHHq pexLIMOB npeAcTaBJIflIOrCfl CpeAHeHHrepBaJIbHbIMH xa-
paKTepHcTHKaM;g npH zs.6:const. A.nq KacKaAa ueJlecoo6pa3Ho nocTpoeHHe ero
gXs14saneHrHofI XapaKrepHcrHKH c yqeroM Tao6 Mex(Ay cTBOpaMH' Cpe4tteHHTep'
BaffbHbre xapaKrepucrnr(H f3C, pacno!'roxeHHbtx Ha peKax cHeroBoro I'I JIeAHI'IKOBO'
To nHTAHLtfl, MaJro orruqarorcfl or rexHoJlofuqecKr'lx. flpn yqere xoJlocrblx c6pocoB
3TU xapaKTepHCTHKH HeCKOJIbKO H3MeHqIOTCs.
. I'3C KpaTKocpoqHoro peryJlltpoBattfl. 3nl f3C unaercT qI'lKJi peryflHpoBaHnfl
3HaqHreIbHO MeHbUIe T. .[llnrenlHltft peiKHM TaKI'IX fOC Mo]KHo npeAcTaBHrb B
Br.rAe coBoKynHocrg ps1a 83aHMoHe3aBHcI'IMblx Apyr or Apyra cyTotlHblx (neAenr'
nr,rX) pex(HMOB, nOcI(OJlbI(y npg ggJIHOM UI'1KJIe peryIHpOBaHHff BOAOxpaHnal'Iu1e Ha'
q?rHaer cBoto pa6ory or HllV H 3aKaHqHBaer ee OruerxOlI Hny, T' e' npu HaJIH'
qne B cucreMe f3C xparKocpotluoro petyJ'IHpOBallnfl ol{H yqacrByloT B peueHHH 3a-
Aaqv AJTHTeJTbHOTO peryrHpoBaHHq CBoHMH MOUIHOCTflMH, 3aBHcguII{MI',I TOJIbKO OT
npHToKa sa L,tt-AeKaAy LIJIH MectU. Pacqet Hx peXHMa Heo6xoAHMo onpeAeJlflTb
no cpeAHeHHrepBalbHbtM xapal(repHcrHKaM f3C. Ens feC xlllKocpot{Horo pery'
JTHpOBaHHfi 9TI{ xapal(repHcTI{KI,I oTJIHqarcTcg oT TexHOJIorHqecKHx' oco6esHo npH
HaJrVqH4 HeyCTaHoBHBuIenOCfl ABH)KeHHS BOAbI B HHIKHeM 6s9$e.
CpeAHeuutepBaJlbHble xapaKrepHcrHKH f3C rr,toxHo npeAcraBJlflrb npn ycJloBHIr
trocToflHHoro Hanopa HnH nocToqHHofi orMeTK[I- BepxHero 6leQa' A;q xacraAa Bo3'
MOIKHo nocrpoeHge sKBHBaJIeHruoft XapaKTepHCTHKI'I AJIfl KaxAOrO pacr{erHoro HH-
iepnana.
290
h,m
w'rec: X I tt,.u",,
i:l l:L

--- PAGE BREAK ---

rpy3r(LI
tpi :3cr * SHci - Srecr - ?rccif A3", : g. (r l .6)
. HC.c soAoxpaHHJIHu-(aMlt AJIHTeJrbHoro perynr,rpoBaHHn, a raK)Ke craHunr{, pa6o-
TaIoqHe no 3aAaHHotrty rpaQuKy pacxoAa Bo BpeMer{H, AoJrxHu o6ecneqr.rrb Hx sa-
noJIHeHHe no KpHTepLIto MLtHHMyMa norpe6reHltq aJreKrposHepruH HJrH no 6onee o6-
u{eMy KpnrepHro (11.1). Enn yr{era HC B saAaqe AorrrocpoqHoro nJraHHpoBaHHf,
pexHMoB Heo6xoAtttvt pacqer Hx cpeAHeHHrepBaJrbHbrx sHeprer[qecKr{x xapaKTepHc-
rHx. t{eu MeHee HepaBHoMepeH pex(HM pacxoAa HC s re'{eHue cyroK (ne4enx), TeM
MeHbIUe cpeAHeHHTepBanb:dafl, xapaKrepHcrHKa OTJIHqaercq or rexHoJrorHqecKHx.
|AAC KparKocpoqHoro perynnpoB altfl,. Vqet arnx crauqufi B pacqerax AJrH-
TeJrbHbrx pexHMoB cJreAyer npoHsBoAnrb B BHAe pasHocru sHaqeHnfi gHeprHH, no-
rpe6aeuHofr Saap It orAaFIHofi Spaap cncreMe B ypaBHeHHH (1I.2). HHurvru cJroBaMr{,
|AOC AonoJIHHTeJrbHo yBernrJr.rBarcT pacxoA gneprr.rn B pacrrerax AJrHTeJrbHbrx pe-
lI(HMoB 9HeprocllcTeMbI npIt 3HaqHre/'IbHoM yBerHqeHH[ ee HaAexHocTu.' IAOC Anurenbnoro peryJlr{poBaHHfl n fOC-FA9C. Hanopbr erux cranqHfi Moryr
sHaqHTerbHo H3MeHflTbcfl Bo BpeMeHH; pelKHM HX pa6oru yrtnrbrBaercs ycJroBHeM
(l1.6).
Ilpnlnnnue gneKTpocranqnH. llocxonrxy gTH craHr{HH lrMeror o6uqHo KparKo-
cpoqHoe pefyJlHpOBaHHe, OHH yqHrbrtsarcrcq B pacqeTax 4nure.nrHoro pe)r{HMa gHep-
tocllcreMbl KaK HcrorrHHKH a,rreKrposHepruu c 3aAaHHbrM pex(HMoM nupa6orxu no
BpeMeHH.
1 1.3. SHEPTETVIqECKVIE XAPAKTEPVICTVilKh T3Y V V1X EbECDOB
PACL{ETAX ANNTEJIbHbIX PE}I(I,4MOB
B pacuerax AJIHTeJrbHbrx pelKHMoB f3y coxpaHsercfl Ta x(e nocJre-
AOBaTeJIbHOCTb npeo6pa3oBaHnff sHepfuH, rrTO U Afin KpaTKOCpOqHbrX
pex(HMoB. coxpaHflIoTCfl H Te )Ke B3aHMOCBfl3H OCHOBHbTX napaMeTpoB
pex{HMa Me}KAy co6ora. OAHaro pacr{erHblflr HHTepBaJr ocpeAHeHHfl
sTHX napaMeTpoB BO BpeMeHH CyilIeCTBeHHO yBerHrrHBaeTcfl. 3Aecr OH
ylKe paBeH AeKaAe vnr4 Mecflrly. Ann TaKHX HHTepBaJroB ocpeAHeHHt
napaMerpoB cnpaBeAJrHBo ycJIoBHe ycraHoBnBrrruxcfl pe)KHMoB Ha f3y.
9ro no3BoJlser HcrroJrb3oBarb B HeKoropbrx pacr{erax, o6ntuunx r,iln
npoeKTHbrx 3aAaq, xapaKTepr4cTHKr4 6neQon 14 BoAo[poBoAffrrlHx co-
opy)KeHr.rfi B Br.rAe saBHcHMocTeft, cooTBeTcTByrouIHx ycTaHoBHBrrreMy-
cfl pelKr4My: zs.6(V") , z".a(Fr), 2,r.6(Q".0), AHg"p (Qo.n) , AHnoo (Q"oo)
vT,n.
flolo6Hue xapaKTeprdcrr.rKu MolhHo ncroJrb3oBarb B pacqerax fAC
6es pefyJrr.rpoBaHzfl, pr fAC KparKocpoqHoro peryJrupoBaHtfl, croKa.
E,ns f3C AJrHreJrbHoro peryrrHpoBaHHfl croKa Heo6xoAaMr-,r pelKHM-
HbIe cpeAHerrHTepBaJrbHbre xapaKTepHCTHI{H KaK AJIfl SHepfeTHqecKofo
o6opyAoBaHtfl, raK vr r,iln 6teQon H BoAonpoBoAflurux coopy)KeHufi.
3ru xapaKTep vcr+Kr4 AoJrxHbr yLrHTbrBarb HeycraHoBHBIrIHecq npouec-
cbr B 6reQax fAC B KparKocpoqHoM peryJlupoBarufi H cJIo>KHbIfi He-
raHefiHbrrt xapaKTep BsariMocBfl3erl sHeprernqecKnx .lrapaMerpoB, no-
Ka3areJrefi aneprerr.rLrecKo|o o6opyAoBaHHfl H BoAonpoBoAflulHx coopy-
x<eHr.r11. I4cno,'IrsoBaHr{e raI{t4x xapaKTepHcruK f3C n03BoJIfler pe-
292
uraTb 3aAaqH AtrHTeJrbHoro nJraHHpoBaHHfl caMocToflTeJlbHo oT 3aAaq
KparKocpor{Hor:r onTHMLr3aIIHH, qTo ynpoulaer pacqerbl.
Cnegyer orMeraTb cJrox(Hocrb MaTeMarnqecKnx MoAeJIet:t cpeAHe-
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293

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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296

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CupeAe;-IeHHe 3HeprHI'l B cI'IcTeMe H O6ec-
neqr{Ba er Bbr noJrHeHtre 3 aAaHHoro Kp HTep Hs oniutut aJIbHocrI'I. IIp n 3ToM
oco6yn poJlb nplao6peraer oIIrHMaJIbHoe HCIIoJIbsoBaHI4e 'flffi '
;. ;'xprrep"r:t rvraKcuMyMa eupa6orru fOC npt'l 3aAaHHoM 6rtroBotvt
lrpHTOKe.
!,a"nee 6yaeu ilpeArroJlafaTb, r{To syHxquoHailbHafl' MoAeJIb f3C
npeAcTaBJreHa cBoI4M r{acTHbIM c71yrlaeM (ll.l0)' r' e' cpeAHeHHTep-
BaJrbHbrMH no^urrra trfl,Mt4. Cuaqa,la paccMorpl{M KpI'ITepHli Irtaxcuuy-
1rl12 uitpr 6orxtt fOC npH ycJIoBHH noJlHoro HcnoJlb3oBarufl' npuroKa'
KorAa Qx.cop:0. o
npr"'An"t..tto"oo,r peryagpoBaHHLr ocHoBHbIe noTePH noABeAeHHoH
228
x fOC gHepnrrr cBfl3aHbr c yMeHbr"xeHlreM cpeAHemBer.rreHHofo Hanopa
npH cpa6orxe-Ha[oJrHeHHH BoAoxpaHuJr]ril{a v 3Ha'rr.rre,rbHo MeHbue
H3Menflercfl KnA fAC. floarouy ocrauoBuMcfl Ha cflyqae nocroffHHo-
ro Bo BpeMeHH KnA f3C. OcHosHue rr3rvreHeHrrr KnA f3C cBfl3a-
Hbr ToJrbKo c HarropoM CTaHIIHH rIpH ycJroBHr.r onTHMaJrbHofo BHyTpH-
craHur.roHHoro pelKHMa ocHoBnoro o6opyaoBaras,. Vqer ilepeMeHHoro
no Hafiopy Kn.U, fOC BbI3oBer d'rHu]b HeKoropbre ycJrox{HeHrrn B pac-
IICTAX H HC TIOBJIIdflCT HA KAqECTBCHHbIC NOKA3ATEJIH PCX(HMOB.
Paccuorpuu HcnoJrb3oBaHxe MeroAoB BapaauHonHoro Hcr{HcJreHl,rfl
B 3aAarre AoJrrocpoqHoro nJraHr4poBarrfl, pelKHMoB. Hafi.u,eu Heo6xoAu-
Mbre ycJroBnfl, o6ecnequBarorrlue oITHMaJrbHocrb pe)KHMa pa6orlr pyc-
nosofi f3e Arrr.rrerrbHofo peryrrnpoBattrfr sa- neppro4 T:t*-to npr
SaAaHHbIX rpaHHr{HbIX yCJTOBLiflX vcpa6o, vcpa6.r{ rr OfpaHHqeHrrflX Trrna
HepaBeHcrB Ha V"p"a(t) no KpHrepHro
t*
al ntt t r*
9rec : j' Nrr. (t) dt -+ In?X,
+,o
rAe ffiec : Nrec *III; ffrec -cpeAHerlHrepBaJlbHas MortHocTb;
U - urrpaSHure QyHxur.tH, BBeAeHHbre Ailn yqera orpaHlrueHufr Ha
pacrrerHbre nepeMeHHbre V"p^a(t) H onpeAeJrreMbre no Qopuyne
(r r.1 l)
n - 0,5 (prq? Sg g, * Wrqtrsg qr)
Qr : er (7"p"0) : Ttilo (l)- V"p^a(/) < 0;
Qz:92(7.p"0) :Vcpa6|f)- 7f;I3(/) < o.
l4s ( I 1.10) cJreAyer, ,rro y'y' rec : i/rec (V"poo, 7cpa6, t) .
BareJIbHo, Heo6xoAnMbre ycJroBr4fl oKcrpeMyMa QyHrqraolaila
MolKHo noJryquTb, perxnB ypaBHeHHn Srlnepa:
dilirc
oV 
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Pacrpun Kalr,(Aylo H3 cocraBJrfllorurlx (ll.l5) H npon3BeAt
pble npeo6p asoBaqrfl, noJryr{HM cJleAy}ouee Bbrpa}KeHne AJrfl
AHMbrx ycronufi onrzMaJrbHocru pexcrMa f3C ro KparepHlo
np?r
rAe
a ( aui"" ):0.dt \ dQ" /
(lr,r2)
(r l.r3)
(l l.l4)
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299.
En.a : E .o (Q".0) : z,..a -F Q".o ffi ;
III\ : lrrer (/.p"0) Sg g, (%p.o);
illz: ILzgz(V"p^o) Sg gz (Z.pro).

--- PAGE BREAK ---

ilnn Aonycrlntofi gosH pa6oru fOC sl\aecro (ll.16) nofiyqaeM
Q"p (l) _ dEn.o (4 - 0.
Fu (f) dt
Taxrlvr o6pasorra, g.Jrr pycJroBofr fOC [pt4 rrocroflHHoM K|IA ueo6-
xoAuMbre ycJroBlrn rroJlyqeHnfl eKcrpeMyMa (l l.l I ) coBrIaAaIOr c yc'
JToBHflMH onraMaJlbHoro HcnoJIb3oBaHVfl, 3B (urr. S 7.2) . B rn. 7 6sno
[oKa3aHo, trro n 6o.uluruFrcrBe cJryqaeB TpaeKTopvtn cpa6orKl4- HanoJI'
rr'enn's BoAoxpaHr4ntLnt\a AoJI)KHa 6url nornyroft xpnnofi ,[no z".a(t)],
floAo6nutl xapaxrep KpI4BbIX o6ecneqzBaer MI'IHHMyM norepb-- 9FS '
-3aAep,)Kr4ean cpa6orxy Bo BpeMeHH H ycKopfffl BbIXoA Ha Hny B ne'
Frao.a, HanoJrHeHHfl.
tr4s (11.20) cJreAyer, r{ro npH Q,rn:0 ontHMaJIbHbIM fBJIfleTcfl pas.
r{OMepHbrft pexuivt pa6ortt l3C c Qrsc :Qr:coflSt, OnpeAeJlleirn4fi
rpaHHqHbtMH ycJIoBHn:v-I4 rlo BepxHeMy 6seQy. tleu 6o.nnue Q"p(/)
'z^llt Fo, TeM MeHbue 6yner orHocHTeJrbHafi cpa6orra BoAoxpaHI{JIH-
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Qrec (/) Moxer 6utru ro.trtxo MoHoroHHo Bo3pacraroulefi QyHxqnefi
BpeMeHI4, TaK x{e KaK Ia E".o (/) .
lflpu orcyrcrBHLI xorlocrttx c6pocoB Ha fOC Kpl4repH{ (lt.l l) _coQ-
JlFcAaercfl IIpH pa6ore gTaHIIHH IIo BoAoroKy, rAe ASnp:0 (uur.$ 7.2).
J|to6an cpa6orKa BoAoxpaHLrrrtx\a BeAer K AoIIoJIHI4TeJIbHbIM pe)KHM-
trrbrM norepflM tfl3t :3n. VpaeneHue (11.16) peaJlu3yercff Ha aHaJIo-
roBoft 3BM.
Ens Kpr.rrept4fl MHHHMyMa pacxoAa ycJloBHoro rorIJIHBa B cHcreMe
;npg T.ex )Ke AonyilleHr{qx, rrro H B paccMorpenuoir 3aAar{e, B npeAno-
Jro>KeHilH H3Becrr,rbrx xapaKTepr4crnK aKBI4BareHTHofi T3C H npH yr{ere
norepb B JnrHHflx oJreKrpon_epeAatlLI B P"(t), Heo6xoAHMble ycJIoBHfl
onrgMaJrbHoro pe)KHMa lgC MolKHo iloryrJllTb cr'IeAyI'ourHM o6pasovt.
Tpe6yercfl ttafirvr pelKHM fAC, o6ecneqnearcuIHfi MHHHMyM pacxo-
n a ycJIOBIJoro ToTIJIL{Ba I{a 14llTepBaJle T:t,,-ts npl'l 3aAaHHbIX rpa-
HI.ITIHbIX YCJIOBHflX NO BCPXHCUY 6TCQY
Itt
B": .l B* (t) dt -+ min,
1
to
rAe B* :B (/V rec ) + W; N Tgc : P.-1Vrec. 3ro 'o3Haqaer' tITo
cHcreMbr B KaXAblfi tuotrtesT BpeMeHH t:
brecQrec r_ d / brec\_p d r..- o--
f.B , dt \+.r"/ 
,t(pr9tSgqt-FzQzSgq')-0' (ll'23)(r 1.20)
(r r.2l)
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AB
,oNrec Qrec
ycJroBr4H, rrro lxrpaoHble synxqrn or-
Heo6xoAHMble ycJI OBLrff. OIITHM aJIbHOCTI4
ypaBHeHwn ?finepa Arrn QyHrquoraJra
d ( aB* \:0.dt \ oQr/
Ann AonycruMofi soHH nonyqaeM BMecro (11.23)
btec_Qrec + +brr"(Hi".i - hcp^a- E".o) - 0. (11.24)
lcr ' dt
(-nnnn'nqrrrrAlrna (11 94\ u 1l I 20) noKtawBaer qro KDurennfi MaK-vvrlvvrqsv^vr4r^v \^-.--,, 
-_- --r--- I
cHMyMa nupa6orxu f3C flBJrffercff qacrHblM cryrlaeM KpplTepl{ff MI{HH'
MyMa pacxoAa ycJloBHoro ronJIHBa npa brec(/) :!qn!t,_t. e. npy
.rmnefinolt cpeAHenHrepeanrHoft xapaKTepI4crHKe T3C. flonyueHHufi
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6noqHrriuu arperaraMr{ 14 MaJrbIM AIIana3oHoM II3lvIeHeHlIfl
brec(rVrec ). Teu caMbIM eIIIe 6onee noArBeplKAaerct Bo3MolK'
Hocrl HcnoJrb3oBaHrrfl Kpr.rrepufl (l l.ll) AJIR aHaJIIrsa aQQel(rHBHocrH
pa6otsr fAC B cHcreMe.- 
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Ha onrnuanruufi pextlM fOC.
nns Aepr{BallnoHuofi fOC Hanop anperara 6yaer _ MeHbrIe H rac
Ba cqeT noTepb B AepHBaUHH AHo.p H BoAoBoAaX AHpor. Cooreercr-
tseHHo neo6xoAuMbre ycJroBnfl onruMaJrbHocrn AJIHTeJIbHoTo pexnMa
fAC no Kpplrepnlo (i1.ll) npnMyr eLIA lns Kax(Aoro MoMeHra t
-* +#(8".0*En.p (ni - ilt;) - o, (11.25)
rAe €n.0, Es.p, €"os onpeAeJlnlorcff no $op1ynqy,^_.nplrBeAeHHblM B
.S 2.2. noss"ieHl4e AonorIHHreJIbHbIX rlrreHoB B (11.25) npHBeAer K Ao-
noJrHr.rreJrbHbrM norepflM 3n: 9IS (r. e. Agn.p II A3n,,;t) II. cJler,o-
BareJrbHo, K yMeHbneHHlo cKopocrH cpa6ort<lt BoAoxpaHHJIIIUra ll yc-
KOpeHr.rFo ero HanoJIHeHHff.'Ans 
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HHr.i BOAOXpaHI,IJIHUIa B t,r.
, Ec.nn y'uecrl norepr4 BoAbr H3 BoAoxpaHI4JIHlUa B BHAe 3aBHclIMocrH
Q'o, (V"u^d , ro nlraecio (l 1.20) norlytlnM ypaBHeHHe
tgrd
I t- l_-
r bBol,r 
dt
B't' : B* (V 
"pue ,
peAeJrflFoTcfl IlO
V 
"p"a(t) 
Mo)KHo
,( I 1.21) :
Vcpa6, t) rpn
(1r.21) . Toraa
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aB*
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(11.22)
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v TACPeurHs (11.22)
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300
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(t), noJlytlplv cJleAylo-tuee
ottrHMaJIbHocrn'AJIHreJIbHoro pe]KI4Ma fOC - Qnp (l) - dQno, + dE'r.o (l) - 0.
F" (l) ii 
"r^a 
' dt
(1r .26)
301

--- PAGE BREAK ---

rAe En.6 : En.o (Q".0) II Qn.o : Qop + Q" - Qoo, (/"p.0) : Qrec.
I(ax npaBnJro, Qno, yMeHb[rar.orcq c pocroM Vcpa6, T. e. HoBbrfi qfleH
B (11.26) coBraAaer rro 3HaKy c npou3BoAHofi [H.6 no /. B erorrn cJIy-
qAC YI{CT NOTCPb BOAbI U3 BOAOXPAHI,IJIHIIIA 6YACT BJIHflTb HA PC)KHM
f 3C B HanpaB JreHuLt, nporuBonoJro)KHoM pocry Qrp ra yBeruqenuro FB.
Pesynlrarou 3Toro Mo)Ker 6srrt npr-r6,ruxeHr.re onruMaJrbHoro pelKlr-
Ma K paBHOMepHOfi Cpa6OrXe BOAOXpaHH,/'rHXIa.
EcnH B pacrrerbr BBecrr.r nepeMeHHbrfr KnL fOC n QyHxqvH H psc,e
TO 9TO npHBeAer K rrof BJTeHHIO B (1 1.20) AOrrOJrHHreJrbHbrX qJreHOB, Ko-
Topble 6y1yr yr{HrbrBarb BapHaLU4H KnA ilpH HBMeHeHHa KaK 2n.6,
rAK H 2s.6. Xapaxrep BJn4fl,HHtr KnA f3C Ha pex{HM craHqvru 6yAer
onpeAeJrflrbcfl Br4AoM 3aBucuMocru rlrac (//rec ). Fcnu Kn,[, f3C
yBeflHrrr4BaeTcfl c pocToM II rec , To BJrr4rHr4e eTo Ha pelKHM cTaHur.rr4
aHaJIorHrrHo no cnoeruy aQQeNry pocry QIIp. B nporHnHou c,'ryqae
yrler KnA rolKAecrBeH yqery norepb pacxoAa us BoAoxpaHu.rrurrla.
I4e (11.23) creAyer KaK AoKa3areJrbcrBo Heo6xoAHMocrH co6rlo-
AeHI4e nocroflHHoro ilrsc no t npw onrr4MaJIbHoM pe)KHMe cncreMb-l,
a raKX(e Soprr,ry.rra Ailn ero pacr{era. !,eficrnureJrbHo, npeAcraBHM
(11.23) B cfleAyloil{eM BHAe:
lr(HMoM fOC (r. e. Q") Bo BpeMeHH H o6ecneqrtBafl rpaHuqHoe peue-
HHe B Cflyqae HeooxoAllMocrH.
Aertcrs[TeJrbHo, B npnHrlrrfle Maxcr.rMyMa llonrpnntHa AJIff l{pnre_-
prrfl (l l.l I ) Heo6xoAr4Mbre ycJroBnfi onruMaJIbHocrH pelKHMa fOC
b6ecneqnBarorcfl, r(orAa HeKoropbrii noxasarena 5l , Ha3blBaeurtit ra-
MHJrbroHHaHoM, B xa>rArrf.i MoMeHT BpeMeHr.r t nsnnetcfl, MaKcnMaJIb-
HbrM no npHHflToMy ynpaBJIeHHIo Q", uro Mo]KHo npeACTaBHTb B BnAe
cJreAylo[lero BbIp ax{eHLifl :
a.rf
t
:I
Jto
a*tr!l) dt -E (4 + €o * hcpaao: a + -+ min (11.28)
,'s (t) f, utoVs
npn Qr"" (/) -(Q" (l) <QT""" (t).
Torla rilfl o6ecneqeHt'tq MaI(cLIMytra 5[ B xax<Altfi MoMeHT BpeMeHI{
yltpaBJreHHr Q" (/) Aor'r]KHo npHHHIvIarb cJIeAyIouIHe 3HaqeHH.n:
(
I'I
I(
Qln" npu #
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oYu*" np' a'7{
^ dQ"
(r r 2e)
I'Ae Cs cOOTBercTByeT OTHoueHHro brcc K Qrec LJrfl MoMeHTa to-
IIpHuerr,r AJtfl Bo3Mo)I(HocrH aHaJrI4sa (11 .27), qro Qnp:0. TorAa
/1 i, r
Qrsc: /cpa6, f ": dV"p^6f dh"p^6 u rpaBas qacTb (11.27) npH 3aAaH-
Hbrx rpaHHqHbrx ycJroBHflx no BepxHeMy 6leQy 6yler KoHcTaHrorl, a
BMecre c Her? l, rec :lrec (/) :const.
EcnH s cucreMe m fOC, u4ApaBJIHqecKH He cBfl3aHHbtx Apyr c
ApyroM, ro neo6xoAurr,ro pa3Ae/rbHoe pelxeHHe m ypaeHenufi 3finepa
BuLa (11.20) ArA KpurepHfl MaKcHMyMa BbIpa6orKu rllApocraHqrafi.
3Hatiurerluo cJroxHee Becrn arailr4s eQQerruBHocru pelKHMa m
fOC Ha pa3Hbrx BoAoroKax no KpHrepHFo MHHHMyMa pacxoAa /cJIoB:
Horo ronJrzBa, a raK>Ke Jlro6brx cJryqaeB KacKaAHoro peryJrupoBaHl{ff
BOAOTOKOB. AAs OUeHKlr npaBr.rJrbHOCTH perIeHHfl, nOJryrreHHOfO qHC-
JreHHbrMH MeroAaMH, MO)KHO BOCIO.IIb3OBarbct MeTOAOM npHpauenUit,
T. e. paccMorperb pelKHMbI, 6ecnoHeqHo 6rHsxI,Ie K [oflyrIeHHbIM Ha
3BM. nnn aroro Bo3MolKHo Hcno,IIbBoBaHLIe anQQepeHIrHaJlbHono
MeTOAa Ar4HaMr4qeCKOfO npOrp aMMI4pOB allnf..
B ueJroM xapaKrep z".e(t) r,rrr m fOC AoJrx{eH 6um 6nusoK K
ToMy, xoropurl rroJryqeH Aflfl c,i'ryq afl, o1lofr craHlrlrH B cucreMe. 3aue-
Tr{M raK}Ke, qro (11.27) coorBercrByer Heo6xoAHMbIM ycJIoBr4rM on-
THMaJTbHOCTH AJTHTeJTbHOTO peXHMa r3c B CHCTeMe, KOTOpbIe MOX(HO
noIyrrHTb c Hcnoflb3oBaHHeM HenpepbrBHofo npHHuHna MaKCHMyMa
IlourparnHa. OHu coorBercrBytor 6onee o6ueuy cJlyqarc, qeM Ba-
pnaqnoHHoe HcrrHcJIeHI.Ie, He rpe6ya HelpepblBHocru ynpannennfi pe-
302
Vcnosrs (l 1.28) HarIqAHo peaJILI3yIorcn Ha aHaJIoroBbIX 3BM
c HcnoJrb3oBaHHeM FpaAI4eHTHOTO MeToAa.
Ans yrrera ofpaHHqenufi, ua KoopAHHaTbr B npHHuHtIe MaKcHMyMa
cJreAyer opraHH3oEarb IIeJIeByIO QyHrqurc BvLa
gt* (t) : gif (/) - m @ -> ffrdX (l 1.30)
il [,rn Hee peuarb nocraBJIeHHyIo 3aAal{y.
kls (1 1.28) co sceft oqen^ttAHocrblo cJleAyer, qro npll HenpepblB-
d%
Hocru g{ or t, r. e. npn -JY - 0, nofiyr{a}orcfl Heo6xoAHMble yc-
JroBHfl onrr4MaJrbHocru pe)KHMa fOC, coorBercrBylout{e ycJIoBIIflM
Sfr.rrepa.
3Aecr 6unu H3JroxeHbr ocHoBbr MeroAr{qecKoro noAXoAa K nocra'
IroBKe, pelxeHr4lo 14 aHaJIH3y 3aAaqH onTHMLr3a[Vfi4 AJIHTeJIbHOTO pe-
xHMa f3y. B peaJrbHbrx ycJroBHrrx sKcrJryaratryr4 Moryr BcrpernTbcfl
u 6onee cJlolKubre ga[,aq-v, r{eM paccMoTpeHuble, oAHaKo Lr oHIt Mofyr
6rtrl pe[IeHbr c HcnoJIb3oBaHHeM H3JIox{eHHoro 3Aecb noAXoAa.
n btec
Afoc:-:
frec
brcc (t) Qrsc (l)
L
(r
k,u IJ
0
dt I co, (1,27}
F" (l)

--- PAGE BREAK ---

CnrcoK nHreparypb!
AsaxnH A. E-., .4Lapanon B. A. BoaoxpaHnJncqa ruApos,,reKTpocraHr{Hrl CCCp;M.: Sneprtts, lgTT.400 e. 
-'"
(HO3HepreTuqecKne xapaKTepIlcTnKH rr{Apo_)85.
loMarurrHbr rHApoaKKyMynr{pyrcqHx gJreKT_
:TpocraHrruu B conpeueuuofi gHepfernKe.
[JrnnrroBa T.^.A._ - OnrnMnsaqug pexr.rMon
ronsAar, 1981.464 c.
:noJrb3oBaHHe_-BoAHbrx pecypcoB CCCp/r3Aar, 1981. 508 c.
K. Ma.nuHuu, .II. A. Kapo.rrt H ap.; flon981. 608 c.
B. flou6poncxufi, A. A. fiyxruray r,r Ap.
I'ttgpouornqecKHe ocHoBbr rr.lApoolepreruru/A. IIL pesHHxoscxHr?, A. IO. Anex_caHApoBcKufi, B. B. ArypnH ra Ap. M.: OHeprun,'lgTg.2g2;. 
---'-^"' 't
FnApoaxxvmvrnpyroruue _e.,.rerrpocra ylir't 
-6. - 
fl. 
- 
Ba6ypHH, M. A. fne3Hu,
frrf ,J4e::H;bH;*o"l .t 6. u6n;ilaH; -n;;'G. /r. B. tx"ehuuu"u.-rvrl o;;p;;;:
_{pureHeacxufi, @. O. fy6rn, M. (D. fy-
LI. KpnsqeHxo. M.: SHepiraq,'1980. 369 t.
. I{ane.nen, p.-C. Eacn.nren, f. A. Ilper-
;fff'r'#il,.i??l;ii&lo* .".,ur'ax. M :
XeuesHcxoB L. B_. fryqpoilaerpHfl. M.: Koloc,tlg|Z.2b5 c.XeJIesHsxos f. 8., ,Il,ann.tennu E. E. iou"b&o ,"opono."qecKnx lrsrrrepeHHfi ppacqeroB. JL: fnapoMereor.r3Aar, 1966. 240 c.
xypaenen B.- 1.., o6pesxo'n B.__4., rDHJrnnnosa T. a- vnpanneHne pexr.rMaMarHApg?{eKjpocraHuIft B ycIoBHrx ACV. - M.: 3Hepnua, lg7g. 296 c.Sapvbaes H. B. KorrlnneKcHoe HcnoJrb3oBaHne u oxpaHa BoAHbrx pecypcon. JI.lCrpofiu'aaar, 1g76. 224'c.
3o;rorapel Tr fl_, fHAposHgpfe-rnKa. M.: foceuepron3Aar, lgS0. l96 c.HsaHon E. H., geuree'B. B. CraHos.rreHue u pasBHTHe rexHnqe.*ri- Hiyr. .II.:Hayxa, 1977. 264 c.
. ^. (apo.nr JI. A. fn4pannnuecKoe aKKyMyrrHpoBaHHe eHeprHH. M.: 3Heprun, lgTS,164 c.
Kpnnvenxo I'. H. fu,apannHuecrue MarriHHbr. M,: 3ueproaroMu3Aar, ,1983. 320 c,Kysun-T. JI. Oqngnn xlt6epueruxa. T. 1. MareuaruqecKue ocHoBbr *uoep"e-TItKr{. M.: 3neprvts, 1978. 504 c.
KpntrxHfi__C. H., Meuxe;lr M. O. fnAponoruqecKne ocHoBbr ynpaBJreHufi perrHbrMcroKoM. M.: Hayxa, 1981. 256 c.
KpruxHfi C. H., Menxetr M. o. fIr4pgngryqecKne ocHoBbr yrrpaBJreHHfl BoAo-xogsficrseHHbrMH cncreMaMr.r. M.: Havxa, 1982. 272 c.
KrHuresnq f. B. SHepronpoueci m4pogHepferHrrecKux ycraHoBoK. .IL: 3nepfue,
1969. 164 c.
JIesH H, u. HHxeHepHafl ruAporrorus. M.: Bucruas urKoJra, 1968.240 c.
301
MalHHnn H. K. HcnonrgosaHLle aHaJroroBbrx Bbrr{HcrHTeJrbHH.{ MauHH B Bo.[.
rr'rogHeprerr{qecxnx pacqe_rax. M.: 3Heprun, 1974, 240 c.
MeneHtres JI. A. OnrHMHsaqHt pa3BHTHrr H ynpaBr'reHHR 6o.nrrunx cHcreM guep-
rerHKH. M.: Bsrcuar rrrKoJra, 1982. 32b c.
Mero4u onruMusauuu pexr.rMoB gHepfocHcreu/B. M. fopuurer'rH, E. n. Mn-
.p9gr-Hil-q-e!xo, A. B. flonor*lapeB H ap.; floa peA. B. M. fopHurrefiHa. M.: OHeprnr,
1981.336 c.
_Mnqonan aHeprerHr(a._ flporHos pa3Br{rrrff qo 2020 foAa: flep. c aHr.'r./lloa pe.u.
IO. H. CrapruuHoea. M.: 3Heprrrn, 1980. 256 c.
Hexuxoecxufi_P. A. fuaponornr{ecKHe pacr{erbr H nporHo3bl npu 3Kcn.qyarar{Hr
rBoAoxpaHHJrHrrIa. .IL: fnapoMereoHsAar, 1976. 192 c.
Henopoxnnt tr, C., O6pearoe B. H. BeeleHrre B cneurra.jrbHocrb <frrApos.'rerT.'poaHeprernKa)>. M.: SHepron3Aar, 1982. 304 c.
OnrHMHsaunc Dexr.rMoB e;rexroocraHuuri H aHeDrocucreM. B. A. BeHHxos.
B. f. XypaBrreB, T.'A. <Drr.nHnnoBa.'M.: SHepnon3Aar, 1981. 461 c.
Ilpysnep C 4., 3rarononscxufi A. H., Herpacos A. M. 3xoHoMuKa eHeprerrrKn
CCCP. M.: Bucurafl ruKorra, 1978. 472 c.
PeenHroscrnfi A, [il., Py6nHurefin M. H. .[,ncnervepcKHe npaBnna ynpaBneHHH
pelxuMaMr.r BoAoxpaHHJrHu. M.: SueproaroMn3Aar, 1984. 104 c.
Tnryuon lvl. n. VnpanneHne pex(HMaMrr |3C/M3H. M.,'1984. 168 c.
QHnunnosa T. A. Onruuusauus sHeprerHqecKHx pexHMoB nrApoarperaroB
irnApoerreKrpocraHqHft. M.: SHepruR, 1975. 208 c.
Ilnerxon E. 8., Ars6uiueea T. M., fiap$enou JI. f. Onrnnansnbre pex(rtMbl rltA-
poeJreKrpocraHrlufi B eHeprernqecKnx cucrerrrax/flo4 per. E. B. i-leerxosa. 11.:
SneproaroMu3Aar, 1984. 304 c.tlyraen P. P. fn4pan.nuxa. JI.: SHepnnr, 1971. 552 c.
Sneprernra r'rnpd/lloA peA. I{. A. .IlaepeHeuro.-M.: 3HepruR, 1979. 208 c
^.- SneprerHKa rvrnpa/floa pea. n. C. Henopoxuero. M.: OHepnoaroMu3Aar, 1982.
216 c.
3nepreruvecKHe pecypcbr CCCP. fH,qpoeHeprerHqecKHe pecy'pcu. trl.: Hayxa,
1967. 600 c.
SHoprernqecKHe cr.{creMbr. KH6epHerura eaeKrpr.rqecKHx ctrcreru/fIoA peA.
8, A. BeHHxosa. M.: Bucru. rrrKoJra, 1974. 328 c.
SHeprerura CCCP s 1981-1985 rotax/flo.q peA. A. M. Hexpacoaa H
A. A. Tponqxoro. M.: Sueprorr3Aar, 1981. 354 c.

--- PAGE BREAK ---

nPEAAAETH dn y K A3ATEJ.| b
Arperar:
|ASC i 84
f3c t2l
uacocsnri 34
HC I7I
o6parHrvnrft 3g
ryp6Hnnrrfi 12I
ArperarHufr 6nox IST
Ea.naHc:
so.qHHr? 57
MOUIHOCTn arperaTa HacocHoro- - ryp6npsoro 140- arperanroro 6.n,oxa 139- |ASC 75- rnAporeHeparopa 127- fOC aepn-eaqnoHHori 73- - npnnloruuHort 75- - pycrroeofi 25- f3c - |ASC 76- KacKaAa IOC TT--HC 77-HC 75
- n?c 77-rypfunsr 124, 13I
Hanopa IAOC T2- f3C AepuBarlHouuofi Tl- - npHnroruHpofi 70- - pycrroeofi 69- KacKaAa IOC T2--HC 72-HC 7I- nec 72
pacxola n 6te$e nepxuerr,r b7lluxueu b9-fA3C 62- f3c _ |ASC 62- fOC AepHBauHoHHorl 6l- - nJ'IorttHnorl 6l- KacKaAa f3C 63--HC 64-HC 62- r-I3C 62
eHepruH f3C 78-HC 79
EaccefiH:
soAocdopnurft l9
|AOC ci"r. Duee |AOC 36nanopnnft 32
n3c 40
306
cyroqHoro pery/,rurpoBaHHfl (ECp)
31
Ere6:
I'AOC eepxHufr 86- uuxnl.rfi 86
f3C nepxHufi 30- HuxHufi 30
HC eepxnnfi Bb- Hr.rxHl.rri 35
BoAosoA Hanopnufi 30
l'75 BoAono.nrsosaienn 215
BoAonorpe6nrenu 215
luapurr"oecKas ryp6una crrn. Typ-6uua
l"apou.perar cM. Arperar
t Hapoal{yMyrrnpyrcuafl sJreKrpocraH.qus (|AOC):
ar{KyMyJrHpoBaHHq KpaTKOCpOqHOTO
36
- A,'tnTerbuoro 36
AByxMaurHHHaff (c o6patHuul,ttr ar_perarauH) 89
HecoBMe[IeHHaq 36
coBMerrleHgas 36
TpexMaruuHuas 3g
_ qerbrpexlraruuHHas 3g
I HAposrrer{rpocraHrluq (fpOC) :6ee peryrrnpoBaHufl croxa 
'217, 
2lg
AepHBarlHosuas B l
roAoBoft 215
He.qe"ntuufi 215
peryrrnpHbrft (nnauoeufi) zls
cyrouuufi 215
f3c- fASc 46
LepHnauun:
6esHanopuan HecaMoperyaHpyrctr1afi-
cq 31. 94- caMoperyrrHpyroqaqcq 31, 94
HanopHar 3l
orso,qnuas 33
norBoAflr4an 32
3apn4 fA9C 62
Sosu rpa$ura narpysxH 2lb
(agacrp BqAoroKa 20
Kacxa,a:
|ASC 44
f3C nnornuHux 43- AepHBaUHoHuux 43
HC 44
c KonrpperyJlr.rpoBaHueu 4 I
cOtr,txHyrufi 42
pa3oMKHyrttft 42
KdeQ0HrrH6Hr:
HcnoJrb3oBanun nanopa T0- pacxol,a 74- croxa 65-
MHHHMyMa rpaenxa Harpy3Kn 216
orHocHTeJlbHofi _eJ\4Kocrn (o6terr,ra)
BoAoxpaHHilH:ou 217
nrrorHocrH rpaQnxa HarpyexH 215
_- peryJrHpoBaHHrr croKa, 65, 227
Koa$fluuneHr nor're3Hono AeficrsHn(Knn):
arperara l?C 74- HacocHoro 76
arperarHoro 6.noxa lec T4
Bo,qoBoAoB 74, 76
rn,qporeHepar,oDa 127
t)c 74
r3y 52
lepnsawar 74
KacKaAa TeC 77_HC 77
HC 76
no MorrlHocrH 78- sHeprnH 78
crsooa 74
KpHnan:
Harpy3Kr{ Hr{TerpaJrbsan 279
- CHCTeMbI: 215
noanopa 90
cBfl3n HniKHefo' 6reQa AJrfl orKpbrro-
ro pyc.na 82
c yqeroM JreAoBbrx ycnoeufi
84
__ -:: nOAnOpa 84
KpHrepufi oITHMaflbHocru pexnua: .
BHyrpucraHunoHHofo fAC 149- HC 187
.u,rrHreabuoro fOC 289
r(parKocpoqHofo I.AOC 269- f3c 260- KacKa.(a l?y 282. 205- HC 259
- n3c 259
Mapeorpaulaa l3
MeroA:
arpernpoBauus 254, 288
1anasconafir 54
nprnMnrr2urruu 941- 9aaqrrr^ &u rr -vv
rpaQo-a Hafl HrnqecKH ir 296
- - oco6ux (rpnrnuecxux) roqeK l3l
Moav"'m croxh lg
MoniHocrs:
arperara 128- HacocHoro 175
anperarHor.o 6lora 139
eoAoroKa 52
|ASC 75, 187
rnApolerreparopa 128
f3c 73
KacKaAa fgc 77-HC 77
HC I87
noABeAeHHas 54
nonesHan 54
n3c 251
ryp6nuu 126
H arpyara:
fA3C 269
f3c 260, 276
KacKaAa fOY 278
HC 259
eHeprocncreMbr aKTHanar- 215- 6asHcHan 215- nnroeaq 216- norrynnKosas 216
,. - pery,ilffpHarr (n,nauoear) 216
H anop:
arperara (Herro) fA3C 70, 72, ll9- fOC AepnBauHonHoir 7l- - npunloruHHoft 70- - pycrroeofi 69- HC 72, l2l
arperarHoro 6noxa 71
tASC 72
rttapoys;ra 68
f3C (6pyrro) 66
KacKana fOC I l8
HC 72, 121
yqacrr{a soAorora 67
HacocHafl craHr.lHff (HC) 34
floxasarenH pexuMa:
a6conrcrHue 122
anperara ryp6xHuono 128, 129- HacocHoro 175, 176
pefyflHpoBaHHq AJrHTeJrbHofo
220 2-lT,
- HparKocpoqHoro 2lT, 219
naoruHHaq 29
cMeuaH_Haq (nnoraHHo-Aepr.rBauHoH-
Has) 33
fuapoeueprHfl, noHffTue l0
I HAposHeprerHqecKaff ycTaHoBKa
(f3y) -28
|ASC 35
f3c 28
f3C eorHoeaq (B|AC) 47f3c- |ASC 37KacKaAU TOy 42
HC 34
n3c 39
_ 3HeprerH,IecxHrl romnnexc 4b
lrznepnoaepxnocm I28
I paQr.tli HarpysKH cucrerr,lu 2lb.
307

--- PAGE BREAK ---

arperarHoro 6.nora 140
rrAporeHeparopa 127
anQQepeHqna;rluue 122
orHocr.rrernnue 122
ryp6Hrru 124, 125
y.u,e;rlHue 122
sHeprernqect<ne 124, 127, 175
IIoreHItuaa rHApoaHeprernuecxnfi :
saroenfr (reoperuuecrurl) l0
nororoxos 16
BoAoxpaHuanuta l9l
BoJrH Mopeft u oxeauos 25
r{cnoJrb3oBaHue I I
Moneltux rprrepufi l5- -- r -__--"
noBepxHocrHoro croxa 2l
npHJrHBoB-orJrHBoB 14, 22
TexHnqecKnli l0
3KouoMr{qecxnfi I I
florepH:
MorqHocrn (aHepruu) B arpefare Ha-
cocHoM 175
- ryp6aHHou 128
afpefarHoM 6noxe 139
6leSe nepxHeru 73
gl.rxHeu 73
BOAoBoAax HanopHux 73
rHAporeHep arope 127
tepnnaguu 73
nrHt4flx oJreKTponepe rcun 27 2- ryp6HHe 124
noABeAeHHofi 53
pexuuHue 5l
TexHoJl,oril,{ecrue 51
Hanopa n 6ueQe nepxHeu 70,
HHxHeM 82, 84
BOAOBOAaX HanopHbrX
AepHBauHH 95, 96
cop oyAe p x r.r B a rorriHx
HHnx (CYC) 70
pacxoAa |AOC 62- r3c 57,59
- KacKa"(a I'3C 63-- iJC 64_HC 62
- n3c 62
flpuaunHaff eJreKTpocraHrIHfl
39
Paapn,q I.AOC 62
PacxoA:
arperara HacocHoro 176- o1parmaoro 185-ryp6rHuoro 124
arperarHoro 6noxa 137
6uronofi, ecrecrBeHHurl 58
6reQa nepxHero 57- lrr.lxHero 59
BoAoxpaHHJrHu{a 58
rASC 62
I-3c 59
RacKaAa f3y 63
308
8l
70,97
coopyxe-
(n3c)
Ha HcnapeHue 59
- JtbAoo6pasosaHHe 59
HeaHeprerrrqecKue Hyx4n 59- Qr.rntrparruro 59
- ulJrro3oBaHue 60
xoJrocrbrx c6pocos 60
Pacqer pexur'ri:
afperara Hacocnoro 182- ryp6uHuoro 122 :
BoAoxpaHHrrHu{a fAgC B BapffAe
246
-paepnne 246
- fPSC 232
I'A.3C HacocHoro 270
- ryp6nHHoro 270
f3C onruMaJrbHoro BuyrpucraHrln-
oHHoro 149
: IJrnTerbuoro 297
- r{parKocpouHoro 259
KacKaAa fOV 278,297
HC 187
n?c 2t2
sHepfocucreu:o. 214
Pecypcu rHApoeHepreruqecKne (aoA-
Hne) cM. floreHuuan rr{ApoeHepre-
ruqecxnri
Cucreua:
aBTOMaTn3HpOBaHHar ynpaBJreHnB
f3c 148
so.(oxosnrfcrsenHas 2 I 5
3Heprernqecxas, 214
Typ6uHa:
axrnsHar 33
BepruKaJrbHas 3l
ropu3oHTa.nsnaq 3l
.a,HaroHaJrbuag 3l
xancynlHan 3l
Koeruosaq 33
noBoporHo-JlonacrHaq 3 I
paAHaJrbHo-oceBar 31, 33
peaxrunuan 3l
Vurep6u 286
XaparrepucrHKa:
4nQQepeHrtHarrbHaq afperara o6pa-
rnrrtoro 185
- - ryp6uHHofo 123, l4l- arDerarHoro 6.noxa 140
- 6r-erpa nepxHero 85
HnxHero 85
--- BoAoBoAoB HanopHnx 85- |AOC c arperaraMu oAHHaKoBbr-
uu 190
- HeperyJrupyeuuun 188
- pasHbrMu 188
- - peryJlrpyer'lnr'au 190
XapaxrepucrHKa:
anQfiepeH\Lrarrbnaf, fOC no MortHo-
crH nolBeAeHtrofr 285
- norle3Hofl 160, 171
pacxoAy '159, 160
---npn Hanope nepeMeHHocrH 17l
- nocronHHorrl 168
--c arperaraMl oAHHaKOBbIMH
168, l7l
- pa3HbIMn 16l
yrleroM nepeMeHHoro cocraBa
arperaroe l8l
- noTepb MolrlHOcTI{ B JIH'
HHsx aJrelirponepeAaqu 272, 276
peaxrl{BHofr 276
+---yqep6os 286
-^""-- OAQ....._ ._ LtlurrvLttwnnan Lvv
- ruaptireHeparopa 138
- AeDuBalluu 85
- HC c afperaraMl{ oAHHaKoBbIMu
190
- Hepefyrrupyerrluun 188
- peryrlHpyeuur'lu 190
- Da3HbIMH 188
- ryp6nHri noaoporHo',ronacrHoft
l3l
- - DaAr.raJrbHo-oceBofi 136
HanopHaq |AOC AIrHaMHqecKas 120
--crarnqecxaq l19
- fOC AepuBallnoHnofi I 16
- - npnnroruHnott 113
- - pycrrosori 109
-KacKaAa fDY 118
- HC 12r
norepb MourHocru arperara o6Pa-
rurrloro 185
----c HacocaMH HepefyJlHpye-
rrasrrr,{n 180- - peryJlnpyeMblMn 186
ryp6HHHoro 131, 136
- - arperarHoro 6noxa 140
- - tsoAoBoAoB HanopHbrx 96, 99,
r02
- - ruAporeHeparopoe 138
- - AepHBauHH 95, 96
- - |AAC c arperaraMH HePefY,tH'
pyer'rsluH 188
- - peryrrHpyeMbtMr.r 189,
190
- - f3C npu Hanope nepeMeHHoM
171
- - nocTOsHHOrvr 168
- nocToffHHotl orn,terKe BePx-
Hero 6reQa l7l
c arpefaraMH oAHHaKOBbIMH
168
- - pa3HuuI.r l6l
- - HC c anperaraMu HeperyrtuPye'
rtanruu 188
o,u,HHaKoBbtuH 190
- - peryJrHpyeMbrMH oAH-
HaxouHl'{H 190
oaeHbrrart 188
XapaxrepncrrKa:
norepb MoutHocrrt ryp6trHu noBopor-
Ho-,ronacrHofi l3l
paAnanbHo-oceeofr 136
norepb Hanopa a 6le$e gePxHer't 85
- HIT)KHEM 84, 85
BoAoBoAax Ha[opHbtx 96,
99, I02
.qepEBauHR 95, 96
norepb sHeprltu n 6leQe BePxHeNt
195
-- HRx(Hem 195
- _ Ha rpaH3HrHoM croKe 199
pa6ouaa (KnA) a!'Perara o6Parn-
uoro 185, 186
- c HacocaMH HepefyrHpyeMblMl{
178,180 - peryrnpyelltblMll 185, 186
- - ryp6rrunoro l4l
- f3C npn Hanope nePeMeHHoM
t71, 172
- nocroflHHolu l6l, 168
c nocroqHHoii orltetxofr
Bepxuero 6ueSa l7l
- - c afpef aTaMH oAHHaKOBblMlf
168, 17l
pasnsrtrn l6l
- - crrpflM.rreHHas 268
- rHAporeHeparopa 138- ryp'6r.rnu nbnopbrno-,lonacrHofr
t3l
- - Partna,'IbHo-OceBofi 136
pacxoAHatr arperara o6Parnuoro
185
- - c HacocaMR Hepef yJIl{pyeMblMlt
i80
- pery"qrpveriruun 186
--ryp6nHHoro l3l, 136, l4l, 143
- arperarHoro 6noxa 140
- BoAoxpaHKJ'IH[Ua 193' 233
- |ASC c arpef ara['rn oAHHaKoBbl-
rvru 190
- pa3HbrMr 188
- fOC npl.r Hanope nepeMeHnona 171
- nocroflHHor'r 
'161, 
168
Ilocrof HHofr orMerKe BePx-
Hero 6reQa lTl
--c afperaraMlr oAHHaKOBbIMIt
168
- pa3RbtMH l6l
- - cnpnr\rnennan 268
- KacKaAa fgc 257
- HC c arperaraMtr Pa3HblMH 188
- oAHHaKoBrrNan 190
- ryp6nxu noBoporH,o-aonacrHoil.
131- - patwaflrno'oceso'fi 136
yAeJrbHaR afperara- -o6parHuoro 185
- - ryp6rHlroro l36r- 14I
- rnApofeneparopa 13&
r68
30,9

--- PAGE BREAK ---

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